Functions
Functions
Functions
Topic 1 Classification of Functions, Domain and
Range and Even, Odd Functions
Objective Questions I (Only one correct option) log 2(x + 3)
7. The domain of definition of f (x) = is
x2 + 3x + 2
1. If R = {(x, y): x, y ∈ Z , x2 + 3 y2 ≤ 8} is a relation on the set
of integers Z, then the domain of R−1 is
(2001, 1M)
(a) R / {− 1, − 2}
(2020 Main, 2 Sep I)
(b) (− 2, ∞ )
(a) {−1, 0,1} (b) {− 2, − 1,1, 2} (c) R / {− 1, − 2, − 3}
(c) {−2, − 1, 0,1, 2} (d) {0,1} (d) (− 3, ∞ ) / {− 1, − 2}
2. The domain of the definition of the function 8. The domain of definition of the function y (x) is given by
1
f (x) = + log10 (x3 − x) is (2019 Main, 9 April II) the equation 2x + 2y = 2 , is (2000, 1M)
4 − x2
(a) 0 < x ≤ 1 (b) 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
(a) (−1, 0) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (3, ∞ ) (b) (−2, − 1) ∪ (−1, 0) ∪ (2, ∞ )
(c) − ∞ < x ≤ 0 (d) −∞ < x < 1
(c) (−1, 0) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞ ) (d) (1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞ )
9. Let f (θ ) = sin θ (sin θ + sin 3 θ ). Then, f (θ )
3. Let f (x) = a x (a > 0) be written as f (x) = f1 (x) + f2(x), (2000, 1M)
where f1 (x) is an even function and f2(x) is an odd (a) ≥ 0, only when θ ≥ 0 (b) ≤ 0, for all real θ
function. Then f1 (x + y) + f1 (x − y) equals (c) ≥ 0, for all real θ (d) ≤ 0, only when θ ≤ 0
(2019 Main, 8 April II) 10. The domain of definition of the function
(a) 2f1 (x + y) ⋅ f2 (x − y) (b) 2f1 (x + y) ⋅ f1 (x − y) 1
y= + x + 2 is
(c) 2f1 (x) ⋅ f2 ( y) (d) 2f1 (x) ⋅ f1 ( y) log10 (1 − x) (1983, 1M)
4. Domain of definition of the function (a) (− 3, − 2) excluding − 2. 5
π (b) [0, 1] excluding 0.5
f (x) = sin −1 (2x) + for real valued x, is
6 (2003, 2M) (c) (−2, 1) excluding 0
(a) − , (b) − ,
1 1 1 1 (d) None of these
4 2 2 2
Match the Columns
(c) − , (d) − ,
1 1 1 1
2 9 4 4 Match the conditions / expressions in Column I with
x2 + x + 2 statement in Column II.
5. Range of the function f (x) = 2 ; x ∈ R is
x + x+1 x2 − 6 x + 5
(2003, 2M) 11. Let f (x) = .
(a) (1, ∞) (b) (1, 11/7) x2 − 5 x + 6 (2007, 6M)
(c) (1, 7/3] (d) (1, 7/5)
Column I Column II
6. Let f (x) = (1 + b2) x2 + 2bx + 1 and let m (b) be the
A. If −1 < x < 1, then f ( x ) satisfies p. 0 < f (x ) < 1
minimum value of f (x). As b varies, the range of m (b) is
(2001, 1M) B. If 1 < x < 2 , then f ( x ) satisfies q. f (x ) < 0
(b) 0,
1
(a) [0, 1] C. If 3 < x < 5, then f ( x ) satisfies r. f (x ) > 0
2
8. Let f (x) = x2 and g (x) = sin x for all x ∈ R. Then, the set of 15. If f (x) = cos [π 2] x + cos [− π 2] x, where [x] stands for the
all x satisfying ( fogogof )(x) = ( gogof )(x) , where greatest integer function, then (1991, 2M)
( fog )(x) = f ( g (x)), is (2011) (a) f ( π / 2) = − 1
(a) ± nπ, n ∈ {0, 1, 2, K } (b) f ( π) = 1
(b) ± nπ, n ∈ {1, 2, K } (c) f (− π ) = 0
(d) f ( π / 4) = 1
(c) π /2 + 2nπ, n ∈ {...,− 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, K }
(d) 2nπ, n ∈ {..., − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, K } 16. Let g (x) be a function defined on [− 1, 1]. If the area of
αx the equilateral triangle with two of its vertices at (0, 0)
9. Let f (x) = , x ≠ − 1. Then, for what value of α is and [x, g (x)] is 3 / 4, then the function g (x) is
x+1
(1989, 2M)
f [ f (x)] = x ? (2001, 1M)
(a) 2 (b) − 2 (c) 1 (d) −1 (a) g (x) = ± 1 − x2 (b) g (x) = 1 − x2
− 1 , x < 0 (c) g (x) = − 1 − x2 (d) g (x) = 1 + x2
10. Let g (x) = 1 + x − [x] and f (x) = 0, x = 0 , then for all x+2
1, x > 0 17. If y = f (x) = , then
x−1 (1984, 3M)
x, f [ g (x)] is equal to (2001, 1M) (a) x = f ( y) (b) f (1) = 3
(a) x (b) 1 (c) f (x) (d) g (x) (c) y increases with x for x < 1
(d) f is a rational function of x
11. If g { f (x) } = |sin x| and f { g (x) } = (sin x )2, then
(1998, 2M)
Fill in the Blank
(a) f (x) = sin 2 x, g (x) = x
(b) f (x) = sin x, g (x) = | x| π π
18. If f (x) = sin 2 x + sin 2 x + + cos x cos x + and
(c) f (x) = x2 , g (x) = sin x 3 3
(d) f and g cannot be determined 5
g = 1, then (g o f ) (x) = ... .
