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28 views5 pages

?summary of Chapter 4

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hebatullahalsmail
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Summary of Chapter 3

Equivalence and equivalent effect:

- What is equivalence?
Equivalence in translation means ensuring that the meaning of the
original text is accurately conveyed in the translated text, even if
the wording may differ.

Roman Jakobson:

- Roman Jakobson examines the problem of equivalence in


meaning between the words of different languages.

- Equivalence in meaning – for Jakobson, a key issue in translation


is equivalence in meaning between words of different languages.
Because each language is a different system, full equivalence
between words in ST and TT is not usually possible. Such cross-
linguistic systemic differences do not mean that a message is
necessarily untranslatable into another verbal language, just that
some adjustment needs to be made using translation procedures.
This means according to Jakobson that all things are translatable
except poetry which requires a creative transposition.

- So, what is Jakobson’s stance towards equivalence of meaning


between languages?

He believes that all things are translatable except perhaps poetry


Eugene Nida:

- Eugene Nida was an American linguist and translator. Nida


started developing his translation theory in the 1940s while
working on translating the Bible and training new translators.

- Nida uses Chomsky's ideas about the basic structure of sentences


in all languages to create a method for translating. Nida described a
three-stage- system of translation( analysis, transfer, and
restructuring).

So, what are the three stages of Nida’s system of translation?

1. Analysis
2. Transfer
3. Restructuring

- Nida shifts away from the idea that a word has one fixed meaning,
instead focusing on how meaning depends on context and can
change based on culture. He breaks down meaning into three
types:

1. Linguistic meaning (the relationship between different words)


2. Referential or denotative meaning, (which is the dictionary
meaning of a word)
3. Connotative or emotive meaning, (the associations a word may
have)

So, what are the types of meaning according to Nida?


Linguistic, referential, and connotative
- Nida rejects older terms like "literal," "free," and "faithful"
translation. Instead, he introduces two main orientations or ‘types
of equivalence’: formal and dynamic.

- Formal and dynamic equivalence and equivalent effect:

- Formal equivalence: later called ‘formal correspondence’


Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both
form and content . . . One is concerned that the message in the
receptor language should match as closely as possible the different
elements in the source language.

- Dynamic equivalence later referred to as functional equivalence,


relies on what Nida terms "the principle of equivalent effect."
This principle means that the relationship between the audience
and the translated message should be similar to the relationship
between the original audience and the message.

- So, what are the two ‘basic orientations’ of translation


described by Nida?
Formal equivalence (later called ‘formal correspondence’) and
dynamic equivalence (later called ‘functional equivalence’)

- For Nida, the success of the translation depends above all on


achieving an equivalent effect or response. It is one of the 'four
basic requirements of a translation which are:

(1) making sense;


(2) conveying the spirit and manner of the original;

(3) having a natural and easy form of expression;

(4) producing a similar response.

- The importance of Nida's work:

Nida's main contribution was moving translation away from strict word-
for-word matching. He introduced the ideas of formal and dynamic
equivalence, which shifted the focus towards how the translated text is
received by readers. This change helped shape translation theory to be
more reader-centered.

Peter Newmark:

Peter Newmark's books "Approaches to Translation" (1981) and


"A Textbook of Translation" (1988) are widely used in translator
training courses because they provide many practical examples of
linguistic theories and their application in translation.

- Newmark disagrees with Nida's focus on the reader and the idea
of achieving an equivalent effect in translation

- Newmark proposes the concepts of semantic and communicative


translation.

- Communicative translation aims to evoke a similar response in


readers as the original text did. Semantic translation, on the other
hand, tries to convey the precise contextual meaning of the
original as closely as possible, considering the structures of the
second language.

- The concept of semantic translation is similar to Nida’s formal


equivalence.-

- The concept of communicative translation is similar to Nida’s


dynamic equivalence.

WERNER KOLLER

Werner Koller - Koller talks about two ideas: "equivalence" and


"correspondence"

- Correspondence falls within the field of contrastive linguistics,


which compares two language systems and describes differences
and similarities contrastively.
- Equivalence, on the other hand, relates to equivalent items in
specific ST–
- TT pairs and contexts

Koller identifies five types of equivalence:


1. denotative
2. connotative
3. text-normative
4. pragmatic
5. formal

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