DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LABORATORY III

B.Tech I Sem

Exp .No: 1 Date:

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

Aim:

To demonstrate Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing process using Pulse

Amplitude Modulation signals.

Equipment Required:

1. Experimenter kit DCL-02.

2. Connecting chords.
3. Power supply.
4. 20 MHz dual trace oscilloscope.

Block Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Refer the block diagram and carry out the following connections and switch settings.
2. Connect power supply in proper polarity to the kit DCL-02 & switch it in.

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3. Connect 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 KHz, and 2 KHz sine wave signal from the function
generator to the multiplexer input channel CH0, CH1, CH2, CH3 by means of the
connecting chords provided.
4. Connect the multiplexer output TXD of the transmitter section to the demultiplexer
input RXD to the receiver section.
5. Connect the output of the receiver section CH0, CH1, CH2, CH3 to the IN0, IN1,
IN2, IN 3 of the filter section.
6. Connect the sampling clock TX CLK and channel identification Clock TXSYNC of
the transmitter section to the corresponding RX CLK and RXSYNC of the receiver
section respectively.
7. Set the amplitude of the input sine wave as desired.
8. Take the observation as mentioned below.

Observations:

Signals Amplitude(V) Time Period(s)

250Hz
500HZ
1 KHz
2 KHz
TX CLK
RX CLK
TXD
RXD
CH0
CH1
CH2
CH3
OUT0
OUT1
OUT2
OUT3

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Model Graphs:

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B.Tech I Sem

Result:

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B.Tech I Sem

Exp .No: 2 Date:

PULSE CODE MODULATION

Aim:

To study and analyze the performance of Pulse Code Modulation and Demodulation
Process.

Equipment Required:

1. PCM Modulator and Demodulator trainer kit

2. CRO
3. Connecting chords.
4. Power supply.

Block Diagram:

Fig: Block diagram of PCM modulation & Demodulation

Procedure:

1. Refer the block diagram and carry out the following connections.

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2. Connect power supply in proper polarity to the kit DCL-03 and DCL-04 & switch it
in.
3. Connect 500 Hz and 1 KHz sine wave signal from the function generator to the input
channel CH0 and CH1of the sample and hold logic.
4. Connect OUT 0 to CH0 IN and OUT 1 to CH1 IN.
5. Set the speed selection switch SW1 to FAST mode.
6. Connect TXDATA, TXCLK and TXSYNC of the transmitter section DCL-03 to the
corresponding RXDATA, RXCLK, and RXSYNC of the receiver section DCL-04.
7. Connect posts DAC OUT to IN post of demultiplexer section on DCL-04.
8. Take the observations as mentioned below.

Observations:

Signals Amplitude(V) Time Period(s)

500 Hz
1 HZ
OUT 0
OUT 1
CLK 1
CLK 2
MUX OUT
DAC OUT
CLK 1
CLK 2
CH 0
CH 1
OUT0
OUT1

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Model Graphs:

Fig: Waveforms for PCM modulation

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B.Tech I Sem

Fig: waveforms for PCM demodulation

Result:

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B.Tech I Sem

Exp .No: 3 Date:

DELTA MODULATION
Aim:

To study and analyze the performance of delta Modulation and Demodulation Process.

Equipment Required:

1. DCL-07 Kit.
2. Connecting Chords.
3. Power Supply.
4. CRO.

Block Diagram:

Fig: Block diagram for delta modulation

Procedure:

1. Refer to the block diagram and carry out the following connections and switch
techniques.
2. Connect power supply in proper polarity to the kit DCL-07 and switch it ON.
3. Select sine wave input 250Hz of 0V through pot P1 and connects post 250Hz to post
IN of input buffer.

