CHAPTER- 3 ORGANISATION OF DATA

I. INTRODUCTION
2. RAW DATA
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
4. VARIABLES: CONTINUOUS & DESCRETE
5. WHAT IS FREOUENCY DISTRIBUTION
6. BIVARETE DISTRIBUTION
7. CONCLUSION

1. What is raw data? (1MARKS)

The data that has not been organized intogroups is called raw data. In other words, it is an
ungrouped data.
2. Mention the types of classification of data. (2-MARKS)
a) Chronological or temporal classification
b) Spatial classification
c) Quantitative classification
d) Qualitative classification
3. What is spatial classification of data? t1 MARKS)
Ifthe classification of data is done on the basis of place or geographical location such as countries,
states, cities,districts, etc., is known as Spatial classification. For example number of mobile users
in different nations, etc.
4. What is quantitative classification of data? 1-MARKS)
The classification of data on the basis of weight, income, age, production, marks, etc. is known as
quantitative classification.
5. What do you mean by qualitative classification of data? MARKS
The classification of data on the basis of attributes or qualities is called aqualitative classification.
For example, the teacher can classify the students in a class into boys and girs, regular and
irregular etc. that willbecome qualitative classification.
6. Write a noteon Classification of data. 4 MARKS)
Classification of data brings order for raw data. The raw data is classified in various ways
depending on the purpose. They can be grouped in four ways. They are
1. Qualitative classification:
Classification of data on the basis of attributes or qualities such as social status, physical
status, nationality, region etc. is called qualitative classification.
For example, classification of population in terms of sex and status of employment are
qualitative innature.
2. Quantitat1ve classification:
The classification of data on the basis of weight, height, income, age,
production, marks, etc.,
is known as qualitative classification.
For example,classification of population on the basis of age, such as old
age, young age and
children population, etc.
3. Temporal/chronological classification:
The classification of data on the basis of time, such as
hours, weeks, months, years, etc., is
known as Temporal/Chronological classification. For example, Density of population in
India in different years.
4. Spatial classification:
 if the classification of data is done on the basis of place or geographical location such as
countries, states, cities, districts, etc., is known as Spatial classification.For example number
of mobile users in different nations, etc.
7. Briefly explain 'loss of information in classified data.4 MARKS)
'Loss of information' is a major drawback of the classified data.
The classification or grouping of raw data into classes makes it more concise and
understandable. But simultaneously there exists loss of information.
An individual observation losses it significance while summarizing raw data in classified
data is known as 'loss of information' in classified data.
" Itdoes not show the details that are found in raw data.
Once the data are grouped into classes, an individual observation has no significance in
further statistical calculations.
For example, the class 20-30 contains 6 observations:25, 25, 20, 22, 25 and 28. When these
data are grouped as class 20-30 in the frequency distribution, it provides only the number of
records in that class (i.e. frequency= 6).
Further, the statistical calculations are based on the values of the class marks, ignoring the
exact observations of the data leading to the problem of loss of information.
8. Give the meaning of class limits?-MARKS)
Class limits are the two ends of a class. The lowest value is lower class limit and the highest value
is the upper class linmit.
9. Write the meaning of midpoint in aclass? 2-MARKS
The middle value of a class interval is midpoint(class mark). It can be calculated by using
following formula:
UCL + LCL 60+ 50
Class Mid - point = = 55
2 2
10. Give the formula to find out midpoint.2-MARKS
UCL + LCL
Class Mid - point = 2
11. Mention the types of variable. 2-MAI
The variables are broadly classificd into two types:
1. Continuous variable
2. Discrete variable
12. Differentiate between continuous and discrete variables.

Continuous variable Discrete variable

I. A continuous variable is a variable which 1.Adiscrete variable can take only certain
can take on any value in a given specified values. it is a variable which can't take on
range. all values within the limits of the variables.
2. A continuous variable can assume any 2.It jumps from one value to another and
numerated value. It may take integral values are not continuous.
values like, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,..
fractional values like 2, '/A, .......... Etc.
3. Every interval is divisible into an infinite 3.It has separate, indivisible categories.
number of equal parts.
4. For example- age, height, weight, etc. 4.For example- Number of people in a family,
number of students in a class, ete.
13. Diferentiate between inclusive and exclusive methods of classification. (2 MARKS)
Exclusive method Inclusive method
not exclude the
1. Under this method the upper class limit of I. The inclusive method does
interval.
one class equals the lower class limit of the upper class limit in aclass
next class.
each class interval
2. Under this method the upper class limit is 2. Here, upper class limit of
the lower class
excluded but the lower class limit of class is iS not repeated or equal to
included in the interval. limit of next class.
parts of the class
3. For example, in the first class (0-10) upper 3. Here, both class limits are
class limit is 10, this equals the lower clas interval. For example, 0-9, 10-19, 20
limit of second class (10-20). 29....etc.

