ABSTRACT

Each heartbeat provides a QRS complex in the electrocardiogram (ECG) which is

centered at the R-peak. The analysis of ECG is hindered by low-frequency noise, high frequency
noise, interference from P and T waves, and changes in QRS morphology. Detection of the QRS
complex is the most important step in analyzing ECG signals for heart monitoring and diagnosis.
ECG analysis mainly includes signal denoising, wave detection, and heartbeat classification.
These three issues are relevant that the signal denoising can help attenuate the noises. This
proposed system presents a new peak detection algorithm that can suppress the noise and adapt
to changes in ECG signal morphology for better detection performance. The proposed algorithm
is based on wavelet algorithm and it is compared with existing algorithm statistical false peak
elimination (SFPE) with median and moving average filters. Wavelet is efficient for analyzing
non stationary signals like ECG signals for signal denoising, wave detection and heart beat
classification.
CONTENTS PAGE No.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 : Existing System 2
1.2 : Proposed System 3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY 4
2.1 : Introduction 4
2.2 : Block Diagram 5
2.2.1 : Pre-Processing 6
2.2.1.1 : ECG Signal 6
2.2.1.2 : Median Filter 6
2.2.1.3 : Moving Average Filter 6
2.2.2 : Peak Detection 7
2.2.2.1 : Segmentation 7
2.2.2.2 : False Peak Elimination 8
2.2.3 : Post-Processing 9
2.2.3.1 : Peak Elimination Due to Overlapping 9
2.3 : Fundamental Steps In Digital Image Processing 9
2.4 : Applicatons and Usage 15
2.5 : Applications of Digital Image Processing 15
2.6 : Introduction to MATLAB 16
2.6.1 : The MATLAB System 17
2.6.2 : Basic Building Blocks of MATLAB 18
2.6.3 : MATLAB Files 20
2.7 : MATLAB Application Program Interface 21
CHAPTER 3: WORKING PRINCIPLE 25
3.1: Block diagram 25
CHAPTER 4: TESTS AND RESULTS 29
CHAPTER 5: ADVANTAGES, LIMITATIONS & APPLICATIONS 32
5.1 : Advantages 32
5.2 : Limitations 32
5.3 : Applications 32
CONCLUSION 33
FUTURE SCOPE 34
REFERENCE 35
APPENDIX 36
List of figures PAGE No.

Fig.1.1: ECG Graph 3

Fig.2.1: Block Diagram of Existing System 5
Fig.2.2: Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing 12
Fig.2.3: Electromagnetic Spectrum 14
Fig.2.4: MATLAB Logo 16
Fig.2.5: Graphical User Interface 22
Fig.2.6: Input ECG Signal 23
Fig.2.7: SER Value by SFPE for ECG 23
Fig.2.8: SER Value by Wavelet Method ECG 24
Fig.3.1: Block Diagram of Proposed System 25
Fig.3.2: ECG Signal 26
Fig.3.3: ECG Segmentation 27
Fig.4.1: ECG Signal Denoising 29
Fig.4.2: Sample-1 & Sample-2 Signals 30
Fig.4.3: SER with False Peak Method 30
Fig.4.4: SER with Overlap Method 31
Fig.4.5: SER with Wavelet Method 31
A NOVEL METHOD OF QRS DETECTION

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
The public health problems caused by cardiovascular disease are enormous.
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability in the United States and a
primary cause of acute hospital bed days and physician visits. The assessment of cardiovascular
disease-related risk factors has been a central component of the NHANES. Data describing rates
of morbidity and disability related to cardiovascular disease have provided important information
to researchers, health providers and policymakers from the public and private sectors of the
health field. Data for the cardiovascular disease component for NHANES III will be collected
by various methods. The electrocardiogram for NHANES III is a standard 12-lead
electrocardiogram.

All adult sampled persons ages 40 and older are administered a resting electrocardiogram
(ECG) as a routine component of their physical examination in the MEC. The collection of
electrocardiogram data in the NHANES III will provide a description of the age and sex-specific
rates of ECG abnormalities in this nationally representative sample. Descriptions of national
trends in age and sex- specific ECG abnormalities will also be provided. Collection of
electrocardiogram data facilitates the conduct of longitudinal analyses to examine the
relationship of specific ECG abnormalities to subsequent events of cardiovascular disease. In
addition, data from NHANES III provide a uniqueopportunity to understand ECG abnormalities
in high risk groups which could enhance future cardiovascular disease detection and prevention
efforts.
The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a non-invasive test for the heart which is conducted by
placing electrodes on the chest to record the electrical activity of the heart. It contains P waves,
QRS complexes, and T waves. ECG signal contains the QRS complex at its center. The signal
obtained from an individual has large amounts of noise components which makes the R-peak
detection very challenging. R-peaks areprominent features in the ECG signal, however, due to
noise, they are quite often suppressed and cannot be detected properly without removing the
noise contaminatingthe sample.
Compared to the clean signal case, the first IMF of the noisy signal contains strong noise
components. The oscillatory patterns of the QRS complex become more apparent starting from

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the second IMF. An analysis of EMD on clean and noisy ECG indicates that it is possible to
filter the noise and at the same time preserve the QRS complex by temporal processing in the
EMD domain. Multiple evaluations show these characteristics for all EMD decompositions of
ECG signals.
The following four steps constitute the denoising procedure:

1. Delineate and separate the QRS complex.

2. Use proper windowing to preserve the QRS complex.

3. Use statistical tests to determine the number of IMFs contributing to the noise.

4. Filter the noise by partial reconstruction.

1.1 Existing system

A novel method of QRS detection using a simple statistical analysis of the ECG signal has
been presented. Median filtering, moving average filtering, segmentation, statistical false peak
elimination are considered for effective detection of QRS complexes. The number of segments
selected for each record has been varied automatically over the course of two distinct databases.
It has been seen that the use of median filters could minimize the P and T waves, and the
baseline wander. Dividing the record into multiple segments resulted in low processing time and
better accuracy.
Furthermore, statistically eliminating false peaks, identified very few false positives and
therefore have shown better positive predictivity. Similarly, the search back stage was able to
identify missing low amplitude peaks by considering the standard deviations of each segment in
a record. Simulations have shown better performance. Sources of noise are power-line interface,
electrode contact noise, contraction of muscles, noise produced from electronic devices and
external electrical interference such as recording systems, baseline wander, and bodily sounds
such as breathing, stomach or bowels sounds. All these unwanted artifacts make the detection of
R-peaks quite challenging to date. These noise components are reduced by using the different
filtering techniques and to find the true R-peaks in the signal. The combination of signal
information and the noises constitute raw ECG signal. The noise produced due to the muscle
activity is called electromyographic (EMG) noise.