1 x 4 (1996, 2M)
12. If f (x) = cos(log x), then f (x) ⋅ f ( y) − f + f (xy)
2 y
has the value (1983, 1M)
True/False
(a) −1 (b)
1 19. If f (x) = (a − xn )1/ n, where a > 0 and n is a positive
2 integer, then f [ f (x)] = x. (1983, 1M)
(c) − 2 (d) None of these
13. Let f (x) = | x − 1|. Then, (1983, 1M) Analytical & Descriptive Question
(a) f (x ) = {f (x) }
2 2
(b) f (x + y) = f (x) + f ( y) 20. Find the natural number a for which
(c) f (| x|) = | f (x)| (d) None of the above n
∑ f (a + k) = 16 (2n − 1),
k =1
Objective Questions II
where the function f satisfies the relation
(One or more than one correct option) f (x + y) = f (x) f ( y) for all natural numbers x , y and
π π further f (1) = 2. (1992, 6M)
14. Let f (x) = sin sin sin x for all x ∈ R and
6 2
π Integer & Numerical Answer Type Question
g (x) = sin x for all x ∈ R. Let ( fog )(x) denotes f { g (x)}
2 21. Let the function f : [0, 1] → R be defined by
and (gof ) (x) denotes g{f (x)}. Then, which of the
following is/are true? 4x
(2015 Adv.) f (x) =
(a) Range of f is − , (b) Range of fog is − ,
1 1 1 1 4x + 2
2 2 2 2
Then the value of
f (x ) π
(c) lim = 1 2 3 39 1
x → 0 g (x ) 6 f + f + f + ... + f − f is ………
40 40 40 40 2
(d) There is an x ∈ R such that ( gof ) (x) = 1 (2020 Adv.)
174 Functions
1− x
1
(b)
1
log e 5. If f : [1, ∞ ) → [2, ∞ ) is given by f (x) = x + , then f −1(x)
x
4 1+ x
equals (2001, 1M)
1 1 + x 1 1 + x
(c) (log 8 e) log e (d) log e x+ x −42
x
4 1− x 4 1− x (a) (b)
2 1 + x2
2. If X and Y are two non-empty sets where f : X → Y , is x− x2 − 4
(c) (d) 1 + x2 − 4
function is defined such that 2
f (C ) = { f (x) : x ∈ C } for C ⊆ X
6. If the function f : [1, ∞ ) → [1, ∞ ) is defined by
and f −1 (D ) = { x : f (x) ∈ D } for D ⊆ Y ,
f (x) = 2x ( x − 1), then f −1 (x) is (1999, 2M)
for any A ⊆ Y and B ⊆ Y , then (2005, 1M) x ( x − 1)
(a)
1 1
(a) f −1 {f (A )} = A (b) (1 + 1 + 4 log2 x )
2 2
(b) f −1 {f (A )} = A, only if f (X ) = Y
1
(c) f {f −1 (B )} = B, only if B ⊆ f (x) (c) (1 − 1 + 4 log2 x ) (d) not defined
2
(d) f {f −1 (B )} = B
3. If f (x) = sin x + cos x, g (x) = x2 − 1, then g { f (x) } is 7. If f (x) = 3x − 5, then f −1 (x) (1998, 2M)
1
invertible in the domain (2004, 1M) (a) is given by
3x − 5
π π π
(a) 0, (b) − , x+ 5
2 4 4 (b) is given by
3
π π
(c) − , (d) [0 , π ] (c) does not exist because f is not one-one
2 2 (d) does not exist because f is not onto
176 Functions
8. Which of the following functions is periodic? (1983, 1M) (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true;
(a) f (x) = x − [ x ], where [x] denotes the greatest integer Statement II is not the correct explanation of
less than or equal to the real number x Statement I.
(b) f (x) = sin (1 /x) for x ≠ 0, f (0) = 0 (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false.
(c) f (x) = x cos x (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true.
