International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology Volume 72 Issue 5, 185-193, May 2024

ISSN: 2231–5381 / https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V72I5P119 © 2024 Seventh Sense Research Group®

Original Article

Enhancing Cluster Node Forming Routing Protocol in

Mobile Adhoc Network
S. Hemalatha1, Shalini2, P. Ezhilarasi3, Thilagham K T4
1
Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
2
Department of Physics, R. M. D. Engineering College, RSM Nagar, Kavaraipettai, Thiruvallur, Tamil Nadu, India.
3
Department of ECE, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Tamilnadu, India.
4
Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India.
1Corresponding Author : [email protected]

Received: 03 November 2023 Revised: 09 February 2024 Accepted: 11 April 2024 Published: 26 May 2024

Abstract - Developing an Efficient power organization in wireless devices can be a challenging task, particularly in Mobile
Networks. Many researchers are focusing on providing efficient power management with the support of modern algorithms and
techniques. This article focuses on inventing a routing protocol with the support of clustering named Cluster Node Routing
Protocol (CNRP), which executes on three stages of cluster node forming, cluster-based route prediction and packet forwarding.
The proposed CNRP was implemented in the Network simulator and compared the results with existing cluster-based protocols
of FLCH-AODV and SCCM-AODV with respect to the parameters of Cluster forming time, Cluster head accuracy, Connectivity
analysis, Power analysis and Energy consumed. The proposed CNRP protocol performance is excellent in all the parameters
computation, and the overall performance of the MANET becomes 85% to 89% even the many cluster head changes. This
proposed protocol also supports Hidden and Exposed node issues and buffer overflow along with the energy optimization.

Keywords - MANET, Cluster node, Routing protocol, Network layer, Cluster Node Routing Protocol.

1. Introduction improve the performance of the AODV protocol, including

Routing the path between the sources to the destination AOMDV [6], SQR-AODV [7], AODV-BR [8], AODV-RD
node is an important role of the network layer in the MANET [9], AODV-BR [10], ATOMDV [11], and AMORLM [12],
protocol stack [1]. The packet delivered in the wrong path which assist battery life extension. MANET settings are also
makes the entire network collapse; also, the packet not regarded as an important aspect in reducing battery power
forwarding to the next hope or floating many times by the consumption, such as lowering MANET overhead to support
individual nodes makes the routing protocol into to tedious better power management; many optimization strategies are
task. Finally, the energy spent for the packet transmission will based on this goal [18]. Cluster node selection with LEACH
be wasted which affects the performance of the wireless protocol improves life span with energy distribution [14],
communication. The usage of an internal battery is critical in FFAOMDV incorporates a fitness function to reduce power
ensuring consistent communication. When installing the consumption [15], and Artificial Intelligence neural network-
MANET in an emergency situation, such as disaster based MANET optimizes MANET energy usage, supporting
management, if the battery fails, the entire communication network efficiency and overall performance [16].GPS and
may be lost. To extend battery life, effective power long-range technology demonstrated long-term MANET
management strategies are essential. Several routing protocols utilization by Receiving Signal Strength Indicator-based
have been proposed to address MANET challenges, including (RSSI) from the receiver [17]. EMBOA [18] combines
frequent topological changes caused by MANET butterfly optimization techniques with a machine learning
characteristics, collisions caused by hidden and exposed methodology that uses less energy to improve multipath
terminal problems, and packet forwarding failures caused by routing. Nodes in a MANET PEO-AODV scheme [19]
internal threats or buffering capacity, all of which have an provided geographic position monitoring and an estimated
impact on MANET Quality of Service [2]. This post aimed to hop count parameter to help overcome power issues. The
answer the MAENT's challenges. To handle battery power routing protocol supports multiple power management tactics,
management, multiple MANET protocols [3] [4] are as well as the most contemporary techniques of machine
proposed, as well as several new types of routing protocols [4] learning, artificial intelligence, and clustering, to maximize
[5]. Several research articles have recently been published to node battery power and lifetime. All these methods could not