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1.2 Proposed system

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a non-invasive test for the heart which is conducted by
placing electrodes on the chest to record the electrical activity of the heart. It contains P waves,
QRS complex and T waves. R peaks are prominent features in the ECG signal. The signal
obtained has large amounts of noise components which makes the R-peak detection very
challenging.

Due to noise, they are quite often suppressed and cannot be detected properly without
removing the noise contaminating the sample. The Haar wavelet transform is a popular signal
processing algorithm that is frequently used in electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis. It is a type of
discrete wavelet transform that can be used to decompose a signal into a set of wavelet
coefficients at different scales and locations.

In ECG analysis, the Haar wavelet transform can be used to identify importantfeatures of
the ECG signal, such as the QRS complex, the P wave, and the T wave. These features can be
used to diagnose various cardiac conditions, such as arrhythmias, ischemia, and infarction. The
ECG waveform consists of several waves and segments, each of which represents a different
aspect of the heart’s electrical activity. The P wave represents the electrical activity that occurs
when the atria contact. The QRS complex represents the electrical activity that occurs when the
ventricles contract. The T wave represents the electrical activity that occurs when the ventricles
relax and recharge.

Fig.1.1: ECG Graph

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Introduction

The features of ECG signal obtained in time domain is not sufficient for analyzing the
ECG signal as the signal is non-stationary, the time-frequency representation can be used for
feature extraction. The Short Time Fourier Transform can be used but its time frequency
precision is not optimal. In this project, it is able to implement the ideology proposed to
overcome the problem among various time frequency transformation.
The combination of signal information and the noises constitute raw ECG signal. The noise
produced due to the muscle activity is called electromyographic (EMG) noise. This is one of the
complex types of noise where linear filtering cannot be used, because it leads to cropping some
of the significant peaks present in the signal i.e., QRS complex and also leads to widening of
peaks.
In wavelet-based filtering approach it preserves some of the additive components of the
QRS complexes in highest bands of decomposition, this is one of the important features of the
wavelet transform. In nonlinear filtering approach reversible WT is used to estimate the level of
noise present in particular decomposition bands. The Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is used
which gives effective results for non- stationary signals like ECG signal which may be often
contaminated.
The combinationof Savitzky-Golay filtering and DWT can be used for ECG denoising and
feature extraction which has the advantage of preserving the important feature by elimination the
noise components. A hybrid approach is taken between context based filtering andcollaborative
filtering to implement the system. The processing consists of removing wideband noise, baseline
wander noise and power line interference noise by using the Discrete Wavelet Transform
(DWT).
This peak detection algorithm that can suppress the noise and adapt to changes in ECG
signal morphology for better detection performance. This algorithm is based on median and
moving average (MA) filtering, segmentation, time and amplitude thresholds, and statistical false
peak elimination (SFPE).

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2.2 Block diagram

Fig.2.1: Block diagram of Existing system

The existing method is formulated using three different stages. The first stage is Pre-
processing stage to filter out the unwanted noise and artifacts and minimize the effects of P and
T waves. The function of the second stage is to break down the ECG record into smaller
segments and to perform peak detection on each of those segments, separately. It is called as
peak detection.
Each record is divided into equal segments of maximum 25000 samples per segment and an
amplitude axis threshold is used to eliminate very low amplitude peaks. The mean of the
difference between adjacent peaks is now calculated and used as a time axis threshold to
eliminate any peaks resulting from any residue of high frequency noise. Lastly, the post-
processing stage is used to link together the smaller segments in the order of their original

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structure, to cancel any repeated peaks resulting from one peak detected twice at the edge of
adjoint segments.A search back sub-stage is finally used to detect any missed peaks by learning
from the R-R difference throughout the entire ECG record.

2.2.1 Pre-processing
This stage contains two steps to suppress noise and other artifacts in the ECG signal. It is
constructed out of two median filters and a moving average filter of 20 samples.
2.2.1.1 ECG Signal
It is a graphical record of bioelectrical signal generated by human body during cardiac
cycle. It is the input signal. It is given to the median filter block as it is required to remove the
noise from the signal. It contains P waves, QRS complexes, and T waves. An ECG signal
contains the QRS complex at its center. The signal obtained from an individual has large
amounts of noise components which makes the R-peak detection very challenging. R-peaks are
prominent features in the ECG signal,however due to noise, they are quite often suppressed and
cannot be detected properlywithout removing the noise contaminating the sample.
2.2.1.2 Median Filter
This stage starts with processing the entire signal with two median filters with a window
size of the second filter being twice that of the first filter. The window sizescan be selected to be
either, 50 ms and 100 ms or 100 ms and 200 ms, respectively. This is because P waves occur
between 50 to 100 ms before the QRS complex and T waves occur between 50 to 100 ms after
the QRS complex. Combining these two median filters in cascade not only diminishes the P and
T waves but also eliminates the baseline wander. Any other low-frequency noise that might be
in the record will also be minimized if not being fully eliminated.
2.2.1.3 Moving Average Filter
A moving average (MA) filter is employed to suppress the high-frequency noises in the
ECG record. Conventional methods use a variety of filters for this purpose. However, using FIR
band-pass filters can reduce the peak information significantly. The function of the second stage
is to break down the ECG record into smaller segments and to perform peak detection on each of
those segments, separately. It is called as peak detection maximum 25000 samples To avoid
this, a moving average (MA) filter of 20 samples is utilized. The filter reads 10 samples to the
left of the designated sample and 9 samples to the right and calculates the average of these 20

