M 323 - Superpave Volumetric Mix Design
M 323 - Superpave Volumetric Mix Design
M 323 - Superpave Volumetric Mix Design
1. SCOPE
1.1. This specification for Superpave volumetric mix design uses aggregate and mixture properties to
produce job-mix formulas for asphalt mixtures. It includes the original Superpave design method
based on four percent air voids and the Superpave5 design method based on five percent air voids.
1.2. This standard specifies minimum quality requirements for binder, aggregate, and asphalt mixtures
for Superpave volumetric mix designs.
1.3. This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does
not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of
the user of this procedure to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
2.1. AASHTO Standards:
< M 320, Performance-Graded Asphalt Binder
< M 332, Performance-Graded Asphalt Binder Using Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR)
Test
< R 28, Accelerated Aging of Asphalt Binder Using a Pressurized Aging Vessel (PAV)
< R 35, Superpave Volumetric Design for Asphalt Mixtures
< R 59, Recovery of Asphalt Binder from Solution by Abson Method
< T 11, Materials Finer Than 75-µm (No. 200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing
< T 27, Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
< T 164, Quantitative Extraction of Asphalt Binder from Asphalt Mixtures
< T 176, Plastic Fines in Graded Aggregates and Soils by Use of the Sand Equivalent Test
< T 240, Effect of Heat and Air on a Moving Film of Asphalt Binder (Rolling Thin-Film Oven
Test)
< T 283, Resistance of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures to Moisture-Induced Damage
< T 304, Uncompacted Void Content of Fine Aggregate
< T 308, Determining the Asphalt Binder Content of Asphalt Mixtures by the Ignition Method
< T 312, Preparing and Determining the Density of Asphalt Mixture Specimens
by Means of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor
< T 313, Determining the Flexural Creep Stiffness of Asphalt Binder Using the Bending Beam
Rheometer (BBR)
NCHRP Report 452: Recommended Use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the Superpave
Mix Design Method: Technician’s Manual. National Cooperative Highway Research Program
Project D9-12, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 2001.
3. TERMINOLOGY
3.1. air voids (Va)—the total volume of the small pockets of air between the coated aggregate particles
throughout a compacted paving mixture, expressed as a percent of the bulk volume of the
compacted paving mixture.
3.2. binder content (Pb)—the percent by mass of binder in the total mixture, including binder and
aggregate.
3.3. binder content RAP (PbRAP)—the percent by mass of binder in the RAP based on total RAP,
including binder and aggregate.
3.5.1. discussion—design ESALs are the anticipated project traffic level expected on the design lane
over a 20-yr period. For pavements designed for more or less than 20 yr, determine the design
ESALs for 20 yr when using this standard.
3.6. dust-to-binder ratio (P0.075/Pbe)—by mass, the ratio between the percent of aggregate passing the
75-µm (No. 200) sieve (P0.075) and the effective binder content (Pbe).
3.7. maximum aggregate size—one size larger than the nominal maximum aggregate size (Note 2).
Note 2—The definitions given in Sections 3.7 and 3.8 apply to Superpave mixtures only and
differ from the definitions published in other AASHTO standards.
3.9. primary control sieve (PCS)—the sieve defining the break point between fine- and coarse-graded
mixtures for each nominal maximum aggregate size.
3.10. reagent-grade solvent—a solvent meeting the level of chemical purity as to conform to the
specifications for “reagent grade” as established by the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the
American Chemical Society and used to extract the asphalt binder from the mixture. When asphalt
binder is intended to be extracted and then tested for additional properties, a reagent-grade solvent
must be used. Non-reagent-grade solvents may contain epoxy resins that may affect the properties
of the recovered binder. In particular, certain acid-modified binders may be affected by non-
reagent grade solvents.
3.11. reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP)—removed and/or processed pavement materials containing
asphalt binder and aggregate.
3.12. reclaimed asphalt pavement binder ratio (RAPBR)—the ratio of the RAP binder in the mixture
divided by the mixture’s total binder content.
3.13. voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA)—the volume of the intergranular void space between the
aggregate particles of a compacted paving mixture that includes the air voids and the effective
binder content, expressed as a percentage of the total volume of the specimen.
3.14. voids filled with asphalt (VFA)—the percentage of the VMA filled with binder (the effective
binder volume divided by the VMA).
