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Assignment 3

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Harsh Kumar
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53 views

Assignment 3

Uploaded by

Harsh Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Two students are asked to solve the Blasius flow over a flat plate to determine the variation
of boundary layer thickness as a function of the Reynolds number. One student solves the
problem by similarity method and arrives at the result  x = 5.0 Re . The other student
chooses to solve the problem by using the momentum-integral equation and Karman-
Pohlhausen method and finds that  x = 4.64 Re . Which of the two results is expected
to be closer to the experimental results and why?
2. Nikuradse, a student of Prandtl, obtained experimental data for laminar flow over a flat
plate placed at zero angle of attack. His measurements suggest:
3
u  y  y
= a  + b 
U    
Where, y is the perpendicular distance from the plate. The local velocity is u. Evaluate a
and b from the physical boundary conditions. Obtain the expressions for the boundary layer
thickness  , displacement thickness δ*, momentum thickness δ**, and the shear stress  w

on the surface of the plate.


Ans: [a = 3/2, b = -1/2, δ/x = 4.64/(Rex)0.5, δ*/x=1.73(Rex)0.5,  w = 0.323µ(Rex)0.5U/x]

3. Given the choice between c os( Ay ) and sin( Ay ) as velocity profiles, which one would you
prefer? To determine the choice of the profile, find the displacement thickness, momentum
thickness, wall shear stress and boundary layer thickness, from the momentum integral
equation for flow over a flat plate.
Ans: [ sin( Ay ) , δ* = 0.363, δ** = 0.137 δ,  w = π µU/ 2δ, δ/x=4.8/(Rex)0.5]

4. For the laminar flow over a flat plate, the experiments confirm the velocity profile
3
u 3 y  1 y 
=   −   . For the turbulent flow over a flat plate, the experimental observations
U 2  2 
1
u  y 7
over a range of Reynolds number suggest =   . Find the ratio of (δ*/ δ) for laminar
U  
and turbulent cases.
Ans: [(δ*/δ)lam = 3/8, (δ*/δ)tur = 1/8]
u
5. Assuming the velocity profile = tanh( y a( x)) for the boundary layer over a flat plate at
U

zero incidence, find the relations for δ, δ*, δ** and  w . Check whether the profile satisfies

all the boundary conditions.


Note: a(x) ≠ δ(x) where δ is such that y = δ, u = 0.99 U 

Ans: [δ/x = 6.76/(Rex)0.5, δ*/x = 1.77/(Rex)0.5, δ**/x = 0.783(Rex)0.5,  w = µU∞(Rex)0.5/2.553x]

6. Water of kinematic viscosity,  = 1.02 x 10-6 m²/s is flowing steadily over a smooth flat
plate at zero angle of attack with a velocity 1.6 m/s. The length of the plate is 0.3 m.
Calculate: (i) the thickness of boundary layer at 15 cm from the leading edge (ii) the rate
of growth of boundary layer at 15cm from the leading edge, and (iii) the total drag
coefficient on one side of the plate. Assume a parabolic velocity profile.
Ans. [δ = 1.7 mm, dδ/dx = 5.625 x 10-3, C f = 1.935 x 10-3]

7. Water flows between two parallel walls as shown in Fig. 1. The velocity is uniform at the
entrance and core region. Beyond a distance Le downstream from the entrance, the flow
becomes fully developed so that the velocity varies over the entire width 2h of the channel.
2
 y
In the boundary layer region, velocity varies as u = U ( x)   , where  =  x ;  being
 
a constant. Determine the acceleration on the axis of symmetry for 0  x  Le .

Fig. 1
Ans: [a=(Uo2/3Le)(x/Le)-1/2/(1-(2/3)(x/Le)0.5)3]
8. A low speed wind tunnel is provided with air supply up to a speed of 50m/s at 200C. One
needs to study the behavior of the boundary layer over a flat plate kept inside the wind
tunnel up to a Reynolds number of Rex = 108. What is the minimum plate length that should
be used? At what distance from the leading edge would the transition occur if the critical
Reynolds number is Rex,c = 3.5 x 105 ? At 250C, ν of air is 15.7 x 10-6 m2/s.
Ans. [xmin = 31.4 m, xcr = 0.109 m]
9. A boundary-layer profile is approximated with:
y
u = 3U  0 y  6

 y 1
u = U  +   6 y  2
 3
 y 2
u = U  +   2 y 
 3 3 
Determine  ( x ) and  0 ( x) ; compute the percentage error when compared with the exact

expressions for a laminar flow.


10. The velocity profile at a given x-location in the boundary layer (see Fig. 2) is assumed to
 y y2 
be u ( y ) − 10  2 = 2 
   

Fig. 2
A streamline is 20 mm from the flat plate at the leading edge. How far is it from the plate
when x = 3 m (i.e., what is h)? Also, calculate the displacement thickness at x = 3 m.
Compare the displacement thickness to (h - 20) mm where h is in mm.
11. Find  d and  for a laminar boundary layer assuming:

(a) A cubic profile


(b) A parabolic profile
(c) That u = U  sin( y 2 )

Compute percentage errors when compared with the exact values of  d = 1.72 vx U 

and  = 0.644 vx U  .

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