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samples to replace it at the position of the designated sample. A MA filter is a low-pass filter that
is better at reducing high frequency noise and interference. The MA filter of 20 samples or 55 ms
is used to remove frequencies above 18 Hz. This reduces the EMG and other high-frequency
noises significantly without distorting the QRS peak. The EMG signal falls between 20 to 200
Hz range and so if a cut off frequency of 18 Hz is used then the EMG signal is completely
eliminated. The filter also provides a smooth envelope for the ECG signal which makes the R-
peaks prominent. The absolute value of each of the samples is then found to account for
premature ventricular contraction (PVC) which lay below the x-axis for most signals. PVCs are
extra beats produced by the ventricles of the heart that interferes with the rhythm of the heart.
They are the main reason for the heart to initiate ventricular flutter or to skip a beat. The
detection of the PVCs is very important as by looking at their negative amplitudes, doctors can
predict the abnormality of the sequence of heartbeats and therefore, diagnose a disease properly.
In our algorithm, the PVCs are also considered as beats replacing R-peaks when the heart
struggles to beat properly.
2.2.2 Peak Detection

This stage consists of two steps segmentation and false peak elimination. This stage is
used to detect the true R-peaks and to eliminate false peaks in the signal. The ECG signal is
divided into smaller segments depending on how many samples it consists of and each segment
is processed separately to detect peaks.
2.2.2.1 Segmentation

After preprocessing is done, the record is now divided into segments of M samples each.
This can vary according to the length of the record but for better accuracy and low processing
time, the number of samples should not be more than 25000. The notion is to process smaller
segments to better adapt to the change in morphology of the ECG signal. To make the division of
samples automatic, the algorithm is initialized with R = [2, 6, 20, 26, 40, 60, 72, 74], where R
is the numberof total segments to be produced. If the length of the record is equal to 50000 or
less, then the number of segments chosen is 2 from vector R. Similarly, for records with sample
numbers less than or equal to 150000, 500000, 650000, 1000000, 1500000,1800000, and
1850000, the number of segments selected would be 6, 20, 26, 40, 60, 72, and 74, respectively.
.A search back sub-stage is finally used to detect any missed peaks

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2.2.2.2 False Peak Elimination due to High Frequency

In this step, each segment is processed individually. First, a fiducial mark vector, W is
created which is a vector consisting of all the local peaks in the segment with a minimum peak
separation of 200 ms between peaks. Once this is done, theaverage amplitude A, of all these

peaks is calculated using the formula

Where,

Q is the number of total peaks.

W(n) is the weight of the vector at position n.n is the position of the peaks in vector W.
Now, the segment is again processed to detect all the possible peaks with a minimum peak-
to-peak interval of 320 ms and an amplitude threshold of C. It is found that C is a value
proportional to A and lies between 70% and 125% of the valueof A. This is due to the fact that
the algorithm depends on learning the peak-to-peak intervals and a huge number of false peaks in
the initial detection can downgrade the peak detection operation. So, to minimize false detections
from the beginning to achieve better results. Once all the local peaks above the amplitude
threshold C is found, it is time to select the true positives and eliminate any peak resulting from
highfrequency noises.
Let the vector ‘L’ D [L(1), L(2), L(3), . . . , L(N)] represents all the locationsof peaks in
the segment and let the vector ‘P’ D [P(1); P(2), P(3), . . . , P(N)] represents all the peak values
and let N be the number of values in vectors L and P.
Next, let a third vector ‘D’ D [D(1), D(2), D(3), . . . , D(N+1)] be formed, that contains all
the peak-to-peak intervals calculated from vector L, such that D(n) recalling that n is the position
of the values in each vector.

Now, the average proportional value, G of the mean of the values in vector Dis formulated
using the equation,

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Where, k is a constant of 0.8 for low morphological change and 0.5 for high changes, and n
is the position of the peak values and peak locations in P and L respectively. It is important to
note that there is a minimum interval of 320 ms between peaks because it is hard to achieve a
beat rate of over 200 beats/minute. This is because a normal person can only achieve a minimum
beat rate of 60 beats/minute when awake.
2.2.3 Post-processing:
The post-processing stage has two steps which are false peak elimination due to overlapping
and search back to detect any missed peaks. This stage is important because when the ECG
record is divided into segments, there could be a peak at the end or beginning of each adjacent
segment that might be detected twice. Also, because some of the records are inconsistent in
terms of amplitude (i.e., amplitudes that might be too high for one part of the record and too low
for another part) it is essential to pass these records through the post-processing stage to
maximize true detection and minimize false positives.
2.2.3.1 Peak Elimination due to Overlapping:
This stage is important because when the ECG record is divided into segments, there could
be a peak at the end or beginning of each adjacent segment that might be detected twice. Also,
because some of the records are inconsistent in termsof amplitude it is essential to pass these
records through the post-processing stage to maximize true detection and minimize false
positives. The full record is processed at atime using this threshold. If an instantaneous peak-to-
peak difference is less than H then it is regarded as a repeated peak and this peak will be
eliminated. Thus, any peak detected twice is now detected only once and so the number of false
positives will be reduced further.
2.3 Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
1. Image Acquisition

Image acquisition is the first process shown in Fig.2. Note that acquisition could be as
simple as being given an image that is already in digital form. Generally, the image acquisition

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stage involves pre-processing, such as scaling.

2. Image Enhancement

Image enhancement is among the simplest and most appealing areas of digital image
processing. Basically, the idea behind enhancement techniques is to bring out detail that is
obscured, or simply to highlight certain features of interest in an image. A familiar example of
enhancement is when we increase the contrast of an image because “it looks better.” It is
important to keep in mind that enhancement is a very subjective area of image processing.