5. BINDER REQUIREMENTS
5.1. The binder shall be a performance-graded (PG) binder, meeting the requirements of M 320 or
M 332, which is appropriate for the climate and traffic-loading conditions at the site of the paving
project or as specified by the contract documents.
5.1.1. Determine the mean and the standard deviation of the yearly, 7-day-average, maximum pavement
temperature, measured 20 mm below the pavement surface, and the mean and the standard
deviation of the yearly, 1-day-minimum pavement temperature, measured at the pavement surface,
at the site of the paving project. These temperatures can be determined by use of the LTPPBind
software or can be supplied by the specifying agency. If the LTPPBind software is used, the
LTPP high- and low-temperature models should be selected in the software when determining the
binder grade. Often, actual site data are not available, and representative data from the nearest
appropriate weather stations will have to be used.
5.1.2. Select the design reliability for the high- and low-temperature performance desired. The design
reliability required is established by agency policy.
Note 3—The selection of design reliability may be influenced by the initial cost of the materials
and the subsequent maintenance costs.
5.2. If the requirements of M 320 apply and the traffic speed or the design ESALs warrant, increase the
high-temperature grade by the number of grade equivalents indicated in Table 1 to account for the
anticipated traffic conditions at the project site. If the requirements of M 332 apply, follow those
requirements for the appropriate binder selection.
Table 1—Binder Selection on the Basis of Traffic Speed and Traffic Level for Binder Meeting M 320
Adjustment to the High-Temperature Grade of the Binder a
Traffic Load Rate
Design ESALs b (Million) Standard c Slow d Standing e
<0.3 — — —f
0.3 to <3 — 1 2
3 to <10 — 1 2
10 to <30 —f 1 2
≥30 1 1 2
a
Increase the high-temperature grade by the number of grade equivalents indicated (one grade is equivalent to 6˚C). Use the low-temperature grade as determined
in Section 5.
b
The anticipated project traffic level expected on the design lane over a 20-yr period. Regardless of the actual design life of the roadway, determine the design
ESALs for 20 yr.
c
Standard traffic—where the average traffic speed is greater than 70 km/h.
d
Slow traffic—where the average traffic speed ranges from 20 to 70 km/h.
e
Standing traffic—where the average traffic speed is less than 20 km/h.
f
Consideration should be given to increasing the high-temperature grade by one grade equivalent.
Note 4—Practically, PG binders stiffer than PG 82-xx should be avoided. In cases where the
required adjustment to the high-temperature binder grade would result in a grade higher than a
PG 82, consideration should be given to specifying a PG 82-xx and increasing the design ESALs
by one level (e.g., 10 to <30 million increased to ≥30 million).
5.3. If RAP is to be used in the mixture, it may be specified according to percent dry weight (mass) of
the mixture or by reclaimed asphalt pavement binder ratio.
5.3.1. Percent dry weight (mass) of mixture—If the agency elects to use RAP adjustments by percent dry
weight (mass) of the mixture, the binder grade selected in Sections 5.1.3 and 5.2 needs to be
adjusted according to Table 2 to account for the amount and stiffness of the RAP binder.
Procedures for developing a blending chart are included in Appendix X1.
Table 2—Binder Selection Guidelines for Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Mixtures
Recommended Virgin Asphalt Binder Grade RAP Percentage
No change in binder selection <15
Select virgin binder one grade softer than normal (e.g., select a 15 to 25
PG 58-28 if a PG 64-22 would normally be used)
Follow recommendations from Appendix X1 >25
Note 5—An Agency may alter the virgin binder selection criteria from Table 2 based on the
research procedures provided in Appendix X2 and field experiences.
5.3.2. Reclaimed asphalt pavement binder ratio—If the agency elects to use the RAPBR method, the
binder grade selected in Sections 5.1.3 and 5.2 must be adjusted according to Table 3 to account
for the amount of stiffness of the RAP binder. Procedures for developing a blending chart are
included in Appendix X2.
( PbRAP × PRAP )
RAPBR = (1)
100 × PbTotal
where:
RAPBR = Reclaimed asphalt pavement binder ratio to nearest 0.01;
PbRAP = Binder content of the RAP to nearest 0.1%;
PRAP = RAP percentage by weight of mixture to nearest 0.1%; and
PbTotal = Total binder content in the mixture to nearest 0.1%.
Note 6—A mixture performance test for cracking implemented by an agency is acceptable in lieu
of the RAPBR binder selection criteria in Section 5.3.2.