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

 S. Hemalatha et al. / IJETT, 72(5), 185-193, 2024

support an efficient power-optimized routing strategy. One good. This work could be the fundamental research data to the
way to achieve energy optimization is eliminating the more feature MANET-IoT based researchers. Maruthupandi et al
number of packets forwarding by the intermediate nodes [24] authors invented the DISNEY routing protocol using the
rather than using a cluster head based routing protocol for the SDN for MANET to provide the routing between the sources
packet route between the source to the destination node. This to destination nodes to overcome the congestion. The efficient
research article focuses on proposing a new Cluster Node route-manipulated table used for the routing support, and the
forming Routing Protocol (CNRP) for optimizing the battery. simulation results perform well in all the performance factors.
The routing protocol first forms the cluster node, and the However, the usage of the table needs dynamic changes,
cluster node are taking responsible for the routing path which causes the routing protocol to delay on routing decision.
decision and the packets forward to the destination. A separate Rajendra Prasad and Shivashankar [25] proposed the EEE
cluster forwarding algorithm was established to forward the Secure Routing protocol for adapting security policy in
packet to the next cluster, and this research work eliminates communication. The route-selected nodes have to provide the
all the internal node forwarding, which supports power authentication and selection node energy level up to the
optimization in MANET. This CNRP protocol indirectly threshold. Also, this routing protocol uses the shortest path for
supports the MANET challenges of Hidden and Exposed reliable communication route selection and the performance
nodes, buffer overflow, and internal threats. The article is of the simulation was better. However, this threshold and
structured as follows: Section II summarizes the various authentication-based nodes are difficult to determine. If any
existing routing-based power optimization methods used in condition is not met, the nodes could not be part of the
MANET thus far; Section III proposes MANET's working communication network.
principles; Section IV discusses the simulation setup used to
implement the research work; and Section V concludes and Mohammad et al. [26] anticipated the TBSMR for
includes feature work. MANET enhancement. This routing protocol uses different
factors like congestion, loss, QoS and malicious node
2. Research Work related to Routing protocols prediction for making the route between the nodes. The
This section explores further into the energy optimization simulation shows superior performance compared with other
routing technique, which has been a cornerstone of MANET methods, but the multiple factor usage for route prediction is
technology since its creation. It goes into the classification not possible practically when the nodes are huge. Anubhuti
parameter connected with this method, providing thorough Roda MOHINDRA and Charu GANDHI [27] proposed the
information about its significance and ramifications in the SCCM routing protocol, which has secured the transmission
context of MANETs. Abhilash and Shivaprakasha [1] have of packets using encryption and signature generation and
done a survey related to the MANET challenges with respect decryption process. The packet is converted to an unknown
to the routing protocol, scheduling strategy, energy packet using the ECC encryption method, which supports to
optimization, and Security factors. Finally authors explained provide the secure transmission of data packets between the
the importance of secure routing protocol and various attacks nodes. However, the work of encryption, decryption, and ECC
in routing strategies in MANET. Tripathy et al. [20] authors are overhead to the routing protocol, which makes some delay
proposed an adaptive routing protocol for Manet's in packet computation.
communications; this protocol used the parameters and
features to configure the route function dynamically. Hwanseok Yang [28] author proposed a technique
Simulation results show the best performance, but the usage evaluation method of nodes using cluster and key exchange
of parameters like security, functional parameters, trust without the usage of Certificate Authority. This method
values, and geographical values are not easy to collect in the assured the quality of packets as well as packet maintenance.
mobility nature of the nodes. The simulation and performance of this method are superior
to other methods with respect to the parameters of PDR, delay,
Arappali and Rajendran [21] authors proposed the OLSR control packets, throughput, and path length. However, the
protocol with Raspberry Pie inbuilt in the test bed; the forming of the clustering structure is not feasible in MANET.
simulation of OLSR performs better throughput, but the usage Uppalapati Srilakshmi et al. [13] authors propose that the
of BABEL for Vector directing is an additional task to the fuzzy clustering algorithm is activated in the Cluster Heads
routing protocol. Panda & Pattanayak [22] authors enhanced (CHs) for trust-based protection with energy optimization. CH
the ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO) to provide a is engaged for the secure route selection based on the latency,
secured routing protocol in MANET to prove the QoS. An node connection, and throughput, and the results are compared
evolutionary technique-based algorithm was added to ACO. with the EA-DRP & EE-OHRA methods proposed methods
But, this work has been fundamental for the research related produced energy was 0.10 m joules, latency was 0.0035 m
to ACO-based security routing. Quy et al. [23] authors made sec, throughput was 0.70 bps, and an 83 percent detection
the analysis of the routing protocol for MANET-IoT with four rate. The limitation of this method is that route selection was
major categories like: performance, energy, QoS and Security delayed due to the cluster head forming with fuzzy logic.
awareness. Finally conclude that proactive protocol work is Routing protocols in MANET have proven successful in a

