Edoc 2934 2521

Vectors 1
ˆj
x
k̂
î
z
Fig. 0 .1
Chapter
0
Vectors
Introduction of Vector (7) Orthogonal unit vectors î , ˆj and k̂ are called orthogonal unit
Physical quantities having magnitude, direction and obeying laws of vectors. These vectors must form a Right Handed Triad (It is a coordinate
vector algebra are called vectors. system such that when we Curl the fingers of right hand from x to y then
Example : Displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, force, we must get the direction of z along thumb). The
impulse, weight, thrust, torque, angular momentum, angular velocity etc.
î x ˆ y ˆ z
If a physical quantity has magnitude and direction both, then it does ,j ,k
not always imply that it is a vector. For it to be a vector the third condition x y z
of obeying laws of vector algebra has to be satisfied. ? x xî , y yˆj , z zkˆ
Example : The physical quantity current has both magnitude and
(8) Polar vectors : These have starting point or point of application .
direction but is still a scalar as it disobeys the laws of vector algebra.
Example displacement and force etc.
Types of Vector (9) Axial Vectors : These represent rotational effects and are always
along the axis of rotation in accordance with right hand screw rule. Angular
(1) Equal vectors : Two vectors A and B are said to be equal when they velocity, torque and angular momentum, etc., are example of physical
have equal magnitudes and same direction. quantities of this type.
(2) Parallel vector : Two vectors A and B are said to be parallel Axial vector Axis of rotation
when
(i) Both have same direction.
(ii) One vector is scalar (positive) non-zero multiple of another
vector. Anticlock wise rotation Clock wise rotation
(3) Anti-parallel vectors : Two vectors A and B are said to be Axis of rotation Axial vector
Fig. 0.2
anti-parallel when
(10) Coplanar vector : Three (or more) vectors are called
(i) Both have opposite direction.
coplanar vector if they lie in the same plane. Two (free) vectors are always
(ii) One vector is scalar non-zero negative multiple of another coplanar.
vector.
(4) Collinear vectors : When the vectors under consideration can Triangle Law of Vector Addition of Two Vectors
share the same support or have a common support then the considered If two non zero vectors are represented by the two sides of a
vectors are collinear. triangle taken in same order then B
the resultant is given by the
(5) Zero vector (0 ) : A vector having zero magnitude and arbitrary closing side of triangle in opposite R AB
direction (not known to us) is a zero vector.
order. i.e. R A B
(6) Unit vector : A vector divided by its magnitude is a unit vector. Unit B
vector for A is Â (read as A cap or A hat). OB OA AB O A
A
A Fig. 0.3
ˆ
Since, A A AA ˆ .
(1) Magnitude of resultant
A
vector
Thus, we can say that unit vector gives us the direction.
2 Vectors
AN (2) Direction
In ' ABN , cosT ? AN B cosT
B CN B sinT
tan E
BN ON A B cosT
sinT ? BN B sinT
B Polygon Law of Vector Addition
2 2 2
In 'OBN , we have OB ON BN If a number of non zero vectors are represented by the (n – 1)
B sides of an n-sided polygon then the resultant is given by the closing side or
the n side of the polygon taken in opposite order. So,
th
R
B B sinT R ABCD E
D T
O A A N OA AB BC CD DE OE
B cosT D D C
2Fig. 0.4
R 2
( A B cos T ) (B sinT )2
E C
R2 A 2 B 2 cos 2 T 2 AB cos T B 2 sin2 T
R2 A 2 B 2 (cos 2 T sin2 T ) 2 AB cos T E B
R2 A 2 B 2 2 AB cos T
R B
R A 2 B 2 2 AB cosT
O A
(2) Direction of resultant vectors : If T is angle between A and A
Note : Resultant
Fig.of0.6
two unequal vectors can not be zero.
B, then
Resultant of three co-planar vectors may or may not be
| A B| A 2 B 2 2 AB cosT zero
If R makes an angle D with A, then in 'OBN , Resultant of three non coplanar vectors can not be
zero.
BN BN
tan D Subtraction of vectors
ON OA AN
B sinT Since, A B A ( B) and
tan D
A B cosT
Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition | A B| A 2 B 2 2 AB cosT
If two non zero vectors are represented by the two adjacent sides of
| A B| A 2 B 2 2 AB cos (180 o T )
a parallelogram then the resultant is given by the diagonal of the
parallelogram passing through the point of intersection of the two vectors. Since, cos (180 T ) cosT
(1) Magnitude
Since, R 2 ON 2 CN 2 | A B| A 2 B 2 2 AB cos T
R2 (OA AN )2 CN 2
R sum AB
R2 A 2 B 2 2 AB cos T
B
? R | R| | A B| A 2 B 2 2 AB cos T
B C T D1
D2 A
180 – T
R AB B
B B sinT
B
T T
E
R diff A ( B )
O A N
A B cosT Fig. 0.7
Fig. 0.5 B sinT
tan D1
Special cases : R A B when T = 0 o
A B cosT
R A B when T = 180 o
B sin(180 T )
and tan D 2
A B cos (180 T )
R A 2 B 2 when T = 90 o
Vectors 3
But sin(180 T ) sinT and cos(180 T ) cosT Ry Ry
cos E m
R R x2 R y2 R z2
B sinT
tan D 2
A B cosT
Rz Rz
cos J n
Resolution of Vector Into Components R R x2 R y2 R z2
Consider a vector R in X-Y plane as
Y Where l, m, n are called Direction Cosines of the vector R and
shown in fig. If we draw orthogonal vectors
R x and R y along x and y axes respectively, R x2 R y2 R z2
l2 m 2 n2 cos 2 D cos 2 E cos 2 J 1
by law of vector addition, R Rx R y
Ry R R x2 R y2 R z2
T
Now as for any vector A A nˆ so, Rx
X Note : When a point P have coordinate (x, y, z)
Rx î R and R y
x
ˆjR
y
Fig.. 0.8 then its position vector OP xî yˆj zkˆ
When a particle moves from point (x , y , z ) to (x , y ,
so R î R ˆjR …(i)
1 1 1 2 2
x y z ) then its displacement vector

2
o
But from figure R x R cos T …(ii)
r (x 2 x 1 )î (y 2 y1 )ˆj (z 2 z1 )kˆ
and R y R sinT …(iii)
Scalar Product of Two Vectors
Since R and T are usually known, Equation (ii) and (iii) give the (1) Definition : The scalar product (or dot product) of two vectors is
defined as the product of the magnitude of two vectors with cosine of angle
magnitude of the components of R along x and y-axes respectively.
between them.
Here it is worthy to note once a vector is resolved into its
components, the components themselves can be used to specify the vector Thus if there are two vectors A and B having angle T between
as
them, then their scalar product written as A . B is defined as A . B
(1) The magnitude of the vector R is obtained by squaring and AB cos T
adding equation (ii) and (iii), i.e.
(2) Properties : (i) It is always a scalar B
R R x2 R y2 which is positive if angle between the vectors is
acute (i.e., < 90°) and negative if angle between
T
(2) The direction of the vector R is obtained by dividing equation them is obtuse (i.e. 90°<T < 180°).
(iii) by (ii), i.e.
(ii) It is commutative, i.e. A . B B . A
A
tan T (Ry / R x ) or T tan 1 (Ry / R x ) (iii) It is distributive, i.e. Fig. 0.10
Rectangular Components of 3-D Vector A . (B C) A . B A . C
R R x R y R z q or R R x î R y ˆj R z kˆ (iv) As by definition A . B AB cos T

Y ª A. B º
The angle between the vectors T cos 1 « »
«¬ AB »¼
(v) Scalar product of two vectors will be maximum when

R
Ry
Rx cosT max 1, i.e. T 0 o , i.e., vectors are parallel
X ( A . B)max AB
Rz
Z (vi) Scalar product of two vectors will be minimum when

Fig. 0.9 | cos T | min 0, i.e. T 90 o
If R makes an angle D with x axis, E with y axis and J with z axis,
( A . B)min 0
then
i.e. if the scalar product of two nonzero vectors vanishes the vectors
Rx Rx are orthogonal.
cosD l
R R x2 R y2 R z2 (vii) The scalar product of a vector by itself is termed as self dot
product and is given by ( A)2 A. A AA cos T A2
4 Vectors
i.e. A A. A
(viii) In case of unit vector n̂
nˆ . nˆ 1 u 1 u cos 0 1 so nˆ . nˆ î .î ˆj . ˆj kˆ . kˆ 1
(ix) In case of orthogonal unit vectors î , ˆj and k̂ ,

î . ˆj ˆj . kˆ kˆ . î 1 u 1 cos 90q 0 Fig. 0.12
(x) In terms of components The direction of A u B, i.e. C is perpendicular to the plane

