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Dsitribution Shapes

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16 views24 pages

Dsitribution Shapes

Uploaded by

wahab asghar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2

Distribution Shapes
1. Bell-Shaped Distribution
A bell-shaped distribution has a single peak and tapers off at either end. It is
approximately symmetric; i.e., it is roughly the same on both sides of a line
running through the center.
3

Distribution Shapes
2. Uniform Distribution
A uniform distribution is basically flat or rectangular.
4

Distribution Shapes
3. J-Shaped Distribution
A J-shaped distribution has a few data values on the left side and increases
as one moves to the right. A reverse J-shaped distribution is the opposite of
the J-shaped distribution.
5

Distribution Shapes
4. Positively or Right-Skewed Shaped
When the peak of a distribution is to the left and the data values taper off to
the right, a distribution is said to be positively or right-skewed.
6

Distribution Shapes
5. Negatively or left-Skewed Shaped
When the peak of a distribution is to the right and the data values taper off to
the left, a distribution is said to be negatively or left-skewed.
7

Distribution Shapes
6. Bimodal
Distributions with one peak, are said to be unimodal. (The highest peak of a
distribution indicates where the mode of the data values is. The mode is the
data value that occurs more often than any other data value. When a
distribution has two peaks of the same height, it is said to be bimodal.
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Distribution Shapes
6. U-Shaped Distribution
When the peaks of a distribution is on the extreme right and extreme left and
the data values taper off towards mid point of the distribution, then this
distribution is said to be U-shaped distribution.
9

Other Type of Graphs


1. Bar Graphs
When the data are qualitative or categorical, bar graphs can be used to
represent the data. A bar graph can be drawn using either horizontal or
vertical bars.
10

Other Type of Graphs


The table shows the average money spent by first-year college students.
Draw a horizontal and vertical bar graph for the data.
Electronics $728
Dorm decor 344
Clothing 141
Shoes 72
11

Other Type of Graphs


2.Pareto Charts
When the variable displayed on the horizontal axis is qualitative or
categorical, a Pareto chart can also be used to represent the data.
12

Other Type of Graphs


The data shown here consist of the number of homeless people for a sample
of selected cities. Construct a Pareto chart for the data.
City Number
Atlanta 6832
Chicago 6680
Washington 5518
Baltimore 2904
St. Louis 1485
13

Other Type of Graphs


3.The Time Series Graph
When data are collected over a period of time, they can be represented by a
time series graph.
14

Other Type of Graphs


Compound Time Series Graph
Two or more data sets can be compared on the same graph called a
compound time series graph if two or more lines are used.
15

Other Type of Graphs


The number of homicides that occurred in the workplace for the years 2003
to 2008 is shown. Draw a time series graph for the data.
Year
Number 632 559 567 540 628 517
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Other Type of Graphs


4. The Pie Graph
Pie graphs are used extensively in statistics. The purpose of the pie graph is
to show the relationship of the parts to the whole by visually comparing the
sizes of the sections. Percentages or proportions can be used. The variable is
nominal or categorical.
17

Other Type of Graphs


This frequency distribution shows the number of pounds of each snack food eaten
during the Super Bowl. Construct a pie graph for the data.
Snack Pounds (frequency)
Potato chips 11.2 million = =
Tortilla chips 8.2 million = =
Pretzels 4.3 million = =
Popcorn 3.8 million = =
Snack nuts 2.5 million = =

Total n 30.0 million


18

Stem and Leaf Plots


The stem and leaf plot is a method of organizing data and is a combination of sorting and
graphing. It has the advantage over a grouped frequency distribution of retaining the actual
data while showing them in graphical form.

Example: At an outpatient testing center, the number of cardiograms performed each day
for 20 days is shown. Construct a stem and leaf plot for the data.
25 31 20 32 13
14 43 02 57 23
36 32 33 32 44
32 52 44 51 45

Separate the data according to the first digit.


02 13, 14 20, 23, 25 31, 32, 32, 32, 32, 33, 36
43, 44, 44, 45 51, 52, 57
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Stem and Leaf Plots


02 13, 14 20, 23, 25 31, 32, 32, 32, 32, 33, 36
43, 44, 44, 45 51, 52, 57
20

Stem and Leaf Plots


An insurance company researcher conducted a survey on the number of car thefts in
a large city for a period of 30 days last summer. The raw data are shown. Construct a
stem and leaf plot by using classes 50 54, 55 59, 60 64, 65 69, 70 74, and 75 79.
52 62 51 50 69
58 77 66 53 57
75 56 55 67 73
79 59 68 65 72
57 51 63 69 75
65 53 78 66 55
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Stem and Leaf Plots


Separate the data according to the classes.
50, 51, 51, 52, 53, 53 55, 55, 56, 57, 57, 58, 59 62, 63
65, 65, 66, 66, 67, 68, 69, 69 72, 73 75, 75, 77, 78, 79
22

Stem and Leaf Plots


23

Back-to-Back Stem and Leaf Plots


The number of stories in two selected samples of tall buildings in Atlanta and
Philadelphia is shown. Construct a back-to-back stem and leaf plot, and compare the
distributions.
Atlanta Philadelphia
55 70 44 36 40 61 40 38 32 30
63 40 44 34 38 58 40 40 25 30
60 47 52 32 32 54 40 36 30 30
50 53 32 28 31 53 39 36 34 33
52 32 34 32 50 50 38 36 39 32
26 29
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Back-to-Back Stem and Leaf Plots


Step 1: Arrange the data for both data sets in order.
Step 2: Construct a stem and leaf plot using the same digits as stems. Place the digits
for the leaves for Atlanta on the left side of the stem and the digits for the leaves for
Philadelphia on the right side,
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Dot Plot
A dot plot is used to represent any data in the form of dots or small circles. It is
similar to a simplified histogram or a bar graph as the height of the bar formed with
dots represents the numerical value of each variable. Dot plots are used to represent
small amounts of data. For example, a dot plot can be used to collect the vaccination
report of newborns in an area, which is represented in the following table.

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