8

Functions
Topic 1 Classification of Functions, Domain and
Range and Even, Odd Functions
Objective Questions I (Only one correct option) log 2(x + 3)
7. The domain of definition of f (x) = is
x2 + 3x + 2
1. If R = {(x, y): x, y ∈ Z , x2 + 3 y2 ≤ 8} is a relation on the set
of integers Z, then the domain of R−1 is
(2001, 1M)
(a) R / {− 1, − 2}
(2020 Main, 2 Sep I)
(b) (− 2, ∞ )
(a) {−1, 0,1} (b) {− 2, − 1,1, 2} (c) R / {− 1, − 2, − 3}
(c) {−2, − 1, 0,1, 2} (d) {0,1} (d) (− 3, ∞ ) / {− 1, − 2}
2. The domain of the definition of the function 8. The domain of definition of the function y (x) is given by
1
f (x) = + log10 (x3 − x) is (2019 Main, 9 April II) the equation 2x + 2y = 2 , is (2000, 1M)
4 − x2
(a) 0 < x ≤ 1 (b) 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
(a) (−1, 0) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (3, ∞ ) (b) (−2, − 1) ∪ (−1, 0) ∪ (2, ∞ )
(c) − ∞ < x ≤ 0 (d) −∞ < x < 1
(c) (−1, 0) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞ ) (d) (1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞ )
9. Let f (θ ) = sin θ (sin θ + sin 3 θ ). Then, f (θ )
3. Let f (x) = a x (a > 0) be written as f (x) = f1 (x) + f2(x), (2000, 1M)

where f1 (x) is an even function and f2(x) is an odd (a) ≥ 0, only when θ ≥ 0 (b) ≤ 0, for all real θ
function. Then f1 (x + y) + f1 (x − y) equals (c) ≥ 0, for all real θ (d) ≤ 0, only when θ ≤ 0
(2019 Main, 8 April II) 10. The domain of definition of the function
(a) 2f1 (x + y) ⋅ f2 (x − y) (b) 2f1 (x + y) ⋅ f1 (x − y) 1
y= + x + 2 is
(c) 2f1 (x) ⋅ f2 ( y) (d) 2f1 (x) ⋅ f1 ( y) log10 (1 − x) (1983, 1M)
4. Domain of definition of the function (a) (− 3, − 2) excluding − 2. 5
π (b) [0, 1] excluding 0.5
f (x) = sin −1 (2x) + for real valued x, is
6 (2003, 2M) (c) (−2, 1) excluding 0

(a)  − ,  (b)  − , 
1 1 1 1 (d) None of these
 4 2   2 2 
Match the Columns
(c)  − ,  (d)  − , 
1 1 1 1
 2 9  4 4  Match the conditions / expressions in Column I with
x2 + x + 2 statement in Column II.
5. Range of the function f (x) = 2 ; x ∈ R is
x + x+1 x2 − 6 x + 5
(2003, 2M) 11. Let f (x) = .
(a) (1, ∞) (b) (1, 11/7) x2 − 5 x + 6 (2007, 6M)
(c) (1, 7/3] (d) (1, 7/5)
Column I Column II
6. Let f (x) = (1 + b2) x2 + 2bx + 1 and let m (b) be the
A. If −1 < x < 1, then f ( x ) satisfies p. 0 < f (x ) < 1
minimum value of f (x). As b varies, the range of m (b) is
(2001, 1M) B. If 1 < x < 2 , then f ( x ) satisfies q. f (x ) < 0
(b)  0, 
1
(a) [0, 1] C. If 3 < x < 5, then f ( x ) satisfies r. f (x ) > 0
 2 

(c)  , 1 If x > 5, then f ( x ) satisfies f (x ) < 1

1 D. s.
(d) (0, 1]
 2 
172 Functions

Objective Question II True/False

(One or more than one correct option) 16. If f1 (x) and f2(x) are defined on domains D1 and D2
2x − 1 respectively, then f1 (x) + f2(x) is defined on D1 ∩ D2.
12. If S is the set of all real x such that 3 is
2 x + 3 x2 + x (1988, 1M)
positive, then S contains (1986, 2M)
Analytical & Descriptive Questions
(a)  − ∞ , −  (b)  − , − 
3 3 1
 2  2 4 17. Find the range of values of t for which
1 − 2 x + 5 x2  π π
(c)  − ,  (d)  , 3
1 1 1
2 sin t = , t∈ − , .
 4 2 2  3 x2 − 2 x − 1  2 2 
(2005, 2M)

Fill in the Blanks (x + 1) (x − 3)

18. Let y= .
 4 − x2  (x − 2)
13. If f (x) = sin log   , then the domain of Find all the real values of x for which y takes real
 1−x 
  values. (1980, 2M)
f (x) is ……… . (1985, 2M)
 x2 
Integer & Numerical Answer Type Question
14. The domain of the function f (x) = sin −1  log 2  is
 2 19. The value of the limit
given by ...
(1984, 2M) 4 2 (sin 3x + sin x)
 π2  lim
15. The values of f (x) = 3 sin  − x2 lie in the
π 3x 5x  3x

x→
2 sin 2x sin + cos  −  2 + 2 cos 2x + cos 
 16 
2
 2 2  2
interval ……… (1983, 2M)
is ……… (2020 Adv.)

Topic 2 Composite of Functions

10
Objective Questions I (Only one correct option) 4. Let ∑ f (a + k) = 16(210 − 1), where the function f
1. For a suitable chosen real constant a, let a functin k =1
a −x satisfies f (x + y) = f (x) f ( y) for all natural numbers x, y
f : R − { a } → R be defined by f (x) = . Further
a+x and f (1) = 2. Then, the natural number ‘a’ is
suppose that for any real number x ≠ − a and f (x) ≠ − a, (2019 Main, 9 April I)
 1 (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 16
( fof )(x) = x. Then, f  −  is equal to
 2 [2020 Main, 6 Sep II]  1 − x  2x 
5. If f (x) = log e   ,|x| < 1, then f  is equal to
(a)
1
(b) −
1  1 + x  1 + x2 
3 3 (2019 Main, 8 April I)
(c) −3 (d) 3 (a) 2f (x) (b) 2f (x2 )
(c) (f (x))2 (d) −2f (x)
2. For x ∈ 0,  , let f (x) = x , g (x) = tan x and
3
 2 1
6. For x ∈ R − {0, 1}, let f1 (x) = , f2(x) = 1 − x and
1 − x2  π x
h (x) = . If φ(x) = ((hof )og )(x), then φ   is equal to 1
1 + x2  3 f3 (x) = be three given functions. If a function, J (x)
1 −x
(2019 Main, 12 April I)
satisfies ( f2° J ° f1 )(x) = f3 (x), then J (x) is equal to
π 11π
(a) tan (b) tan (2019 Main, 9 Jan I)
12 12 (a) f2 (x) (b) f3 (x)
7π 5π 1
(c) tan (d) tan (c) f1 (x) (d) f3 (x)
12 12 x
3. Let f (x) = x , x ∈ R.
2
For any A ⊆ R, define
7. Let a , b, c ∈ R. If f (x) = ax2+ bx + c be such that
g ( A ) = { x ∈ R : f (x) ∈ A }. If S = [0, 4], then which one of
the following statements is not true? a + b + c = 3 and f (x + y) = f (x) + f ( y) + xy, ∀ x, y ∈ R,
10
(2019 Main, 10 April I) then ∑ f (n ) is equal to
(a) f ( g (S)) = S (b) g (f (S)) ≠ S n =1 (2017 Main)
(c) g (f (S)) = g (S) (d) f(g(S)) ≠ f (S) (a) 330 (b) 165 (c) 190 (d) 255
 Functions 173

8. Let f (x) = x2 and g (x) = sin x for all x ∈ R. Then, the set of 15. If f (x) = cos [π 2] x + cos [− π 2] x, where [x] stands for the
all x satisfying ( fogogof )(x) = ( gogof )(x) , where greatest integer function, then (1991, 2M)
( fog )(x) = f ( g (x)), is (2011) (a) f ( π / 2) = − 1
(a) ± nπ, n ∈ {0, 1, 2, K } (b) f ( π) = 1
(b) ± nπ, n ∈ {1, 2, K } (c) f (− π ) = 0
(d) f ( π / 4) = 1
(c) π /2 + 2nπ, n ∈ {...,− 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, K }
(d) 2nπ, n ∈ {..., − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, K } 16. Let g (x) be a function defined on [− 1, 1]. If the area of
αx the equilateral triangle with two of its vertices at (0, 0)
9. Let f (x) = , x ≠ − 1. Then, for what value of α is and [x, g (x)] is 3 / 4, then the function g (x) is
x+1
(1989, 2M)
f [ f (x)] = x ? (2001, 1M)
(a) 2 (b) − 2 (c) 1 (d) −1 (a) g (x) = ± 1 − x2 (b) g (x) = 1 − x2
− 1 , x < 0 (c) g (x) = − 1 − x2 (d) g (x) = 1 + x2

