Light Lighting The Eye No Lig Part III: ht Part V: Reflectance Shadows !"#$%&'()*++,-%&#.%/& 0%'".)!/,1234)3-%.)+%'". 56)4732.1,- 8/4%.%/&)#&$)$%132.%/&
Diffuse reflection occurs from dull, matte surfaces, like latex paint, or chalk. These diffuse or Lambertian reflectors reradiate light equally in all directions. Picture a rough surface with lots of tiny microfacets.
7 Diffuse reflectors
…or picture a surface with little pigment particles embedded beneath the surface (neglect reflection at the surface for the moment):
The microfacets and pigments distribute light rays in all directions.
Embedded pigments are responsible for the coloration of diffusely reflected light in plastics and paints. Note: the figures above are intuitive, but not strictly (physically) correct.
8 Diffuse reflectors, cont.
The reflected intensity from a diffuse surface does not depend on the direction of the viewer. The incoming light, though, does depend on the direction of the light source:
c " cr cl max(0, n ! l ) c " cr cl n ! l 61+7)/8'8%4/0"$
Computer Graphics 15-462 25
Wavelength dependence
Really, ke, ka, and La are functions over all wavelengths λ.
Ideally, we would do the calculation on these functions. For the ambient shading equation, we would start with:
then we would find good RGB values to represent the spectrum I(λ). Traditionally, though, ka and Ia are represented as RGB triples, and the computation is performed on each color channel separately:
Specular reflection accounts for the highlight that you see on some objects. It is particularly important for smooth, shiny surfaces, such as: metal polished stone plastics apples skin
Properties: Specular reflection depends on the viewing direction V. For non-metals, the color is determined solely by the color of the light. For metals, the color may be altered (e.g., brass)
Experiment with different parameter settings. To get you started, here are a few suggestions:
Try ns in the range [0,100]
Try ka + kd + ks < 1 Use a small ka (~0.1)
ns kd ks
Metal large Small, color of metal Large, color of metal
Medium, color of Plastic medium Medium, white plastic
Planet 0 varying 0
25 More sophisticated BRDF’s
Cook and Torrance, 1982
Westin, Arvo, Torrance 1992
26 BRDF
What assumptions does the BRDF model make?
27 ating the sample material. By fitting an expression derived f BSSRDF usion theory it is possible to estimate the absorption and sca properties of the material. source: http://graphics.stanford.edu/papers/bssrdf/
Theory BSSRDF, S, relates the outgoing radiance, Lo (xo , ω � o ) at t xo in direction ω� o , to the incident flux, Φi (xi , ω � i ) at the p rom direction ω � i [14]:
dLo (xo , ω � o ) = S(xi , ω � i ; xo , ω � o ) dΦi (xi , ω � i ).
he BRDFBRDF is an is an approximation of approximation thatthe assumes xi = xofor BSSRDF . whic ssumed that light enters and leaves at the same point ( = x ). Given a BSSRDF, the outgoing radiance is compu 28 Snow Shading
Part 1: What is Light?
Lig h t t g h Li Part II: Part IV:
Light Lighting The Eye No Lig Part III: ht Part V: Reflectance Shadows Shading
Part 1: What is Light?
Lig h t t g h Li Part II: Part IV:
Light Lighting The Eye No Lig Part III: ht Part V: Reflectance Shadows Types of Light Sources
OpenGL supports three different kinds of lights: ambient, directional, and point. Spot lights are also supported as a special form of point light. We’ve seen ambient light sources, which are not really geometric. Directional light sources have a single direction and intensity associated with them.
[Note: Lights not discussed in Shirley.]
33 Point lights
The direction of a point light sources is determined by the vector from the light position to the surface point.
Physics tells us the intensity must drop off inversely with the square of the distance:
Sometimes, this distance-squared dropoff is considered too “harsh.” A common
alternative is:
with user-supplied constants for a, b, and c.
34 Spotlights
OpenGL also allows one to apply a directional attenuation of a point light source, giving a spotlight effect.
The spotlight intensity factor is computed in OpenGL as:
where L is the direction to the point light. S is the center direction of the spotlight. β is the cutoff angle for the spotlight e is the angular falloff coefficient
35 “Iteration four”
Since light is additive, we can handle multiple lights by taking the sum over every light. Our equation is now:
! I & ka I a % fatt Ilight kd cos$ % ks (cos#) p " 0 ;,/'2"*#$9*-'*$&.#'8,"/:-8 < =-9-4#'#.-'6$77"8-'4%6'89-:"*4/ :4*:"*4#$,%8'7,/'-4:.'*$&.#'8,"/:- < )66'#.-':,29,%-%#8'7/,2'4**'*$&.#'8,"/:-8 < +.-'423$-%#'#-/2':,%#/$3"#-8',%*>',%:- 0 +.-'6$77-/-%#'/-7*-:#4%:-':,-77$:$-%#8':4%'6$77-/?' < @$29*-'A2-#4*BC'ka 4%6'kd 8.4/-'24#-/$4*':,*,/5'ks $8'D.$#-' < @$29*-'9*48#$:C'ks 4*8,'$%:*"6-8'24#-/$4*':,*,/ < E,/-',%'#.-8-'F$%68',7'94/42-#-/8'D.-%'D-'#4*F'43,"#' /-7*-:#4%:-'2,6-*8'$%'4'7-D'D--F8
Computer Graphics 15-462 37
!"#$%&'(#)*$+
Computer Graphics 15-462 38
Shading
Part 1: What is Light?
Lig h t t g h Li Part II: Part IV:
Light Lighting The Eye No Lig Part III: ht Part V: Reflectance Shadows Shading
Part 1: What is Light?
Lig h t t g h Li Part II: Part IV:
Light Lighting The Eye No Lig Part III: ht Part V: Reflectance Shadows !"#$%&' !"#$%&'(%))*+(&",+,(%-.,)/'(#+,("0$$,1(2+%3(#(405"/('%*+), %30/(#16(01/,1'0/6()%1/+0-*/0%1(2+%3("0$$,1(405"/('%*+),' 7%+8015(%*/(&"#/(0/("0$$,1(0'('03946(#(:0'0-040/6(9+%-4,3 )#1(/",(405"/('%*+),(',,(/",(%-.,)/; *',(/",(<=-*22,+('"#$%&(#45%+0/"3> +*1(/",(#45%+0/"3(2+%3(/",(405"/('%*+),?'(:0,&9%01/ '#:,(/",(<=-*22,+(#'(/",('"#$%&(-*22,+ +*1(/",(+,#4(<=-*22,+(#45%+0/"3@(/+#1'2%+3015(,#)"(9%01/(01/%(/",(405"/( How does the z-buffer work? '%*+),?'()%%+$01#/,'(#1$()%39#+015(/",(<(:#4*,(#5#01'/(/",('"#$%&( How can we use the z-buffer to compute shadows? -*22,+
Computer Graphics 15-462 43
Light Sources
• What is a good model for the sun?
• What is a good model for the lights in this room? Hard Shadows Soft Shadows