(d) None of the above
10. Let F (x) be an indefinite integral of sin 2 x.
Objective Question II Statement I The function F (x) satisfies
(One or more than one correct option) F (x + π ) = F (x) for all real x.
b−x Because
9. Let f : (0, 1) → R be defined by f (x) = , where b is a
1 − bx Statement II sin 2(x + π ) = sin 2 x, for all real x.
constant such that 0 < b < 1. Then, (2011) (2007, 3M)
Answers
Topic 1 Topic 3
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a)
5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (c)
9. (c) 10. (c) 11. A→ p; B→ q; C→ q; D→ p 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (a)
12. (a,d) 13. (–2,1) 14. Domain ∈ [ −2,−1 ] ∪ [1, 2 ] 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. A → q; B → r
3 π π 3π π 16. (a, b, c)
15. 0, 16. True 17. t ∈ − , ∪ ,
2 2 10 10 2 17. y = x + 1 and y = − x + 1
18. x ∈ [ −1, 2 ) ∪ [3, ∞ ) 19. (8) 18. True
Topic 2 19. 2 ≤ α ≤ 14, No
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c)
Topic 4
5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b)
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d)
9. (d) 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (d)
5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (a)
13. (d) 14. (a,b,c) 15. (a, c) 16. (b, c)
9. (b) 10. (d)
17. (a, d) 18. 1 19. True 20. (a = 3) ± 3 ± 5
−1
11. f (1 ) = y 12.
21. (19) 2
Hints & Solutions
Topic 1 Classification of Functions, – π π –1 1
sin ≤ 2x ≤ sin ⇒ ≤ 2x ≤
Domain and Range 6 2 2 2
1. Given relation –1 1
≤x≤
R = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ Z , x2 + 3 y2 ≤ 8} 4 2
– 1 1
For, y2 = 0, x2 = 0, 1, 4 Q x∈ ,
4 2
For, y2 = 1, x2 = 0, 1, 4
For, y2 = 4, x2 ∈ φ x2 + x + 2
5. Let y = f (x) = , x ∈R
∴ Range of R is possible values of y = { − 1, 0, 1} x2 + x + 1
∴ Domain of R−1 = Range of R = { − 1, 0, 1} x2 + x + 2
∴ y=
1 x2 + x + 1
2. Given function f (x) = + log10 (x3 − x)
4 − x2 y=1 + 2
1
[i.e. y > 1] …(i)
For domain of f (x) x + x+1
4 − x2 ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ ± 2 …(i) ⇒ yx2 + yx + y = x2 + x + 2
and x3 − x > 0 ⇒ x ( y − 1) + x ( y − 1) + ( y − 2) = 0, ∀ x ∈ R
2
⇒ x(x − 1)(x + 1) > 0 Since, x is real, D ≥ 0
From Wavy curve method, ⇒ ( y − 1 )2 − 4 ( y − 1 ) ( y − 2 ) ≥ 0
⇒ ( y − 1) {( y − 1) − 4 ( y − 2)} ≥ 0
+ + ⇒ ( y − 1) (− 3 y + 7) ≥ 0
–∞ – +∞ 7
–1 0 – +1 ⇒ 1≤ y≤ …(ii)
3
7
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), Range ∈ 1 ,
x ∈ (−1, 0) ∪ (1, ∞ ) …(ii) 3
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get the domain of f (x) as
(−1, 0) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞ ).
6. Given, f (x) = (1 + b2) x2 + 2bx + 1
2
3. Given, function f (x) = a x , a > 0 is written as sum of an b b2
= (1 + b2) x + +1−
even and odd functions f1 (x) and f2(x) respectively. 1+ b
2
1 + b2
a x + a −x a x − a −x 1
Clearly, f1 (x) = and f2(x) = m (b) = minimum value of f (x) = is positive
2 2 1 + b2
So, f1 (x + y) + f1 (x − y) and m (b) varies from 1 to 0, so range = (0, 1]
1 1 log (x + 3) log 2 (x + 3)
= [a x + y + a − ( x + y ) ] + [a x − y + a − ( x − y ) ] 7. Given, f (x) = 2 2 =
2 2 (x + 3x + 2) (x + 1) (x + 2)
1 1 a x
ay For numerator, x + 3 > 0
= a x a y + x y + y + x
2 a a a a ⇒ x> −3 …(i)
1 1 1 1 and for denominator, (x + 1) (x + 2) ≠ 0
= a x a y + y + x y + a y
2 a a a
⇒ x ≠ − 1, − 2 …(ii)
1 1 1 From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
= ax + x ay + y
2 a a Domain is (− 3 , ∞ ) /{ − 1, − 2}
a x + a −x a y + a −y 8. Given, 2x + 2y = 2, ∀ x , y ∈ R
=2 = 2 f1 (x) ⋅ f1 ( y)
2 2 But 2x , 2y > 0, ∀ x , y ∈ R
π Therefore, 2x = 2 − 2y < 2 ⇒ 0 < 2x < 2
4. Here, f (x) = sin −1 (2x) + , to find domain we must
6 Taking log on both sides with base 2, we get
have,
log 2 0 < log 2 2x < log 2 2 ⇒ − ∞ < x < 1
−1 π π π
sin (2x) + ≥ 0 but − ≤ sin −1 θ ≤
6 2 2 9. It is given,
π π f (θ ) = sin θ (sin θ + sin 3 θ )
− ≤ sin −1 (2x) ≤
6 2 = (sin θ + 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ ) sin θ
178 Functions
x2 1− 5
For domain, −1 ≤ log 2 ≤ 1 ⇒ y≤
2 2
Functions 179
αx f (|x|) = ||x| − 1|
9. Given, f (x) =
x+1 and | f (x)| = ||x − 1|| = |x − 1|
αx ∴ f (|x|) ≠| f (x)|, hence (c) is false.
