AQUATIC RESOURCES

MANAGEMENT

WORKBOOK
PELITA OCTORINA

AQUATIC BIO-ECOLOGY GROUP

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SUKABUMI

 ABOUT THE

COURSE

Water resources are essential for human survival and are a critical
component of our planet's ecosystem. However, human activities
such as aquaculture and eutrophication can have negative impacts
on aquatic ecosystems, affecting their carrying capacity and leading
to environmental degradation. Aquatic ecosystems support a range
of fisheries activities, from wild-caught fish to culture-based
fisheries, which rely on the management of fish populations in
freshwater and marine ecosystems. To address these challenges, a
variety of management strategies have been developed, including
biomanipulation, bioremediation, and sustainable aquaculture
practices such as aquaponics. These strategies aim to promote the
health of aquatic ecosystems while also supporting human activities
such as fisheries and aquaculture. In addition, the concept of
carrying capacity has become increasingly important in the
management of freshwater ecosystems, particularly in the context of
lakes, where the amount of nutrients can impact the productivity of
the ecosystem. This water resources management course book will
explore these topics in depth, providing students with a
comprehensive understanding of the issues facing water resources
management today and the approaches that can be used to address
them.

PELITA OCTORINA WORKBOOK

 ABOUT THE

WORKBOOK

This workbook is designed to support blended learning and is

intended to provide you with a comprehensive understanding of
water resources management. The course material is presented in a
clear and concise manner, with a focus on key concepts and practical
examples. To enhance your learning experience, the workbook
contains a variety of student activities that can be completed both
online and offline. These activities are designed to reinforce the
concepts covered in the course material and provide you with an
opportunity to apply your knowledge in practical situations. In
addition, the workbook includes quizzes and tests that allow you to
assess your understanding of the material and track your progress
throughout the course. By using a combination of course material,
student activities, and assessments, this workbook provides a flexible
and engaging learning experience that is tailored to your needs.

PELITA OCTORINA WORKBOOK

 THE COURSE

CONTENTS
WATER RESOURCES : THE INTRODUCTION

We'll explore the value of aquatic organisms for human use,

such as fisheries and aquaculture. Through this exploration,
you'll gain an understanding of the impacts of land use on
aquatic resources and the challenges associated with
sustainable management. By the end of the course, you'll
have the knowledge and able to explain the aquatic
environment service and what human have been done so far.

LAKE TROPHIC STATE

In this course, you'll learn about trophic state and how to

analyze the health of aquatic ecosystems. You'll identify
different types of trophic states and nutrient levels, and learn
to calculate trophic state index using mathematical formulas.
You'll also develop critical thinking skills to evaluate the
impact of human activities on aquatic ecosystems.

AQUACULTURE AND EUTROPHICATION

In this course, you'll learn about the relationship between

aquaculture and eutrophication. You'll explore the impacts of
nutrient inputs from aquaculture activities on aquatic
ecosystems, and the consequences of eutrophication, such as
oxygen depletion and harmful algal blooms. Through critical
thinking exercises, you'll evaluate trade-offs between
aquaculture production and ecosystem health, and discover
strategies for promoting sustainable aquaculture practices
that minimize eutrophication impacts.

FISHERIES

In this course, you'll learn about sustainable fisheries and the

concepts behind it. You'll gain knowledge about managing
fisheries resources to ensure long-term sustainability and
how to balance economic, social, and environmental aspects
of fisheries.

PELITA OCTORINA WORKBOOK

 THE COURSE

CONTENTS
CULTURE BASE FISHERIES

In this course, you'll learn about culture-based fisheries, a

form of aquaculture that uses natural water bodies to
produce fish for human consumption. You'll explore the
definition, benefits, and challenges of this approach,
including how it can provide a source of food and income for
local communities, promote sustainable resource use, and
help restore degraded ecosystems. Through case studies and
critical thinking exercises, you'll examine different
approaches to culture-based fisheries and evaluate their
effectiveness

ENVY-FRIENDLY AQUACULTURE :
AQUAPONIC
In this course, you will also learn about the innovative
concept of aquaponics. We will explore its development
history and how it has emerged as a sustainable method for
food production. You will discover the many benefits of
aquaponics, such as reduced water usage, efficient nutrient
recycling, and the production of both fish and plants in a
single system. Through several successful case studies, you
will gain insight into the practical application of aquaponics
and its potential to transform the future of aquaculture