6.1.1. Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size—The combined aggregate shall have a nominal maximum
aggregate size of 4.75 to 19.0 mm for asphalt pavement surface courses and no larger than 37.5
mm for asphalt pavement subsurface courses.
Note 7—Additional guidance on selection of the appropriate nominal maximum aggregate size
mixture can be found in the National Asphalt Pavement Association’s IS 128.
6.1.2. Gradation Control Points—The combined aggregate shall conform to the gradation requirements
specified in Table 4 when tested according to T 11 and T 27.
Figure 1—Gradation Control Points for a 12.5-mm Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size Gradation
6.2. Coarse Aggregate Angularity Requirements—The aggregate shall meet the percentage of fractured
faces requirements, specified in Table 6, measured according to T 335.
6.3. Fine Aggregate Angularity Requirements—The aggregate shall meet the uncompacted void
content of fine aggregate requirements, specified in Table 6, measured according to T 304,
Method A.
6.4. Sand Equivalent Requirements—The aggregate shall meet the sand equivalent (clay content)
requirements, specified in Table 6, measured according to T 176.
Note 8—If less than 25 percent of a construction lift is within 100 mm of the surface, the lift may
be considered to be below 100 mm for mixture design purposes.
7.2. The Superpave asphalt mixture design, when compacted in accordance with T 312, shall meet the
relative density, VMA, and dust-to-binder ratio requirements specified in Table 7 and the VFA
requirements in Table 8. The initial, design, and maximum number of gyrations are specified in
R 35. See Annex A for Superpave5 asphalt mixture design requirements.
Note 10—Mixtures with VMA exceeding the minimum value by more than 2 percent may be
prone to flushing and rutting. Unless satisfactory experience with high VMA mixtures is available,
mixtures with VMA greater than 2 percent above the minimum should be avoided.
7.3. The asphalt mixture design, when compacted according to T 312 at 7.0 ± 0.5 percent air voids and
tested in accordance with T 283, shall have a minimum tensile strength ratio of 0.80.
8. KEYWORDS
8.1. Aggregate and mixture properties; job mix formulas; Superpave; volumetric mix design.
9. REFERENCE
9.1. NCHRP. NCHRP Report 752: Improved Mix Design, Evaluation, and Materials Management
Practices for Hot Mix Asphalt with High Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Content. National
Cooperative Highway Research Program Project 9-46, TRB, National Research Council,
Washington, DC, 2013.
ANNEX A
(Mandatory Information)
Note A1—If the aggregate gradation passes beneath the PCS Control Point specified in Table 5,
the dust-to-binder ratio range may be increased from 0.6–1.2 to 0.8–1.6 at the agency’s discretion.
Note A2—Mixtures with VMA exceeding the minimum value by more than 2 percent may be
prone to flushing and rutting. Unless satisfactory experience with high VMA mixtures is available,
mixtures with VMA greater than 2 percent above the minimum should be avoided.
A1.2. The asphalt mixture design, when compacted according to T 312 at 5.0 ± 0.5 percent air voids and
tested in accordance with T 283, shall have a minimum tensile strength ratio of 0.80.
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1.2. Determine the physical properties and critical temperatures of the RAP binder:
X1.2.1. Recover the RAP binder using T 319 (Note X1) with an appropriate solvent. At least 50 g of
recovered RAP binder are needed for testing. Perform binder classification testing using the tests
in M 320 or M 332. Rotational viscosity, flash point, and mass loss tests are not required.
X1.2.2. Perform original dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) testing on the recovered RAP binder
to determine the critical high temperature, Tc (High), based on original DSR values where
G*/sin δ = 1.00 kPa. Calculate the critical high temperature as follows:
X1.2.2.2. Determine Tc (High) to the nearest 0.1°C using the following equation:
log(1.00) − log(G1 )
Tc (High) = + T1 (X1.2)
a
where:
G1 = the G*/sin δ value at a specific temperature T1; and
a = the slope as described in Equation X1.1.
Note X2—Although any temperature (T1) and the corresponding stiffness (G1) can be
selected, it is advisable to use the G*/sin δ value closest to the criterion (1.00 kPa) to
minimize extrapolation errors.
X1.2.3. Perform rolling thin-film oven (RTFO) aging on the remaining binder.
X1.2.4. Perform RTFO DSR testing on the recovered RTFO-aged binder to determine the critical
high temperature (based on RTFO DSR). Calculate the critical high temperature (RTFO DSR).