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4. Connect output of buffer post OUT to digital sampler input post IN1.
5. Then select clock rate of 8KHz by pressing switch S1 selected clock is indicated by
LED glow.
6. Keep switch S2 in delta position.
7. Connect output of Digital sampler post OUT to input post IN of integrator 1.
8. Connect output of integrator 1 post OUT to input post IN2 of digital sampler.
9. Then observe the delta modulated output at output of digital sampler post OUT and
compare it with the clock rate selected. It is half the frequency of clock rate selected.
10. Observe the integrator output test point. It can be observe that as the clock rate is
increased amplitude of triangular waveform decreases. This is called minimum step
size. These waveforms are as shown below. Then increase the amplitude of 250Hz
sine wave upto 0.5v. signal approximating 250Hz is available at the integrator output.
This signal is obtained by integrating the digital output resulting from delta
modulation.
11. Then go on increasing the amplitude of selected signal through the respective pot
from 0 to 2V. it can be observed that the digital high makes the integrator output to go
upward and digital low makes the integrator output to go downwards. Observe that
the integrator output follow the input signal. The waveforms are as shown in fig.
observe the waveforms at various test-points in the delta modulator section.
12. Increase the amplitude of 250Hz sine wave through pot P1 further high and observe
that the integrator output cannot follow the input signal. state the reason.
13. Repeat the above mention procedures with different signal sources and selecting the
different clock rates and observe the response of delta modulator.
14. Connect delta modulated output post OUT of digital sampler to the input of delta
demodulator section post IN of demodulator.
15. Connect output of Demodulator post OUT to the input of integrator 3 post IN.
16. Connect output of integrator 3 post OUT to the input of output buffer post IN.
17. Connect output of output buffer post OUT to the input of 2nd order filter post IN.
18. Connect output of 2nd order filter post OUT to the input of 4th order filter post IN.
19. Keep switch S4 in HIGH position.
20. Then observed various tests points in delta demodulator section and observe the
reconstructed signal through 2nd order filter and 4th order filter. Observe the
waveforms as shown in fig.

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Observations:

Signals Amplitude(v) Time period(s)

250 Hz
Digital Sampler Output
Integrator 3 Output
Filter Output

Model Graphs:

Result:

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Exp .No: 4 Date:

FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
Aim:
To study and analyze the performance of Frequency Shift Keying Modulation and
Demodulation Process.
Equipment Required:

1. PHYSITECH’S FSK modulation and Demodulation trainer kit.

2. Function Generator
3. CRO
4. Connecting wires and Probes
Circuit Diagram:

Fig: Block diagram for FSK modulation

Procedure:
1. Connect the output of the carrier output provided on kit to the input of the carrier
input 1 terminal.

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2. Also connect one of the Data output to the Data input terminal provided on kit.
3. Connect sine wave of certain frequency to the carrier input2 terminal.
4. Switch ON function generator and FSK modulation and demodulation kit.
5. Observe the FSK output by connecting it to CRO. Thus FSK modulation can be
achieved.
6. For FSK demodulation, connect FSK output terminal to the FSK input terminal of
demodulator.
7. Observe the demodulated wave at demodulated output terminal by connecting it to
CRO.
Observations:
Signals Amplitude(v) Time period(s)
Data input
Carrier signal 1
Carrier signal 2
FSK output
Demodulated output

Model Graphs:

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Result:

Exp .No: 5 Date:

DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING

Aim:
To study and analyze the performance of Differential Phase Shift Keying Modulation and
Demodulation Process.
Equipment Required:

1. Experimental kit ADCL-01.

2. Connecting wires.
3. Power supply.
4. 20MHz dual trace oscilloscope
Block Diagram:

Procedure:

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1. Refer to the block diagram and carry out the following connections and switch
techniques.
2. Connect power supply in proper polarity to the kit ADCL-01 and switch it on.
3. Select data pattern of simulated data using switch SW1.
4. Connect SDATA generated to DATA IN of NRZ-L CODER.
5. Connect the NRZ-L DATA output to the DATA IN of the DIFFERENTIAL
ENCODER.
6. Connect the clock generated SCLOCK to CLK IN of the DIFFERENTIAL
ENCODER.
7. Connect differentially encoded data to control input C1 of CARRIER
MODULATOR.
8. Connect carrier component SIN1 to IN 1 and SIN 2 to IN 2 of the carrier modulator
logic.
9. Connect DPSK modulated signal MOD OUT to MOD IN of the BPSK
DEMODULATOR.
10. Connect output of BPSK demodulator b(t) OUT to input of DELAY SECTION b(t)
IN and one input b(t) IN of decision device.
11. Connect the output of delay section b(t-Tb) OUT to the input b(t-Tb) IN of decision
device.
12. Compare the DPSK decoded data at DATA OUT with respect to input SDATA.
13. Observe various waveforms as mentioned below, if recovered data mismatches with
respect to the transmitter data, then use RESET switch for clear observation of data
output.