ENVY-FRIENDLY AQUACULTURE : INTEGRATED

MULTY TROPHIC ACUACULTURE
This course will teach you about integrated multitrophic
aquaculture (IMTA) - a sustainable way of farming multiple
species in one system. You'll learn the concept, benefits,
challenges, and how to design and manage an IMTA system.
You'll also learn about the ecological and economic benefits
of IMTA, and how it can be used to enhance the sustainability
of aquaculture. By the end of this course, you'll be able to
develop ideas on the combination of organisms that can be
used in IMTA.

BIOMANIPULATION AND BIOREMEDIATION

In this course, you'll also learn about biomanipulation and

bioremediation. You'll understand xplain how predator and
prey management can be used in eutrophic lakes, as well as
the concept and examples of bioremediation.

PELITA OCTORINA WORKBOOK

 COURSE

ACTIVITIES
READING
As a student in this course, you'll have access to a comprehensive workbook
that contains all the necessary course material. In addition to the workbook,
there will be links provided to external websites that will supplement your
learning. It's important that you read through both the course material
provided in the workbook and the additional resources from the websites to
ensure a thorough understanding of the topics. There will be activities
throughout the course that will require you to apply the knowledge gained
from both sources.

NOTE AND CITE

you'll develop skills in reading and summarizing scientific papers.
You'll learn how to take effective notes and extract key information
from academic literature. By the end of the course, you'll be able to
summarize complex scientific concepts in a concise and clear
manner. This will be a valuable skill for your future academic and
professional endeavors. So get ready to sharpen your note-taking
skills and dive into the world of scientific literature!

WORK-GROUP
you'll have the opportunity to train your collaboration and
communication skills by working in pairs or groups. You'll be
encouraged to communicate your findings, understanding, and
opinions throughout the learning process. This will not only improve
your ability to work effectively with others but also help you to develop
a deeper understanding of the course materials. You'll have the chance
to engage in discussions, debates, and group activities that will allow
you to explore the course content in a collaborative and engaging way.

PROJECT
you will be tasked with individual and group projects as part of your
assessment, allowing you to apply the knowledge and skills gained
throughout the course.

QUIZZ
we will assess your progress and understanding through regular
quizzes on the topics covered, rather than having a mid-term and
final exam. This approach will enable you to continually evaluate your
knowledge and provide you with an opportunity to receive timely
feedback. By the end of the course, you'll have a better
understanding of your learning and be able to track your progress
throughout the duration of the course.

WORKBOOK
AQUATIC RESOURCS

Pelita Octorina

AQUATIC BIO-ECOLOGY GROUP

CONTENTS

01 Introduction to aquatic resources

02 Freshwater system and resources

03 Marine sistem and resources

04 Minitest

05 Analysis Challenges

AQUATIC BIO-ECOLOGY GROUP

 Introduction to aquatic
01 resources

Aquatic resources play a crucial

role in supporting life on Earth,
providing essential ecosystem
services and valuable resources.

Aquatic resources refer to the various living and non-living components found in
freshwater and marine ecosystems that are valuable and utilized by humans. These
resources can be categorized into two main types:

Living Aquatic Resources Non-Living Aquatic Resources

Living aquatic resources include the Non-living aquatic resources include

diverse array of plants, animals, and the physical and chemical
microorganisms that inhabit components of freshwater and
freshwater and marine ecosystems. marine environments that are
These resources can be harvested or utilized by humans.
utilized for various purposes.
Water Supply: Freshwater
Fisheries: Fish and other aquatic resources are essential for
organisms are an essential source drinking, agriculture, industrial
of protein for human processes, and domestic use.
consumption. They are harvested b. Energy Resources: Some
through commercial, aquatic resources, are harnessed
subsistence, and recreational for generating electricity. Tidal
fishing. and wave energy also have the
Aquaculture: Aquaculture potential to be utilized as
involves the farming and renewable energy sources.
cultivation of aquatic organisms c. Minerals and Extractive
such as fish, shellfish, and algae. It Resources: Underwater minerals,
provides an additional source of oil, natural gas, and other
seafood and contributes to global resources.
food security. d. Transportation and Trade:
Aquatic Plants: Certain aquatic Water bodies provide
plants, such as seaweed, are transportation routes, facilitating
cultivated and harvested for food, international trade and
medicinal purposes, and commerce through shipping and
industrial uses. navigation.
 THE IMPORTANT OF AQUATIC RESOURCES