10. Let g (x) = 1 + x − [x] and f (x) =  0, x = 0 , then for all x+2
 1, x > 0 17. If y = f (x) = , then
 x−1 (1984, 3M)
x, f [ g (x)] is equal to (2001, 1M) (a) x = f ( y) (b) f (1) = 3
(a) x (b) 1 (c) f (x) (d) g (x) (c) y increases with x for x < 1
(d) f is a rational function of x
11. If g { f (x) } = |sin x| and f { g (x) } = (sin x )2, then
(1998, 2M)
Fill in the Blank
(a) f (x) = sin 2 x, g (x) = x
(b) f (x) = sin x, g (x) = | x|  π  π
18. If f (x) = sin 2 x + sin 2 x +  + cos x cos  x +  and
(c) f (x) = x2 , g (x) = sin x  3  3
(d) f and g cannot be determined  5
g   = 1, then (g o f ) (x) = ... .
1   x   4 (1996, 2M)
12. If f (x) = cos(log x), then f (x) ⋅ f ( y) −  f   + f (xy)
2  y  
has the value (1983, 1M)
True/False
(a) −1 (b)
1 19. If f (x) = (a − xn )1/ n, where a > 0 and n is a positive
2 integer, then f [ f (x)] = x. (1983, 1M)
(c) − 2 (d) None of these
13. Let f (x) = | x − 1|. Then, (1983, 1M) Analytical & Descriptive Question
(a) f (x ) = {f (x) }
2 2
(b) f (x + y) = f (x) + f ( y) 20. Find the natural number a for which
(c) f (| x|) = | f (x)| (d) None of the above n

∑ f (a + k) = 16 (2n − 1),
k =1
Objective Questions II
where the function f satisfies the relation
(One or more than one correct option) f (x + y) = f (x) f ( y) for all natural numbers x , y and
π π  further f (1) = 2. (1992, 6M)
14. Let f (x) = sin  sin  sin x  for all x ∈ R and
6  2 
π Integer & Numerical Answer Type Question
g (x) = sin x for all x ∈ R. Let ( fog )(x) denotes f { g (x)}
2 21. Let the function f : [0, 1] → R be defined by
and (gof ) (x) denotes g{f (x)}. Then, which of the
following is/are true? 4x
(2015 Adv.) f (x) =
(a) Range of f is  − ,  (b) Range of fog is  − , 
1 1 1 1 4x + 2
 2 2   2 2 
Then the value of
f (x ) π
(c) lim = 1 2 3  39  1
x → 0 g (x ) 6 f   + f   + f   + ... + f   − f   is ………
 40  40  40  40  2
(d) There is an x ∈ R such that ( gof ) (x) = 1 (2020 Adv.)
174 Functions

Topic 3 Types of Functions

Objective Questions I (Only one correct option) 8. The function f : R → − ,  defined as f (x) =
1 1 x
is
1. If the function f : R → R is defined by f (x) =|x|(x − sin x),  2 2 1 + x2
(2017 Main)
then which of the following statements is TRUE?
(a) invertible
(a) f is one-one, but NOT onto (2020 Adv.)
(b) injective but not surjective
(b) f is onto, but NOT one-one
(c) surjective but not injective
(c) f is BOTH one-one and onto
(d) neither injective nor surjective
(d) f is NEITHER one-one NOR onto
9. The function f: [0, 3] → [1, 29], defined by
2. If the function f : R − {1, − 1} → A defined by
x2 f (x) = 2x3 − 15 x2 + 36x + 1, is (2012)
f (x) = , is surjective, then A is equal to (a) one-one and onto (b) onto but not one-one
1 − x2 (2019 Main, 9 April I)
(c) one-one but not onto (d) neither one-one nor onto
(a) R − {−1}
(b) [0, ∞ ) x, if x is rational 0, if x is rational
10. f (x) =  , g (x) = 
(c) R − [−1, 0) 0 , if x is irrational x, if x is irrational
(d) R − (−1, 0) Then, f − g is (2005, 1M)
3. Let a function f : (0, ∞ ) → (0, ∞ ) be defined by (a) one-one and into (b) neither one-one nor onto
1 (c) many one and onto (d) one-one and onto
f (x) = 1 − . Then, f is
x x
(2019 Main, 11 Jan II) 11. If f : [0, ∞ ) → [0, ∞ ) and f (x) = , then f is
(a) injective only 1+ x (2003, 2M)
(b) both injective as well as surjective (a) one-one and onto (b) one-one but not onto
(c) not injective but it is surjective (c) onto but not one-one (d) neither one-one nor onto
(d) neither injective nor surjective
12. Let function f : R → R be defined by f (x) = 2 x + sin x
4. The number of functions f from {1, 2, 3, … , 20} onto {1, for x ∈ R . Then, f is (2002, 1M)
2, 3, … , 20} such that f (k) is a multiple of 3, whenever k (a) one-to-one and onto (b) one-to-one but not onto
is a multiple of 4, is (2019 Main, 11 Jan II)
(c) onto but not one-to-one (d) neither one-to-one nor onto
(a) (15)! × 6! (b) 56 × 15
(c) 5! × 6! (d) 65 × (15)!
13. Let E = {1, 2, 3, 4} and F = {1, 2}. Then, the number of
x onto functions from E to F is (2001, 1M)
5. Let f : R → R be defined by f (x) = , (a) 14 (b) 16 (c) 12 (d) 8
1 + x2
x ∈ R. Then, the range of f is (2019 Main, 11 Jan I) Match the Columns
(a)  − , 
1 1
(b) (−1, 1) − {0}
 2 2 
Match the conditions/expressions in Column I with
statement in Column II.
(c) R −  − , 
1 1
(d) R − [−1, 1]
 2 2  14. Let f1 : R → R, f2 : [0, ∞ ] → R, f3 : R → R and
f4 : R → [0, ∞ ) be defined by (2014 Adv.)
6. Let N be the set of natural numbers and two functions f
and g be defined as f , g : N → N such that |x|, if x < 0 sin x, if x < 0
f1 (x) =  x ; f2(x) = x2; f3 (x) = 
n + 1  e , if x ≥ 0  x, if x ≥ 0
; if n is odd
  f [ f (x)], if x < 0
f (n ) =  2
n and f4 (x) =  2 1
 ; if n is even  f2[ f1 (x)] − 1, if x ≥ 0
 2
and g (n ) = n − (−1)n. Then, fog is (2019 Main, 10 Jan II) Column I Column II
(a) one-one but not onto (b) onto but not one-one
A. f4 is p. onto but not one-one
(c) both one-one and onto (d) neither one-one nor onto
B. f3 is q. neither continuous nor one-one
7. Let A = { x ∈ R : x is not a positive integer}. Define a
2x C. f2of1 is r. differentiable but not one-one
function f : A → R as f (x) = , then f is
x−1 (2019 Main, 9 Jan II) D. f2 is s. continuous and one-one
(a) injective but not surjective Codes
(b) not injective A B C D A B C D
(c) surjective but not injective (a) r p s q (b) p r s q
(d) neither injective nor surjective (c) r p q s (d) p r q s
 Functions 175

15. Let the functions defined in Column I have domain True/False

(−π /2, π /2) and range (− ∞ , ∞ ) (1992, 2M)
x2 + 4x + 30
Column I Column II 18. The function f (x) = is not one-to-one.
x2 − 8x + 18 (1983, 1M)
A. 1 + 2 x p. onto but not one-one
B. tan x q. one-one but not onto
r. one-one and onto
s. neither one-one nor onto Analytical & Descriptive Question
19. A function f : IR → IR, where IR, is the set of real
Objective Question II αx2 + 6x − 8
numbers, is defined by f (x) = .
(One or more than one correct option) α + 6 x − 8 x2
π π
16. Let f :  − ,  → R be given by Find the interval of values of α for which is onto. Is the
 2 2 functions one-to-one for α = 3 ? Justify your answer.
f (x) = [log(sec x + tan x)]3 . Then, (1996, 5M)
(a) f (x) is an odd function (b) f (x) is a one-one function
(c) f (x) is an onto function (d) f (x) is an even function
20. Let A and B be two sets each with a finite number of
elements. Assume that there is an injective mapping
from A to B and that there is an injective mapping
Fill in the Blanks from B to A. Prove that there is a bijective mapping
17. There are exactly two distinct linear functions, …, from A to B. (1981, 2M)
and… which map {– 1, 1} onto {0, 2}. (1989, 2M)