14. What is univariate frequency distribution? MAK

The frequency distribution of a single variable is called a univariate distribution.
15. What is bivariate frequency distribution? MARKS)
distribution.
The frequency distribution of two variables is known as bivariate frequency
i6. Write the meaning of frequency array? MARKS)
The classification of data for a discrete variable is known as a frequency array.
The items in the discrete series are exactly measurable.
17. Give the meaning of time series data? MARKS)
The variable 'population' is a Time Series as it depicts a series of values for different years. For
example, population of India in different years such 1951-35.7 crs, 1961 43.8 crs. , etc.
18. What is frequency?2 MARKS)
Frequency is a number of times each value of variable occurs in the series.

19. List the four questions to be addressed while preparing a frequency distribution. Briefly
explain any two of them. (6-MEARKS)
While preparing a frequency distribution, the following four questions need to be addressed:
1. How many classes should we have?
2. What should be the size of each class?
3. How should we determine the class limits?
4. How should we get the frequency for each class?
1. How many classes should we have?
Before we determine the number of classes, we first find out as to what extent the variable
changes in value. Such variations in the value of variable are captured by its 'Range'.The
Range isthe difference between the largest and the smallest values of avariable'. For
example. the range of the variable `marks of student' are 100, because the minimum marks are
'0 and the maximum marks 100".
After obtaining the value of range, it becomes easier to determine the number of classes once
we decidethe class interval
Thus,
Range = number of classes x class interval
=10 x 10
=100
2. What should be the size of each class?
 The answer to this question depends on the answer to the previous question. The Range
equations shows that given the range of the variable. we can determine the number of classes
once we decide the class interval. Similarly. we can determine the class interval once we
decide the number of classes. The rule of thumb often used is that the number of classes
should be betwcen 5 and I5.
In our example, we have the number of classes as lO for the range of 100. Theclass intervals
(size of the classes) are automatically 10 (by dividing 100/I0).
Thus,
Class interval = Range / number of classes
= J00 /10
=10
20. Prepare a tally marking chart for the marks in economics scored by 70 students in an
examination. (6-MARKS)
28,17.15,22,29.2 1,23.27,18, 12,7,2,9,4,1,8,3.10,5,20. 16.12,8,4,33,27,21,15,3,36,27,
21.15,3,37, 16.28.9.2.4.6.32,31.29,18.14,13,15, 11.9,7. 1.5,37,32,23.24.20, 19.25, 19,2.
5,19,25,19,20,6,9,30.
CLASS
TALLY MARK FREQUFNCY MARK
CLASS OBSERVATION
(MID-POINT)
0-5 2.4.1.3,4.3,3,2,4,1.2. 11 2.5
5-10 7.9,8.5. 8,9,6,9,7.5.5,6,9 M,H,III 13 7.5
12.5
10-15 12,10.12,14,13,11.
15-20 17,15.18,16.15.15,16. 18.15.19,19,19, 19 13 17.5
20-25 22.21.23.20,21,21.23,24,20,20 10 22.5
25-30 28.29,27.27,27,28.29,25, 2.5 27.5
30-35 33.32.31,32,30 5 32.5
35-40 36,37,37 37.5
TOTAL= 70

Choose the correct answers (each guestion cArTiES I 1a).

21. The class midpoint is equal to:
a)The average of the upper and lower class limit.
b) The product of upper and lower class limit.
c) The ratio of the upper and lower class limit.
d) None of the above.
Ans.: a)The average of the upper and lower class limit.
22. The frequency distribution of two variables is known as
a) Univariate classification b) Bivariate classification.
c)Multivariate classification d) None of the above
Ans.: b)Bivariate classification.
23. Statistical calculations in classified data are based on
a)The acual values of observations. b) The upper class limits.
c)The lower class limits. d) The class midpoints.
Ans.: d) The class midpoints.
24. Under exclusive method,
a) The upper class limit of a class is excluded in the class interval
 b) The upper class limit of a class is included in the class interval
c) The lower class limit of a class is excluded in the class interval
d) The lower class limit of aclass is included in the class interval
interval
Ans.: a) The upper class limit of a class is excluded in the class
25. Range is the
a variable
a) Difference betwcen the largest and the smallest values of
b) Averagc of the largest and the smallest obscrvation
c) Ratio of the largest to the smallest values ofa variable
d) None of the above
values of a variable
Ans.: a) Difference between the largest and the smallest

Fill in the blankseach question carries f mTk

Spatial classification.
26. Data classified according to geographical areas is called
and attributes is called Qualitative
27. Classification of data according to characteristics
classification.
28. Twoends of a class are called Class limits.
limit of a class.
29. Mid-point (Class mark) is the average of upper and lower
30. In Inclusive method of classification upper limit of a class is included.
31. Frequency distribution of discrete frequency is called Frequency array.