Observations:

Signal Amplitude(v) Time period(s)

SDATA
SCLOCK
NRZ-L DATA
Differentially encoded data
SIN 1
SIN 2
DPSK MOD OUT
Recovered differentially encoded
data

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Delayed data
Recovered data (NRZ-L DATA)
DPSK Demodulation

Model Graph:

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Result:

Exp .No: 5 Date:

SAMPLING THEOREM VERIFICATION

Aim: To generate a MATLAB Program to verify sampling theorem.

Software Required:

 PC and MATLAB software

Procedure:

 Open MATLAB Software

 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window.
Program:

clc;
close all;
clear all;
f1=3;
f2=23;
t=-0.4:0.0001:0.4;
x=cos(2*pi*f1*t)+cos(2*pi*f2*t);
figure(1);
plot(t,x,'-.r');

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xlabel('time-----');
ylabel('amp---');
title('The original signal');
%case 1: (fs<2fm)
fs1=1.4*f2;
ts1=1/fs1;
n1=-0.4:ts1:0.4;
xs1=cos(2*pi*f1*n1)+cos(2*pi*f2*n1);
figure(2);
stem(n1,xs1);
hold on;
plot(t,x,'-.r');
hold off;
legend('fs<2fm');
%case 2: (fs=2fm)
fs2=2*f2;
ts2=1/fs2;
n2=-0.4:ts2:0.4;
xs2=cos(2*pi*f1*n2)+cos(2*pi*f2*n2);
figure(3);
stem(n2,xs2);
hold on;
plot(t,x,'-.r');
hold off;
legend('fs=2fm');
%case 3: (fs>2fm)
fs3=7*f2;
ts3=1/fs3;
n3=-0.4:ts3:0.4;
xs3=cos(2*pi*f1*n3)+cos(2*pi*f2*n3);
figure(4);
stem(n3,xs3);
hold on;
plot(t,x,'-.r');
hold off;
legend('fs>2fm');

Output:

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Result:

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Exp .No: 7 Date:

PULSE CODE MODULATION
Aim:
To write a MATLAB program for Pulse Code Modulation and to observe the output wave
forms.
Requirements:
 PC and MATLAB software
Procedure:
1. Open MATLAB Software
2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window
MATLAB Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;

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t=0:.01:3;
a=sin(2*pi*t);
p=square(2*pi*10*t);
p(p<0)=0;
s=a.*p;
figure(1);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(a);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('analog signal');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(p);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('square signal');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(s);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('sampled signal');
n=3;
y=uencode(s,n,1);
r=udecode(y,n,1);
figure(2);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(y);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('encoded signal');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(r);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('decoded signal');

MODEL GRAPHS:

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analog signal
1

0.5
amplitude
0

-0.5

-1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
time
square signal
1
amplitude

0.5

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
time
sampled signal
1

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
time

encoded signal
7

5
amplitude

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
time

decoded signal
1

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
time

Result:

Exp .No: 8 Date:

FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

Aim:
To write a MATLAB program for Frequency Shift Keying and to observe the output
waveforms.
Requirements:
PC and MATLAB software
Procedure:

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1. Open MATLAB Software

2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window
MATLAB Program:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
fc1=input('Enter the freq of 1st Sine Wave carrier:');
fc2=input('Enter the freq of 2nd Sine Wave carrier:');
fp=input('Enter the freq of Periodic Binary pulse (Message):');
amp=input('Enter the amplitude (For Both Carrier & Binary Pulse Message):');
amp=amp/2;
t=0:0.001:1;
c1=amp.*sin(2*pi*fc1*t);% For Generating 1st Carrier Sine wave
c2=amp.*sin(2*pi*fc2*t);% For Generating 2nd Carrier Sine wave
subplot(4,1,1); %For Plotting The Carrier wave
plot(t,c1);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Carrier 1 Wave');
subplot(4,1,2) ;%For Plotting The Carrier wave
plot(t,c2);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Carrier 2 Wave');
m=amp.*square(2*pi*fp*t)+amp;%For Generating Square wave message
subplot(4,1,3); %For Plotting The Square Binary Pulse (Message)
plot(t,m);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Binary Message Pulses');
for i=0:1000 %here we are generating the modulated wave
if m(i+1)==0
mm(i+1)=c2(i+1);
else
mm(i+1)=c1(i+1);
end
end