Topic 4 Inverse and Periodic Functions

Objective Questions I (Only one correct option) 4. Suppose f (x) = (x + 1)2 for x ≥ − 1. If g (x) is the function
1. The inverse function of whose graph is reflection of the graph of f (x) with
−2x respect to the line y = x, then g (x) equals
8 −8
2x
f (x) = , x ∈ (− 1, 1) is (2002, 1M)
82x + 8−2x 1
[2020 Main 8 Jan I] (a) − x − 1, x ≥ 0 (b) ,x> −1
1 1− x (x + 1)2
(a) (log 8 e) log e  
4 1 + x (c) x + 1 , x ≥ − 1 (d) x − 1, x ≥ 0

1− x
1
(b)
1
log e   5. If f : [1, ∞ ) → [2, ∞ ) is given by f (x) = x + , then f −1(x)
x
4 1+ x
equals (2001, 1M)
1 1 + x 1 1 + x
(c) (log 8 e) log e   (d) log e   x+ x −42
x
4 1− x 4 1− x (a) (b)
2 1 + x2
2. If X and Y are two non-empty sets where f : X → Y , is x− x2 − 4
(c) (d) 1 + x2 − 4
function is defined such that 2
f (C ) = { f (x) : x ∈ C } for C ⊆ X
6. If the function f : [1, ∞ ) → [1, ∞ ) is defined by
and f −1 (D ) = { x : f (x) ∈ D } for D ⊆ Y ,
f (x) = 2x ( x − 1), then f −1 (x) is (1999, 2M)
for any A ⊆ Y and B ⊆ Y , then (2005, 1M) x ( x − 1)
(a)  
1 1
(a) f −1 {f (A )} = A (b) (1 + 1 + 4 log2 x )
 2 2
(b) f −1 {f (A )} = A, only if f (X ) = Y
1
(c) f {f −1 (B )} = B, only if B ⊆ f (x) (c) (1 − 1 + 4 log2 x ) (d) not defined
2
(d) f {f −1 (B )} = B
3. If f (x) = sin x + cos x, g (x) = x2 − 1, then g { f (x) } is 7. If f (x) = 3x − 5, then f −1 (x) (1998, 2M)
1
invertible in the domain (2004, 1M) (a) is given by
3x − 5
π π π
(a)  0,  (b)  − ,  x+ 5
 2   4 4  (b) is given by
3
π π
(c)  − ,  (d) [0 , π ] (c) does not exist because f is not one-one
 2 2  (d) does not exist because f is not onto
176 Functions

8. Which of the following functions is periodic? (1983, 1M) (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true;
(a) f (x) = x − [ x ], where [x] denotes the greatest integer Statement II is not the correct explanation of
less than or equal to the real number x Statement I.
(b) f (x) = sin (1 /x) for x ≠ 0, f (0) = 0 (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false.
(c) f (x) = x cos x (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true.
(d) None of the above
10. Let F (x) be an indefinite integral of sin 2 x.
Objective Question II Statement I The function F (x) satisfies
(One or more than one correct option) F (x + π ) = F (x) for all real x.
b−x Because
9. Let f : (0, 1) → R be defined by f (x) = , where b is a
1 − bx Statement II sin 2(x + π ) = sin 2 x, for all real x.
constant such that 0 < b < 1. Then, (2011) (2007, 3M)

(a) f is not invertible on (0, 1)

1 Analytical & Descriptive Question
(b) f ≠ f −1 on (0, 1) and f ′ (b) =
f ′ (0)
11. Let f be a one-one function with domain { x, y, z } and
1
(c) f = f −1 on (0, 1) and f ′ (b) = range {1, 2, 3}. It is given that exactly one of the
f ′ (0)
−1
following statements is true and the remaining two
(d) f is differentiable on (0, 1) are false f (x) = 1, f ( y) ≠ 1, f (z ) ≠ 2 determine f −1 (1).
(1982, 2M)
Assertion and Reason
12. If f is an even function defined on the interval (− 5, 5),
For the following questions, choose the correct answer
from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) defined as follows. then four real values of x satisfying the equation
 x + 1
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; f (x) = f   are ………. .
Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.  x + 2 (1996, 1M)

Answers
Topic 1 Topic 3
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a)
5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (c)
9. (c) 10. (c) 11. A→ p; B→ q; C→ q; D→ p 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (a)
12. (a,d) 13. (–2,1) 14. Domain ∈ [ −2,−1 ] ∪ [1, 2 ] 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. A → q; B → r
 3   π π  3π π  16. (a, b, c)
15. 0, 16. True 17. t ∈ − , ∪ ,
 2   2 10   10 2  17. y = x + 1 and y = − x + 1
18. x ∈ [ −1, 2 ) ∪ [3, ∞ ) 19. (8) 18. True
Topic 2 19. 2 ≤ α ≤ 14, No
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c)
Topic 4
5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b)
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d)
9. (d) 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (d)
5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (a)
13. (d) 14. (a,b,c) 15. (a, c) 16. (b, c)
9. (b) 10. (d)
17. (a, d) 18. 1 19. True 20. (a = 3)  ± 3 ± 5
−1
11. f (1 ) = y 12.  
21. (19)  2 
 Hints & Solutions
Topic 1 Classification of Functions,  – π π –1 1
sin   ≤ 2x ≤ sin ⇒ ≤ 2x ≤
Domain and Range  6  2 2 2
1. Given relation –1 1
≤x≤
R = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ Z , x2 + 3 y2 ≤ 8} 4 2
– 1 1
For, y2 = 0, x2 = 0, 1, 4 Q x∈ ,
 4 2 
For, y2 = 1, x2 = 0, 1, 4
For, y2 = 4, x2 ∈ φ x2 + x + 2
5. Let y = f (x) = , x ∈R
∴ Range of R is possible values of y = { − 1, 0, 1} x2 + x + 1
∴ Domain of R−1 = Range of R = { − 1, 0, 1} x2 + x + 2
∴ y=
1 x2 + x + 1
2. Given function f (x) = + log10 (x3 − x)
4 − x2 y=1 + 2
1
[i.e. y > 1] …(i)
For domain of f (x) x + x+1
4 − x2 ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ ± 2 …(i) ⇒ yx2 + yx + y = x2 + x + 2
and x3 − x > 0 ⇒ x ( y − 1) + x ( y − 1) + ( y − 2) = 0, ∀ x ∈ R
2
⇒ x(x − 1)(x + 1) > 0 Since, x is real, D ≥ 0
From Wavy curve method, ⇒ ( y − 1 )2 − 4 ( y − 1 ) ( y − 2 ) ≥ 0
⇒ ( y − 1) {( y − 1) − 4 ( y − 2)} ≥ 0
+ + ⇒ ( y − 1) (− 3 y + 7) ≥ 0
–∞ – +∞ 7
–1 0 – +1 ⇒ 1≤ y≤ …(ii)
3
 7
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), Range ∈ 1 ,
x ∈ (−1, 0) ∪ (1, ∞ ) …(ii)  3 
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get the domain of f (x) as
(−1, 0) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞ ).
6. Given, f (x) = (1 + b2) x2 + 2bx + 1
2
3. Given, function f (x) = a x , a > 0 is written as sum of an  b  b2
= (1 + b2)  x +  +1−
even and odd functions f1 (x) and f2(x) respectively.  1+ b 
2
1 + b2
a x + a −x a x − a −x 1
Clearly, f1 (x) = and f2(x) = m (b) = minimum value of f (x) = is positive
2 2 1 + b2
So, f1 (x + y) + f1 (x − y) and m (b) varies from 1 to 0, so range = (0, 1]
1 1 log (x + 3) log 2 (x + 3)
= [a x + y + a − ( x + y ) ] + [a x − y + a − ( x − y ) ] 7. Given, f (x) = 2 2 =
2 2 (x + 3x + 2) (x + 1) (x + 2)
1  1 a x
ay  For numerator, x + 3 > 0
= a x a y + x y + y + x 
2 a a a a  ⇒ x> −3 …(i)
1  1 1  1  and for denominator, (x + 1) (x + 2) ≠ 0
= a x  a y + y  + x  y + a y  
2  a  a a 
⇒ x ≠ − 1, − 2 …(ii)
1 1  1 From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
= ax + x  ay + y 
2 a  a  Domain is (− 3 , ∞ ) /{ − 1, − 2}
 a x + a −x   a y + a −y  8. Given, 2x + 2y = 2, ∀ x , y ∈ R
=2   = 2 f1 (x) ⋅ f1 ( y)
 2  2  But 2x , 2y > 0, ∀ x , y ∈ R
π Therefore, 2x = 2 − 2y < 2 ⇒ 0 < 2x < 2
4. Here, f (x) = sin −1 (2x) + , to find domain we must
6 Taking log on both sides with base 2, we get
have,
log 2 0 < log 2 2x < log 2 2 ⇒ − ∞ < x < 1
−1 π  π π
sin (2x) + ≥ 0 but − ≤ sin −1 θ ≤
6  2 2  9. It is given,
π π f (θ ) = sin θ (sin θ + sin 3 θ )
− ≤ sin −1 (2x) ≤
6 2 = (sin θ + 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ ) sin θ
178 Functions