α
αx x + 1
π π
f [ f (x) ] = f =
x + 1 αx 14. f (x) = sin sin sin x , x ∈ R
+1 6 2
x+1
π π π π
α 2x = sin sin θ , θ ∈ − , , where θ = sin x
6 2 2 2
x+1 α 2x
= = = x [given] …(i) π π π
α x + (x + 1) (α + 1) x + 1 = sin α, α ∈ − , ,where α = sin θ
6 6 6
x+1
1 1
⇒ α x = (α + 1) x2 + x
2 ∴ f (x) ∈ − ,
2 2
⇒ x [α 2 − (α + 1) x − 1] = 0
1 1
⇒ x(α + 1)(α − 1 − x) = 0 Hence, range of f (x) ∈ − ,
2 2
⇒ α − 1 = 0 and α + 1 = 0
So, option (a) is correct.
⇒ α = −1
π π 1 1
But α = 1 does not satisfy the Eq. (i). (b) f { g (x)} = f (t ), t ∈ − , ⇒ f (t ) ∈ − ,
2 2 2 2
∴ Option (b) is correct.
10. g (x) = 1 + x − [x] is greater than 1 π π
sin sin sin x
f (x) 6 2
since x − [x] > 0 (c) lim = lim
x → 0 g (x) x→ 0 π
f [ g (x)] = 1, since f (x) = 1 for all x > 0 (sin x)
2
11. Let f (x) = sin 2 x and g (x) = x π π π π
sin sin sin x sin sin x
Now, fog (x) = f [ g (x)] = f ( x ) = sin 2 x 6 2 6 2
= lim ⋅
x→ 0 π π π
and gof (x) = g [ f (x)] = g (sin 2 x) = sin 2 x = |sin x| sin sin x sin x
6 2 2
Again, let f (x) = sin x , g (x) = | x| π π
=1 × ×1 =
fog (x) = f [ g (x)] = f (| x|) 6 6
= sin| x|≠ (sin x )2 ∴Option (c) is correct.
When f (x) = x2, g (x) = sin x (d) g{ f (x)} = 1
π
fog (x) = f [ g (x)] = f (sin x ) = (sin x )2 ⇒ sin { f (x)} = 1
2
and ( gof ) (x) = g [ f (x)] = g (x2) = sin x2 ⇒ sin { f (x)} =
2
...(i)
π
= sin| x|≠|sin x|
1 1 π π
But f (x) ∈ − , ⊂ − ,
12. Given, f (x) = cos (log x) 2 2 6 6
1 x 1 1
∴ f (x) ⋅ f ( y) − f + f (xy) ∴ sin { f (x)} ∈ − , ...(ii)
2 2
2 y
2
1 ⇒ sin { f (x)} ≠ , [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
= cos (log x) ⋅ cos(log y) − [cos (log x − log y) π
2
+ cos(log x + log y)] i.e. No solution.
1 ∴ Option (d) is not correct.
= cos (log x) ⋅ cos (log y) − [(2 cos (log x) ⋅ cos (log y)]
2 15. Since, f (x) = cos [π 2] x + cos [−π 2] x
= cos (log x) ⋅ cos (log y) − cos (log x) ⋅ cos (log y) = 0
⇒ f (x) = cos (9) x + cos (−10) x
13. Given, f (x) = |x − 1| [using [π 2] = 9 and [− π 2] = − 10]
∴ f (x ) = |x − 1|
2 2 π 9π
∴ f = cos + cos 5π = − 1
2 2
and { f (x)}2 = (x − 1)2
⇒ f (x2) ≠ ( f (x))2, hence (a) is false. f (π ) = cos 9π + cos 10π = − 1 + 1 = 0
Also, f (x + y) = |x + y − 1| f (− π ) = cos 9π + cos 10π = − 1 + 1 = 0
f (x) = |x − 1|, π 9π 10π 1 1
and f = cos + cos = +0=
f ( y) = | y − 1| 4 4 4 2 2
⇒ f (x + y) ≠ f (x) + f ( y), hence (b) is false. Hence, (a) and (c) are correct options.
182 Functions
3 1 π
16. Since, area of equilateral triangle = (BC )2 = 2 sin (2x + π / 3) ⋅ − sin 2x + = 0
4 2 3
3 3 ⇒ f (x) = c, where c is a constant.