A . B (iAx jAy k Az ). (iBx jBy k Bz ) [ Ax Bx Ay By AZ Bz ] containing vectors A and B and in the sense of advance of a right
(3) Example : (i) Work W : In physics for constant force work is handed screw rotated from A (first vector) to B (second vector) through
defined as, W Fs cos T …(i) the smaller angle between them. Thus, if a right handed screw whose axis is
perpendicular to the plane framed by A and B is rotated from A to B
But by definition of scalar product of two vectors, F. s Fs cos T through the smaller angle between them, then the direction of advancement
…(ii) of the screw gives the direction of A u B i.e. C
So from eq (i) and (ii) W
n
F.s i.e. work is the scalar product of (2) Properties
force with displacement.
(i) Vector product of any two vectors is always a vector
(ii) Power P : perpendicular to the plane containing these two vectors, i.e., orthogonal to
dW ds both the vectors A and B, though the vectors A and B may or may
As W F . s or F. [As F is constant]
dt dt not be orthogonal.
or P F .v i.e., power is the scalar product of force with (ii) Vector product of two vectors is not commutative, i.e.,
A u B z B u A [but B u A]
ª dW ds º
velocity. « As P and v» &
«¬ dt dt »¼ Here it is worthy to note that
ds &
B
(iii) Magnetic Flux I : | A u B| | B u A| AB sinT
Magnetic flux through an area is i.e. in case of vector A u B and B u A magnitudes are equal but
T
given by dI B ds cosT …(i) directions are opposite.
But by definition of scalar O (iii) The vector product is distributive when the order of the vectors
is strictly maintained, i.e.
product B . d s Bds cosT ...(ii)
Fig. 0.11
So from eq (i) and (ii) we have
n
A u (B C) Au B AuC
(iv) The vector product of two vectors will be maximum when
dI B . d s or I ³ B.ds sinT max 1, i.e., T 90 o
(iv) Potential energy of a dipole U : If an electric dipole of moment [ A u B]max AB nˆ
p is situated in an electric field E or a magnetic dipole of moment M
i.e. vector product is maximum if the vectors are orthogonal.
in a field of induction B, the potential energy of the dipole is given by : (v) The vector product of two non- zero vectors will be minimum when
UE p . E and U B M . B | sinT | minimum = 0, i.e., T 0 o or 180 o
Vector Product of Two Vectors [ A u B]min 0

(1) Definition : The vector product or cross product of two vectors i.e. if the vector product of two non-zero vectors vanishes, the
is defined as a vector having a magnitude equal to the product of the vectors are collinear.
magnitudes of two vectors with the sine of angle between them, and
(vi) The self cross product, i.e., product of a vector by itself
direction perpendicular to the plane containing the two vectors in
accordance with right hand screw rule. vanishes, i.e., is null vector A u A AA sin 0 o nˆ 0
C AuB (vii) In case of unit vector nˆ u nˆ 0 so that

Thus, if A and B are two vectors, then their vector product î u î ˆj u ˆj kˆ u kˆ 0
written as A u B is a vector C defined by

(viii) In case of orthogonal unit vectors, î , ˆj, kˆ in accordance with
C AuB AB sinT nˆ right hand screw rule :
Vectors 5
ˆj ˆj ab c …(ii)
Pre-multiplying both sides by a

k̂ a u (a b) a u c 0 a u b a u c
î î
aub cua …(iii)
k̂
Fig. 0.13 Pre-multiplying both sides of (ii) by b
î u ˆj kˆ , ˆj u kˆ î and kˆ u î ˆj
b u (a b) b u c b ua b ub b u c
And as cross product is not commutative,
ˆj u î kˆ , kˆ u ˆj î and î u kˆ ˆj aub b u c a u b buc …(iv)
(x) In terms of components From (iii) and (iv), we get a u b buc cua
î ˆj kˆ Taking magnitude, we get | a u b | | b u c | | c u a |
AuB Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz ab sin(180 J ) bc sin(180 D ) ca sin(180 E )
ab sinJ bc sinD ca sin E

î ( A B A B ) ˆj( A B A B ) kˆ ( A B A B )
y z z y z x x z x y y x
Dividing through out by abc, we have
(3) Example : Since vector product of two vectors is a vector, vector
physical quantities (particularly representing rotational effects) like torque, sinD sin E sinJ

angular momentum, velocity and force on a moving charge in a magnetic field a b c
and can be expressed as the vector product of two vectors. It is well –
established in physics that : Relative Velocity
(1) Introduction : When we consider the motion of a particle, we
(i) Torque W ruF assume a fixed point relative to which the given particle is in motion. For
example, if we say that water is flowing or wind is blowing or a person is
(ii) Angular momentum L ru p running with a speed v, we mean that these all are relative to the earth
(which we have assumed to be fixed).
(iii) Velocity v Z ur
Y
Yc P
(iv) Force on a charged particle q moving with velocity v in a
magnetic field B is given by F q(v u B)
r
PS '
(v) Torque on a dipole in a field W E p u E and W B MuB r
PS
Xc
Sc
Lami's Theorem rS ' S
S X
In any ' A B C with sides a, b, c
Fig. 0.15
Now to find the velocity of a moving object relative to another
sinD sin E sinJ moving object, consider a particle P whose position relative to frame S is
a b c o o
rPS while relative to S c is rPS c .
180 – D
o
D If the position of frames S c relative to S at any time is r S cS then
o o o
c b from figure, rPS rPS c rS cS
Differentiating this equation with respect to time
E J 180 – J
o o o
drPS drPS c drS cS
180 – E a
dt dt dt
i.e. for any triangle the ratioFig.of0.14
the sine of the angle containing the
o o o o o
side to the length of the side is a constant. or v PS v PS c v S cS [as v d r /dt ]
For a triangle whose three sides are in the same order we establish
o o o
the Lami's theorem in the following manner. For the triangle shown or v PS c v PS v S cS
ab c 0 [All three sides are taken in order] …(i)
6 Vectors
(2) General Formula : The relative velocity of a particle P moving 1
(5) Relative velocity of swimmer : If a man can swim relative to
o o
with velocity v1 with respect to another particle P moving with velocity
2
water with velocity v and water is flowing relative to ground with velocity
o o o o o o
v 2 is given by, v r1 2 = v1 – v 2 v R velocity of man relative to ground v M will be given by:
o o o o o o
v1 v v M v R , i.e., v M v vR
v2
So if the swimming is in the direction of flow of water,
P2
vM v vR
Fig. 0.16 P1
And if the swimming is opposite to the flow of water, v M v vR
(i) If both the particles are moving in the same direction then :
Xr12 X1 – X 2 &
(6) Crossing the river : Suppose, the river is flowing with velocity
&
X r . A man can swim in still water with velocity X m . He is standing on one
(ii) If the two particles are moving in the opposite direction, then :
bank of the river and wants to cross the river, two cases arise.
Xr12 X1 X 2
(iii) If the two particles are moving in the mutually perpendicular (i) To cross the river over shortest distance : That is to cross the
directions, then: river straight, the man should swim making angle T with the upstream as
shown.
Xr12 X12 X 22 o
A vr B
o o T
(iv) If the angle between X1 and X2 be T, then
o o
Xr12 >X2
1 X 22 – 2X1X 2 cos T @
1/2
. w o
vm
v
vr
D
(3) Relative velocity of satellite : If a satellite is moving in equatorial
T
o o
plane with velocity v s and a point on the surface of earth with v e Upstream O Downstream
relative to the centre of earth, the velocity of satellite relative to the surface Fig. 0.18 o o o o
of earth Here OAB is the triangle of vectors, in which OA vm , AB Xr .
o o
o o o
vse vs v e
Their resultant is given by OB X . The direction of swimming makes
angle T with upstream. From the triangle OBA, we find,
So if the satellite moves form west to east (in the direction of
Xr Xr
rotation of earth on its axis) its velocity relative to earth's surface will be cos T Also sinD
v se v s ve Xm Xm
And if the satellite moves from east to west, i.e., opposite to the Where D is the angle made by the direction of swimming with the
motion of earth, v se v s (ve ) v s ve shortest distance (OB) across the river.
Time taken to cross the river : If w be the width of the river, then
(4) Relative velocity of rain : If rain is falling vertically with a time taken to cross the river will be given by
o o
velocity v R and an observer is moving horizontally with speed v M the w w
t1
o o o X Xm2 – X r2
velocity of rain relative to observer will be v RM vR vM
which by law of vector addition has magnitude (ii) To cross the river in shortest possible time : The man should
swim perpendicular to the bank.
v RM v R2 v M
2 The time taken to cross the river will be:
w
direction T tan 1 (v M / v R ) with the vertical as shown in fig. t2
Xm
o
A vr B
– vM o
o
vR vR o o
vR w vr
o T o vm
vM vM
Fig. 0.17 Upstream O Downstream
Fig. 0.19
Vectors 7
& & & & & &
Because A u A A A and A A is collinear with A
In this case, the man will touch the opposite bank at a distance AB
down stream. This distance will be given by: " Multiplication of a vector with –1 reverses its direction.
& &
w Xr If A B , then A = B and Aˆ B ˆ .
AB Xr t 2 Xr or AB w
Xm Xm & & &
ˆ B
If A B 0 , then A = B but A ˆ .
" Minimum number of collinear vectors whose resultant can be zero