3. Image Restoration

Image restoration is an area that also deals with improving the appearance of an image.
However, unlike enhancement, which is subjective, image restoration is objective, in the sense
that restoration techniques tend to be based on mathematical or probabilistic models of image
degradation. Enhancement, on the other hand, is based on human subjective preferences
regarding what constitutes a “good” enhancement result.

4. Color Image Processing

Color image processing is an area that has been gaining in importance because of the
significant increase in the use of digital images over the Internet. The pixels surrounding a given
pixel constitute its neighbourhood. A neighbourhood can be characterized by its shape in the
same way as a matrix: we can speak of a neighbourhood. Except in very special circumstances,
neighbourhood have odd numbers of rows and columns; this ensures that the current pixel is in
the center of the neighbourhood. Generally, the image acquisition stage involves pre-processing,
such as scaling. Image enhancement is among the simplest andmost appealing areas of digital
image processing. We may assume that in such an image brightness value can be any real
numbers in the range (black) (white). A digital image can be considered as a large array of
discrete dots, each of which has a brightness associated with it.

5. Wavelets and Multi-resolution Processing

Wavelets are the foundation for representing images in various degrees of resolution.
Compression, as the name implies, deals with techniques for reducing the storage required to

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save an image, or the bandwidth required to transmit it. Although storage technology has
improved significantly over the past decade, the same cannot be said for transmission capacity.
This is true particularly in uses of the Internet, which are characterized by significant pictorial
content.

6. Image Compression

Image compression is familiar (perhaps in advertently) to most users of computers in the

form of image file extensions, such as the jpg file extension used in the JPEG (Joint
Photographic Experts Group) image compression standard

7. Morphological Processing

Morphological processing deals with tools for extracting image components that are
useful in the representation and description of shape.

8. Segmentation

Segmentation procedures partition an image into its constituent parts or objects. In general,
autonomous segmentation is one of the most difficult tasks in digital image processing. Arugged
segmentation procedure brings the process a long way toward successful solution of imaging
problems that require objects to be identified individually. On the other hand, weak or erratic
segmentation algorithms almost always guarantee eventual failure.

9. Representation and Description

Representation and description almost always follow the output of a segmentation stage,
which usually is raw pixel data, constituting either the boundary of a region (i.e., the set of pixels
separating one image region from another) or all the points in the region itself. In either case,
converting the data to a form suitable for computer processing is necessary. The first decision
that must be made is whether the data should be represented as a boundary or as a complete
region. Boundary representation is appropriate when the focus is on external shape
characteristics, such as corners and inflections. Regional representation is appropriate when the
focus is on internal properties, such as texture or skeletal shape. In some applications, these
representations complement each other. Choosing a representation is only part of the solution for

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transforming raw data into a form suitable for subsequent computer processing. A method must
also be specified for describing the data so that features of interest are highlighted. Description,
also called feature selection, deals with extracting attributes that result in some quantitative
information of interest or are basic for differentiating one class of objects from another.

10.Object Recognition

Recognition is the process that assigns a label (e.g., “vehicle”) to an object based on its
descriptors. We conclude our coverage of digital image processing with the development of
methods for recognition of individual objects.

Fig.2.2: Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing

Wavelets are the foundation for representing images in various degrees of resolution.
Compression, as the name implies, deals with techniques for reducing the storage required to
save an image, or the bandwidth required to transmit it. Although storage technology has
improved significantly over the past decade, the same cannot be said for transmission capacity.
This is true particularly in uses of the Internet, which are characterized by significant pictorial

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content. Image compression is familiar (perhaps inadvertently) to most users of computers in the
form of image file extensions, such as the jpg file extension used in the JPEG (Joint
Photographic Experts Group) image compression standard.
Morphological processing deals with tools for extracting image components that are useful
in the representation and description of shape. Segmentation procedures partition an image into
its constituent parts or objects. In general, autonomous segmentation is one of the most difficult
tasks in digital image processing. A rugged segmentation procedure brings the process a long
way toward successful solution of imaging problems that require objects to be identified
individually. On the other hand, weak or erratic segmentation algorithms almost always
guarantee eventual failure.
The images may be acquired in a few bands (i.e. multi-spectral image) or in hundreds of
bands (i.e. hyperspectral image). Image processing operations for both multi spectral and hyper
spectral images can therefore be either scalar image oriented, that is, each band is processed
separately as an independent image or vector image oriented, where the operations take into
account the vector nature of each pixel. Image processing can take place at several different
levels. At its most basic level, the processing enhances an image or highlights specific objects for
the analyst to view. At higher levels, processing can take on the form of automatically detecting
objects in the image and classifying them.
Representation and description almost always follow the output of a segmentation stage,
which usually is raw pixel data, constituting either the boundary of a region (i.e., the set of pixels
separating one image region from another) or all the points in the region itself. In either case,
converting the data to a form suitable for computer processing is necessary The first decision that
must be made is whether the data should be represented as a boundary or as a complete region.
Boundary representation is appropriate when the focus is on external shape characteristics, such
as corners and inflections. Regional representation is appropriate when the focus is on internal
properties, such as texture or skeletal shape. In applications, these representations complement
each other. Choosing a representation is only part of the solution for transforming raw data into a
form suitable for subsequent computer processing.
A method must also be specified for describing the data so that features of interest are
highlighted. Description, also called feature selection, deals with extracting attributes that result
in some quantitative information of interest or are basic for differentiating one class of objects

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from another. Recognition is the process that assigns a label (e.g., “vehicle”) to an object based
on its descriptors. We conclude our coverage of digital image processing with the development
of methods for recognition of individual objects.
For intelligent traffic light system, the most common technique is the use of fuzzy logic
controller. Traditionally a fixed time controller is used which has certain is advantages. They
have predefined cyclictime which schedules off-line on a central computer based on average
traffic conditions. Due to this there is wastage of time by a green light for same time on a less
congested road as compare to more congested road, so to overcome this problem, the
morphological edge detection method is proposed which is based on the measurement of the
traffic density.
In morphological edge detection method, which is image-based method will detect
vehicles through images instead of using electronic sensors. The designed system aims to
achieve the following.
• Distinguish the presence and absence of vehicles in road images

• Signal the traffic light to go red if the road is empty

The current mode of image capture in remote sensing of the earth by aircraft or satellite-based
sensors is in digital form. The pixels correspond to localized spatial information while the
quantization levels in each spectral band correspond to the quantized radiometric measurements.