⇒ = ⋅ [x2 + g 2(x)] ⇒ g 2(x) = 1 − x2
4 4 But f (0) = sin 2 0 + sin 2(π / 3) + cos 0 cos π / 3
A 2
3 1 3 1 5
= + = + =
2 2 4 2 4
Therefore, ( gof ) (x) = g [ f (x)] = g(5 / 4) = 1
B C 19. Given, f (x) = (a − xn )1/ n
(0,0) (x,g(x))
⇒ f [ f (x)] = [a − {(a − xn )1/ n }n ]1/ n = (xn )1/ n = x
⇒ g (x) = 1 − x2 or − 1 − x2 ∴ f [ f (x)] = x
Hence, given statement is true.
Hence, (b) and (c) are the correct options.
x+2 20. Let f (n ) = 2n for all positive integers n.
17. Given , y = f (x) =
x−1 Now, for n = 1, f (1) = 2 = 2 !
⇒ yx − y = x + 2 ⇒ x( y − 1) = y + 2 ⇒ It is true for n = 1.
y+2 Again, let f (k) is true.
⇒ x= ⇒ x = f ( y)
y−1 ⇒ f (k) = 2k, for some k ∈ N .
Here, f (1) does not exist, so domain ∈ R − {1} Again, f (k + 1) = f (k) ⋅ f (1) [by definition]
dy (x − 1) ⋅ 1 − (x + 2) ⋅ 1 3 =2 ⋅2
k
[from induction assumption]
= =−
dx (x − 1)2 (x − 1)2 = 2k + 1
⇒ f (x) is decreasing for all x ∈ R − {1}. Therefore, the result is true for n = k + 1. Hence, by
Also, f is rational function of x. principle of mathematical induction,
Hence, (a) and (d) are correct options. f (n ) = 2n , ∀ n ∈ N
n n n
18. f (x) = sin 2 x + sin 2(x + π / 3) + cos x cos (x + π / 3) Now, ∑ f (a + k) = ∑ f (a ) f (k) = f (a ) ∑ 2k
k =1 k =1 k =1
⇒ f (x) = sin 2 x + (sin x cos π / 3 + cos x sin π / 3)2
2 (2 − 1)
n
+ cos x cos (x + π / 3) = f (a ) ⋅
2 2 −1
sin x ⋅ 1 cos x 3
.
⇒ f (x) = sin 2 x + + = 2a ⋅ 2 (2n − 1) = 2a + 1 (2n − 1)
2 2 n
Topic 3 Types of Functions Clearly, f (x) is not injective because if f (x) < 1, then f is
many one, as shown in figure.
1. The given function f : R → R is
Also, f (x) is not surjective because range of f (x) is [0, ∞ [
f (x) = |x|(x − sin x) … (i) and but in problem co-domain is (0, ∞ ), which is wrong.
Q The function ‘f’ is a odd and continuous function ∴ f (x) is neither injective nor surjective
and as lim f (x) = ∞ and lim f (x) = − ∞, so range is R, 4. According to given information, we have if
x→ ∞ x→ −∞
therefore k ∈{4, 8, 12, 16, 20}
‘f’ is a onto function. Then, f (k) ∈ {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}
x(x − sin x), x ≥ 0 [Q Codomain ( f ) = {1, 2, 3, …, 20}]
Q f (x) =
− x (x − sin x), x < 0 Now, we need to assign the value of f (k) for
2x − sin x − x cos x, x > 0 k ∈{4, 8, 12, 16, 20} this can be done in 6C5 ⋅ 5 ! ways
∴ f ′ (x) =
− 2x + sin x + x cos x, x < 0 = 6 ⋅ 5 ! = 6 ! and remaining 15 element can be associated
by 15 ! ways.
(x − sin x) + x(1 − cos x), x > 0
(− x + sin x) − x(1 − cos x), x < 0 ∴Total number of onto functions = = 15 ! 6 !
x
Q for x > 0, x − sin x > 0 and x (1 − cos x) > 0 5. We have, f (x) = , x ∈R
1 + x2
∴ f ′ (x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ (0, ∞ )
Ist Method f (x) is an odd function and maximum
⇒ f is strictly increasing function, ∀ x ∈ (0, ∞ ).