= (4 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ ) sin θ = sin 2 θ (4 − 4 sin 2 θ ) 1 x2

⇒ ≤ ≤2
= 4 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ = (2 sin θ cos θ )2 2 2
= (sin 2θ )2 ≥ 0 ⇒ 1 ≤ x2 ≤ 4
which is true for all θ. ⇒ 1 ≤ |x| ≤ 2
10. For domain of y, ⇒ Domain ∈ [−2, − 1] ∪ [1, 2]
1 − x > 0, 1 − x ≠ 1 and x+ 2 >0 π2
⇒ x < 1, x ≠ 0 and x > −2
15. Given, f (x) = 3 sin − x2
16
⇒ −2 < x < 1 excluding 0  π π
⇒ Domain ∈ − ,
⇒ x ∈ (−2, 1) − {0}  4 4 
(x − 1) (x − 5)
11. Given, f (x) =  π2  1(−2x)
(x − 2) (x − 3) ∴ For range, f ′ (x) = 3 cos  − x2  ⋅ =0
 16 
  π2
The graph of f (x) is shown as : 2 − x2
16
Y
 π2 
Where, cos  − x2  = 0 or x=0
 16 
 
y=1
  π2  π2 π2
X' X neglecting cos  − x2  = 0 ⇒

− x2 = 
0 1 2 3 5   16  16 4
 3π 2 
⇒ x = −
2
, never possible 
 16 
Y'
⇒ x =0
A. If − 1 < x < 1 ⇒ 0 < f (x) < 1
π 3
B. If 1 < x < 2 ⇒ f (x) < 0 Thus, f (0) = 3 sin =
4 2
C. If 3 < x < 5 ⇒ f (x) < 0  π  π
and f −  = f   =0
D. If x > 5 ⇒ 0 < f (x) < 1  4  4
2x − 1  3 
12. Since, >0 Hence, range ∈ 0,
2 x + 3 x2 + x
3
 2 
(2x − 1)
⇒ >0 16. Since, domains of f1 (x) and f2(x) are D1 and D2 .
x(2x2 + 3x + 1)
Thus, domain of [ f1 (x) + f2(x)] is D1 ∩ D2 .
(2x − 1)
⇒ >0 Hence, given statement is true.
x (2x + 1) (x + 1)
− − 1 − 2 x + 5 x2  π π
+ + + 17. Given, 2 sin t = ,t ∈ − ,
 2 2 
−∞
−1 −1/2 0 1/2
∞ 3 x2 − 2 x − 1
Put 2 sin t = y ⇒ − 2 ≤ y ≤ 2
Hence, the solution set is,
1 − 2 x + 5 x2
x ∈ (−∞ , − 1) ∪ (−1/2, 0) ∪ (1 / 2, ∞ ) ∴ y=
3 x2 − 2 x − 1
Hence, (a) and (d) are the correct options.
 4 − x2  ⇒ (3 y − 5)x2 − 2x( y − 1) − ( y + 1) = 0
13. Given, f (x) = sin log   Since, x ∈ R − {1, − 1 / 3}
 1−x 
  [as, 3x2 − 2x − 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ (x − 1)(x + 1 / 3) ≠ 0]
4−x 2
∴ D ≥0
For domain, > 0 , 4 − x2 > 0 and 1 − x ≠ 0
1−x ⇒ 4( y − 1) + 4(3 y − 5) ( y + 1) ≥ 0
2

⇒ (1 − x) > 0 and 4 − x >02 ⇒ y2 − y − 1 ≥ 0

2
⇒ x<1 and | x| < 2 ⇒ −2 < x < 1  1 5
⇒ y−  − ≥0
 2 4
Thus, domain ∈ (−2, 1).
 x2   1 5  1 5
14. Given, f (x) = sin −1  log 2  ⇒ y− −  y− +  ≥0
 2  2 2  2 2

x2 1− 5
For domain, −1 ≤ log 2 ≤ 1 ⇒ y≤
2 2
 Functions 179

1+ 5 Topic 2 Composite of Functions and

or y≥
2
Even, Odd Functions
1− 5
⇒ 2 sin t ≤ 1. For a given function f : R − { −a } → R defined by
2
a−x
1+ 5 f (x) = . Q ( fof ) (x) = x
or 2 sin t ≥ a+x
2
a−x
 π a−
⇒ sin t ≤ sin  −   a − x a+x
 10 ⇒ f  =x ⇒ =x
 a + x a−x
 3π  a+
or sin t ≥ sin   a+x
 10 
a 2 + ax − a + x
π 3π ⇒ =x
⇒ t≤− or t≥ a 2 + ax + a − x
10 10
⇒ a 2 + ax − a + x = a 2x + ax2 + ax − x2
 π π  3π π 
Hence, range of t is − , − ∪ , . ⇒ a (a − 1) = (a 2 − 1)x + x2(a − 1)
 2 10   10 2 
⇒ (a − 1) [x2 + (a + 1)x − a ] = 0 ⇒ a = 1
(x + 1) (x − 3) 1−x  1 1 + (1 /2)
18. Since, y = takes all real values only So, f (x) = ∴ f −  = =3
(x − 2) 1+ x  2 1 − (1 /2)
(x + 1) (x − 3)
when ≥0 2. Given, for x ∈ (0, 3 / 2), functions
(x − 2)
f (x) = x … (i)
− + − +
g (x) = tan x … (ii)
−∞ ∞
−1 2 3
1 − x2
and h (x) = … (iii)
⇒ −1 ≤ x < 2 or x≥3 1 + x2
∴ x ∈ [−1, 2) ∪ [3, ∞ ). Also given, φ(x) = ((hof )og )(x) = (hof ) ( g (x))
19. The limit = h ( f ( g (x))) = h ( f (tan x))
4 2 (sin 3x + sin x) 1 − ( tan x )2
lim = h ( tan x ) =
π  3x 5x  3x 1 + ( tan x )2
x→
2 sin 2x sin + cos  −  2 + 2 cos 2x + cos 
2
 2 2  2 1 − tan x π 
= = tan  − x
4 2 (2 sin 2x cos x) 1 + tan x 4 
= lim
π 3x  5x 3x  π  π π
x→ 2 sin 2x sin +  cos − cos  − 2 (1 + cos 2x) Now, φ   = tan  − 
2
2  2 2  3  4 3
 3π − 4π   π
= lim
8 2 sin 2x cos x = tan   = tan  − 
π 3x x  12   12
x→
2
2 sin 2x sin − 2 sin 2x sin − 2 (2 cos 2 x) π  π  11π 
2 2 = − tan   = tan  π −  = tan  
 12  12  12 
4 2 sin 2x cos x
= lim
π  3x x 3. Given, functions f (x) = x2, x ∈ R
x → sin 2 x sin
 − sin  − 2 cos 2 x
2
 2 2 and g ( A ) = { x ∈ R : f (x) ∈ A }; A ⊆ R
4 2 sin 2x cos x Now, for S = [0, 4]
= lim g (S ) = { x ∈ R : f (x) ∈ S = [0, 4]}
π x
x→
2
2 sin 2x cos x sin − 2 cos 2 x = { x ∈ R : x2 ∈ [0, 4]}
2
4 2 sin 2x = { x ∈ R: x ∈ [−2, 2]}
= lim ⇒ g (S ) = [−2, 2]
π x
x → 2 sin 2 x sin
2
− 2 cos x So, f ( g (S )) = [0, 4] = S
2
Now, f (S ) = { x2 : x ∈ S = [0, 4]} = [0, 16]
8 2 sin x
= lim and g ( f (S )) = { x ∈ R : f (x) ∈ f (S ) = [0, 16]}
π x
x → 4 sin x sin − 2
2
2 = { x ∈ R : f (x) ∈ [0, 16]}
8 2 16 = { x ∈ R: x2 ∈ [0, 16]}
= = = 8.
4 4 −2 = { x ∈ R : x ∈ [−4, 4]} = [−4 ,4]
− 2
2 From above, it is clear that g ( f (S )) = g (S ).
180 Functions
4. Given, f (x + y) = f (x) ⋅ f ( y) −1
 1
Let f (x) = λ x
[where λ > 0] J (X ) = X Qx=
1  X 
Q f (1) = 2 (given) 1−
X
∴ λ =2 −1 1
10 10  10  = =
So, Σ f (a + k) = Σ λa+ k = λa  Σ λk X −1 1 − X
k =1 k =1  k=1 
⇒ J (X ) = f3 (X ) or J (x) = f3 (x)
= 2a [21 + 22 + 23 + ......+210 ]
7. We have, f (x) = ax2 + bx + c
2(2 − 1) 
10
= 2a   Now, f (x + y) = f (x) + f ( y) + xy
 2 −1  Put y = 0 ⇒ f (x) = f (x) + f (0) + 0
[by using formula of sum of n-terms of a GP having ⇒ f (0) = 0
first term ‘a’ and common ratio ‘r’, is ⇒ c=0
a (r n − 1) 
Sn = , where r > 1 Again, put y = − x
r −1  ∴ f (0) = f (x) + f (− x) − x2
⇒ 2a+ 1 (210 − 1) = 16 (210 − 1) (given) ⇒ 0 = ax2 + bx + ax2 − bx − x2
⇒ 2a+ 1 = 16 = 24 ⇒ a + 1 = 4 ⇒ a = 3 ⇒ 2ax2 − x2 = 0
 1 − x 1
5. Given, f (x) = log e   ,|x| < 1, then ⇒ a=
 1 + x 2
Also, a + b + c = 3
 2x 
 2x  1 −    2x   ⇒
1
+ b + 0 =3⇒ b =
5
1 + x2 
f  = log e  Q  < 1 2 2
1 + x 
2
 1 + 2x   1 + x  
2
  x2 + 5 x
 1 + x2  ∴ f (x) =
2
 1 + x2 − 2 x 
  n 2 + 5n 1 2 5
1 + x2   (1 − x)2   1 − x
2
Now, f (n ) = = n + n
= log e  = log   = log   2 2 2
 1 + x2 + 2x  e
 (1 + x)2
e
 1 + x
  10
1 10
5 10
 1+ x 2
 ∴ ∑ f (n ) =
2 ∑ n2 + 2 ∑n
n =1 n =1 n =1
 1 − x
= 2 log e   [Q log e| A|m = m log e| A|] 1 10 × 11 × 21 5 10 × 11
 1 + x = ⋅ + ×
2 6 2 2
  1 − x 
= 2 f (x) Q f (x) = log e  1 + x  385 275 660
= + = = 330
  2 2 2
6. We have, 8. f (x) = x2, g (x) = sin x
1 1
f1 (x) = , f2(x) = 1 − x and f3 (x) = ( gof )(x) = sin x2
x 1−x
Also, we have ( f2 o J o f1 )(x) = f3 (x) go( gof ) (x) = sin (sin x2)
⇒ f2((J o f1 )(x)) = f3 (x) ( fogogof ) (x) = (sin (sin x2))2 …(i)
⇒ f2(J ( f1 (x)) = f3 (x) Again, ( gof ) (x) = sin x2
1 ( gogof ) (x) = sin (sin x2) …(ii)
⇒ 1 − J ( f1 (x)) =
1−x
Given, ( fogogof ) (x) = ( gogof ) (x)
1
[Q f2(x) = 1 − x and f3 (x) = ] ⇒ (sin (sin x2))2 = sin (sin x2)
1−x
⇒ sin (sin x2) {sin (sin x2) − 1} = 0
 1 1 1
⇒ 1 − J  = [Q f1 (x) = ]
 x 1 − x x ⇒ sin (sin x2) = 0 or sin (sin x2) = 1
 1 π
⇒ J  = 1 −
1 ⇒ sin x2 = 0 or sin x2 =
 x 1−x 2
1 − x−1 −x ∴ x2 = n π
= = π
1−x 1−x [sin x2 = is not possible as − 1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1]
2
1
Now, put = X , then x=± nπ
x
 Functions 181