is two.
" Minimum number of coplaner vectors whose resultant is zero is
three.
" All physical quantities having direction are not vectors. For " Minimum number of non coplaner vectors whose resultant is zero
is four.
example, the electric current possesses direction but it is a scalar
quantity because it can not be added or multiplied according to the rules & &
" Two vectors are perpendicular to each other if A.B 0 .
of vector algebra.
& &
" A vector can have only two rectangular components in plane and " Two vectors are parallel to each other if A u B 0.
only three rectangular components in space. " Displacement, velocity, linear momentum and force are polar
" A vector can have any number, even infinite components. vectors.
(minimum 2 components) " Angular velocity, angular acceleration, torque and angular
" Following quantities are neither vectors nor scalars : Relative momentum are axial vectors.
density, density, viscosity, frequency, pressure, stress, strain, modulus of
" Division with a vector is not defined because it is not possible to
elasticity, poisson’s ratio, moment of inertia, specific heat, latent heat,
divide with a direction.
spring constant loudness, resistance, conductance, reactance, impedance,
permittivity, dielectric constant, permeability, susceptibility, refractive " Distance covered is always positive quantity.
index, focal length, power of lens, Boltzman constant, Stefan’s constant,
Gas constant, Gravitational constant, Rydberg constant, Planck’s constant " The components of a vectors can have magnitude than that of the
etc. vector itself.
" Distance covered is a scalar quantity. " The rectangular components cannot have magnitude greater than
that of the vector itself.
" The displacement is a vector quantity.
" When we multiply a vector with 0 the product becomes a null
" Scalars are added, subtracted or divided algebraically. vector.
" Vectors are added and subtracted geometrically. " The resultant of two vectors of unequal magnitude can never be a
" Division of vectors is not allowed as directions cannot be divided. null vector.
" Unit vector gives the direction of vector. " Three vectors not lying in a plane can never add up to give a null
vector.
" Magnitude of unit vector is 1.
" A quantity having magnitude and direction is not necessarily a
" Unit vector has no unit. For example, velocity of an object is 5 ms –1
vector. For example, time and electric current. These quantities have
due East. magnitude and direction but they are scalar. This is because they do not
& obey the laws of vector addition.
i.e. v 5ms 1 due east.
& " A physical quantity which has different values in different
v 5 ms 1 (East) directions is called a tensor. For example : Moment of inertia has
vˆ & East
| v| 5 ms 1 different values in different directions. Hence moment of inertia is a
tensor. Other examples of tensor are refractive index, stress, strain,
So unit vector v̂ has no unit as East is not a physical quantity. density etc.
" Unit vector has no dimensions. " The magnitude of rectangular components of a vector is always less
than the magnitude of the vector
" î . î ˆj . ˆj kˆ . kˆ 1 & &
& " If A B , then Ax Bx , Ay By and Az Bz .
" î u î ˆj u ˆj kˆ u kˆ 0 & & & & & & & & & &
" If A B C . Or if A B C 0 , then A, B and C lie in
" î u ˆj kˆ , ˆj u kˆ î, kˆ u î ˆj
one plane.
& & & & & &
" î . ˆj ˆj . kˆ kˆ . î 0 " If A u B C , then C is perpendicular to A as well as B .
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
" A u A 0 . Also A A 0 But A u A z A A " If | A u B | | A B | , then angle between A and B is 90°.
" Resultant of two vectors will be maximum when T = 0° i.e. vectors
8 Vectors
are parallel.
Rmax P 2 Q 2 2 PQ cos 0q | P Q |
" Resultant of two vectors will be minimum when T = 180° i.e.
vectors are anti-parallel.
Rmin P 2 Q 2 2 PQ cos 180q | P Q |
Thus, minimum value of the resultant of two vectors is equal to the
difference of their magnitude.
" Thus, maximum value of the resultant of two vectors is equal to
the sum of their magnitude.
When the magnitudes of two vectors are unequal, then
Rmin P Q z 0
& &
[| P | z| Q |]
& &
Thus, two vectors P and Q having different magnitudes can never be
combined to give zero resultant. From here, we conclude that the
minimum number of vectors of unequal magnitude whose resultant can
be zero is three. On the other hand, the minimum number of vectors of
equal magnitude whose resultant can be zero is two.
& &
" Angle between two vectors A and B is given by
& &
A.B
cosT & &
| A| | B|
& &
" Projection of a vector A in the direction of vector B
& &
A. B
&
| B|
& &
" Projection of a vector B in the direction of vector A
& &
A. B
&
| A|
& & &
" If vectors A, B and C are represented by three sides ab, bc and
ca respectively taken in a order, then
& & &
| A| | B| | C|
ab bc ca
" The vectors î ˆj kˆ is equally inclined to the coordinate axes at
an angle of 54.74 degrees.
& & & & & &
" If A r B C , then A . B u C 0 .
& & & & & &
" If A . B u C 0 , then A . B and C are coplanar.
& &
" If angle between A and B is 45°,
& & & &
then A . B | A u B |
& & & & &
" If A1 A2 A3 ...... An 0 and A1 A2 A3 ...... An
then the adjacent vector are inclined to each other at angle 2S / n .
& & & &
" If A B C and A 2 B 2 C 2 , then the angle between A
&
and B is 90°. Also A, B and C can have the following values.
(i) A = 3, B = 4, C = 5
(ii) A = 5, B = 12, C = 13
(iii) A = 8, B = 15, C = 17.
Vectors 9
(c) 4 (d) 5
10. A hall has the dimensions 10 m u 12 m u 14 m. A fly starting at one
corner ends up at a diametrically opposite corner. What is the
magnitude of its displacement
(a) 17 m (b) 26 m
Fundamentals of Vectors (c) 36 m (d) 20 m
11. 100 coplanar forces each equal to 10 N act on a body. Each force
1. The vector projection of a vector 3î 4 kˆ on y-axis is
makes angle S / 50 with the preceding force. What is the resultant
[RPMT 2004]
of the forces
(a) 5 (b) 4
(a) 1000 N (b) 500 N
(c) 3 (d) Zero
(c) 250 N (d) Zero
2. Position of a particle in a rectangular-co-ordinate system is (3, 2, 5).
Then its position vector will be 12. The magnitude of a given vector with end points (4, – 4, 0) and (–
2, – 2, 0) must be
(a) 3î 5 ˆj 2kˆ (b) 3î 2ˆj 5 kˆ
(a) 6 (b) 5 2
(c) 5î 3ˆj 2kˆ (d) None of these
(c) 4 (d) 2 10
3. If a particle moves from point P (2,3,5) to point Q (3,4,5). Its
displacement vector be § 1 ˆ 1 ˆ·
13. The expression ¨¨ i j ¸ is a
(a) î ˆj 10 kˆ (b) î ˆj 5 kˆ © 2 2 ¸¹
(a) Unit vector (b) Null vector
(c) î ˆj (d) 2î 4 ˆj 6kˆ
4. A force of 5 N acts on a particle along a direction making an angle of (c) Vector of magnitude 2 (d) Scalar
60° with vertical. Its vertical component be
14. Given vector A 2î 3 ˆj, the angle between A and y-axis is
(a) 10 N (b) 3 N
[CPMT 1993]
(c) 4 N (d) 2.5 N
1 1
(a) tan 3/2 (b) tan 2/3
5. If A 3î 4 ˆj and B 7î 24 ˆj, the vector having the same
magnitude as B and parallel to A is (c) sin1 2 / 3 (d) cos 1 2 / 3
(a) 5î 20 ˆj (b) 15î 10 ˆj 15. The unit vector along î ˆj is
(c) 20î 15 ˆj (d) 15î 20 ˆj (a) k̂ (b) î ˆj
6. Vector A makes equal angles with x, y and z axis. Value of its î ˆj î ˆj
(c) (d)
components (in terms of magnitude of A ) will be 2 2
A A
(a) (b) 16. A vector is represented by 3 î ˆj 2 kˆ . Its length in XY plane is
3 2
(a) 2 (b) 14
3
(c) 3A (d)
A (c) 10 (d) 5
17. Five equal forces of 10 N each are applied at one point and all are
7. If A 2î 4 ˆj 5kˆ the direction of cosines of the vector A are
lying in one plane. If the angles between them are equal, the
2 4 5 1 2 3 resultant force will be [CBSE PMT 1995]
(a) , and (b) , and
45 45 45 45 45 45 (a) Zero (b) 10 N
4 4 3 2 5 (c) 20 N (d) 10 2 N
(c) , 0 and (d) , and
45 45 45 45 45 18. The angle made by the vector A î ˆj with x- axis is
8. The vector that must be added to the vector î 3 ˆj 2kˆ and [EAMCET (Engg.) 1999]
(a) 90° (b) 45°
3î 6 ˆj 7kˆ so that the resultant vector is a unit vector along
(c) 22.5° (d) 30°
the y-axis is
19. Any vector in an arbitrary direction can always be replaced by two
(a) 4î 2ˆj 5kˆ (b) 4î 2ˆj 5kˆ (or three)
(a) Parallel vectors which have the original vector as their
(c) 3î 4 ˆj 5kˆ (d) Null vector resultant
9. How many minimum number of coplanar vectors having different (b) Mutually perpendicular vectors which have the original vector
magnitudes can be added to give zero resultant as their resultant
(a) 2 (b) 3
10 Vectors
(c) Arbitrary vectors which have the original vector as their
where î , ˆj, kˆ are unit vectors, along the X, Y and Z-axis respectively.
resultant
(d) It is not possible to resolve a vector The unit vectors r̂ along the direction of sum of these vector is
[Kerala CET (Engg.) 2003]
20. Angular momentum is [MNR 1986]
(a) A scalar (b) A polar vector 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
(a) rˆ (i j k ) (b) rˆ (i j k )
(c) An axial vector (d) None of these 3 2
21. Which of the following is a vector
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
(a) Pressure (b) Surface tension (c) rˆ (i j k ) (d) rˆ (i j k )
3 2
(c) Moment of inertia (d) None of these
& & &
22. If P Q then which of the following is NOT correct 30. The angle between the two vectors A 3î 4 ˆj 5kˆ and
& & &
(a) Pˆ Q ˆ (b) | P| | Q| B 3î 4 ˆj 5kˆ is [DPMT 2000]
& & (a) 60° (b) Zero
(c) PQ ˆ QP ˆ (d) P Q P ˆ Q ˆ
& (c) 90° (d) None of these
23. The position vector of a particle is r (a cos Zt)î (a sinZt)ˆj .
The velocity of the particle is [CBSE PMT 1995] 31. The position vector of a particle is determined by the expression
&
(a) Parallel to the position vector r 3 t 2î 4 t 2ˆj 7kˆ
(b) Perpendicular to the position vector The distance traversed in first 10 sec is [DPMT 2002]
(c) Directed towards the origin
(a) 500 m (b) 300 m
(d) Directed away from the origin
24. Which of the following is a scalar quantity [AFMC 1998] (c) 150 m (d) 100 m
(a) Displacement (b) Electric field &
32. Unit vector parallel to the resultant of vectors A 4î 3 ˆj and
(c) Acceleration (d) Work &
B 8î 8 ˆj will be [BHU 1995]
25. If a unit vector is represented by 0.5î 0.8 ˆj ckˆ , then the value
of ‘c’ is [CBSE PMT 1999; EAMCET 1994] 24î 5 ˆj 12î 5 ˆj
(a) (b)
(a) 1 (b) 0.11 13 13
(c) 0.01 (d) 0.39 6î 5 ˆj