occur at x = 1
Similarly, for x < 0, − x + sin x > 0 Y
(1, 1/2) 1
and (− x) (1 − cos x) > 0, therefore, f ′ (x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ (− ∞ , 0) y=
2
⇒ f is strictly increasing function, ∀ x ∈ (0, ∞ )
–1
X
Therefore ‘f’ is a strictly increasing function for x ∈ R O1
and it implies that f is one-one function. y=–
1
2
2. Given, function f : R – {1, − 1} → A defined as (–1, 1/2)
x2 1 1
f (x) = =y From the graph it is clear that range of f (x) is − ,
(let) 2 2
1 − x2
⇒ x2 = y(1 − x2) [Q x2 ≠ 1] 1
y IInd Method f (x) =
⇒ x (1 + y) = y ⇒ x =
2 2
[provided y ≠ −1] 1
x+
1+ y x
y 1
Q x2 ≥ 0 ⇒ ≥ 0 ⇒ y ∈ (−∞ , − 1) ∪ [0, ∞ ) If x > 0, then by AM ≥ GM, we get x + ≥2
1+ y x
Since, for surjective function, range of f = codomain 1 1 1
⇒ ≤ ⇒ 0 < f (x) ≤
∴ Set A should be R − [−1, 0). 1 2 2
x+
(x − 1) x
|x − 1| − x , if 0 < x ≤ 1 If x < 0, then by AM ≥ GM, we get x +
1
≤ −2
3. We have, f (x) = =
x x−1 x
, if x > 1 1 1 1
x ⇒ ≥− ⇒– ≤ f (x) < 0
1 2 2
1 x+
− 1, if 0 < x ≤ 1
x
= x
1 0 1 1
1 − , if x > 1 If x = 0, then f (x) = = 0. Thus, − ≤ f (x) ≤
x 1+0 2 2
Now, let us draw the graph of y = f (x) 1 1
Hence, f (x) ∈ − ,
Note that when x → 0, then f (x) → ∞, when x = 1, then 2 2
f (x) = 0, and when x → ∞, then f (x) → 1 IIIrd Method
Y x
Let y = ⇒ yx2 − x + y = 0
1 + x2
x=0 Q x ∈ R, so D ≥ 0 ⇒ 1 − 4 y2 ≥ 0
1 1
⇒ (1 − 2 y) (1 + 2 y) ≥ 0 ⇒ y ∈ − ,
y=1 2 2
– + –
X –1/2
O 1 y=0 1/2
184 Functions
1 1 As, x ∈R
So, range is − , .
2 2 − 1 1
∴ (− 1) − 4 ( y)( y) ≥ 0 ⇒ 1 − 4 y2 ≥ 0 ⇒ y ∈
2
,
n + 1 2 2
, if n is odd
6. Given, f (n ) = n 2 − 1 1
∴ Range = Codomain = ,
, if n is even, 2 2
2
So, f (x) is surjective.
n + 1 , if n is odd
and g (n ) = n − (−1)n = Hence, f (x) is surjective but not injective.
n − 1, if n is even PLAN To check nature of function.
+
9.
f (n 1 ), if n is odd
Now, f ( g (n )) = (i) One-one To check one-one, we must check whether
f (n − 1), if n is even f ′ ( x )> 0 or f ′ ( x )< 0 in given domain.
n + 1 (ii) Onto To check onto, we must check
, if n is odd Range = Codomain
= n 2− 1 + 1 n
= , if n is even Description of Situation To find range in given
2 2 domain [a , b], put f ′ (x) = 0 and find x = α 1, α 2, …,
= f (x) α n ∈[a , b]
[Q if n is odd, then (n + 1) is even and Now, find { f (a ), f (α 1 ), f (α 2), K , f (α n ), f (b)}
if n is even, then (n − 1) is odd]
its greatest and least values gives you range.
Clearly, function is not one-one as f (2) = f (1) = 1
Now, f : [0, 3] → [1, 29]
But it is onto function.
f (x) = 2x3 − 15x2 + 36x + 1
[Q If m ∈ N (codomain) is odd, then 2m ∈ N (domain)
such that f (2m) = m and ∴ f ′ (x) = 6x2 − 30x + 36 = 6 (x2 − 5x + 6)
if m ∈ N codomain is even, then = 6 (x − 2) (x − 3)
2m − 1 ∈ N (domain) such that f (2m − 1) = m] + − +
∴Function is onto but not one-one 2 3
2x
7. We have a function f : A → R defined as, f (x) = For given domain [0, 3], f (x) is increasing as well as
x −1 decreasing ⇒ many-one
One-one Let x1, x2 ∈ A such that Now, put f ′ (x) = 0 ⇒ x = 2, 3
2x1 2x2
f (x1 ) = f (x2) ⇒ = Thus, for range f (0) = 1, f (2) = 29, f (3) = 28
x1 − 1 x2 − 1
⇒ Range ∈[1, 29]
⇒ 2x1x2 − 2x1 = 2x1x2 − 2x2 ⇒ x1 = x2
∴ Onto but not one-one.
Thus, f (x1 ) = f (x2) has only one solution, x1 = x2
x, x ∈ Q
∴ f (x) is one-one (injective) 10. Let φ (x) = f (x) − g (x) =
2 ×2 − x, x ∉ Q
Onto Let x = 2, then f (2) = =4 Now, to check one-one.
2 −1
Take any straight line parallel to X-axis which will
But x = 2 is not in the domain, and f (x) is one-one intersect φ(x) only at one point.
function
⇒ φ(x) is one-one.