Aquatic resources play a vital role in supporting both human societies and the
overall health of the planet. Here are some key importance of aquatic resources:

Food Security:
Aquatic resources, particularly fisheries and aquaculture, contribute
significantly to global food security. Fish and other aquatic organisms are
important sources of protein, essential nutrients, and fatty acids in the human
diet. They provide a sustainable and renewable source of food for billions of
people worldwide, especially in coastal communities and developing countries.

Economic Value:
Aquatic resources contribute to the global economy through commercial
fishing, aquaculture operations, and related industries. They provide
employment opportunities, income generation, and economic development
for fishing communities, coastal regions, and countries dependent on the
fishing industry. Additionally, aquatic resources support tourism, recreational
activities, and the hospitality sector, generating revenue and creating jobs.

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Health:

Aquatic ecosystems are incredibly diverse and host a wide range of species.
They support complex food webs, promote biodiversity, and provide habitat for
various plants, animals, and microorganisms. Preserving aquatic resources
helps maintain the balance of ecosystems, ensures ecological resilience, and
supports the overall health of the planet.

Climate Regulation:
Aquatic resources play a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate. Oceans
act as carbon sinks, absorbing and storing vast amounts of carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere. They also influence weather patterns, help regulate
temperature, and contribute to the global water cycle. Healthy aquatic
ecosystems contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts.
 THE IMPORTANT OF AQUATIC RESOURCES

Water Supply and Quality:

Freshwater aquatic resources, such as rivers, lakes, and groundwater, are
essential for human survival and various activities. They provide drinking water,
support agriculture and irrigation systems, and are necessary for industrial
processes. Protecting and managing these resources is crucial for ensuring
clean and sustainable water supplies.s.

Recreation and Cultural Value:

Aquatic resources offer recreational opportunities, such as boating, swimming,
snorkeling, and diving, which contribute to physical and mental well-being.
They also hold cultural significance and are often integral to traditional
practices, rituals, and identities of communities living near water bodies.

Research and Education:

Aquatic resources serve as valuable subjects for scientific research, helping us
better understand marine and freshwater ecosystems, their
interconnectedness, and the species within them. Studying aquatic resources
also contributes to environmental education, raising awareness about the
importance of conservation and sustainable use.
 Freshwater system &
02 resources

Approximately 2.5% of the Earth's

water is freshwater, while the
remaining 97.5% is saltwater found
in oceans and seas.

Freshwater ecosystem is aquatic environments characterized by their low salt

concentration compared to marine ecosystems. The salt concentration, typically
less than 0.5 parts per thousand (ppt) or less than 0.05% salinity. These
ecosystems include various types of water bodies, such as lakes, rivers, streams,
ponds, wetlands, and groundwater systems

Freshwater ecosystems are shaped by the movement and availability of

freshwater, which is primarily driven by precipitation, runoff from the land, and
the recharge of underground aquifers.

The distribution of freshwater on Earth can be found in the following locations:

Surface Water:
Surface water refers to freshwater sources visible on the
Earth's surface, such as lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlands.
These bodies of water are crucial for various purposes,
including drinking water supply, irrigation, and supporting
aquatic ecosystems.

Groundwater:
Groundwater is freshwater that resides beneath the
Earth's surface, stored in underground aquifers. Aquifers
are porous rock layers or saturated soil layers that hold and
transmit water. They are an important source of
freshwater for drinking, agriculture, and maintaining
stream flow during dry periods..

Continue....
 Ice and Snow:
Large quantities of freshwater are stored in ice caps, glaciers, and
permanent snowfields. These frozen reservoirs contain the
majority of the Earth's freshwater. Polar ice caps, such as those in
Antarctica and Greenland, hold vast amounts of freshwater in the
form of ice.

