SNM 05

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Assignment-No-05

Instructor............. Dr. Mozaffar Hussain

Name..................... Mazhar Ali

Reg.I-D................... 191502

Subject.................. SNM

Semester................ VII

Department of physics, Faculty of basic & applied sciences,


AIR UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD.
Q.No.1:
a): What is meant by magnetic domains, explain the domain theory of
ferromagnetic materials.
Ans.
In ferromagnetic materials, the atoms form structures called domains. A domain
is a region inside of a material where groups of magnetic moments naturally align
in the same direction.
Ferromagnetic domains are small regions in ferromagnetic materials within which
all the magnetic dipoles are aligned parallel to each other.
Ferromagnetic Substances
The substances in which atoms cooperate with each other in such a way that they
exhibit a strong magnetic effect and are strongly attracted by magnetic fields are
called ferromagnetic substances. For example, Nickle, Cobalt, Alnico, etc.
Domains:
The small magnetized regions in a ferromagnetic substance are called domains.
In 1907 A.D., Weiss proposed domain theory to describe the ferromagnetic
phenomenon in materials. According to this theory, a solitary crystal of
ferromagnetic strong consists of a lot of tiny areas, and each region is
automatically allured to saturation level called a domain. The dimension of the
domain might vary from 10 − 6 to the entire volume of the crystal.
The spin magnetic moments of whole atoms restricted within a domain are
oriented in a certain direction. The directions of magnetizations of various domains
of the sampling are random to make sure that the resultant of magnetizations of all
domains in the material is zero in the absence of an applied magnetic field.
These domains arise since the energy is not minimum when a large sampling has a
uniform magnetization. When the external magnetic field is applied, these domains
align in the direction of the applied field and the specimen shows magnetization
and also becomes a magnet.
In the presence of the weak external field, the magnetization in the material takes
place mostly by the process of domain growing, however, in the strong magnetic
field the material is magnetized primarily by the procedure of domain placement.
When the field is removed, the domains orientation does not recover its initial
positions, and also thus the product is not completely demagnetized, yet some
residual magnetism remains in it.
Domains in Soft Magnetic Material
In soft materials, domains can easily be oriented on applying an external magnetic
field and on removing the field, also return to the original position. Iron is the best
example.
Domains in Hard Magnetic Material
In hard substances, domains cannot be easily oriented on applying the external
magnetic field. Steel is a good example of hard magnetic material. The domain in
the steel can be aligned by a very strong external magnetic field, but once oriented,
retain their positions.

Effect of Temperature
Thermal vibrations tend to disturb the orderliness of the domains. Ferromagnetic
substances preserve the orderliness at an ordinary temperature which begins to lose
their orderliness due to an increase in temperature, this process starts at a certain
temperature.
Curie Temperature
The temperature above which a ferromagnetic substance becomes paramagnetic is
called curie temperature. The Curie temperature for iron is about 750 ᵒC.

b): Differentiate between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic materials.


Explain with examples.

 Magnetic materials exhibit ferromagnetism when their magnetic domains


are aligned in the same direction. When magnetic domains are oriented
in opposing directions in magnetic materials, this phenomenon is known
as antiferromagnetism.
 In ferromagnetic materials, the magnetic domains are all oriented in the
same direction.
 Where as in antiferromagnetic materials, the magnetic domains are
oriented in opposition to one another.
 The net magnetic moment of ferromagnetic materials has a value.
Whereas the net magnetic moment of antiferromagnetic materials is
zero.
 Metals like iron, nickel, cobalt, and their metal alloys are examples of
ferromagnetic materials. The oxides of transition metals are examples of
antiferromagnetic materials.

c): Draw the separate hysteresis lops for soft and hard magnetic materials.
d): What is the origin of magnetism in magnetic materials explain with the
examples of various elements showing the magnetic and non-magnetic
behavior.

The origin of magnetism in magnetic materials is primarily attributed to the


behavior of electrons. Electrons possess an intrinsic property called "spin," which
can be thought of as a tiny magnetic moment associated with each electron. In non-
magnetic materials, these magnetic moments are randomly oriented, canceling
each other out, resulting in a net magnetization of zero. However, in magnetic
materials, certain factors align the spins of electrons, leading to a macroscopic
magnetic behavior.

There are different types of magnetic behavior exhibited by elements and


materials, which can be classified into three main categories: diamagnetism,
paramagnetism, and ferromagnetism.
Diamagnetism: Diamagnetic materials have all their electron spins paired up,
resulting in a net magnetic moment of zero. When subjected to an external
magnetic field, diamagnetic materials generate a weak magnetic field in the
opposite direction, opposing the applied field. Examples of diamagnetic elements
include copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and gold (Au). They are generally repelled by
magnets.

Paramagnetism: Paramagnetic materials have unpaired electron spins, resulting in


a net magnetic moment. When exposed to an external magnetic field, the unpaired
electrons align their spins with the field, causing the material to become weakly
magnetized. Paramagnetic behavior is relatively weaker than ferromagnetism.
Examples of paramagnetic elements include aluminum (Al), oxygen (O), and
platinum (Pt).

Ferromagnetism: Ferromagnetic materials exhibit the strongest magnetic behavior.


They consist of domains, which are regions where the atomic magnetic moments
are aligned in the same direction. In the absence of an external field, these domains
may be randomly oriented, resulting in no net magnetization. However, when an
external magnetic field is applied, the domains align, creating a strong magnetic
field. This alignment can persist even after the external field is removed, resulting
in a permanent magnet. Examples of ferromagnetic elements include iron (Fe),
nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co).

It's important to note that there are also other types of magnetism, such as
antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism, which exhibit different magnetic
behaviors depending on the alignment of magnetic moments within the material.
The behavior of materials is influenced by various factors, including the
arrangement of atoms, crystal structure, and electron interactions, which determine
their magnetic properties.

Iron (Fe): Iron is a well-known ferromagnetic element. It has unpaired electron


spins, and its atomic magnetic moments align in the same direction, forming
magnetic domains. This alignment allows iron to exhibit a strong magnetic
behavior, making it useful for magnetic applications such as magnets and magnetic
storage devices.

Aluminum (Al): Aluminum is a non-magnetic element and exhibits paramagnetic


behavior. It has unpaired electron spins, but the interactions between these spins
are weak, resulting in a relatively weak magnetic response. Aluminum is not
attracted to magnets and does not retain magnetization when the external field is
removed.

Copper (Cu): Copper is a non-magnetic element and exhibits diamagnetic


behavior. It has all its electron spins paired up, resulting in a net magnetization of
zero. When exposed to an external magnetic field, copper generates a weak
magnetic field in the opposite direction, causing repulsion from magnets.

Nickel (Ni): Nickel is a ferromagnetic element. It has unpaired electron spins that
align strongly in the same direction, creating magnetic domains. Nickel exhibits a
significant magnetic behavior, making it useful in applications such as
electromagnets, magnetic alloys, and magnetic recording media.

Oxygen (O): Oxygen is a non-magnetic element and exhibits paramagnetic


behavior. It has unpaired electron spins, but the interactions between these spins
are relatively weak, resulting in a weak magnetic response. Oxygen is weakly
attracted to magnets but loses its magnetization when the external field is removed.
Gold (Au): Gold is a non-magnetic element and exhibits diamagnetic behavior. It
has all its electron spins paired up, resulting in a net magnetization of zero. Gold is
repelled by magnets and does not retain magnetization when the external field is
removed.

These examples show the range of magnetic behaviors exhibited by different


elements, from strong ferromagnetism (e.g., iron) to weak paramagnetism (e.g.,
aluminum) and diamagnetism (e.g., copper and gold).

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