(c) (d) None of these
26. A boy walks uniformally along the sides of a rectangular park of size 13
400 m× 300 m, starting from one corner to the other corner
diagonally opposite. Which of the following statement is incorrect 33. The component of vector A 2î 3 ˆj along the vector î ˆj is
[HP PMT 1999] [KCET 1997]
(a) He has travelled a distance of 700 m
5
(b) His displacement is 700 m (a) (b) 10 2
2
(c) His displacement is 500 m
(d) His velocity is not uniform throughout the walk
(c) 5 2 (d) 5
27. The unit vector parallel to the resultant of the vectors
& & &
A 4î 3ˆj 6kˆ and B î 3ˆj 8 kˆ is [EAMCET 2000] 34. The angle between the two vectors A 3î 4 ˆj 5kˆ and
&
1 ˆ 1 ˆ B 3î 4 ˆj 5kˆ will be [Pb. CET 2001]
(a) (3i 6 ˆj 2kˆ ) (b) (3i 6 ˆj 2kˆ )
7 7
(a) 90° (b) 0°
1 ˆ 1 ˆ
(c) (3i 6 ˆj 2kˆ ) (d) (3i 6 ˆj 2kˆ ) (c) 60° (d) 45°
49 49
28. Surface area is [J&K CET 2002]
Addition and Subtraction of Vectors
(a) Scalar (b) Vector
1. There are two force vectors, one of 5 N and other of 12 N at what
(c) Neither scalar nor vector (d) Both scalar and vector angle the two vectors be added to get resultant vector of 17 N, 7 N
and 13 N respectively
29. With respect to a rectangular cartesian coordinate system, three (a) 0°, 180° and 90° (b) 0°, 90° and 180°
vectors are expressed as
(c) 0°, 90° and 90° (d) 180°, 0° and 90°
& & &
a 4î ˆj , b 3î 2ˆj and c kˆ 2. If A 4î 3 ˆj and B 6î 8 ˆj then magnitude and direction of
A B will be
Vectors 11
(a) 5, tan 1 (3 / 4 ) (b) 5 5 , tan 1 (1 / 2) 12. Forces F1 and F2 act on a point mass in two mutually
perpendicular directions. The resultant force on the point mass will
(c) 10, tan 1 (5) (d) 25, tan 1 (3 / 4 ) be [CPMT 1991]
3. A truck travelling due north at 20 m/s turns west and travels at the (a) F1 F2 (b) F1 F2
same speed. The change in its velocity be
[UPSEAT 1999] (c) F12 F22 (d) F12 F22
(a) 40 m/s N–W (b) 20 2 m/s N–W 13. If | A B | | A | | B |, the angle between A and B is
(c) 40 m/s S–W (d) 20 2 m/s S–W (a) 60° (b) 0°

(c) 120° (d) 90°
4. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, then magnitude of
difference is [CPMT 1995; CBSE PMT 1989] 14. Let the angle between two nonzero vectors A and B be 120° and
(a) 2 (b) 3 resultant be C
(c) 1/ 2 (d) 5 (a) C must be equal to | A B |
5. A 2î ˆj, B 3 ˆj kˆ and C 6î 2kˆ . (b) C must be less than | A B |
Value of A 2 B 3C would be (c) C must be greater than | A B |

(a) 20î 5 ˆj 4 kˆ (b) 20î 5 ˆj 4 kˆ (d) C may be equal to | A B |
(c) 4î 5 ˆj 20kˆ (d) 5î 4 ˆj 10kˆ 15. The magnitude of vector A, B and C are respectively 12, 5 and 13
6. An object of m kg with speed of v m/s strikes a wall at an angle T
units and A B C then the angle between A and B is [CP
and rebounds at the same speed and same angle. The magnitude of
the change in momentum of the object will be (a) 0 (b) S
(c) S / 2 (d) S / 4
(a) 2m v cos T
16. Magnitude of vector which comes on addition of two vectors,
(b) 2 m v sinT
6î 7 ˆj and 3î 4 ˆj is [BHU 2000]
(c) 0 o
v1 T T o
v2 (a) 136 (b) 13.2
(d) 2mv
(c) 202 (d) 160
7. Two forces, each of magnitude F have a resultant of the same
magnitude F. The angle between the two forces is 17. A particle has displacement of 12 m towards east and 5 m towards
north then 6 m vertically upward. The sum of these displacements is [AII
[CBSE PMT 1990]
(a) 12 (b) 10.04 m
(a) 45° (b) 120° (c) 14.31 m (d) None of these
(c) 150° (d) 60°
18. The three vectors A 3i 2ˆj kˆ , B î 3ˆj 5kˆ
ˆ and
8. For the resultant of the two vectors to be maximum, what must be
the angle between them C 2î ˆj 4 kˆ form
(a) 0° (b) 60° (a) An equilateral triangle (b) Isosceles triangle
(c) 90° (d) 180° (c) A right angled triangle (d) No triangle
9. A particle is simultaneously acted by two forces equal to 4 N and 3 19. For the figure
N. The net force on the particle is [CPMT 1979]
(a) AB C
(a) 7 N (b) 5 N
(c) 1 N (d) Between 1 N and 7 N (b) BC A C
B
10. Two vectors A and B lie in a plane, another vector C lies outside (c) CA B
this plane, then the resultant of these three vectors i.e., A B C [CPMT
(d) A 1983]
BC 0
(a) Can be zero A
(b) Cannot be zero 20. Let C A B then
(c) Lies in the plane containing A B (a) | C | is always greater then | A |

&
(d) Lies in the plane containing C (b) It is possible to have | C | | A | and | C | | B |
11. If the resultant of the two forces has a magnitude smaller than the
magnitude of larger force, the two forces must be (c) C is always equal to A + B
(a) Different both in magnitude and direction (d) C is never equal to A + B
(b) Mutually perpendicular to one another 21. The value of the sum of two vectors A and B with T as the
(c) Possess extremely small magnitude angle between them is [BHU 1996]
(d) Point in opposite directions
(a) A 2 B 2 2 AB cosT (b) A 2 B 2 2 AB cosT
12 Vectors
(c) Q (d) (P–Q)
(c) A 2 B 2 2 AB sinT (d) A 2 B 2 2 AB sinT
32. Two forces, F1 and F2 are acting on a body. One force is double
22. Following sets of three forces act on a body. Whose resultant cannot
be zero [CPMT 1985]
that of the other force and the resultant is equal to the greater
force. Then the angle between the two forces is
(a) 10, 10, 10 (b) 10, 10, 20
(c) 10, 20, 23 (d) 10, 20, 40 (a) cos 1 (1 / 2) (b) cos 1 (1 / 2)
23. When three forces of 50 N, 30 N and 15 N act on a body, then the (c) cos 1 (1 / 4 ) (d) cos 1 (1 / 4 )
body is
(a) At rest 33. Given that A B C and that C is A to A . Further if
(b) Moving with a uniform velocity | A | | C |, then what is the angle between A and B
(c) In equilibrium
S S
(d) Moving with an acceleration (a) radian (b) radian
4 2
24. The sum of two forces acting at a point is 16 N. If the resultant
force is 8 N and its direction is perpendicular to minimum force 3S
(c) radian (d) S radian
then the forces are [CPMT 1997] 4
(a) 6 N and 10 N (b) 8 N and 8 N 34. A body is at rest under the action of three forces, two of which are
(c) 4 N and 12 N (d) 2 N and 14 N & &
F 4î , F
1 2 6 ˆj, the third force is [AMU 1996]
25. If vectors P, Q and R have magnitude 5, 12 and 13 units and
PQ R, the angle between Q and R is [CEET 1998] (a) 4î 6 ˆj (b) 4î 6 ˆj
5 5 (c) 4î 6 ˆj (d) 4î 6 ˆj