Wetlands:
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil or is present
near the surface for varying periods of time. They include
marshes, swamps, bogs, and floodplains. Wetlands are
essential for maintaining water quality, regulating water
flow, and supporting a wide range of plant and animal
species.

Atmospheric Water:
The atmosphere also contains a small amount of freshwater in
the form of water vapor, clouds, and precipitation. This includes
rain, snow, hail, and fog. Atmospheric water plays a role in the
hydrological cycle, contributing to the replenishment of
freshwater sources on Earth.

Source

www.aslo.org
 THE USE OF FRESHWATER

Europe water use

www.eea.europa.eu

Most of the world's water, about 69%, is used for agriculture, primarily for growing
crops and raising livestock. Industries consume 19% of the water for manufacturing and
production processes. Municipalities, which include households and cities, use 12% of
the water for drinking, sanitation, and everyday needs. The remaining water is stored in
reservoirs, serving purposes like water storage and flood control. This distribution
highlights the varied demands for water across sectors and the importance of
managing water efficiently and sustainably.
CHALLENGE IN FRESHWATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

There are several challenges and problems associated with effectively utilizing and
benefiting from freshwater resources. Some of these include:

Unequal Distribution: The distribution of freshwater resources is often uneven, both

geographically and within communities. Some areas may have abundant
freshwater resources, while others may suffer from water scarcity or limited access
to safe drinking water. This inequality can lead to social and economic disparities
and exacerbate existing inequalities within and between regions.

Source

www.fao.org
Continue....
CHALLENGE IN FRESHWATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Water Scarcity: Many regions around the world face water scarcity, where the demand
for water exceeds the available supply. Population growth, urbanization, and increased
water consumption from various sectors, including agriculture and industry, contribute
to water scarcity. Insufficient access to freshwater resources poses significant challenges
for meeting basic human needs and supporting economic development.

www.eea.europa.eu

Continue....
CHALLENGE IN FRESHWATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Water Pollution: Pollution from industrial activities, agricultural runoff, improper waste
disposal, and inadequate wastewater treatment contribute to water pollution.
Contaminated water sources pose health risks, harm ecosystems, and limit the
usability of freshwater resources for various purposes. Ensuring water quality and
addressing pollution are critical for sustainable water resource management.

Climate Change Impacts: Climate change exacerbates water-related challenges.

Changes in precipitation patterns, increased frequency and intensity of droughts and
floods, and rising temperatures impact the availability, quality, and reliability of
freshwater resources. Adapting to climate change and implementing resilient water
management strategies are necessary to mitigate these impacts.

Environmental Degradation: Unsustainable water management practices can lead to

environmental degradation. Altering natural river flows, excessive water extraction,
and habitat destruction associated with water infrastructure projects can negatively
impact ecosystems and biodiversity. Balancing water resource development with
environmental conservation is crucial for maintaining ecological integrity.

Lack of Infrastructure and Investment: Inadequate infrastructure, including water

storage and distribution systems, can hinder the effective utilization of freshwater
resources. Insufficient investment in water infrastructure, particularly in developing
regions, leads to limited access to safe drinking water and inadequate water supply for
agriculture and industries.
 Marine system &
03 resources

Approximately 2.5% of the Earth's

water is freshwater, while the
remaining 97.5% is saltwater found
in oceans and seas.

Marine systems are characterized by high salinity, with an average salinity of

about 3.5%. This salinity level is due to the dissolved salts, primarily sodium
chloride (common table salt), present in seawater. Salinity affects the physical
properties of water, such as density, buoyancy, and freezing point.

Marine systems play a crucial role in oxygen production and carbon

sequestration. Through photosynthesis, marine plants, particularly
phytoplankton, produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen and help regulate
the planet's climate by absorbing carbon dioxide.

The distribution of marine systems encompasses saltwater environments such as

oceans, seas, and estuaries.

Deep Sea and Open Ocean: Marine systems extend from the shallow coastal
areas to the deep sea and open ocean. The deep sea, which encompasses vast
depths and extreme conditions, is home to unique and often poorly understood
organisms that have adapted to high pressure, darkness, and cold
temperatures. The open ocean, characterized by expansive water masses, is vital
for global circulation, nutrient cycling, and supporting pelagic species..