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variety of applications, including routing, mobility, clustering, H represents the cluster head, which is selected based on
and hybrid techniques, as well as transmission range the residual energy node, node lifetime, and connectivity with
optimization. However, some procedures have produced other nodes. The system model is initially established to define
dismal outcomes. Further study is required to enhance routing internal node parameters. Figure 2 illustrates the entire
for power efficiency in MANETs. This paper presents a architecture, depicting the process of cluster formation and
cluster-based routing protocol that aims to improve route communication among nodes.
discovery and packet forwarding to target nodes while
reducing the requirement for intermediary nodes to pass Overall, the MANET graph encapsulates the nodes,
packets. edges, and key components such as source, target, and cluster
head, providing a visual representation of the network
3. Research Methodology structure and communication flow within the MANET
The research goal of this article is to form the cluster node environment.
that supports for MANET routing strategy to optimize the
battery life of the individual nodes. The research methodology Several criteria influence the cluster heads chosen for
compromises the following subsection: first, forming the each location, including battery power, mobility, link lifetime,
cluster node or Cluster head; second, the routing path selection and node mobility. The cluster node will be the one with the
from the sender to the receiver node; and finally, the packet maximum node life length, connectivity, and battery power
forwarding. values, as well as the lowest node mobility and distance
values.
3.1. Cluster Node or Cluster Head
In the MANET nodes cluster, node selection is based on
the location of the other nodes. Nodes that are in the same Mobile
region, and in the system represented in Figure 1, a single node
Mobile
is designated as the cluster node due to its greater energy
reserves, which allow it to transfer packets across the network
efficiently.
The MANET graph, denoted as MG = (M, N), is
constructed as follows: Mobile
M represents the set of MANET nodes, where M = {m1, Mobile
Cluster Node
m2, ..., mm, mn}. Here, 'm' denotes the total number of nodes,
ranging from 1 to n.
N represents the set of edges connecting the nodes, where
N = {l1, l2, ..., lv}.
In this graph: Mobile
S represents the source node. Mobile
T represents the target node.
Fig. 1 Cluster node forming

Fig. 2 Cluster node selection

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Mobile Mobile
Mobile Mobile

Mobile
Mobile Mobile Mobile Cluster Node
Cluster Node

Mobile Mobile Mobile Mobile

Mobile Mobile

Mobile
Mobile Cluster Node

Mobile Mobile
Fig. 3 Clustering groups

3.2 Cluster Node based Routing Protocol connectivity. The criteria used to designate a cluster node are:
Cluster Node-based routing protocol works as following • The cluster node must have the highest possible node
stages depicted in Algorithm I, First the formation of the longevity, connection, and battery power.
cluster Nodes in the MANET. In the second stage, the source • Conversely, the cluster node should have the lowest
initiates the route path to the respective cluster with the details values for node mobility and distance.
of the destination. Next step, the Cluster Node sends the • This selection procedure guarantees that the chosen
RREQ to the other clusters and makes a path. Finally, the cluster node maximizes its potential for durability,
packets are transmitted from the source to the destination by connection, and power efficiency within the MANET
deciding the route path Cluster nodes. region.
}
Algorithm I Working of Cluster Node-based Routing 3. Sender Cluster node sends the REEQ to all the clusters in
Protocol the MANET
Steps for Cluster Head forming and route process 4. Destination cluster node sends the RREP to the sender
1. Begin by totaling the number of nodes in each MANET cluster
region. Define M as the set of regions within the MANET, 5. Packet Transmission from the sender to the destination node
denoted by {R1, R2, R3,..., Rn}. Each region Ri comprises N via selected cluster nodes.
nodes, one of which is designated as the cluster head. 6. If the cluster node residual power is less, go to step 1;
2. For each Region Ri, Do follow otherwise process continues.
for (i=1; i≤ n; i++)
{ The selection of cluster heads is based on information
//All nodes in the MANET region are evaluated on a variety gathered from MANET nodes, which takes into account
of criteria, including lifetime, mobility, distance, power, and criteria such as device mobility, lifetime, distance, power, and

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connectivity. Algorithm I governs this selection process. As

shown in Figure 3, the output consists of a group of nodes and
the specified cluster head, which serves as the clustering
head's processing output.