(a) cos 1 (b) cos 1
12 13 35. A plane is revolving around the earth with a speed of 100 km/hr at a
constant height from the surface of earth. The change in the velocity
12 7
(c) cos 1 (d) cos 1 as it travels half circle is
13 13 [RPET 1998; KCET 2000]
26. The resultant of two vectors A and B is perpendicular to the vector (a) 200 km/hr (b) 150 km/hr
A and its magnitude is equal to half the magnitude of vector B. The
angle between A and B is (c) 100 2 km / hr (d) 0
(a) 120° (b) 150° 36. What displacement must be added to the displacement
(c) 135° (d) None of these 25î 6 ˆj m to give a displacement of 7.0 m pointing in the x-
27. What vector must be added to the two vectors î 2ˆj 2kˆ and direction
2î ˆj kˆ , so that the resultant may be a unit vector along x- (a) 18î 6 ˆj (b) 32î 13ˆj
axis
18î 6 ˆj 25î 13ˆj
[BHU 1990]
(c) (d)
(a) 2î ˆj kˆ (b) 2î ˆj kˆ 37. A body moves due East with velocity 20 km/hour and then due
North with velocity 15 km/hour. The resultant velocity
(c) 2î ˆj kˆ (d) 2î ˆj kˆ
[AFMC 1995]
28. What is the angle between P and the resultant of (P Q) and
(a) 5 km/hour (b) 15 km/hour
(P Q ) (c) 20 km/hour (d) 25 km/hour
(a) Zero (b) tan 1 (P / Q) & & &
38. The magnitudes of vectors A, B and C are 3, 4 and 5 units
(c) tan 1 (Q / P) (d) tan 1 (P Q) /(P Q) & & & & &
respectively. If A B C , the angle between A and B is
29. The resultant of P and Q is perpendicular to P . What is the [CBSE PMT 1990]
angle between P and Q S
(a) (b) cos 1 (0.6)
(a) 1
cos (P / Q) (b) 1
cos ( P / Q) 2
1
sin1 ( P / Q) §7 · S
(c) sin (P / Q) (d) (c) tan 1 ¨ ¸ (d)
30. Maximum and minimum magnitudes of the resultant of two vectors ©5¹ 4
of magnitudes P and Q are in the ratio 3 : 1. Which of the 39. While travelling from one station to another, a car travels 75 km
following relations is true North, 60 km North-east and 20 km East. The minimum distance
(a) P 2Q (b) P Q between the two stations is [AFMC 1993]
(c) PQ 1 (d) None of these (a) 72 km (b) 112 km

(c) 132 km (d) 155 km
31. The resultant of two vectors P and Q is R. If Q is doubled, the
new resultant is perpendicular to P. Then R equals 40. A scooter going due east at 10 ms turns right through an angle of
–1
90°. If the speed of the scooter remains unchanged in taking turn,

(a) P (b) (P+Q)
the change is the velocity of the scooter is
Vectors 13
[BHU 1994]
(a) tan 1 (2) (b) tan 1 (1 / 2)
(a) 20.0 ms south eastern direction
–1
(c) 45° (d) 0°

(b) Zero 50. Two forces of 12 N and 8 N act upon a body. The resultant force on
(c) 10.0 ms in southern direction
–1 the body has maximum value of [Manipal 2003]
(d) 14.14 ms in south-west direction
–1
(a) 4 N (b) 0 N
(c) 20 N (d) 8 N
41. A person goes 10 km north and 20 km east. What will be
displacement from initial point [AFMC 1994, 2003] 51. Two equal forces (P each) act at a point inclined to each other at an
angle of 120°. The magnitude of their resultant is [Ka
(a) 22.36 km (b) 2 km
(a) P/2 (b) P/4
(c) 5 km (d) 20 km
& & (c) P (d) 2P
42. Two forces F1 5î 10 ˆj 20kˆ and F2 10î 5 ˆj 15kˆ act on 52. The vectors 5i 8 j and 2i 7 j are added. The magnitude of the
& &
a single point. The angle between F1 and F2 is nearly sum of these vector is [BHU 2000]
[AMU 1995] (a) 274 (b) 38

(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 238 (d) 560
& & & & & &
(c) 60° (d) 90° 53. Two vectors A and B are such that A B A B . Then
43. Which pair of the following forces will never give resultant force of [AMU (Med.) 2000]
2N [HP PMT 1999] & & & &
(a) A. B 0 (b) AuB 0
(a) 2 N and 2 N (b) 1 N and 1 N
&
(c) 1 N and 3 N (d) 1 N and 4 N (c) A 0 (d) B 0
44. Two forces 3N and 2 N are at an angle T such that the resultant is
R. The first force is now increased to 6N and the resultant become Multiplication of Vectors
2R. The value of T is [HP PMT 2000]
1. If a vector 2î 3ˆj 8 kˆ is perpendicular to the vector
(a) 30° (b) 60°
4 ˆj 4î Dkˆ . Then the value of D is [CBSE PMT 2005]
(c) 90° (d) 120°
45. Three concurrent forces of the same magnitude are in equilibrium. 1
(a) –1 (b)
What is the angle between the forces ? Also name the triangle 2
formed by the forces as sides
1
[JIPMER 2000] (c) (d) 1
2
(a) 60° equilateral triangle
(b) 120° equilateral triangle 2. If two vectors 2î 3 ˆj kˆ and 4î 6 ˆj Okˆ are parallel to
(c) 120°, 30°, 30° an isosceles triangle each other then value of O be
(d) 120° an obtuse angled triangle (a) 0 (b) 2
& & & & & &
46. If | A B| | A| | B| , then angle between A and B will be (c) 3 (d) 4
[CBSE PMT 2001] 3. A body, acted upon by a force of 50 N is displaced through a
(a) 90° (b) 120° distance 10 meter in a direction making an angle of 60° with the
(c) 0° (d) 60° force. The work done by the force be
47. The maximum and minimum magnitude of the resultant of two (a) 200 J (b) 100 J
given vectors are 17 units and 7 unit respectively. If these two (c) 300 (d) 250 J
vectors are at right angles to each other, the magnitude of their
resultant is [Kerala CET (Engg.) 2000] 4. A particle moves from position 3î 2ˆj 6kˆ to 14î 13ˆj 9kˆ
(a) 14 (b) 16
due to a uniform force of (4î ˆj 3kˆ ) N . If the displacement in
(c) 18 (d) 13
meters then work done will be
48. The vector sum of two forces is perpendicular to their vector
differences. In that case, the forces [CBSE PMT 2003] [CMEET 1995; Pb. PMT 2002, 03]
(a) Are equal to each other in magnitude (a) 100 J (b) 200 J
(b) Are not equal to each other in magnitude (c) 300 J (d) 250 J
(c) Cannot be predicted
5. If for two vector A and B , sum ( A B) is perpendicular to the
(d) Are equal to each other
49. y component of velocity is 20 and x component of velocity is 10. The difference ( A B) . The ratio of their magnitude is
direction of motion of the body with the horizontal at this instant is [Manipal 2003]
(a) 1 (b) 2
14 Vectors
(c) 3 (d) None of these
15. If | V 1 V 2 | | V 1 V 2 | and V2 is finite, then [CPMT 1989]
6. The angle between the vectors A and B is T . The value of the (a) V1 is parallel to V2
triple product A . (B u A ) is [CBSE PMT 1991, 2005]
(b) V1 V2
(a) A2B (b) Zero (c) V1 and V2 are mutually perpendicular
(c) A 2 B sinT (d) A 2 B cos T (d) | V 1 | | V 2 |