X1.2.4.2. Determine Tc (High) based on RTFO DSR, to the nearest 0.1°C using the following equation:
log(2.20) − log(G1 )
Tc (High) = + T1 (X1.4)
a
where:
G1 = the G*/sin δ value at a specific temperature T1; and
a = the slope as described in Equation X1.3.
Note X3—Although any temperature (T1) and the corresponding stiffness (G1) can be
selected, it is advisable to use the G*/sin δ value closest to the criterion (2.20 kPa) to
minimize extrapolation errors.
X1.2.5. Determine the critical high temperature of the recovered RAP binder as the lowest of the original
DSR and RTFO DSR critical temperatures. Determine the high-temperature performance grade
(PG) of the recovered RAP binder based on this single critical high temperature.
X1.2.6. Perform intermediate temperature DSR testing on the recovered RTFO-aged RAP binder to
determine the critical intermediate temperature Tc (Int), as if the RAP binder were pressure-aging-
vessel (PAV) aged.
X1.2.6.2. Determine Tc (Int) to the nearest 0.1°C using the following equation:
log(5000) − log(G1 )
Tc ( Int ) = + T1 (X1.6)
a
where:
G1 = the G*/sin δ value at a specific temperature T1; and
a = the slope as described in Equation X1.5.
Note X4—Although any temperature (T1) and the corresponding stiffness (G1) can be
selected, it is advisable to use the G*/sin δ value closest to the criterion (5000 kPa) to
minimize extrapolation errors.
X1.2.7. Perform BBR testing on the recovered RTFO-aged RAP binder to determine the critical low
temperature, Tc (S) or Tc (m), based on bending beam rheometer (BBR) stiffness or m-value.
a = Δlog(S)/ΔT (X1.7)
X1.2.7.2. Determine Tc (S) to the nearest 0.1°C using the following equation:
log(300) − log( S1 )
Tc ( S ) = + T1 (X1.8)
a
where:
S1 = the S-value at a specific temperature T1; and
a = the slope as described in Equation X1.7.
Note X5—Although any temperature (T1) and the corresponding stiffness (S1) can be
selected, it is advisable to use the S-value closest to the criterion (300 MPa) to
minimize extrapolation errors.
a = Δm-value/ΔT (X1.9)
X1.2.7.4. Determine Tc (m) to the nearest 0.1°C using the following equation:
0.300 − m1
Tc (m) = + T1 (X1.10)
a
where:
m1 = the m-value at a specific temperature T1; and
a = the slope as described in Equation X1.9.
Note X6—Although any temperature (T1) and the corresponding m-value (m1) can be
selected, it is advisable to use the m-value closest to the criterion (0.300) to minimize
extrapolation errors.
X1.2.7.5. Select the higher of the two low critical temperatures, Tc (S) or Tc (m), to represent the low critical
temperature for the recovered asphalt binder, Tc (Low). Determine the low-temperature PG of the
recovered RAP binder based on this single critical low temperature.
X1.2.8. Once the physical properties and critical temperatures of the recovered RAP binder are known,
proceed with blending at a known RAP percentage or with a known virgin binder grade.
X1.3.1. If the desired final blended binder grade, the desired percentage of RAP, and the recovered RAP
binder properties are known, then the required properties of an appropriate virgin binder grade can
be determined.
X1.3.1.1. Determine the critical temperatures of the virgin asphalt binder at high, intermediate, and low
properties using the following equation:
X1.3.1.2. Using Equation X1.11 for the high, intermediate, and low critical temperatures, respectively, the
properties of the virgin asphalt binder needed can be determined.
X1.4.1. If the final blended binder grade, virgin asphalt binder grade, and recovered RAP properties are
known, then the allowable RAP percentage can be determined.
X1.4.1.1. Determine the allowable RAP percentage using the following equation:
Tblend − Tvirgin
RAP = (X1.12)
TRAP − Tvirgin
where:
RAP = percentage of RAP, by weight, expressed as a decimal to the nearest 0.001;
Tvirgin = critical temperature of virgin asphalt binder (high, intermediate, or low);
Tblend = critical temperature of blended asphalt binder (high, intermediate, or low); and
TRAP = critical temperature of recovered RAP binder (high, intermediate, or low).