Fig.2.3: Electromagnetic Spectrum

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2.4 Applications and Usage

Since digital image processing has very wide applications and almost all of the technical
fields are impacted by DIP, we will just discuss some of the major applications of DIP. Digital
Image processing is not just limited to adjust the spatial resolution of the everyday images
captured by the camera. It is not just limited to increase the brightness of the photo, etc. Rather it
is far more than that.
Electromagnetic waves can be thought of as stream of particles, where each particle is
moving with the speed of light. Each particle contains a bundle of energy. This bundle of energy
is called a photon. Visible spectrum mainly includes seven different colours that are commonly
term as VIBGOYR.
VIBGOYR stands for violet, indigo, blue, green, orange, yellow and Red. But that does
not nullify the existence of other stuff in the spectrum. Our human eye can only see the
visible portion; in which we saw all the objects. But a camera can see the other things that a
waked eye is unable to see. For example: xrays, gamma rays, etc. Hence the analysis of all that’s
tuff too is done in digital image processing. The answer lies in the fact, because that other stuff
such as X-ray has been widely used in the field of medical. The analysis of Gamma ray is
necessary because it is used widely in nuclear medicine.

2.5 Applications of Digital Image Processing:

1. Medical Imaging: Used for tasks such as image enhancement, segmentation, and diagnosis in
medical images like X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs.
2. Satellite Imaging: Analyzing and processing satellite images for applications like land-use
mapping, environmental monitoring, and disaster management.

3. Computer Vision: Enabling machines to interpret visual information for tasks like object
recognition, tracking, and scene understanding.
4. Biometrics: Face recognition, finger print analysis, and iris scanning for security and
identification purposes.
5. Robotics: Image processing aids robots in tasks like navigation, object manipulation, and
visual perception.

6. Security and Surveillance: Image processing is used for facial recognition, motion detection,

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and tracking in surveillance systems.

7. Forensics: Enhancing and analyzing images for criminal investigations, including fingerprint
and facial feature analysis.
8. Artificial Intelligence: Image recognition is crucial for training AI models, contributing to
applications such as autonomous vehicles and smart systems.
9. Augmented Reality: Integrating digital information into real-world images for applications in
gaming, education, and training
2.6 Introduction to MATLAB

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates

computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and
solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include

 Algorithm development
 Math and computation
 Data acquisition
 Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
 Scientific and engineering graphics
 Application development, including graphical user interface building

Fig.2.4: MATLAB Logo

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MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not
require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially
those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a
program in a scalar non interactive language such as C or FORTRAN.

The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to
provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects.
Today, MATLAB engines incorporate the LAPACK and BLAS libraries, embedding the state of
the art in software for matrix computation. MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with
input from many users. In university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for
introductory and advanced courses in mathematics, engineering, and science.

In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-productivity research, development,

and analysis. MATLAB features a family of add-on application-specific solutions called
toolboxes. Very important to most uses of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply
specialized technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M –
files) that extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in
which toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy
logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.

2.6.1 The MATLAB system:

The MATLAB system consists of five main parts

 Development Environment

This is the set of tools and facilities that help you use MATLAB functions and files.
Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes the MATLAB desktop and
command window, a command history, an editor and debugger, and browsers for viewing
help, the workspace, files, and the search path.

 The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library: This is a vast collection of computational

algorithms ranging from elementary functions, like sum, sine, cosine, and complex
arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix Eigen values, Bessel
functions, and fast Fourier transforms.

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 The MATLAB Language

This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions, data
structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both “programming
in the small” to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and “programming in the
large” to create large and complex application programs. In the item part MATLAB
programming and the highlight, which is to be settled, is the base need. A rate of the points of
interest from MATLAB in highlight taking care of are:

• Easy to work with; as Images are lattices

• Built in capacities for complex operations and calculations (Ex. FFT, DCT, and so forth… )

• Image transforming tool kit,

• Supports most picture configurations (.bmp, .jpg, .gif, tiff and so forth… )

MATLAB is a program that was originally designed to simplify the implementation of

numerical linear algebra routines. It has since grown into something much bigger, and it is used
to implement numerical algorithms for a wide range of applications. The basic language used is
very similar to standard linear algebra notation, but there are a few extensions that will likely
cause you some problems at first.

2.6.2 Basic Building Blocks of MATLAB

The basic building block of MATLAB is MATRIX. The fundamental data type is the
array. Vectors, scalars, real matrices and complex matrix are handled as specific class of this
basic data type. The built in functions are optimized for vector operations. No dimension
statements are required for vectors or arrays.

MATLAB Window

The MATLAB works based on five windows: Command window, Workspace window,
Current directory window, Command history window, Editor Window, Graphics window and
Online-help window.

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Command Window The command window is where the user types MATLAB commands and
expressions at the prompt (>>) and where the output of those commands is displayed. It is
opened when the application program is launched. All commands including user-written

programs are typed in this window at MATLAB prompt for execution.

Work Space Window

MATLAB defines the workspace as the set of variables that the user creates in a work
session. The workspace browser shows these variables and some information about them.
Double clicking on a variable in the workspace browser launches the Array Editor, which can be
used to obtain information.