3.3. Route path Selection and Forwarding Packets

After selecting the cluster node amongst the MANET
nodes, the transmission route path is selected. To determine
the most reliable path between the source node and the
destination node, the source node sends a message request to
the appropriate cluster node, which then sends the route
request to all other cluster nodes. In this research work, the
intermediate node could not be involved in any kind of
forwarding the messages, as shown in Figure 4. S node sends
the request message to CN1, then CN1 forwards the RREQ to
CN2, CN3, then CN3 forwards to CN4. The destination nodes
are under CN4 so the CN4 sends the response via RREP to Fig. 4 Route path selection
CN3, which in turn forward to the CN1. So, the final path
between the S to D is CN1 →CN3→CN4→D. Once the The performance factors considered in the comparative
reliable path is selected, the S nodes start sending the packet analysis are connectivity analysis for making the route, cluster
to CN1, which intern forward to the next CN to reach the head accuracy and cluster forming time, power analysis, and
destination. Other intermediate nodes could not be involved in energy consumed. Each performance parameter is simulated
the transmission and forwarding process. So that the power on by methodically altering the total number of nodes, which
the intermediate nodes will be optimized also there is no might range from 50 to 200.
collision on the nodes.
4.2.1. Cluster Forming Time
4. Simulation Comparison The working principle of the proposed Cluster Node
4.1. Parameter for Simulation Routing Protocol starts with finding the cluster node forming.
The suggested work is implemented in Network From the simulation first comparison was made to cluster head
Simulator3 using a high-end system combination of an Intel forming time compared with the other existing cluster head-
core processor, 8 GB capacity of RAM, and Windows 11 related routing protocol research Fuzzy logic cluster head
operating system. Simulation Setup is used to create the AODV (FLCH-AODV )[13] and Secure Cryptography based
simulation results. The MANET simulation was carried out on Clustering Mechanism (SCCM- AODV ) [27] with nodes
a 1000 * 1000 square meter area with a wireless physical count starting from 50,100,150 and 200 nodes.In all the cases,
interface and an omni antenna. Several configurations were the proposed CNRP-AODV node forming times 50,60,72 and
examined, ranging from 50 to 200 nodes with a link count of 85 ms, and FLCH-AODV cluster nodes take 80,90,95 and 98
20-50. The source transmission type used was constant bit rate ms and SCCM-AODV cluster forming times 82,92,97 and 100
transmission, with each packet size set to 512 bytes and a ms, which take more time to form clusters comparing with
buffer size of 40 packets. proposed CNRP-AODV protocol as shown from the Figure 5.

The MAC layer employed was 802.11b, and a random Connectivity Analysis
simulation model was chosen. Propagation was modeled using A second connectivity comparison was made with respect
a two-way ground approach, with nodes capable of achieving to the connectivity analysis, which makes use of routing path
top speeds of 25 m/s and halting for 15 seconds. During selection between the Source nodes to the Destination node.
simulation intervals, two packets were delivered, and the From the simulation connectivity analysis compared with the
simulation time was set to 50 and 100 seconds. The initial other existing cluster head-related routing protocol research
node energy was set to 240 joules, with each node transmitting Fuzzy logic cluster head AODV (FLCH-AODV) [13] and
0.9 joules and receiving 0.4 joules. Sleep power was set to Secure Cryptography based Clustering Mechanism (SCCM-
0.002 joules, with a change over duration of 0.009 seconds. AODV) [27] with nodes count starting from 50,100,150 and
200 nodes. In all the cases, the proposed CNRP-AODV node
4.2. Comparative Evaluation route connectivity times are 8, 16, 24, and 32 ms and FLCH-
The proposed cluster node-based routing protocol was AODV connectivity time takes 12, 26, 40, 50 and SCCM-
implemented in AODV protocol [9] and named CNRP- AODV protocol connectivity time 14, 28, 42, and 52 ms,
AODV, with the simulated values analyzed with the alive which take more time for analysis the route paths connectivity
SCCM -AODV [27] FLCH-AODV [13] algorithm for comparing with proposed CNRP-AODV protocol as shown
predicting the comparative analysis. from the Figure 6.