X1.4.1.2. Using Equation X1.12 for the high, intermediate, and low critical temperatures, respectively, the
allowable RAP percentage that will satisfy all temperatures can be determined.
X2.2. Determine the physical properties and critical temperatures of the RAP binder:
X2.2.1. Recover the RAP binder using T 319 (Note X3) with a reagent-grade solvent. At least 50 g of
recovered RAP binder are needed for testing. Perform binder classification testing using the tests
in M 320 or M 332. Rotational viscosity, flash point, and mass loss tests are not required.
Note X9—While T 319 is the preferred method, at the discretion of the agency, R 59 may be
used. Research conducted under NCHRP Report 452 indicated that R 59 might affect recovered
binder properties.
X2.2.2. Perform original dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) testing on the recovered RAP binder
to determine the critical high temperature, Tc (High), based on original DSR values where
G*/sin δ = 1.00 kPa. Calculate the critical high temperature as follows:
X2.2.2.2. Determine Tc (High) to the nearest 0.1°C using the following equation:
log (1.00 ) − log ( G1 )
Tc ( High ) = + T1 (X2.2)
a
where:
G1 = the G*/sin δ value at a specific temperature;
a = the slope as described in Equation X2.1; and
T1 = specific temperature.
Note X10—Although any temperature (T1) and the corresponding stiffness (G1) can be
selected, it is advisable to use the G*/sin δ value closest to the criterion (1.00 kPa) to
minimize extrapolation errors.
X2.2.3. Perform rolling thin-film oven (RTFO) aging on the remaining binder.
X2.2.4. Perform RTFO DSR testing on the recovered RTFO-aged binder to determine the critical
high temperature (based on RTFO DSR). Calculate the critical high temperature (RTFO DSR).
X2.2.5. Determine the critical high temperature of the recovered RAP binder as the lowest of the original
DSR and RTFO DSR critical temperatures. Determine the high-temperature performance grade
(PG) of the recovered RAP binder based on this single critical high temperature.
X2.2.6. Perform intermediate temperature DSR testing on the recovered RTFO-aged RAP binder to
determine the critical intermediate temperature Tc (Int), as if the RAP binder were pressure aging
vessel (PAV) aged.
X2.2.6.2. Determine Tc (Int) to the nearest 0.1°C using the following equation:
log ( 5000 ) − log ( G1 )
Tc ( Int ) = + T1 (X2.6)
a
where:
Tc (Int) = critical intermediate temperature with PAV aged RAP binder;
G1 = the G*/sin δ value at a specific temperature;
a = the slope as described in Equation X2.5; and
T1 = specific temperature.
Note X12—Although any specific temperature (T1) and the corresponding stiffness (G1) can be
selected, it is advisable to use the G*/sin δ value closest to the criterion (5000 kPa) to
minimize extrapolation errors.
X2.2.7. Perform BBR testing on the recovered RTFO-aged RAP binder to determine the critical low
temperature, Tc (S) or Tc (m), based on bending beam rheometer (BBR) stiffness or m-value.
X2.2.7.2. Determine Tc (S) to the nearest 0.1°C using the following equation:
log ( 300 ) − log ( S1 )
Tc ( S ) = + T1 (X2.8)
a
where:
S1 = the S-value at a specific temperature T1;
a = the slope as described in Equation X2.7; and
T1 = specific temperature.
Note X13—Although any specific temperature (T1) and the corresponding stiffness (S1) can be
selected, it is advisable to use the S-value closest to the criterion (300 MPa) to
minimize extrapolation errors.
X2.2.7.4. Determine Tc (m) to the nearest 0.1°C using the following equation:
0.300 − m1
Tc ( m ) = + T1 (X2.10)
a
where:
Tc (m) = critical temperature for the m-value;
m1 = the m-value at a specific temperature;
a = the slope as described in Equation X2.9; and
T1 = specific temperature.
Note X14—Although any specific temperature (T1) and the corresponding m-value (m1) can be
selected, it is advisable to use the m-value closest to the criterion (0.300) to minimize
extrapolation errors.
X2.2.7.5. Select the higher of the two low critical temperatures, Tc (S) or Tc (m), to represent the low critical
temperature for the recovered asphalt binder, Tc (Low). Determine the low-temperature PG of the
recovered RAP binder based on this single critical low temperature.
X2.2.8. Once the physical properties and critical temperatures of the recovered RAP binder are known,
proceed with blending at a known RAP percentage or with a known virgin binder grade.