Current Directory Window

The current Directory tab shows the contents of the current directory, whose path is
shown in the current directory window. For example, in the windows operating system the path
might be as follows: C:\MATLAB\Work, indicating that directory “work” is a subdirectory of
the main directory “MATLAB”; which is installed in drive C. Clicking on the arrow in the
current directory window shows a list of recently used paths. MATLAB uses a search path to
find M-files and other MATLAB related files. Any file run in MATLAB must reside in the
current directory or in a directory that is on search path.

Command History Window

The Command History Window contains a record of the commands a user has entered in
the command window, including both current and previous MATLAB sessions. Previously
entered MATLAB commands can be selected and re-executed from the command history
window by right clicking on a command or sequence of commands. This is useful to select
various options in addition to executing the commands and is useful feature when experimenting
with various commands in a work session.

Editor Window

The MATLAB editor is both a text editor specialized for creating M-files and a graphical
MATLAB debugger. The editor can appear in a window by itself, or it can be a sub window in
the desktop. In this window one can write, edit, create and save programs in files called M-files.

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MATLAB editor window has numerous pull-down menus for tasks such as saving,
viewing, and debugging files. Because it performs some simple checks and also uses color to
differentiate between various elements of code, this text editor is recommended as the tool of
choice for writing and editing M-functions.

Graphics or Figure Window

The output of all graphic commands typed in the command window is seen in this window.

Online Help Window

MATLAB provides online help for all it’s built in functions and programming language
constructs. The principal way to get help online is to use the MATLAB help browser, opened as
a separate window either by clicking on the question mark symbol (?) on the desktop toolbar, or
by typing help browser at the prompt in the command window. The help Browser is a web
browser integrated into the MATLAB desktop that displays a Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML) documents. The Help Browser consists of two panes, the help navigator pane, used to
find information, and the display pane, used to view the information. Self-explanatory tabs other
than navigator pane are used to perform a search.

2.6.3 MATLAB Files

MATLAB has three types of files for storing information. They are: M-files and MAT-files.

M-Files

These are standard ASCII text file with ‘m’ extension to the file name and creating own
matrices using M-files, which are text files containing MATLAB code. MATLAB editor or
another text editor is used to create a file containing the same statements which are typed at the
MATLAB command line and save the file under a name that ends in .m. There are two types of
M-files:

1. Script Files

It is an M-file with a set of MATLAB commands in it and is executed by typing name of

file on the command line. These files work on global variables currently present in that
environment.

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2. Function Files

A function file is also an M-file except that the variables in a function file are all local.
This type of files begins with a function definition line
The MATLAB System
The MATLAB system consists of five main parts:
Development Environment
This is the set of tools and facilities that help you use MATLAB functions and files. Many
of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes the MATLAB desktop and Command
Window, a command history, an editor and debugger, and browsers for viewing help, the
workspace, files, and the search path.
The MATLAB Mathematical Function
This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions
like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix
inverse, matrix eigen values, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms.
The MATLAB Language
This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions, data
structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both "programming
in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and "programming in the
large" to create complete large and complex application programs.
Graphics
MATLAB has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as graphs, as well as
annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-level functions for two-dimensional and
three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It
also includes low-level functions that allow you to fully customize the appearance of graphics
2.7 MATLAB Application Program Interface (API)
This is a library that allows you to write C and FORTRAN programs that interact with
MATLAB. It includes facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling
MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)
MATLAB’s Graphical User Interface Development Environment (GUIDE) provides a rich
set of tools for incorporating graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in M-functions. Using GUIDE, the

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processes of laying out a GUI (i.e., its buttons, pop-up menus, etc.)and programming the
operation of the GUI are divided conveniently into two easily managed and relatively
independent tasks. The resulting graphical M-function is composed of two identically named
(ignoring extensions) files:

 A file with extension .fig, called a FIG-file that contains a complete graphical description of
all the function’s GUI objects or elements and their spatial arrangement. A FIG-file contains
binary data that does not need to be parsed when he associated GUI-based M-function is
executed.

 A file with extension .m, called a GUI M-file, which contains the code that controls the GUI
operation. This file includes functions that are called when the GUI is launched and exited,
and callback functions that are executed when a user interacts with GUI objects for example,
when a button is pushed.

To launch GUIDE from the MATLAB command window, type guide filename Where filename
is the name of an existing FIG-file on the current path. If filename is omitted, GUIDE opens a
new (i.e., blank) window. A graphical user interface (GUI) is a graphical display in one or more
windows containing controls, called components that enable a user to perform interactive tasks.
The user of the GUI does not have to create a script or type commands at the command line to
accomplish the tasks. Unlike coding programs to accomplish tasks, the user of a GUI need not

understand the details of how the tasks are performed.

Fig.2.5: Graphical User Interface

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GUI components can include menus, toolbars, push buttons, radio buttons, list boxes, and
sliders just to name a few. GUIs created using MATLAB tools can also perform any type of
computation, read and write data files, communicate with other GUIs, and display data as tables
or as plots.

We have applied this algorithm on MIT-BIH Long-Term ECG first databaserecord of 14

hours which is sampled with sampling rate of 114 Hz.

Fig .2.6: Input ECG Signal

Fig.2.7: SER Value by SFPE for ECG

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Fig 2.8: SER Value by Wavelet Method ECG

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CHAPTER 3
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a non-invasive test for the heart which is conducted by
placing electrodes on the chest to record the electrical activity of the heart. It contains P waves,
QRS complex and T waves. R peaks are prominent features in the ECG signal. The signal
obtained has large amounts of noise components which makes the R-peak detection very
challenging.

Due to noise, they are quite often suppressed and cannot be detected properly without
removing the noise contaminating the sample. The Haar wavelet transform is a popular signal
processing algorithm that is frequently used in electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis. It is a type of
discrete wavelet transform that can be used to decompose a signal into a set of wavelet
coefficients at different scales and locations.