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Cluster Head Accuracy Power Analysis

The third cluster head comparison was made with Next power comparison was made with respect to the
respect to the cluster head accuracy, which makes use of power consumed by the cluster head to transmit the packet
packet transmission on the specified routing path selection also the next cluster node selection based on the current cluster
clusters in among the Sender node to the Receiver node. From node power scenario. From the simulation power analysis
the simulation Cluster head accuracy compared with the other compared with the other existing cluster head related routing
methods of cluster head related routing protocol research protocol research Fuzzy logic cluster head AODV (FLCH-
Fuzzy logic cluster head AODV (FLCH-AODV) [13] and AODV) [13] and Secure Cryptography based Clustering
Secure Cryptography based Clustering Mechanism (SCCM- Mechanism (SCCM- AODV) [27] with nodes count starting
AODV) [27] with nodes count starting from 50,100,150 and from 50,100,150 and 200 nodes.
200 nodes.
All the cases the proposed CNRP-AODV node power
All the cases the proposed CNRP-AODV node taken 19.02,19.01,19.06,19.08 J in a constant power
Cluster head accuracy are 90,93,97 and 103% , and FLCH- consuming even the nodes increased , where the FLCH-
AODV accuracy of cluster head 75,80,87,90 % and SCCM- AODV power analysis 21.03,22.05,25.03,26.07J which get
AODV protocol accuracy of cluster head 85,88,92 and 98% more power varying in ranges of cluster and SCCM-AODV
which provide less percent of accuracy compared with protocol power analysis 21.53,22.55,25.53 and 26.57J which
proposed CNRP-AODV protocol as shown from the Figure 7. taken more power compared with proposed CNRP-AODV
protocol as shown from the Figure 8.

Cluster Forming Time

Time

50 100 150 200

CNRP-AODV 50 60 72 85
FLCH-AODV 80 90 95 98
SCCM-AODV 82 92 97 100
Fig. 5 Cluster Node forming time

Connectivity Analysis
Time

50 100 150 200

CNRP-AODV 8 16 24 32
FLCH-AODV 12 26 40 50
SCCM-AODV 14 28 42 52
Fig. 6 Connectivity analysis

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Cluster Head Accuracy

Time

50 100 150 200

FLCH-AODV 75 80 87 90
SCCM-AODV 85 88 92 98
CNRP-AODV 90 93 97 103
Fig. 7 Accuracy of cluster head

Power Analysis
Power

50 100 150 200

CNRP-AODV 19.02 19.01 19.06 19.08
FLCH-AODV 21.03 22.05 25.03 26.07
SCCM--AODV 21.53 22.55 25.53 26.57
Fig. 8 Power analysis

Energy Consumed
Energy

50 100 150 200

CNRP-AODV 4 8 14 22
FLCH-AODV 5 9 15 20
SCCM-AODV 6 12 18 24

Fig. 9 Energy consumed

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Energy Consumed 5. Conclusion and Future work

Finally, the energy consumption comparison was made This article focuses the power optimization with the
with respect to the power consumed by the cluster head to support of Cluster node-based routing protocol, which aids in
transmit the packet also the next cluster node selection based supporting the packet transmission between the nodes. CNRP
on the current cluster node power scenario. From the has three stages of working: cluster node selection, route path
simulation energy compared with the other existing cluster selection with cluster head, and packet transmission. The
head-related routing protocol research Fuzzy logic cluster proposed CNRP was implemented in the Network simulator
head AODV (FLCH-AODV) [13] and Secure Cryptography and compared the results with existing cluster-based protocols
based Clustering Mechanism (SCCM- AODV) [27] with of FLCH-AODV and SCCM-AODV with respect to the
nodes count starting from 50,100,150 and 200 nodes. In all the parameters of Cluster forming time, Cluster head accuracy,
cases, the proposed CNRP-AODV node power taken Connectivity analysis, Power analysis and Energy consumed.
4,8,14,22 J in a constant power consuming even the nodes The proposed CNRP protocol performance is excellent in all
increased, where the FLCH-AODV power consumed 5,9,15 the parameters computation, and the overall performance of
and 20 J which get more power varying in ranges of cluster the MANET becomes 85% to 89% even the many cluster head
and SCCM-AODV protocol power analysis 6,12,18,24 J changes; this proposed protocol also supports Hidden and
which taken more energy compared with proposed CNRP- Exposed node issues and buffer overflow along with the
AODV protocol as shown from the Figure 9. energy optimization.

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