αx f (|x|) = ||x| − 1|
9. Given, f (x) =
x+1 and | f (x)| = ||x − 1|| = |x − 1|
 αx  ∴ f (|x|) ≠| f (x)|, hence (c) is false.
α 
 αx   x + 1
π π 
f [ f (x) ] = f   =
 x + 1 αx 14. f (x) = sin  sin  sin x  , x ∈ R
+1 6 2 
x+1
π   π π π
α 2x = sin  sin θ , θ ∈ − , , where θ = sin x
6   2 2  2
x+1 α 2x
= = = x [given] …(i)  π π π
α x + (x + 1) (α + 1) x + 1 = sin α, α ∈ − , ,where α = sin θ
 6 6  6
x+1
 1 1
⇒ α x = (α + 1) x2 + x
2 ∴ f (x) ∈ − ,
 2 2 
⇒ x [α 2 − (α + 1) x − 1] = 0
 1 1
⇒ x(α + 1)(α − 1 − x) = 0 Hence, range of f (x) ∈ − ,
 2 2 
⇒ α − 1 = 0 and α + 1 = 0
So, option (a) is correct.
⇒ α = −1
 π π  1 1
But α = 1 does not satisfy the Eq. (i). (b) f { g (x)} = f (t ), t ∈ − , ⇒ f (t ) ∈ − ,
 2 2   2 2 
∴ Option (b) is correct.
10. g (x) = 1 + x − [x] is greater than 1 π π 
sin  sin  sin x 
f (x)  6 2 
since x − [x] > 0 (c) lim = lim
x → 0 g (x) x→ 0 π
f [ g (x)] = 1, since f (x) = 1 for all x > 0 (sin x)
2
11. Let f (x) = sin 2 x and g (x) = x π π  π π 
sin  sin  sin x  sin  sin x
Now, fog (x) = f [ g (x)] = f ( x ) = sin 2 x  6  2  6 2 
= lim ⋅
x→ 0 π π  π 
and gof (x) = g [ f (x)] = g (sin 2 x) = sin 2 x = |sin x| sin  sin x  sin x
6 2  2 
Again, let f (x) = sin x , g (x) = | x| π π
=1 × ×1 =
fog (x) = f [ g (x)] = f (| x|) 6 6
= sin| x|≠ (sin x )2 ∴Option (c) is correct.
When f (x) = x2, g (x) = sin x (d) g{ f (x)} = 1
π
fog (x) = f [ g (x)] = f (sin x ) = (sin x )2 ⇒ sin { f (x)} = 1
2
and ( gof ) (x) = g [ f (x)] = g (x2) = sin x2 ⇒ sin { f (x)} =
2
...(i)
π
= sin| x|≠|sin x|
 1 1  π π 
But f (x) ∈ − , ⊂ − ,
12. Given, f (x) = cos (log x)  2 2   6 6 
1   x   1 1
∴ f (x) ⋅ f ( y) − f   + f (xy) ∴ sin { f (x)} ∈ − , ...(ii)
 2 2 
2   y 
2
1 ⇒ sin { f (x)} ≠ , [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
= cos (log x) ⋅ cos(log y) − [cos (log x − log y) π
2
+ cos(log x + log y)] i.e. No solution.
1 ∴ Option (d) is not correct.
= cos (log x) ⋅ cos (log y) − [(2 cos (log x) ⋅ cos (log y)]
2 15. Since, f (x) = cos [π 2] x + cos [−π 2] x
= cos (log x) ⋅ cos (log y) − cos (log x) ⋅ cos (log y) = 0
⇒ f (x) = cos (9) x + cos (−10) x
13. Given, f (x) = |x − 1| [using [π 2] = 9 and [− π 2] = − 10]
∴ f (x ) = |x − 1|
2 2  π 9π
∴ f   = cos + cos 5π = − 1
 2 2
and { f (x)}2 = (x − 1)2
⇒ f (x2) ≠ ( f (x))2, hence (a) is false. f (π ) = cos 9π + cos 10π = − 1 + 1 = 0
Also, f (x + y) = |x + y − 1| f (− π ) = cos 9π + cos 10π = − 1 + 1 = 0
f (x) = |x − 1|,  π 9π 10π 1 1
and f   = cos + cos = +0=
f ( y) = | y − 1|  4 4 4 2 2
⇒ f (x + y) ≠ f (x) + f ( y), hence (b) is false. Hence, (a) and (c) are correct options.
182 Functions