In ECG analysis, the Haar wavelet transform can be used to identify importantfeatures of
the ECG signal, such as the QRS complex, the P wave, and the T wave. These features can be
used to diagnose various cardiac conditions, such as arrhythmias, ischemia, and infarction

3.1 Block Diagram

Fig.3.1: Block Diagram of Proposed System

Sources of noise are power-line interface, electrode contact noise, contraction of muscles,
noise produced from electronic devices and external electrical interference such as recording
systems, baseline wander, and bodily sounds such as breathing, stomach or bowels sounds. All

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these unwanted artifacts make the detection of R-peaks quite challenging to date.
These noise components are reduced by using the different filtering techniques and to find
the R-peaks in the signal .in this we are using discrete wavelet transform algorithm.
ECG Signal
It is a graphical record of bioelectrical signal generated by human body during cardiac
cycle. It is the input signal. It is given to the noise filtering block as it is required to remove the
noise from the signal.

Fig.3.2: ECG signal

Signal Denoising
It is the process of removing the unwanted data from the required ECG
Segmentation. ECG segmentation is the process of dividing an ECG signal into smaller, non-
overlapping segments, each of which corresponds to a specific interval or waveform of the
cardiac cycle. The process of down-sampling is that what produces the DWT coefficients which
are the approximation coefficients obtained from the low pass filter and the detail coefficients
obtained from the high pass filter.

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Fig.3.3: ECG Segmentation

A multi level wavelet decomposition tree is obtained by further decomposition process for
the approximation coefficients, so that one signal is broken down into many lower resolution
components.

Wavelet transform is a powerful tool for feature extraction of ECG signals. The basic idea
behind wavelet transform is to decompose the signal into different frequency sub-bands using
wavelet basis functions. The decomposition process involves scaling and translation of the
wavelet basis function to obtain a set of coefficients at different scales and positions. These
coefficients represent the signal energy at different frequency bands, which can be used as
features for ECG signal analysis. The main idea is the same as it is in the DWT. A time-scale
representation of a digital signal is obtained using digital filtering techniques. Recall that the
DWT is a correlation between a wavelet at different scales and the signal with the scale being
used as a measure of similarity.

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The original signal x[n] is first passed through a half-band high-pass filter g[n]and a low-
pass filter h[n]. After the filtering, half of the samples can be eliminated according to the
Nyquists rule, since the signal now has a highest frequency of /2 radians instead of The signal
can therefore be sub-sampled by 2, simply by discarding every other sample. This constitutes
one level of decomposition and can mathematically be expressed as follows:

Where y high[k] and y low[k] are the outputs of the high-pass and low-pass filters,
respectively, after sub-sampling by 2.signal. For filtering the signal, there are different types of
filters are used. In DWT, the original signal passes through two filters. Low-pass filter
producing the approximation coefficients h[n] which is the most important part. High-pass filter
which produces the detail coefficients g[n]. Here, these two functions are called scaling
functions and wavelet functions.

Fig.3.4: Process of Discrete Wavelet Transform

Mainly the basic filters are used to eliminate the baseline wander and low frequency, high
frequency noises. There are different types of basic filters. Low-pass filter, High-pass filter,
Band-pass filter and band-stop filter. In the wavelet transformit has two types of in-built filters.
They are low-pass filter and high-pass filter. The ECG signal passes through these filters for the
purpose of denoising the signal.

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CHAPTER 4
TESTS AND RESULTS
 Load the ECG data file containing voltage values over time into MATLAB
 The clean ECG signal will undergoes signal and as a result we will get median
filter1 &median filter 2 ECG signals.

Fig.4.1: ECG Signal Denoising

 Pre-processing will be done to remove the noise and baseline wander from the
ECG signal.

 Set a time threshold to identify potential QRS complexes based on their

expected duration.

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 The output of signal denoising is applied to the ECG segmentation, as a result we get
sample 1&sample 2.

Fig.4.2: Sample1 & Sample2 Signals

 The SER will be detected using wave delineation.

 Implement algorithms such as discrete wavelet transforms for QRS detection Considering
time and amplitude criteria.

Fig.4.3: SER with False Peak Method

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 Plot the original ECG signal with detected QRS complexes to evaluate
algorithm performance
 Further the signal will undergoes to the feature extraction and we will obtain a result
as shown in below fig.4.4.
 In feature extraction method the signal will undergoes overlapping to detect the false
peaks.

Fig.4.4: SER with Overlap Method

 Finally we will get the out put of discrete wavelet transform as shown below in fig.4.5

Fig.4.5: SER with Wavelet Method

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CHAPTER 5
Advantages, Limitations & Applications
5.1 Advantages
 SER is low.

 Operation is fast.

 Complexity is less.

 In-Built filters are present.

 Accuracy is more.

5.2 Limitations
• Parameter sensitivity.

• Cost is very high.

5.3 Applications
 In Electrocardiogram device.

 In ECG biometrics.

 Research and clinical Trials.

 Remote patient monitoring.

 Cardiovascular Risk assessment.

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CONCLUSION
QRS detection using a simple statistical analysis of the ECG signal has been presented.
Discrete Wavelet Transform algorithm and Haar Wavelet algorithm have been considered
in this paper for effective detection of QRS complexes. Dividing the record into multiple
segments resulted in low processing time and better accuracy.

Furthermore, eliminating false peaks, identified very few false positives and therefore
have shown better positive predictivity than other methods mentioned in the paper. We
have analysed the output with the previous models. Simulation results have shown better
performance in most of the records thanother methods. Thus, the proposed algorithm performs
better in terms of automatic detection with a higher percentage of overall detection rate.

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FUTURE SCOPE
The novel method of QRS detection with time and amplitude thresholds using statistical
false peak elimination holds immense potential for future applications in cardiac care and
healthcare technology. One avenue of advancement lies in integrating deep learning techniques,
which can significantly enhance the method's accuracy and adaptability by enabling the system
to autonomously learn complex patterns and variations in ECG signals. This integration could
lead to more robust and reliable QRS detection, especially in scenarios with diverse patient
populations and varying signal characteristics.