X2.3. Determination of the appropriate virgin binder grade using an approximate RAPBR:
X2.3.1. If the desired composite binder grade, the desired percentage of RAP, and the recovered RAP
binder properties are known, then the required properties of an appropriate virgin binder grade can
be determined.
X2.3.1.1. Determine the critical temperatures of the virgin asphalt binder at high, intermediate, and low
properties using the following equation:
Tc ( need ) − RAPBR × Tc ( RAP Binder )
Tc ( virgin ) = (X2.11)
(1 − RAPBR )
where:
Tc (virgin) = critical temperature of virgin asphalt binder (high, intermediate, or low);
Tc (need) = critical temperature needed for the climate and pavement layer (high,
intermediate, or low);
RAPBR = RAP binder ratio—the mixture’s total binder content is an unknown prior to
mix design but can be estimated based on historical data for the aggregate type
and NMAS; and
Tc (RAP Binder) = critical temperature of recovered RAP binder (high, intermediate, or low).
X2.3.1.2. Using Equation X1.11 for the high, intermediate, and low critical temperatures, respectively, the
properties of the virgin asphalt binder needed can be determined.
X2.4.1. If the final blended binder grade, virgin asphalt binder grade, and recovered RAP properties are
known, then the maximum RAP binder ratio can be determined.
X2.4.1.1. Determine the maximum RAP binder ratio using the following equation:
X2.4.1.2. Use Equation X1.12 for the high, intermediate, and low critical temperatures, respectively, using
the critical temperature to determine the maximum RAP binder ratio to satisfy all temperatures
requirements.
X3.2. RAP stockpile locations should be selected throughout the geographical area. Geographical areas
should be selected with consideration to climatic zones and material sources. The number of
stockpile locations may depend on the size of the geographical area, variability of climate, and
other factors within the area.
X3.3. Evaluation of the physical properties of the recovered RAP binder begins with the sampling and
testing of the stockpiles within the geographical area. Samples should be large enough to provide
enough extracted asphalt binder for PG grading and evaluation of the results.
X3.4. In locations where RAP containing different binders such as polymer-modified grades is
stockpiled separately, evaluation of the RAP asphalt binder should be performed separately from
other stockpiles.
X3.5. Solvent extractions shall be performed on the RAP samples in accordance with T 319 to acquire
recovered binder samples. A reagent-grade solvent is required when asphalt binder is extracted
and tested for additional properties.
X3.6. Determine the physical properties and critical failure temperatures of the RAP binders as outlined
in Appendix X1.
X3.7. In some cases, the high-temperature grade of the recovered binder may be higher than the
temperature range of the DSR equipment. For these cases, the binder should be tested at three
temperatures: –3, –9, and –15°C from the high temperature limit of the equipment. Plot the log of
the test temperature versus the log of the binder property to project the temperature at which the
binder will meet the grade requirements. All binder grading should be performed to provide the
actual continuous grades of the RAP binder.
X3.8. Determine the distribution of RAP binder grades from stockpiles within the geographical area of
study. From the distribution of temperature grades, calculate the average continuous high and low
temperature grades from the RAP stockpiles. The average low-temperature grade adjusted by two
standard deviations warmer will provide 98 percent reliability for the low-temperature grade of the
RAP binders in the geographical area of study.
X3.10. Perform a blending analysis using Section X1.4 to determine the maximum allowable percent of
RAP binder to be added to a virgin asphalt binder to meet the low-temperature grade according to
the LTPPBind software.
Note X15—For example, PG xx-22 may be specified; however, a RAP blend that produces a PG
xx-16 may provide 98 percent reliability according to the LTPPBind software. In most cases,
reliabilities of less than 98 percent are acceptable and will result in only minor temperature
differences.
X3.11. Evaluation of asphalt binder recovered from RAP stockpiles in a typical geographical area may
provide the necessary information to establish the maximum RAP binder replacement for a given
virgin binder grade in the area. This information can be used to establish design criteria within a
specific geographical area. In areas where the recovered RAP binder properties vary significantly,
a general RAP percentage may not be appropriate. In these cases, the analysis should be
performed on a project-by-project basis. Reevaluation of the analysis of the maximum asphalt
binder replacement amounts should be completed periodically to address changes in the binders
for any given geographical area.
1
Formerly AASHTO Provisional Standard MP 2. First published as a full standard in 2004.