Coastal Ecosystems: Marine systems include coastal ecosystems, such as

mangroves, salt marshes, seagrass beds, and coral reefs. These ecosystems are
highly productive and provide important habitats, breeding grounds, and
nursery areas for numerous marine species. Coastal ecosystems also serve as
buffers against storm surges and erosion, and they support local economies
through tourism and fisheries.
 CHALLENGE IN MARINE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Habitat Destruction: Human activities, such as bottom trawling, coastal development,

and pollution, can cause habitat destruction in marine ecosystems. Destruction of coral
reefs, seagrass beds, and mangroves, which serve as critical habitats and nurseries for
many marine species, can lead to biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation.
Protecting and restoring marine habitats is crucial for maintaining ecosystem health
and supporting sustainable resource utilization.

Pollution and Marine Debris: Pollution, including chemical contaminants, oil spills, and
marine debris (plastics, metals, and other waste), poses a significant threat to marine
ecosystems. It can harm marine life, degrade water quality, and disrupt ecological
processes. Effective waste management, reducing plastic consumption, and
implementing stricter regulations on pollutant discharge are necessary to reduce
pollution and protect marine resources.

Environmental Degradation: Unsustainable water management practices can lead to

environmental degradation. Altering natural river flows, excessive water extraction,
and habitat destruction associated with water infrastructure projects can negatively
impact ecosystems and biodiversity. Balancing water resource development with
environmental conservation is crucial for maintaining ecological integrity.

Climate Change Impacts: Climate change has profound effects on marine ecosystems.
Rising sea temperatures, ocean acidification, sea-level rise, and altered ocean currents
can impact the distribution of species, disrupt food webs, and cause coral bleaching
events. Adapting to climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are
crucial for safeguarding marine resources and ecosystems.

Overfishing and Depletion: Overfishing is a significant challenge in marine resource

utilization. Unsustainable fishing practices, including excessive catch, illegal fishing,
and destructive fishing methods, can deplete fish stocks and disrupt marine
ecosystems. Proper fisheries management, including implementing fishing quotas,
promoting sustainable fishing practices, and combating illegal fishing, is essential for
ensuring the long-term viability of marine fisheries.

Continue....
 CHALLENGE IN MARINE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Unsustainable Aquaculture: Aquaculture, or fish farming, is an important source of

seafood but can pose challenges if not managed sustainably. Issues such as habitat
degradation, excessive use of antibiotics and chemicals, escape of farmed species, and
impacts on wild fish populations need to be addressed to ensure the sustainability of
aquaculture practices.

Lack of Integrated Management: Integrated and ecosystem-based management

approaches are necessary for effective marine resource utilization. Often, there is a lack
of coordination among different sectors and stakeholders, leading to conflicts and
unsustainable practices. Implementing holistic management strategies that consider
ecological, economic, and social aspects is essential for sustainable use of marine
resources.

Governance and Illegal Activities: Weak governance and lack of enforcement can
enable illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing activities, piracy, and other
illicit practices in marine resource utilization. Strengthening governance frameworks,
improving surveillance and monitoring, and enhancing international cooperation are
crucial for combating illegal activities and ensuring sustainable resource
management.

Limited Access to Benefits: Coastal communities, especially in developing countries,

may have limited access to the benefits derived from marine resources. Unequal
distribution of resources, lack of access to markets, and inadequate representation of
local communities in decision-making processes can result in social and economic
disparities. Promoting inclusive and equitable approaches that empower local
communities and promote their sustainable livelihoods is important.
 04 Mini-Test
To challenge your understanding
and your analisys competence lets
do this mini test. Work individually
MINI TEST

What is the primary characteristic of marine ecosystems?

a) High salinity
b) Abundant freshwater supply
c) Low biodiversity
d) Extreme temperature variations

Which sector utilizes the highest percentage of freshwater

resources globally?
a) Agriculture
b) Industries
c) Municipalities
d) Reservoirs

What is the main function of dams in freshwater ecosystems?

a) Flood control
b) Hydropower generation
c) Irrigation support
d) All of the above

What is the primary challenge associated with overfishing?