o o o o
7. If A u B B u A then the angle between A and B is 16. A force F (5î 3 ˆj) Newton is applied over a particle which
[AIEEE 2004] displaces it from its origin to the point r (2î 1ˆj) metres. The
work done on the particle is [MP PMT 1995]
(a) S / 2 (b) S / 3 (a) – 7 J (b) +13 J
(c) S (d) S / 4 (c) +7 J (d) +11 J
17. The angle between two vectors 2î 3 ˆj kˆ and î 2ˆj 4 kˆ is [EA
8. If A 3î ˆj 2kˆ and B 2î 2ˆj 4 kˆ then value of
(a) 0° (b) 90°
| A u B | will be (c) 180° (d) None of the above
(a) 8 2 (b) 8 3 18. The angle between the vectors (î ˆj) and (ˆj kˆ ) is
[EAMCET 1995]
(c) 8 5 (d) 5 8 (a) 30° (b) 45°
9. The torque of the force F (2î 3ˆj 4 kˆ )N acting at the point (c) 60° (d) 90°
r (3î 2ˆj 3kˆ ) m about the origin be 19. A particle moves with a velocity 6î 4 ˆj 3kˆ m / s under the
[CBSE PMT 1995] influence of a constant force F 20î 15 ˆj 5kˆ N . The
(a) 6î 6 ˆj 12kˆ (b) 17î 6 ˆj 13kˆ instantaneous power applied to the particle is
[CBSE PMT 2000]
(c) 6î 6 ˆj 12kˆ (d) 17î 6 ˆj 13kˆ (a) 35 J/s (b) 45 J/s
10. If A u B C, then which of the following statements is wrong (c) 25 J/s (d) 195 J/s
(a) CAA (b) CAB 20. If P.Q PQ, then angle between P and Q is [AIIMS 1999]
(a) 0° (b) 30°
(c) C A ( A B) (d) C A ( A u B)
(c) 45° (d) 60°
11. If a particle of mass m is moving with constant velocity v parallel to
x-axis in x-y plane as shown in fig. Its angular momentum with 21. A force F5î 6 ˆj 4 kˆ acting on a body, produces a
respect to origin at any time t will be
displacement S 6î 5kˆ . Work done by the force is
(a) mvb kˆ (b) mvb kˆ [KCET 1999]
(a) 10 units (b) 18 units
(c) mvb î (d) mv î
(c) 11 units (d) 5 units
12. Consider two vectors F1 2î 5kˆ and F 2 3 ˆj 4 kˆ . The 22. The angle between the two vectors A 5î 5 ˆj and
magnitude of the scalar product of these vectors is
[MP PMT 1987] B 5î 5 ˆj will be [CPMT 2000]
(a) 20 (b) 23 (a) Zero (b) 45°
(c) 5 33 (d) 26 (c) 90° (d) 180°
13. Consider a vector F 4î 3 ˆj. Another vector that is 23. The vector P aî aˆj 3kˆ and Q aî 2ˆj kˆ are
perpendicular to each other. The positive value of a is
perpendicular to F is [AFMC 2000; AIIMS 2002]
(a) 4î 3 ˆj (b) 6 î (a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 9 (d) 13
(c) 7 k̂ (d) 3î 4 ˆj
24. A body, constrained to move in the Y-direction is subjected to a
14. Two vectors A and B are at right angles to each other, when [AIIMS
force by F (2î 15 ˆj 6kˆ ) N . What is the work done by
1987]
given
(a) AB 0 (b) AB 0 this force in moving the body a distance 10 m along the Y-axis [CB
(c) AuB 0 (d) A. B 0 (a) 20 J (b) 150 J

(c) 160 J (d) 190 J
Vectors 15
25. A particle moves in the x-y plane under the action of a force F such § 2 · § 5·
(c) sin1 ¨¨ ¸
¸ (d) sin1 ¨ ¸
that the value of its linear momentum (P ) at anytime t is ¨ 3 ¸
© 3¹ © ¹
Px 2 cos t, p y 2 sin t. The angle T between F and P at a
34. A vector A points vertically upward and B points towards north.
given time t. will be [MNR 1991; UPSEAT 2000]
The vector product A u B is [UPSEAT 2000]
(a) T 0q (b) T 30q
(a) Zero (b) Along west
(c) T 90q (d) T 180q (c) Along east (d) Vertically downward
26. The area of the parallelogram represented by the vectors
35. Angle between the vectors (î ˆj) and (ˆj kˆ ) is
A 2î 3 ˆj and B î 4 ˆj is
(a) 90° (b) 0°
(a) 14 units (b) 7.5 units
(c) 180° (d) 60°
36. The position vectors of points A, B, C and D are
27. A vector F 1 is along the positive X-axis. If its vector product with
A 3î 4 ˆj 5kˆ , B 4î 5 ˆj 6kˆ , C 7î 9 ˆj 3kˆ and
another vector F 2 is zero then F 2 could be
D 4î 6 ˆj then the displacement vectors AB and CD are
[MP PMT 1987]
(a) Perpendicular
(a) 4 ˆj (b) (î ˆj) (b) Parallel
(c) Antiparallel
(c) (ˆj kˆ ) (d) (4î ) (d) Inclined at an angle of 60°
28. If for two vectors A and B, A u B 0, the vectors 37. If force (F) 4î 5 ˆj and displacement (s) 3î 6kˆ then the
(a) Are perpendicular to each other work done is [Manipal 1995]
(a) 4u3 (b) 5u6
(b) Are parallel to each other
(c) 6u3 (d) 4 u6
(c) Act at an angle of 60°
(d) Act at an angle of 30° 38. If | A u B | | A . B |, then angle between A and B will be
[AIIMS 2000; Manipal 2000]
29. The angle between vectors (A u B) and (B u A) is
(a) 30° (b) 45°
(a) Zero (b) S (c) 60° (d) 90°
(c) S /4 (d) S / 2 39. In an clockwise system [CPMT 1990]
(a) ˆj u kˆ î (b) î . î 0
30. What is the angle between ( P Q) and (P u Q)
(c) ˆj u ˆj 1 (d) kˆ . ˆj 1
S
(a) 0 (b)
2 40. The linear velocity of a rotating body is given by v Z u r, where Z
S is the angular velocity and r is the radius vector. The angular velocity
(c) (d) S
4 of a body is Z î 2ˆj 2kˆ and the radius vector r 4 ˆj 3kˆ ,
31. The resultant of the two vectors having magnitude 2 and 3 is 1.
What is their cross product then | v | is
(a) 6 (b) 3 (a) 29 units (b) 31 units

(c) 1 (d) 0
32. Let A î A cos T ˆjA sinT be any vector. Another vector B 41. Three vectors a, b and c satisfy the relation a . b 0 and
which is normal to A is [BHU 1997]
a. c 0 . The vector a is parallel to [AIIMS 1996]
(a) î B cos T j B sinT (b) î B sinT j B cos T
(a) b (b) c
(c) î B sinT j B cos T (d) î B cos T j B sinT (c) b .c (d) buc
33. The angle between two vectors given by 6i 6 j 3k and 42. The diagonals of a parallelogram are 2 î and 2 ˆj. What is the area
7i 4 j 4 k is [EAMCET (Engg.) 1999] of the parallelogram
(a) 0.5 units (b) 1 unit
§ 1 · § 5 ·
(a) cos 1 ¨¨ ¸
¸ (b) cos 1 ¨¨ ¸
¸
© 3¹ © 3¹ 43. What is the unit vector perpendicular to the following vectors
2î 2ˆj kˆ and 6î 3 ˆj 2kˆ
16 Vectors
î 10 ˆj 18 kˆ î 10 ˆj 18 kˆ 51. Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are represented by the two

(a) (b) vectors î 2ˆj 3kˆ and 3î 2ˆj kˆ . What is the area of
5 17 5 17
parallelogram
î 10 ˆj 18 kˆ î 10 ˆj 18 kˆ
(c) (d) [AMU 1997]
5 17 5 17
44. The area of the parallelogram whose sides are represented by the (a) 8 (b) 8 3
vectors ˆj 3kˆ and î 2ˆj kˆ is (c) 3 8 (d) 192
(a) 61 sq.unit (b) 59 sq.unit
52. The position vectors of radius are 2î ˆj kˆ and 2î 3 ˆj kˆ
(c) 49 sq.unit (d) 52 sq.unit
while those of linear momentum are 2î 3 ˆj kˆ . Then the angular
45. The position of a particle is given by r (i 2 j k ) momentum momentum is [BHU 1997]
P (3i 4 j 2k ). The angular momentum is perpendicular to î 4 kˆ1998]