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subplot(4,1,4) ;%For Plotting The Modulated wave

plot(t,mm);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Modulated Wave');
The Following Inputs Given To Generate FSK Modulated Wave:
Enter the freq of 1st Sine Wave carrier: 10
Enter the freq of 2nd Sine Wave carrier: 30
Enter the freq of Periodic Binary pulse (Message):5
Enter the amplitude (For Both Carrier & Binary Pulse Message):4
Wave Forms:
Carrier 1 Wave
Amplitude

2
0
-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time
Carrier 2 Wave
Amplitude

2
0
-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time
Binary Message Pulses
Amplitude

4
2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time
Modulated Wave
Amplitude

2
0
-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time
Result:

Exp .No: 9 Date:

PHASE SHIFT KEYING

Aim: To write a MATLAB program for phase Shift Keying and to observe the output
waveforms

Experimental requirements:

 PC loaded with MATLAB software

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Procedure:
1. Open MATLAB Software
2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window
MATLAB Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
b = input('Enter the Bit stream \n '); %b = [0 1 0 1 1 1 0];
n = length(b);
t = 0:0.01:n;
x = 1:1:(n+1)*100;
for i = 1:n
if (b(i) == 0)
b_p(i) = -1;
else
b_p(i) = 1;
end
for j = i:.1:i+1
bw(x(i*100:(i+1)*100)) = b_p(i);
end
end
bw = bw(100:end);
sint = sin(2*pi*t);
st = bw.*sint;
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(t,bw)
gridon ;
axis([0 n -2 +2]) ;
subplot(3,1,2) ;
plot(t,sint) ;
grid on ;
axis([0 n -2 +2]) ;
subplot(3,1,3) ;
plot(t,st);
gridon ;
axis([0 n -2 +2]) ;

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Wave forms:

Result:

Exp .No: 10 Date:

QPSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

Aim:
To write a MATLAB program for QPSK Modulation and Demodulation and to observe the
output wave forms.
Experimental Requirements:

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 PC and MATLAB software

Procedure:
1. Open MATLAB Software
2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window
MATLAB Program:
clear;
clc;
b = input('Enter the bit stream = ');
n = length(b);
t = 0:0.01:n;
x = 1:1:(n+2)*100;
for i = 1:n
if (b(i) == 0)
u(i) = -1;
else
u(i) = 1;
end
for j = i:0.1:i+1
bw(x(i*100:(i+1)*100)) = u(i);
if (mod(i,2) == 0)
bw_e(x(i*100:(i+1)*100)) = u(i);
bw_e(x((i+1)*100:(i+2)*100)) = u(i);
else
bw_o(x(i*100:(i+1)*100)) = u(i);
bw_o(x((i+1)*100:(i+2)*100)) = u(i);
end
if (mod(n,2)~= 0)
bw_e(x(n*100:(n+1)*100)) = -1;
bw_e(x((n+1)*100:(n+2)*100)) = -1;
end
end
end
bw = bw(100:end);
bw_o = bw_o(100:(n+1)*100);
bw_e = bw_e(200:(n+2)*100);
cost = cos(2*pi*t);
sint = sin(2*pi*t);
x = bw_o.*cost;
y = bw_e.*sint;
z = x+y;
subplot(3,2,1);

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plot(t,bw);
xlabel('n ---->');
ylabel('Amplitude ---->');
title('Input Bit Stream');
grid on ;
axis([0 n -2 +2]);
subplot(3,2,5);
plot(t,bw_o);
xlabel('n ---->');
ylabel('Amplitude ---->');
title('Odd Sequence');
grid on ;
axis([0 n -2 +2]);
subplot(3,2,3);
plot(t,bw_e);
xlabel('n ---->');
ylabel('Amplitude ---->');
title('Even Sequence');
grid on ;
axis([0 n -2 +2]);
subplot(3,2,4);
plot(t,x);
xlabel('Time ---->');
ylabel('Amplitude ---->');
title('Odd Sequence BPSK Modulated Wave');
grid on ;
axis([0 n -2 +2]);
subplot(3,2,2);
plot(t,y);
xlabel('Time ---->');
ylabel('Amplitude ---->');
title('Even Sequence BPSK Modulated Wave');
grid on ;
axis([0 n -2 +2]);
subplot(3,2,6);
plot(t,z);
xlabel('Time ---->');
ylabel('Amplitude ---->');
title('QPSK Modulated Wave');
grid on ;
axis([0 n -2 +2]);
Output:
Enter the bit stream = [0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0]
Model wave forms:

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Result:

Exp .No: 11 Date:

LINE CODES
Aim:

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To study the time and frequency domain characteristics of various line coding
signal formats.
Equipment:
1. TIMS system with modules
2 Channel 100MHz DSO
Background:
The TIMS line coder will accept a baseband TTL pulse stream and perform the
appropriate level and timing conversions to produce a number of unit-polar and bi-polar
analog level line codes. In this lab we will look at the characteristics of the following codes:
NRZ-L, NRZ-M, and RZ-AMI. and Biphase-L. The bit pattern for the experiment will be
generated by the TIMS sequence generator. In order to make time domain comparisons of the
line coder input and the decoder output, you’ll have to use the single acquisition mode of the
scope to capture frames of waveform data.
Procedure:
TIMS setup:
Refer to Figure 2 in the attached Lab Sheet. Configure the modules as shown, note
that the Buffer Amplifier is not inserted in the data path at the beginning of the lab. Note
that the Beginning of Sequence output of the Sequence Generator is used to trigger the
scope.
Measurements:
Time domain:
1) Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope to the data input of the Line Encoder module.
Capture a screen of data, adjusting the time base of the scope so that you can easily
identify one bit time in the data input.
2) Observe the NRZ-L output with the second oscilloscope channel. Sketch a representative
portion of the input bit pattern and the NRZ-L output, a number of 0-1-0 transitions are
required. Verify that the coding is correct. From your observations, estimate the
fundamental frequency of the spectrum that the NRZ-L waveform would produce. (Hint:
Think square waves..)
3) Set the scope to free run, you won’t be able to see a synchronized output but you won’t
need to. While observing the NRZ-L output, switch the scope input coupling between DC
and AC. Is there a vertical shift in the waveform display? If so, record the change in
voltage.

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4) Repeat steps 2 and 3 for the NRZ-M, RZ-AMI, and Biphase-L outputs.
Frequency Domain:
1. Use the FFT function of the scope to observe the signal spectrum of the NRZ-L output.
The spectrum will conform to your knowledge of the sinx/x function. Using the FFT
analyzer, determine:
a) The center frequencies of the sinx/x lobes (maximums)
b) The frequencies of the sinx/x nulls (minimums)
c) If possible, the frequencies of the components within each lobe envelope
2. Repeat step 5 for the NRZ-M, RZ-AMI, and Biphase-L outputs.
Polarity Reversal:
1. Connect the NRZ-L output of the Line Encoder to one input of the Buffer Amplifier.
Adjust the Buffer
2. Connect the NRZ-L output of the Line Encoder to the NRZ-input of the Line
Decoder. Observe the data input of the Line Encoder and the data output of Line
Decoder using the scope. The signals should be the same.
3. Insert the Buffer Amplifier into the circuit between the Line Encoder output and the
Line Decoder input and observe the data input and output again. Has the inversion
on the communication channel produced an inversion in the received data?
4. Repeat steps 8 and 9 for the NRZ-M, RZ-AMI, and Biphase-L outputs.

Code Offset (V) Maximums Nulls Components Polarity Sensitive?

(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Yes/No)

NRZ-L
NRZ-M
RZ-AMI
Bi∅-L

RESULT:

Exp .No: 12 Date:

DELTA MODULATION

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DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LABORATORY III
B.Tech I Sem

Aim: To perform delta modulation in MATLAB

Experimental Requirements:

 PC loaded with MATLAB

Procedure:
1. 1. Open MATLAB Software
2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window
MATLAB Program:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
t=[0:0.01:1];
m=sin(2*pi*t);
hold on;
plot(m,'black');
title('sinc pulse');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
d=2*pi/100;
for n=1:1:100
if n==1
e(n)=m(n);
eq(n)=d*sign(e(n));
mq(n)=eq(n);
else
e(n)=m(n)-mq(n-1);
eq(n)=d*sign(e(n));
mq(n)=mq(n-1)+eq(n);

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DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LABORATORY III
B.Tech I Sem

end
end
stairs(mq,'black');
hleg=legend('original signal','stair case approximated signal');

Wave forms:

sinc pulse
1.5
original signal
stair case approximated signal

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time

Result:

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page 34