3  1  π
16. Since, area of equilateral triangle = (BC )2 = 2 sin (2x + π / 3) ⋅ − sin 2x +  = 0
4  2   3
3 3 ⇒ f (x) = c, where c is a constant.
⇒ = ⋅ [x2 + g 2(x)] ⇒ g 2(x) = 1 − x2
4 4 But f (0) = sin 2 0 + sin 2(π / 3) + cos 0 cos π / 3
A 2
 3 1 3 1 5
=  + = + =
 2 2 4 2 4
Therefore, ( gof ) (x) = g [ f (x)] = g(5 / 4) = 1
B C 19. Given, f (x) = (a − xn )1/ n
(0,0) (x,g(x))
⇒ f [ f (x)] = [a − {(a − xn )1/ n }n ]1/ n = (xn )1/ n = x
⇒ g (x) = 1 − x2 or − 1 − x2 ∴ f [ f (x)] = x
Hence, given statement is true.
Hence, (b) and (c) are the correct options.
x+2 20. Let f (n ) = 2n for all positive integers n.
17. Given , y = f (x) =
x−1 Now, for n = 1, f (1) = 2 = 2 !
⇒ yx − y = x + 2 ⇒ x( y − 1) = y + 2 ⇒ It is true for n = 1.
y+2 Again, let f (k) is true.
⇒ x= ⇒ x = f ( y)
y−1 ⇒ f (k) = 2k, for some k ∈ N .
Here, f (1) does not exist, so domain ∈ R − {1} Again, f (k + 1) = f (k) ⋅ f (1) [by definition]
dy (x − 1) ⋅ 1 − (x + 2) ⋅ 1 3 =2 ⋅2
k
[from induction assumption]
= =−
dx (x − 1)2 (x − 1)2 = 2k + 1
⇒ f (x) is decreasing for all x ∈ R − {1}. Therefore, the result is true for n = k + 1. Hence, by
Also, f is rational function of x. principle of mathematical induction,
Hence, (a) and (d) are correct options. f (n ) = 2n , ∀ n ∈ N
n n n
18. f (x) = sin 2 x + sin 2(x + π / 3) + cos x cos (x + π / 3) Now, ∑ f (a + k) = ∑ f (a ) f (k) = f (a ) ∑ 2k
k =1 k =1 k =1
⇒ f (x) = sin 2 x + (sin x cos π / 3 + cos x sin π / 3)2
2 (2 − 1)
n
+ cos x cos (x + π / 3) = f (a ) ⋅
2 2 −1
 sin x ⋅ 1 cos x 3 
.
⇒ f (x) = sin 2 x +  +  = 2a ⋅ 2 (2n − 1) = 2a + 1 (2n − 1)
 2 2  n

+ cos x (cos x cos π / 3 − sin x sin π / 3) But ∑ f (a + k) = 16 (2n − 1) = 24 (2n − 1)

k =1
sin 2 x 3 cos 2 x 2 ⋅ 3
⇒ f (x) = sin 2 x + + + sin x cos x Therefore, a + 1 =4 ⇒ a =3
4 4 4
21. The given function f : [0, 1] → R be define by
cos 2 x 3
+ − cos x sin x ⋅ 4x 41 − x 2
2 2 f (x) = ⇒ f (1 − x) = =
1−x
sin 2 x 3 cos 2 x cos 2 x 4 +2
x
4 + 2 2 + 4x
= sin 2 x + + +
4 4 2 4x 2 4x + 2
5 5 5 ∴ f (x) + f (1 − x) = + =
= sin x + cos x =
2 2 4x + 2 2 + 4x 4x + 2
4 4 4
So, f (x) + f (1 − x) = 1 … (i)
and gof (x) = g { f (x)} = g (5 / 4) = 1
 
1  2 3  39  1
∴ f  + f  + f  +… + f  − f 
Alternate Solution  40  40  40  40  2
f (x) = sin x + sin (x + π / 3) + cos x cos (x + π / 3)
2 2
 1  39   2  38 
= f   + f    +  f  40 + f  40 
⇒ f ′ (x) = 2 sin x cos x + 2 sin (x + π / 3) cos (x + π / 3)   40   40   
− sin x cos (x + π / 3) − cos x sin (x + π / 3)   18  22    19  21 
+ … + f   + f    + f   + f   
= sin 2x + sin (2x + 2π / 3) − [sin (x + x + π / 3)]   40  40    40  40 
 2x + 2x + 2π / 3  2x − 2x − 2π / 3  
20  1
= 2 sin   ⋅ cos   + f  − f 
 2   2   40  2
 1  1
− sin (2x + π / 3) = {1 + 1 + K + 1 + 1} + f   − f   {from Eq. (i)}
 2  2
= 2 [sin (2x + π / 3) ⋅ cos π / 3] − sin (2x + π / 3)
19 − times = 19.
 Functions 183

Topic 3 Types of Functions Clearly, f (x) is not injective because if f (x) < 1, then f is
many one, as shown in figure.
1. The given function f : R → R is
Also, f (x) is not surjective because range of f (x) is [0, ∞ [
f (x) = |x|(x − sin x) … (i) and but in problem co-domain is (0, ∞ ), which is wrong.
Q The function ‘f’ is a odd and continuous function ∴ f (x) is neither injective nor surjective
and as lim f (x) = ∞ and lim f (x) = − ∞, so range is R, 4. According to given information, we have if
x→ ∞ x→ −∞
therefore k ∈{4, 8, 12, 16, 20}
‘f’ is a onto function. Then, f (k) ∈ {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}
 x(x − sin x), x ≥ 0 [Q Codomain ( f ) = {1, 2, 3, …, 20}]
Q f (x) = 
− x (x − sin x), x < 0 Now, we need to assign the value of f (k) for
 2x − sin x − x cos x, x > 0 k ∈{4, 8, 12, 16, 20} this can be done in 6C5 ⋅ 5 ! ways
∴ f ′ (x) = 
− 2x + sin x + x cos x, x < 0 = 6 ⋅ 5 ! = 6 ! and remaining 15 element can be associated
by 15 ! ways.
 (x − sin x) + x(1 − cos x), x > 0
(− x + sin x) − x(1 − cos x), x < 0 ∴Total number of onto functions = = 15 ! 6 !

x
Q for x > 0, x − sin x > 0 and x (1 − cos x) > 0 5. We have, f (x) = , x ∈R
1 + x2
∴ f ′ (x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ (0, ∞ )
Ist Method f (x) is an odd function and maximum
⇒ f is strictly increasing function, ∀ x ∈ (0, ∞ ).
occur at x = 1
Similarly, for x < 0, − x + sin x > 0 Y
(1, 1/2) 1
and (− x) (1 − cos x) > 0, therefore, f ′ (x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ (− ∞ , 0) y=
2
⇒ f is strictly increasing function, ∀ x ∈ (0, ∞ )
–1
X
Therefore ‘f’ is a strictly increasing function for x ∈ R O1
and it implies that f is one-one function. y=–
1
2
2. Given, function f : R – {1, − 1} → A defined as (–1, 1/2)
x2  1 1
f (x) = =y From the graph it is clear that range of f (x) is − ,
(let)  2 2 
1 − x2
⇒ x2 = y(1 − x2) [Q x2 ≠ 1] 1
y IInd Method f (x) =
⇒ x (1 + y) = y ⇒ x =
2 2
[provided y ≠ −1] 1
x+
1+ y x
y 1
Q x2 ≥ 0 ⇒ ≥ 0 ⇒ y ∈ (−∞ , − 1) ∪ [0, ∞ ) If x > 0, then by AM ≥ GM, we get x + ≥2
1+ y x
Since, for surjective function, range of f = codomain 1 1 1
⇒ ≤ ⇒ 0 < f (x) ≤
∴ Set A should be R − [−1, 0). 1 2 2
x+
 (x − 1) x
|x − 1| − x , if 0 < x ≤ 1 If x < 0, then by AM ≥ GM, we get x +
1
≤ −2
3. We have, f (x) = =
x x−1 x
 , if x > 1 1 1 1
 x ⇒ ≥− ⇒– ≤ f (x) < 0
1 2 2
1 x+
− 1, if 0 < x ≤ 1
 x
= x
1 0 1 1
1 − , if x > 1 If x = 0, then f (x) = = 0. Thus, − ≤ f (x) ≤
 x 1+0 2 2
Now, let us draw the graph of y = f (x)  1 1
Hence, f (x) ∈ − ,
Note that when x → 0, then f (x) → ∞, when x = 1, then  2 2 
f (x) = 0, and when x → ∞, then f (x) → 1 IIIrd Method
Y x
Let y = ⇒ yx2 − x + y = 0
1 + x2

x=0 Q x ∈ R, so D ≥ 0 ⇒ 1 − 4 y2 ≥ 0
 1 1
⇒ (1 − 2 y) (1 + 2 y) ≥ 0 ⇒ y ∈ − ,
y=1  2 2 
– + –
X –1/2
O 1 y=0 1/2
184 Functions