(a) 2(Engg.)
[EAMCET (b) 4î 8 kˆ
(a) x-axis (c) 2î 4 ˆj 2kˆ (d) 4î 8 kˆ

(b) y-axis &
53. What is the value of linear velocity, if Z 3î 4 ˆj kˆ and
(c) z-axis &
r 5î 6 ˆj 6kˆ [CBSE PMT 1999; CPMT 1999, 2001;
(d) Line at equal angles to all the three axes Pb. PMT 2000; Pb. CET 2000]
46. Two vector A and B have equal magnitudes. Then the vector A + B
(a) 6î 2ˆj 3kˆ (b) 6î 2ˆj 8 kˆ
is perpendicular to
(a) AuB (b) A – B (c) 4î 13ˆj 6kˆ (d) 18î 13ˆj 2kˆ
(c) 3A – 3B (d) All of these 54. Dot product of two mutual perpendicular vector is
[Haryana CEET 2002]
47. Find the torque of a force F 3î ˆj 5kˆ acting at the point (a) 0 (b) 1
r 7î 3 ˆj kˆ (c) f (d) None of these
& &
[CPMT 1997; CBSE PMT 1997; CET 1998; DPMT 2004] 55. When A.B | A || B |, then [Orissa JEE 2003]
& &
(a) 14î 38 ˆj 16kˆ (b) 4î 4 ˆj 6kˆ (a) A and B are perpendicular to each other
& &
(c) 21î 4 ˆj 4 kˆ (d) 14î 34 ˆj 16kˆ (b) A and B act in the same direction
& &
(c) A and B act in the opposite direction
48. The value of ( A B)u ( A B) is & &
(d) A and B can act in any direction
[RPET 1991, 2002; BHU 2002] & & & & & &
56. If | A u B | 3 A.B, then the value of| A B | is
(a) 0 (b) A2 B2
[CBSE PMT 2004]
(c) Bu A (d) 2(B u A) 1/2
§ 2 ·
& & (a) ¨ A B 2 AB ¸ (b) AB
¨ 3 ¸¹
49. If A and B are perpendicular vectors and vector ©
& &
A 5î 7 ˆj 3kˆ and B 2î 2ˆj akˆ . The value of a is
(c) ( A 2 B 2 3 AB)1 / 2 (d) ( A 2 B 2 AB)1 / 2
[EAMCET 1991] &
57. A force F 3î cˆj 2kˆ acting on a particle causes a
(a) – 2 (b) 8 &
displacement S 4î 2ˆj 3kˆ in its own direction. If the work
(c) – 7 (d) – 8 done is 6J, then the value of c will be [DPMT 1997]
50. A force vector applied on a mass is represented as (a) 12 (b) 6
&
F 6î 8 ˆj 10kˆ and accelerates with 1 m /s 2 . What will be the (c) 1 (d) 0
mass of the body in kg. &
58. A force F (5î 3 ˆj) N is applied over a particle which displaces it
[CMEET 1995] &
from its original position to the point s (2î 1ˆj) m. The work done
(a) 10 2 (b) 20 on the particle is [BHU 2001]
(a) + 11 J (b) + 7 J
(c) 2 10 (d) 10
(c) + 13 J (d) – 7 J
Vectors 17
& & (c) 30 km/hr (d) 15 km/hr
59. If a vector A is parallel to another vector B then the resultant of
& &
the vector A u B will be equal to 2. A man standing on a road hold his umbrella at 30° with the vertical
to keep the rain away. He throws the umbrella and starts running at
[Pb. CET 1996] 10 km/hr. He finds that raindrops are hitting his head vertically, the
& speed of raindrops with respect to the road will be
(a) A (b) A
(a) 10 km/hr (b) 20 km/hr
(c) Zero vector (d) Zero
(c) 30 km/hr (d) 40 km/hr
Lami's Theorem 3. In the above problem, the speed of raindrops w.r.t. the moving man,
will be
1. P, Q and R are three coplanar forces acting at a point and are in (a) 10 / 2 km / h (b) 5 km/h
equilibrium. Given P = 1.9318 kg wt, sinT1 0.9659, the value of R
is ( in kg wt) [CET 1998] (c) 10 3 km / h (d) 5 / 3 km / h
4. A boat is moving with a velocity 3i + 4j with respect to ground. The
(a) 0.9659 water in the river is moving with a velocity – 3i – 4j with respect to
(b) 2 P 150o Q ground. The relative velocity of the boat with respect to water is [CP
(c) 1 (a) 8j (b) – 6i – 8j

T2 T1
1 R (c) 6i +8j (d) 5 2
(d)
2 5. A 150 m long train is moving to north at a speed of 10 m/s. A parrot
2. A body is in equilibrium under the action of three coplanar forces P, flying towards south with a speed of 5 m/s crosses the train. The
Q and R as shown in the figure. Select the correct statement time taken
[AFMC by the parrot the cross to train would be:
1994] [CB
P Q R (a) 30 s (b) 15 s
(a)
sinD sin E sin J (c) 8 s (d) 10 s
Q J P 6. A river is flowing from east to west at a speed of 5 m/min. A man
P Q R
(b) D E on south bank of river, capable of swimming 10m/min in still water,
cos D cos E cos J wants to swim across the river in shortest time. He should swim [B
R
P Q R (a) Due north
(c)
tan D tan E tan J (b) Due north-east
P Q R (c) Due north-east with double the speed of river
(d) (d) None of these
sin E sin J sinD
7. A person aiming to reach the exactly opposite point on the bank of
3. If a body is in equilibrium under a set of non-collinear forces, then
a stream is swimming with a speed of 0.5 m/s at an angle of 120 0
the minimum number of forces has to be

with the direction of flow of water. The speed of water in the
[AIIMS 2000]
stream is [CBSE PMT 1999]
(a) Four (b) Three
(a) 1 m/s (b) 0.5 m/s
(c) Two (d) Five
(c) 0.25 m/s (d) 0.433 m/s
4. How many minimum number of non-zero vectors in different planes
can be added to give zero resultant 8. A moves with 65 km/h while B is coming back of A with 80 km/h.
The relative velocity of B with respect to A is
(a) 2 (b) 3
[AFMC 2000]
(c) 4 (d) 5
5. As shown in figure the tension in the horizontal cord is 30 N. The (a) 80 km/h (b) 60 km/h
weight W and tension in the string OA in Newton are (c) 15 km/h (d) 145 km/h
[DPMT 1992] 9. A thief is running away on a straight road on a jeep moving with a
speed of 9 m/s. A police man chases him on a motor cycle moving
(a) 30 3 , 30 A at a speed of 10 m/s. If the instantaneous separation of jeep from the
30o motor cycle is 100 m, how long will it take for the policemen to
(b) 30 3 , 60 catch the thief
30 N
(a) 1 second (b) 19 second
(c) 60 3 , 30 O (c) 90 second (d) 100 second
(d) None of these
W 10. A man can swim with velocity v relative to water. He has to cross a
river of width d flowing with a velocity u (u > v). The distance
Relative Velocity through which he is carried down stream by the river is x. Which of
the following statement is correct
1. Two cars are moving in the same direction with the same speed 30
km/hr. They are separated by a distance of 5 km, the speed of a car du
(a) If he crosses the river in minimum time x
moving in the opposite direction if it meets these two cars at an v
interval of 4 minutes, will be
(a) 40 km/hr (b) 45 km/hr
18 Vectors
du (a) 1 (b) 2
(b) x can not be less than
v (c) 3 (d) 4
(c) For x to be minimum he has to swim in a direction making an 3. Can the resultant of 2 vectors be zero [IIIT 2000]
S §v ·
angle of sin1 ¨ ¸ with the direction of the flow of (a) Yes, when the 2 vectors are same in magnitude and direction
2 ©u¹
(b) No
water
(c) Yes, when the 2 vectors are same in magnitude but opposite in
(d) x will be max. if he swims in a direction making an angle of sense
S v
sin1 with direction of the flow of water (d) Yes, when the 2 vectors are same in magnitude making an
2 u
2S
angle of with each other
11. A man sitting in a bus travelling in a direction from west to east 3
with a speed of 40 km/h observes that the rain-drops are falling
4. The sum of the magnitudes of two forces acting at point is 18 and
vertically down. To the another man standing on ground the rain
will appear [HP PMT 1999]
the magnitude of their resultant is 12. If the resultant is at 90° with
the force of smaller magnitude, what are the, magnitudes of forces [Roorkee 19992; AIEEE
(a) To fall vertically down
(a) 12, 5 (b) 14, 4
(b) To fall at an angle going from west to east
(c) 5, 13 (d) 10, 8
(c) To fall at an angle going from east to west
5. A vector a is turned without a change in its length through a small
(d) The information given is insufficient to decide the direction of
rain. angle d T . The value of | 'a | and 'a are respectively
12. A boat takes two hours to travel 8 km and back in still water. If the
(a) 0, a dT (b) a dT , 0
velocity of water is 4 km/h, the time taken for going upstream 8 km
and coming back is [EAMCET 1990] (c) 0, 0 (d) None of these
(a) 2h
6. Find the resultant of three vectors OA, OB and OC shown in the
(b) 2h 40 min following figure. Radius of the circle is R.
C
(c) 1h 20 min (a) 2R B
(d) Cannot be estimated with the information given 45o
(b) R(1 2 ) 45o
13. A 120 m long train is moving towards west with a speed of 10 m/s. A A
bird flying towards east with a speed of 5 m/s crosses the train. The O
(c) R 2
time taken by the bird to cross the train will be [Manipal 2002]
(a) 16 sec (b) 12 sec (d) R( 2 1)
(c) 10 sec (d) 8 sec 7. Figure shows ABCDEF as a regular hexagon. What is the value of
AB AC AD AE AF E D
14. A boat crosses a river with a velocity of 8 km/h. If the resulting
velocity of boat is 10 km/h then the velocity of river water is [CPMT
(a) AO2001]
(a) 4 km/h (b) 6 km/h F C

(b) 2 AO
O
(c) 8 km/h (d) 10 km/h
(c) 4 AO
A B
(d) 6 AO
8. The length of second's hand in watch is 1 cm. The change in velocity
of its tip in 15 seconds is [MP PMT 1987]
S
(a) Zero (b) cm / sec
1. If a vector P making angles D, E, and J respectively with the X, Y 30 2
and Z axes respectively.
S S 2
(c) cm / sec (d) cm / sec
Then sin2 D sin2 E sin2 J 30 30
(a) 0 (b) 1 9. A particle moves towards east with velocity 5 m/s. After 10 seconds
its direction changes towards north with same velocity. The average
(c) 2 (d) 3 acceleration of the particle is
2. If the resultant of n forces of different magnitudes acting at a point [CPMT 1997; IIT-JEE 1982]
is zero, then the minimum value of n is [SCRA 2000]
Vectors 19
1 (d) If the assertion and reason both are false.