∴f (x) can never be 4.
Similarly, f (x) can not take many values. To check onto
x, x ∈ Q
Hence, f (x) is into (not surjective). As f (x) = , which shows
∴f (x) is injective but not surjective. − x, x ∉ Q
x y = x and y = − x for rational and irrational values
8. We have, f (x) =
1 + x2 ⇒ y ∈ real numbers.
1 ∴ Range = Codomain ⇒ onto
1 x Thus, f − g is one-one and onto.
∴ f = x = = f (x)
x 1 1 + x2
1+ 2 11. Given, f : [0, ∞ ) → [0, ∞ )
x
1 1 Here, domain is [0, ∞ ) and codomain is [0, ∞ ). Thus, to
∴ f = f (2)or f = f (3)and so on.
2 3 check one-one
x 1
So, f (x) is many-one function. Since, f (x) = ⇒ f ′ (x) = > 0, ∀ x ∈ [0, ∞ )
x 1+ x (1 + x)2
Again, let y = f (x) ⇒ y =
1 + x2 ∴ f (x) is increasing in its domain. Thus, f (x) is one-one
⇒ y + x2y = x ⇒ yx2 − x + y = 0 in its domain. To check onto (we find range)
Functions 185
x Y
Again, y = f (x) = ⇒ y + yx = x
1+ x y = 1 + 2x
y y
⇒ x= ⇒ ≥0
1− y 1− y
X′ X
−π O π
Since, x ≥ 0, therefore 0 ≤ y < 1 2 2
i.e. Range ≠ Codomain
∴ f (x) is one-one but not onto.
Y′
12. Given, f (x) = 2x + sin x It is clear from the graph that y = tan x is one-one and
⇒ f ' (x) = 2 + cos x ⇒ f ' (x) > 0 , ∀x ∈ R onto, therefore (B) → (r).
which shows f (x) is one-one, as f (x) is strictly increasing. 16. PLAN
Since, f (x) is increasing for every x ∈ R, (i) If f ′ ( x ) > 0, ∀x ∈ ( a, b ), then f( x ) is an increasing function in
( a, b ) and thus f( x ) is one-one function in ( a, b ) .
∴ f (x) takes all intermediate values between (−∞ , ∞ ).
(ii) If range of f( x ) = codomain of f( x ) , then f( x ) is an onto
Range of f (x) ∈ R. function.
Hence, f (x) is one-to-one and onto. (iii) A function f( x ) is said to be an odd function, if
f( − x ) = − f( x ), ∀x ∈ R, i.e.
13. The number of onto functions from f( − x ) + f( x ) = 0, ∀ x ∈ R
E = {1, 2, 3, 4} to F = {1, 2} f (x) = [ln (sec x + tan x)]3
= Total number of functions which map E to F 3 [ln (sec x + tan x)]2 (sec x tan x + sec 2x)
f ′ (x) =
− Number of functions for which map f (x) = 1 and (sec x + tan x)
f (x) = 2 for all x ∈ E = 24 − 2 = 14 −π π
f ′ (x) = 3 sec x [ln (sec x + tan x)]2 > 0, ∀x ∈ ,
14. PLAN 2 2
(i) For such questions, we need to properly define the f (x) is an increasing function.
functions and then we draw their graphs.
∴ f (x) is an one-one function.
(ii) From the graphs, we can examine the function for continuity,
π x π π
differentiability, one-one and onto. (sec x + tan x) = tan + , as x ∈ − , , then
4 2 2 2
− x, x < 0
f1 (x) = x π x
e , x ≥ 0 0 < tan + < ∞
4 2
f2(x) = x2, x ≥ 0
0 < sec x + tan x < ∞ ⇒ − ∞ < ln (sec x + tan x) < ∞
sin x, x < 0
f3 (x) = − ∞ < [ln (sec x + tan x)]3 < ∞ ⇒ −∞ < f (x) < ∞
x, x≥0
Range of f (x) is R and thus f (x) is an ont function.
f ( f (x)), x<0 3
f4 (x) = 2 1 1
2 1
f ( f (x)) − 1 , x≥0 f (− x) = [ln (sec x − tan x)]3 = ln
sec x + tan x
x2 , x < 0 x2 , x<0
Now, f2( f1 (x)) = 2x ⇒ f4 = 2x f (− x) = − [ln (sec x + tan x)] 3
e , x ≥ 0 e − 1 , x ≥ 0 f (x) + f (− x) = 0
2x, x<0 ⇒ f (x) is an odd function.