Furthermore, the method's implementation on edge computing platforms opens up

possibilities for real-time QRS detection directly on wearable devices, promoting continuous
monitoring and early detection of cardiovascular issues in everyday life. In the context of
Internet of Things (IoT) devices, the method can play a pivotal role in enabling continuous
cardiac monitoring at home or in remote settings, contributing valuable data for long-term health
management and personalized health insights.

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REFERENCES
 T. Sharma; K. K. Sharma, “QRS complex detection in ECG signals using locally
adaptive weighted total variation denoising,” Comput. Biol. Med., vol. 87, pp. 187-199,
Aug. 2017
 B. U. Kohler; C. Hennig; R. Orglmeister, “The principles of software QRS detection,”
IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 42-57, Aug. 2002.
 X. Lu, M. Pan; Y. Yu, “QRS detection based on improved adaptive threshold,” J.
Healthcare Eng., vol. 2018, pp. 1-8, Mar. 2018.
 J. Pan; W. J. Tompkins, “A real-time QRS detection algorithm,” IEEE Trans. Biomed.
Eng., vol. BME-32, no. 3, pp. 230-236, Mar. 1985.
 N. V. Thakor; J. G.Webster; W. J. Tompkins, “Optimal QRS detector,” Med. Biol. Eng.
Comput., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 343-350, May 1983.
 P. S. Hamilton; W. J. Tompkins, “Quantitative investigation of QRS detection rules using
the MIT/BIH arrhythmia database,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. BME-33, no. 12, pp.
1157-1165, Dec. 1986.
 S. Kadambe; R. Murray; G. F. Boudreaux-Bartels, “Wavelet transform based QRS
complex detector,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 838-848, Jul. 1999.
 P. S. Gokhale, “ECG Signal de-noising using discrete wavelet transform forremoval of
50 Hz PLI noise,” Int. J. Adv. Res. Technol., vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 81-85, May 2012.
 P. Sasikala; R. Wahidabanu, “Robust R peak and QRS detection in electrocardiogram
using wavelet transform,” Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl., vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 48-53, 2010.
 S. Pal; M. Mitra, “Detection of ECG characteristic points using multi resolution wavelet
analysis based selective coeffcient method,” Measurement, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 255-261,
Feb. 2010.
 Z. Zidelmal; A. Amirou; M. Adnane; A. Belouchrani, “QRS detection based on wavelet
coeffcients,” Comput. Methods Programs Biomed., vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 490-496, Sep.
2012.

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APPENDIX
clear ;

clc;

close all;
f=fopen('103.dat');
r=fread(f);
t=r(1:25000);
subplot (3,1,1); plot (t); title ('cleanAECGsignal'); ylabel ('---x(t)');
N=t+randint (size(t,1),1,[10 300]);

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%median filtering1%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

[r11 c11]=size (t);

medfilt_1= medfilt1 (t, 1);
subplot (3,1,2); plot (medfilt_1); title ('MEDIANFILTERECGsignal'); ylabel('--- x(t)');

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%median filtering2%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

[r12 c12]=size (medfilt_1);

medfilt_2=medfilt1 (medfilt_1, 1);
subplot (3,1,3); plot (medfilt_2); title ('MEDIANFILTERsignal'); ylabel('--- x(t)');

%%%%%%%%%subtract in input and filter output%%%%%%%%

% mov_avg_filt=filter (1, 1, medfilt_2)
figure, plot (mov_avg_filt), title ('moving average output'), ylabel ('---x(t)');

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%peak segmention%%%%%%%%%%%

R= [2, 6, 20, 26, 40, 60, 72, 74];

if (length(t)<=25000) n_samples =R(1);

samples_1=t (1:r11/n_samples,1);
samples_2=t (r11/n_samples+1:length

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(t),1);

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end

figure,
subplot (2,1,1); plot (samples_1); title ('Sample1');

subplot (2,1,2); plot (samples_2); title('Sample2');

%%%%%%_fducial mark vector, W, len

=1; blk_size= (25000/200);
fdu_vec_W = [ ];
for ii=0:(25000/200)
part(:, len)=t(ii*blk_size+1:blk_size*len);
part_buf=part(:,len); ident_peak=part_buf (part_buf>200);
fdu_vec_W=[fdu_vec_W ident_peak'];
len =len+1;
end
fdu_vec_W_final=fdu_vec_W(1:4600);
figure, plot(fdu_vec_W,'-O');
fdu_vec_W_final;

%%%%false peak detection%%%%%%

win_len=length(fdu_vec_W_final)/200;
len1=1;
peak_vec = [ ];

for j=0:win_len-1
win_peak=fdu_vec_W_final(j*200+1:200*len1);
main_peak=max(win_peak);
noise_peak=(win_peak==main_peak);
peak_vec=[peak_vec noise_peak];

len1=len1+1;
end

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final_noise=peak_vec.*fdu_vec_W_final;
figure,plot (final_noise,'kO-'); holdon;

plot(t(1:5000),'O-'); xlabel ('No.Ofsamples'); ylabel('---Amplitude');

ser=sum(final_noise)*10^-4;
title (sprint ('The SER with flase peak method is "%f" ,ser));

%%%%%%%%%%overlapping%%%%%

[r c]=size (final_noise);
overlap_win=(fdu_vec_W_final>220);
overlap_win_fin=overlap_win.*fdu_vec_W_final;
figure;
plot (overlap_win_fin,'rO-'); holdon;

plot(t(1:5000),'O-'); xlabel ('No. Of samples'); ylabel('---Amplitude');

ser=sum(overlap_win_fin)*10^-4;

title (sprint ('The SER with overlap method is"%f"

,ser)); wt=dwt(t, 'haar');
for l = 1 : length(wt)
s (l) = ((t(l)).*10^2)/(t(l)-wt(l,1));
end
ser = sum(s)*10^-4;
figure; plot (wt,
'ko-');
plot (t(1:5000),'O-'); xlabel ('No. Of samples'); ylabel ('---Amplitude');
title (sprint ('The SER with Wavelet method is "%f"',ser));

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