 1 1 As, x ∈R
So, range is − , .
 2 2  − 1 1
∴ (− 1) − 4 ( y)( y) ≥ 0 ⇒ 1 − 4 y2 ≥ 0 ⇒ y ∈
2
,
n + 1  2 2 
 , if n is odd
6. Given, f (n ) =  n 2 − 1 1
∴ Range = Codomain = ,
 , if n is even,  2 2 
2
So, f (x) is surjective.
 n + 1 , if n is odd
and g (n ) = n − (−1)n =  Hence, f (x) is surjective but not injective.
n − 1, if n is even PLAN To check nature of function.
+
9.
 f (n 1 ), if n is odd
Now, f ( g (n )) =  (i) One-one To check one-one, we must check whether
 f (n − 1), if n is even f ′ ( x )> 0 or f ′ ( x )< 0 in given domain.
n + 1 (ii) Onto To check onto, we must check
 , if n is odd Range = Codomain
=  n 2− 1 + 1 n
 = , if n is even Description of Situation To find range in given
 2 2 domain [a , b], put f ′ (x) = 0 and find x = α 1, α 2, …,
= f (x) α n ∈[a , b]
[Q if n is odd, then (n + 1) is even and Now, find { f (a ), f (α 1 ), f (α 2), K , f (α n ), f (b)}
if n is even, then (n − 1) is odd]
its greatest and least values gives you range.
Clearly, function is not one-one as f (2) = f (1) = 1
Now, f : [0, 3] → [1, 29]
But it is onto function.
f (x) = 2x3 − 15x2 + 36x + 1
[Q If m ∈ N (codomain) is odd, then 2m ∈ N (domain)
such that f (2m) = m and ∴ f ′ (x) = 6x2 − 30x + 36 = 6 (x2 − 5x + 6)
if m ∈ N codomain is even, then = 6 (x − 2) (x − 3)
2m − 1 ∈ N (domain) such that f (2m − 1) = m] + − +
∴Function is onto but not one-one 2 3
2x
7. We have a function f : A → R defined as, f (x) = For given domain [0, 3], f (x) is increasing as well as
x −1 decreasing ⇒ many-one
One-one Let x1, x2 ∈ A such that Now, put f ′ (x) = 0 ⇒ x = 2, 3
2x1 2x2
f (x1 ) = f (x2) ⇒ = Thus, for range f (0) = 1, f (2) = 29, f (3) = 28
x1 − 1 x2 − 1
⇒ Range ∈[1, 29]
⇒ 2x1x2 − 2x1 = 2x1x2 − 2x2 ⇒ x1 = x2
∴ Onto but not one-one.
Thus, f (x1 ) = f (x2) has only one solution, x1 = x2
 x, x ∈ Q
∴ f (x) is one-one (injective) 10. Let φ (x) = f (x) − g (x) = 
2 ×2 − x, x ∉ Q
Onto Let x = 2, then f (2) = =4 Now, to check one-one.
2 −1
Take any straight line parallel to X-axis which will
But x = 2 is not in the domain, and f (x) is one-one intersect φ(x) only at one point.
function
⇒ φ(x) is one-one.
∴f (x) can never be 4.
Similarly, f (x) can not take many values. To check onto
 x, x ∈ Q
Hence, f (x) is into (not surjective). As f (x) =  , which shows
∴f (x) is injective but not surjective. − x, x ∉ Q
x y = x and y = − x for rational and irrational values
8. We have, f (x) =
1 + x2 ⇒ y ∈ real numbers.
1 ∴ Range = Codomain ⇒ onto
 1 x Thus, f − g is one-one and onto.
∴ f  = x = = f (x)
 x 1 1 + x2
1+ 2 11. Given, f : [0, ∞ ) → [0, ∞ )
x
 1  1 Here, domain is [0, ∞ ) and codomain is [0, ∞ ). Thus, to
∴ f   = f (2)or f   = f (3)and so on.
 2  3 check one-one
x 1
So, f (x) is many-one function. Since, f (x) = ⇒ f ′ (x) = > 0, ∀ x ∈ [0, ∞ )
x 1+ x (1 + x)2
Again, let y = f (x) ⇒ y =
1 + x2 ∴ f (x) is increasing in its domain. Thus, f (x) is one-one
⇒ y + x2y = x ⇒ yx2 − x + y = 0 in its domain. To check onto (we find range)
 Functions 185

x Y
Again, y = f (x) = ⇒ y + yx = x
1+ x y = 1 + 2x
y y
⇒ x= ⇒ ≥0
1− y 1− y
X′ X
−π O π
Since, x ≥ 0, therefore 0 ≤ y < 1 2 2
i.e. Range ≠ Codomain
∴ f (x) is one-one but not onto.
Y′
12. Given, f (x) = 2x + sin x It is clear from the graph that y = tan x is one-one and
⇒ f ' (x) = 2 + cos x ⇒ f ' (x) > 0 , ∀x ∈ R onto, therefore (B) → (r).
which shows f (x) is one-one, as f (x) is strictly increasing. 16. PLAN
Since, f (x) is increasing for every x ∈ R, (i) If f ′ ( x ) > 0, ∀x ∈ ( a, b ), then f( x ) is an increasing function in
( a, b ) and thus f( x ) is one-one function in ( a, b ) .
∴ f (x) takes all intermediate values between (−∞ , ∞ ).
(ii) If range of f( x ) = codomain of f( x ) , then f( x ) is an onto
Range of f (x) ∈ R. function.
Hence, f (x) is one-to-one and onto. (iii) A function f( x ) is said to be an odd function, if
f( − x ) = − f( x ), ∀x ∈ R, i.e.
13. The number of onto functions from f( − x ) + f( x ) = 0, ∀ x ∈ R
E = {1, 2, 3, 4} to F = {1, 2} f (x) = [ln (sec x + tan x)]3
= Total number of functions which map E to F 3 [ln (sec x + tan x)]2 (sec x tan x + sec 2x)
f ′ (x) =
− Number of functions for which map f (x) = 1 and (sec x + tan x)
f (x) = 2 for all x ∈ E = 24 − 2 = 14  −π π 
f ′ (x) = 3 sec x [ln (sec x + tan x)]2 > 0, ∀x ∈  , 
14. PLAN  2 2
(i) For such questions, we need to properly define the f (x) is an increasing function.
functions and then we draw their graphs.
∴ f (x) is an one-one function.
(ii) From the graphs, we can examine the function for continuity,
 π x  π π
differentiability, one-one and onto. (sec x + tan x) = tan  +  , as x ∈  − ,  , then
 4 2  2 2
− x, x < 0
f1 (x) =  x  π x
e , x ≥ 0 0 < tan  +  < ∞
 4 2
f2(x) = x2, x ≥ 0
0 < sec x + tan x < ∞ ⇒ − ∞ < ln (sec x + tan x) < ∞
sin x, x < 0
f3 (x) =  − ∞ < [ln (sec x + tan x)]3 < ∞ ⇒ −∞ < f (x) < ∞
x, x≥0
Range of f (x) is R and thus f (x) is an ont function.
 f ( f (x)), x<0 3
f4 (x) =  2 1   1 
 2 1
f ( f (x)) − 1 , x≥0 f (− x) = [ln (sec x − tan x)]3 = ln  
  sec x + tan x
 x2 , x < 0  x2 , x<0
Now, f2( f1 (x)) =  2x ⇒ f4 =  2x f (− x) = − [ln (sec x + tan x)] 3

e , x ≥ 0 e − 1 , x ≥ 0 f (x) + f (− x) = 0
2x, x<0 ⇒ f (x) is an odd function.
As f4 (x) is continuous, f ′ 4 (x) =  2x
2 e , x>0 17. Let y = ax + b and y = cx + d be two linear functions.
f4(x) When x = − 1, y = 0 and x = 1, y = 2 , then
0 = − a + b and a + b = 2 ⇒ a = b = 1
∴ y=x+1 ...(i)
x Again, when x = − 1, y = 2 and x = 1, y = 0, then
O
− c + d = 2 and c + d = 0
Graph for f4 (x)
⇒ d = 1 and c = − 1 ⇒ y = − x + 1 …(ii)
f4′ (0) is not defined. Its range is [0, ∞ ). Hence, two linear functions are y = x + 1 and y = − x + 1
Thus, range = codomain = [0, ∞ ), thus f4 is onto.
x2 + 4x + 30
Also, horizontal line (drawn parallel to X-axis) meets 18. Given, f (x) =
the curve more than once, thus function is not one-one. x2 − 8x + 18

15. y = 1 + 2x is linear function, therefore it is one-one and  (x2 − 8x + 18) (2x + 4) 

 
− (x2 + 4x + 30) (2x − 8)
its range is (− π + 1, π + 1). Therefore, (1 + 2x) is one-one ⇒ f ′ (x) = 
but not onto so (A) → (q). Again, see the figure. (x2 − 8x + 18)2
186 Functions