a) Depletion of fish stocks
b) Pollution of marine ecosystems
c) Destruction of coral reefs
d) Rising sea temperatures

Which of the following is a characteristic of freshwater

ecosystems?
a) High salinity
b) Dominance of marine species
c) Low oxygen levels
d) Abundance of phytoplankton

What percentage of the Earth's water is freshwater?

a) 71%
b) 50%
Continue....

c) 3%
d) 0.5%
 Which of the following is a major threat to marine ecosystems?
a) Overfishing
b) Water scarcity
c) Deforestation
d) Air pollution

What is the primary source of oxygen production in marine systems?

a) Marine mammals
b) Coral reefs
c) Phytoplankton
d) Seagrass beds

What is the main challenge associated with climate change in marine

ecosystems?
a) Rising sea levels
b) Increased freshwater availability
c) Decreased salinity levels
d) Reduced biodiversity

What is the primary purpose of reservoirs in freshwater management?

a) Water storage
b) Flood control
c) Recreation activities
d) Saltwater desalination

What are the primary factors contributing to water scarcity in freshwater

ecosystems?
a) High evaporation rates and low precipitation
b) Excessive water extraction and population growth
c) Pollution and climate change impacts
d) Inefficient water management and limited infrastructure

How does overfishing affect marine ecosystems beyond fish stock depletion?
a) Disruption of food chains and trophic interactions
b) Decreased water salinity and oxygen levels
c) Increased sedimentation and coastal erosion
d) Enhanced coral reef growth and biodiversity

Compare and contrast the characteristics of freshwater and marine ecosystems in

terms of biodiversity.
a) Freshwater ecosystems exhibit higher biodiversity due to greater resource
availability.
b) Marine ecosystems have higher biodiversity due to stable temperature
Continue....

conditions.
c) Both freshwater and marine ecosystems show comparable biodiversity
patterns.
d) Marine ecosystems have lower biodiversity due to limited primary productivity.
Analyze the impact of climate change on coral reefs and the subsequent
consequences for marine biodiversity.
a) Coral reefs benefit from increased sea temperatures and exhibit higher
biodiversity.
b) Coral bleaching events lead to a decline in coral reef biodiversity.
c) Rising sea levels promote coral reef growth and enhance biodiversity.
d) Ocean acidification has no significant impact on coral reef biodiversity.

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of aquaculture as a means of

seafood production.
a) Aquaculture reduces pressure on wild fish populations but can lead to habitat
destruction.
b) Aquaculture is environmentally friendly and eliminates the need for wild fish
harvesting.
c) Aquaculture has no negative impacts on water quality and coastal
ecosystems.
d) Aquaculture is economically efficient but poses health risks to consumers.

Analyze the role of ocean currents in the distribution of marine organisms and
nutrient cycling.
a) Ocean currents hinder nutrient transport and restrict species distribution.
b) Ocean currents promote mixing of nutrients and equal distribution of marine
organisms.
c) Ocean currents have no impact on nutrient cycling and species dispersal.
d) Ocean currents facilitate the transport of nutrients and influence species
distribution patterns.

Assess the impacts of pollution on marine ecosystems and the steps that can be
taken to mitigate them.
a) Pollution enhances biodiversity and promotes ecosystem resilience.
b) Pollution leads to the decline of marine species and disrupts ecosystem
functioning.
c) Pollution has no long-term effects on marine ecosystems.
d) Pollution can be completely eliminated through natural bioremediation
processes.

Evaluate the governance mechanisms and international cooperation required for

effective marine resource management.
a) Weak governance and limited international cooperation are sufficient for
successful management.
b) Effective governance and international collaboration are essential for
sustainable resource management.
c) Governance mechanisms have no influence on marine resource management
outcomes.
d) International cooperation is unnecessary as marine resources are confined
within national boundaries.
 05 Analysis Challenges

Analysis challenge 1
watch this video clip, take note and
summarize the information
MINI TEST

Insert a task or question

Generate opinion whether you agree or

disagree to the video clip content
Explain the reason
 Analysis challenge 2
watch this video clip, take note and
summarize the information
MINI TEST

Generate opinion whether you agree or

disagree to the video clip content
Explain the reason
Relate your reason to your previous opinion
from the previous video clip