As f4 (x) is continuous, f ′ 4 (x) = 2x
2 e , x>0 17. Let y = ax + b and y = cx + d be two linear functions.
f4(x) When x = − 1, y = 0 and x = 1, y = 2 , then
0 = − a + b and a + b = 2 ⇒ a = b = 1
∴ y=x+1 ...(i)
x Again, when x = − 1, y = 2 and x = 1, y = 0, then
O
− c + d = 2 and c + d = 0
Graph for f4 (x)
⇒ d = 1 and c = − 1 ⇒ y = − x + 1 …(ii)
f4′ (0) is not defined. Its range is [0, ∞ ). Hence, two linear functions are y = x + 1 and y = − x + 1
Thus, range = codomain = [0, ∞ ), thus f4 is onto.
x2 + 4x + 30
Also, horizontal line (drawn parallel to X-axis) meets 18. Given, f (x) =
the curve more than once, thus function is not one-one. x2 − 8x + 18
x − x2 − 4 1 − cos 2x
If we consider f −1 (x) = , then f −1 (x) > 1 10. Given, F (x) = ∫ sin 2 x dx = ∫ dx
2 2
1
This is possible only if (x − 2)2 > x2 − 4 F (x) =
(2x − sin 2x) + C ⇒ F (x + π ) ≠ F (x)
4
⇒ x2 + 4 − 4x > x2 − 4 ⇒ 8 > 4x
Hence, Statement I is false.
⇒ x < 2, where x > 2
But Statement II is true assin 2 x is periodic with period π.
Therefore, (a) is the answer.
11. It gives three cases
6. Let y = 2x ( x − 1), where y ≥ 1 as x ≥ 1
Case I When f (x) = 1 is true.
Taking log 2 on both sides, we get
In this case, remaining two are false.
log 2 y = log 2 2x ( x − 1) ⇒ log 2 y = x (x − 1)
∴ f ( y) = 1 and f (z ) = 2
⇒ x2 − x − log 2 y = 0
This means x and y have the same image, so f (x) is not
1 ± 1 + 4 log 2 y an injective, which is a contradiction.
⇒ x=
2
Case II When f ( y) ≠ 1 is true.
For y ≥ 1, log 2 y ≥ 0 ⇒ 4 log 2 y ≥ 0 ⇒ 1 + 4 log 2 y ≥ 1 If f ( y) ≠ 1 is true, then the remaining statements are
⇒ 1 + 4 log 2 y ≥ 1 ⇒ − 1 + 4 log 2 y ≤ − 1 false.
⇒ 1 − 1 + 4 log 2 y ≤ 0 ∴ f (x) ≠ 1 and f (z ) = 2
But x≥1 i.e. both x and y are not mapped to 1. So, either both
So, x = 1 − 1 + 4 log 2 y is not possible. associate to 2 or 3. Thus, it is not injective.
1 Case III When f (z ) ≠ 2 is true.
Therefore, we take x = (1 + 1 + 4 log 2y )
2 If f (z ) ≠ 2 is true, then remaining statements are false.
−1 1 ∴ If f (x) ≠ 1 and f ( y) = 1
⇒ f ( y) = (1 + 1 + 4 log 2 y )
2
But f is injective.
−1 1
⇒ f (x) = (1 + 1 + 4 log 2 x ) Thus, we have f (x) = 2, f ( y) = 1 and f (z ) = 3
2
Hence, f −1 (1) = y
7. Given, f (x) = 3x − 5 [given]
12. Since, f is an even function,
Let y = f (x) = 3x − 5 ⇒ y + 5 = 3x
then f (− x) = f (x), ∀ x ∈ (− 5, 5)
y+5 y+5 x+5
⇒ x= ⇒ f −1 ( y) = ⇒ f −1 (x) = x + 1
3 3 3 Given , f (x) = f …(i)
x + 2
8. Clearly, f (x) = x − [x] = { x} which has period 1.
1 − x + 1
And sin , x cos x are non-periodic functions. ⇒ f (− x) = f
x − x + 2
b−x − x + 1
9. Here, f (x) = , where 0 < b < 1, 0 < x < 1 ⇒ f ( x) = f [Q f (− x) = f (x)]
1 − bx − x + 2
For function to be invertible, it should be one-one onto. Taking f −1 on both sides, we get
∴ Check Range : −x+1
x= ⇒ − x2 + 2 x = − x + 1
b−x −x+2
Let f (x) = y ⇒ y=
1 − bx 3 ± 9 −4 3 ± 5
⇒ x2 − 3 x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = =
⇒ y − bxy = b − x ⇒ x (1 − by) = b − y 2 2
b− y x + 1
⇒ x= , where 0 < x < 1 Again, f (x) = f
1 − by x + 2
b− y b− y b− y x + 1
∴ 0< <1 ⇒ > 0 and <1 ⇒ f (− x) = f [Q f (− x) = f (x)]
1 − by 1 − by 1 − by
x + 2
1
⇒ y < b or y> …(i) Taking f −1 on both sides, we get
b x+1
(b − 1) ( y + 1) 1 −x= ⇒ x2 + 3 x + 1 = 0
<0−1 < y< …(ii) x+2
1 − by b
−3 ± 9 −4 −3 ± 5
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ⇒ x= =
2 2
1 ±3± 5
y ∈ − 1, ⊂ Codomain Therefore, four values of x are .
b 2