2 (−6x2 − 12x + 156) Topic 4 Inverse and Periodic Functions

=
(x2 − 8x + 18)2
1. Given function
−12 (x2 + 2x − 26) 82x − 8−2x 84x − 1
= f (x) = , x ∈ (− 1 , 1 ) = = y (let)
(x2 − 8x + 18)2 82x + 8−2x 84x + 1
which shows f ′ (x) is positive and negative both.
On applying componendo and dividendo law, we get
∴ f (x) is many one. 1+ y
84x =
Hence, given statement is true. 1− y
αx2 + 6x − 8 On applying logarithm having base ‘8’ both sides, we get
19. Let y =
α + 6 x − 8 x2  1 + y
4x = log 8  
⇒ αy + 6xy − 8x2y = αx2 + 6x − 8  1 − y
⇒ − αx2 − 8x2y + 6xy − 6x + αy + 8 = 0 1  1 + y 1  1 + y
⇒ x= log 8   = (log 8 e) log e  
⇒ αx2 + 8x2y − 6xy + 6x − αy − 8 = 0 4  1 − y 4  1 − y
⇒ x2 (α + 8 y) + 6x (1 − y) − (8 + αy) = 0 {by base change property of logarithm
Since, x is real. log a b = log a e ⋅ log e b}
⇒ B2 − 4 AC ≥ 0 By interchanging the variables x and y, we get the
⇒ 36 (1 − y) + 4 (α + 8 y) (8 + αy) ≥ 0
2
inverse function of f (x) and it is
⇒ 9 (1 − 2 y + y2) + [8α + (64 + α 2) y + 8 αy2] ≥ 0 1  1 + x
f −1 (x) = (log 8 e) log e  .
⇒ y2 (9 + 8α ) + y (46 + α 2) + 9 + 8α ≥ 0 …(i) 4  1 − x
⇒ A > 0, D ≤ 0, ⇒ 9 + 8 α > 0 Hence, option (c) is correct.
and (46 + α 2)2 − 4 (9 + 8α )2 ≤ 0 2. Since, only (c) satisfy given definition
⇒ α > − 9 /8 i.e. f { f −1 (B)} = B
and [46 + α − 2 (9 + 8α )][46 + α + 2 (9 + 8α )] ≤ 0
2 2
Only, if B ⊆ f (x)
⇒ α > − 9 /8 3. By definition of composition of function,
and (α 2 − 16α + 28) (α 2 + 16α + 64) ≤ 0 g ( f (x) ) = (sin x + cos x)2 − 1, is invertible (i.e. bijective)
⇒ α > − 9 /8 ⇒ g { f (x) } = sin 2x is bijective.
and [(α − 2) (α − 14)] (α + 8)2 ≤ 0 ⇒ α > − 9 /8  π π
We know, sin x is bijective, only when x ∈ − , .
and (α − 2) (α − 14) ≤ 0 [Q (α + 8)2 ≥ 0]  2 2 
⇒ α > − 9 / 8 and 2 ≤ α ≤ 14 ⇒ 2 ≤ α ≤ 14 π π
Thus, g { f (x) } is bijective, if − ≤ 2x ≤
αx2 + 6x − 8 2 2
Thus, f (x) = will be onto, if 2 ≤ α ≤ 14 π π
α + 6 x − 8 x2 ⇒ − ≤x≤
4 4
Again, when α = 3
4. It is only to find the inverse.
3 x2 + 6 x − 8
f (x) = , in this case f (x) = 0 Let y = f (x) = (x + 1)2, for x ≥ − 1
3 + 6 x − 8 x2
± y = x + 1, x≥ −1
⇒ 3 x2 + 6 x − 8 = 0 ⇒ y = x+1 ⇒ y ≥ 0, x + 1 ≥ 0
− 6 ± 36 + 96 − 6 ± 132 1 ⇒ x= y − 1 ⇒ f −1 ( y) = y −1
⇒ x= = = (− 3 ± 33 )
6 6 3 −1
⇒ f (x) = x − 1 ⇒ x≥0
This shows that 1 x2 + 1
1  1  5. Let y = x + ⇒ y= ⇒ xy = x2 + 1
f (− 3 + 33) = f (− 3 − 33) = 0 x x
3  3 
y ± y2 − 4
Therefore, f is not one-to-one. ⇒ x2 − xy + 1 = 0 ⇒ x =
2
20. Since, there is an injective mapping from A to B, each y± y2 − 4 x ± x2 − 4
element of A has unique image in B. ⇒ f −1 ( y) = ⇒ f −1 (x) =
2 2
Similarly, there is also an injective mapping from B to Since, the range of the inverse function is [1, ∞), then
A, each element of B has unique image in A or in other
words there is one to one onto mapping from A to B. x+ x2 − 4
we take f −1 (x) =
Thus, there is bijective mapping from A to B. 2
 Functions 187

x − x2 − 4 1 − cos 2x
If we consider f −1 (x) = , then f −1 (x) > 1 10. Given, F (x) = ∫ sin 2 x dx = ∫ dx
2 2
1
This is possible only if (x − 2)2 > x2 − 4 F (x) =
(2x − sin 2x) + C ⇒ F (x + π ) ≠ F (x)
4
⇒ x2 + 4 − 4x > x2 − 4 ⇒ 8 > 4x
Hence, Statement I is false.
⇒ x < 2, where x > 2
But Statement II is true assin 2 x is periodic with period π.
Therefore, (a) is the answer.
11. It gives three cases
6. Let y = 2x ( x − 1), where y ≥ 1 as x ≥ 1
Case I When f (x) = 1 is true.
Taking log 2 on both sides, we get
In this case, remaining two are false.
log 2 y = log 2 2x ( x − 1) ⇒ log 2 y = x (x − 1)
∴ f ( y) = 1 and f (z ) = 2
⇒ x2 − x − log 2 y = 0
This means x and y have the same image, so f (x) is not
1 ± 1 + 4 log 2 y an injective, which is a contradiction.
⇒ x=
2
Case II When f ( y) ≠ 1 is true.
For y ≥ 1, log 2 y ≥ 0 ⇒ 4 log 2 y ≥ 0 ⇒ 1 + 4 log 2 y ≥ 1 If f ( y) ≠ 1 is true, then the remaining statements are
⇒ 1 + 4 log 2 y ≥ 1 ⇒ − 1 + 4 log 2 y ≤ − 1 false.
⇒ 1 − 1 + 4 log 2 y ≤ 0 ∴ f (x) ≠ 1 and f (z ) = 2
But x≥1 i.e. both x and y are not mapped to 1. So, either both
So, x = 1 − 1 + 4 log 2 y is not possible. associate to 2 or 3. Thus, it is not injective.
1 Case III When f (z ) ≠ 2 is true.
Therefore, we take x = (1 + 1 + 4 log 2y )
2 If f (z ) ≠ 2 is true, then remaining statements are false.
−1 1 ∴ If f (x) ≠ 1 and f ( y) = 1
⇒ f ( y) = (1 + 1 + 4 log 2 y )
2
But f is injective.
−1 1
⇒ f (x) = (1 + 1 + 4 log 2 x ) Thus, we have f (x) = 2, f ( y) = 1 and f (z ) = 3
2
Hence, f −1 (1) = y
7. Given, f (x) = 3x − 5 [given]
12. Since, f is an even function,
Let y = f (x) = 3x − 5 ⇒ y + 5 = 3x
then f (− x) = f (x), ∀ x ∈ (− 5, 5)
y+5 y+5 x+5
⇒ x= ⇒ f −1 ( y) = ⇒ f −1 (x) =  x + 1
3 3 3 Given , f (x) = f   …(i)
 x + 2
8. Clearly, f (x) = x − [x] = { x} which has period 1.
1  − x + 1
And sin , x cos x are non-periodic functions. ⇒ f (− x) = f  
x  − x + 2
b−x  − x + 1
9. Here, f (x) = , where 0 < b < 1, 0 < x < 1 ⇒ f ( x) = f   [Q f (− x) = f (x)]
1 − bx  − x + 2
For function to be invertible, it should be one-one onto. Taking f −1 on both sides, we get
∴ Check Range : −x+1
x= ⇒ − x2 + 2 x = − x + 1
b−x −x+2
Let f (x) = y ⇒ y=
1 − bx 3 ± 9 −4 3 ± 5
⇒ x2 − 3 x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = =
⇒ y − bxy = b − x ⇒ x (1 − by) = b − y 2 2
b− y  x + 1
⇒ x= , where 0 < x < 1 Again, f (x) = f  
1 − by  x + 2
b− y b− y b− y  x + 1
∴ 0< <1 ⇒ > 0 and <1 ⇒ f (− x) = f  [Q f (− x) = f (x)]
1 − by 1 − by 1 − by 
 x + 2
1
⇒ y < b or y> …(i) Taking f −1 on both sides, we get
b x+1
(b − 1) ( y + 1) 1 −x= ⇒ x2 + 3 x + 1 = 0
<0−1 < y< …(ii) x+2
1 − by b
−3 ± 9 −4 −3 ± 5
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ⇒ x= =
2 2
 1 ±3± 5
y ∈  − 1,  ⊂ Codomain Therefore, four values of x are .
 b 2