(a) Zero (b) m / s2 N W (e) If assertion is false but reason is true.
2
1 1 & & & &
(c) m / s2 N E (d) m / s2 S W 1. Assertion : A u B is perpendicular to both A B as well as
2 2 & &
A B.
& & & &
10. A force F K(yî xˆj) (where K is a positive constant) acts on Reason : A B as well as A B lie in the plane
& & & &
a particle moving in the x-y plane. Starting from the origin, the containing A and B , but A u B lies
particle is taken along the positive x- axis to the point (a, 0) and & &
then parallel to the y-axis to the point (a, a). The total work done by perpendicular to the plane containing A and B.
the forces F on the particle is 2. Assertion : Angle between î ˆj and î is 45°

[IIT-JEE 1998] Reason : î ˆj is equally inclined to both î and ˆj and the
angle between î and ˆj is 90°
2 2
(a) 2 Ka (b) 2 Ka
& &
(c) Ka 2 (d) Ka 2 3. Assertion : If T be the angle between A and B , then
& &
11. The vectors from origin to the points A and B are AuB
tan T & &
A 3î 6 ˆj 2kˆ and B 2î ˆj 2kˆ respectively. The area of A.B
& & & &
the triangle OAB be Reason : A u B is perpendicular to A.B
& & & & &
5 2 4. Assertion : If | A B | | A B | , then angle between A
(a) 17 sq.unit (b) 17 sq.unit
2 5 &
and B is 90°
3 5 & & & &
(c) 17 sq.unit (d) 17 sq.unit Reason : AB BA
5 3
5. Assertion : Vector product of two vectors is an axial vector
12. A metal sphere is hung by a string fixed to a wall. The sphere is & &
pushed away from the wall by a stick. The forces acting on the Reason : If v = instantaneous velocity, r = radius vector and
& & & &
sphere are shown in the second diagram. Which of the following Z = angular velocity, then Z v u r .
statements is wrong 6. Assertion : Minimum number of non-equal vectors in a plane
required to give zero resultant is three.
(a) P W tan T & & & &
Reason : If A B C 0, then they must lie in one plane
(b) T P W 0 T T 7. Assertion : Relative velocity of A w.r.t. B is greater than the
velocity of either, when they are moving in opposite
(c) T2 P2 W 2 directions.
P & &
Reason : Relative velocity of A w.r.t. B v A v B
(d) T P W W
& &
13. The speed of a boat is 5 km/h in still water. It crosses a river of 8. Assertion : Vector addition of two vectors A and B is
width 1 km along the shortest possible path in 15 minutes. The commutative.
& & & &
velocity of the river water is Reason : AB BA
[IIT 1988; CBSE PMT 1998, 2000] & & & &
9. Assertion : A.B B. A
(a) 1 km/h (b) 3 km/h Reason : Dot product of two vectors is commutative.
(c) 4 km/h (d) 5 km/h & & & & & &
10. Assertion : W r u F and W z F u r
14. A man crosses a 320 m wide river perpendicular to the current in 4
Reason : Cross product of vectors is commutative.
minutes. If in still water he can swim with a speed 5/3 times that of
11. Assertion : A negative acceleration of a body is associated with
the current, then the speed of the current, in m/min is [Roorkee 1998]
a slowing down of a body.
(a) 30 (b) 40 Reason : Acceleration is vector quantity.
(c) 50 (d) 60. 12. Assertion : A physical quantity cannot be called as a vector if
its magnitude is zero.
Reason : A vector has both, magnitude and direction.
13. Assertion : The sum of two vectors can be zero.
Reason : The vector cancel each other, when they are equal
and opposite.
14. Assertion : Two vectors are said to be like vectors if they have
same direction but different magnitude.
Read the assertion and reason carefully to mark the correct option out of Reason : Vector quantities do not have specific direction.
the options given below: 15. Assertion : The scalar product of two vectors can be zero.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct Reason : If two vectors are perpendicular to each other, their
explanation of the assertion. scalar product will be zero.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct 16. Assertion : Multiplying any vector by an scalar is a meaningful
explanation of the assertion. operations.
Reason : In uniform motion speed remains constant.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
20 Vectors
17. Assertion : A null vector is a vector whose magnitude is zero
and direction is arbitrary.
Reason : A null vector does not exist.
& &
18. Assertion : If dot product and cross product of A and B are
& &
zero, it implies that one of the vector A and B
must be a null vector.
Reason : Null vector is a vector with zero magnitude.
19. Assertion : The cross product of a vector with itself is a null
vector.
Reason : The cross-product of two vectors results in a vector
quantity.
20. Assertion : The minimum number of non coplanar vectors
whose sum can be zero, is four.
Reason : The resultant of two vectors of unequal magnitude
can be zero.
& & & & &
21. Assertion : If A.B B.C, then A may not always be equal to
&
C
Reason : The dot product of two vectors involves cosine of
the angle between the two vectors.
22. Assertion : Vector addition is commutative.
& & & &
Reason : ( A B) z (B A).
Vectors 21
Relative Velocity
1 b 2 b 3 c 4 c 5 d
6 a 7 c 8 c 9 d 10 ac
11 b 12 b 13 d 14 b
Fundamentals of Vectors
Critical Thinking Questions
1 d 2 b 3 c 4 d 5 d
1 c 2 c 3 c 4 c 5 b
6 a 7 a 8 b 9 b 10 d
6 b 7 d 8 d 9 b 10 c
11 d 12 d 13 a 14 b 15 c
11 a 12 d 13 b 14 d
16 c 17 a 18 b 19 c 20 c
21 d 22 d 23 b 24 d 25 b
Assertion and Reason
26 b 27 a 28 a 29 a 30 d
1 a 2 a 3 d 4 b 5 c
31 a 32 b 33 a 34 a
6 b 7 a 8 b 9 a 10 c
Addition and Subtraction of Vectors 11 b 12 e 13 a 14 c 15 a
1 a 2 b 3 d 4 b 5 b 16 b 17 c 18 b 19 b 20 c
6 a 7 b 8 a 9 d 10 b 21 a 22 c
11 d 12 c 13 a 14 c 15 c
16 c 17 c 18 c 19 c 20 b
21 a 22 d 23 d 24 a 25 c
26 b 27 b 28 a 29 b 30 a
31 c 32 c 33 c 34 d 35 a
36 c 37 d 38 a 39 c 40 d Fundamentals of Vectors
41 a 42 b 43 d 44 d 45 a
1. (d) As the multiple of ˆj in the given vector is zero therefore this
46 c 47 d 48 a 49 a 50 c
vector lies in XZ plane and projection of this vector on y-axis is
51 c 52 a 53 d zero.
2. (b) If a point have coordinate (x, y, z) then its position vector
Multiplication of Vectors xî yˆj zkˆ .
1 c 2 b 3 d 4 a 5 a 3. (c) Displacement vector r 'xî 'yˆj 'zkˆ

6 b 7 c 8 b 9 b 10 d (3 2)î (4 3)ˆj (5 5)kˆ î ˆj
11 b 12 d 13 c 14 d 15 c 4. (d) y
16 c 17 b 18 c 19 b 20 a
F cos 60o
21 a 22 c 23 a 24 b 25 c F
60o
26 d 27 d 28 b 29 b 30 b
x
31 d 32 c 33 d 34 b 35 d F sin 60o
The component of force in vertical direction
36 b 37 a 38 b 39 a 40 a
1
41 d 42 d 43 c 44 b 45 a = F cos T F cos 60q 5u 2 .5 N
2
46 a 47 a 48 d 49 d 50 a
5. (d) | B | 7 2 (24 ) 2 625 25
51 b 52 b 53 d 54 a 55 c
ˆ 3î 4 ˆj
56 d 57 a 58 b 59 c Unit vector in the direction of A will be A
5
Lami's Theorem § 3î 4 ˆj ·

So required vector = 25 ¨ ¸ 15î 20 ˆj
¨ 5 ¸
© ¹
1 c 2 a 3 b 4 c 5 b
6. (a) Let the components of A makes angles D , E and J with x, y
and z axis respectively then D E J
22 Vectors
&
cos 2 D cos 2 E cos 2 J 1 23. (b) r (a cos Z t)î (a sinZ t)ˆj
1 &
3 cos 2 D 1 cos D & dr
v aZ sinZ t î aZ cos Z t ˆj
3 dt
&&
A As r .v 0 therefore velocity of the particle is perpendicular
? Ax Ay Az A cos D
3 to the position vector.
& 24. (d) Displacement, electrical and acceleration are vector quantities.
7. (a) A 2î 4 ˆj 5kˆ ? | A | (2) 2 (4 )2 (5) 2 45 25. (b) Magnitude of unit vector = 1
2 4 5
? cos D , cos E , cos J (0.5)2 (0.8)2 c 2 1
45 45 45
ˆj By solving we get c 0.11
8. (b) Unit vector along y axis so the required vector
26. (b)
ˆj [(î 3ˆj 2kˆ ) (3î 6 ˆj 7kˆ )] 4î 2ˆj 5kˆ D C
& & &
9. (b) F3 F1 F2 300 m
o o
There should be minimum three coplaner F3 F2
vectors having different magnitude which A B
should be added to give zero resultant o 400 m
F1
Displacement AC AB BC
10. (d) Diagonal of the hall = l 2 b 2 h2
AC ( AB) (BC)2
2
(400)2 (300)2 500m
10 2 12 2 14 2
h Distance AB BC 400 300 700m
100 144 196
l b 27. (a) Resultant of vectors A and B
400 20m
R AB 4î 3ˆj 6kˆ î 3ˆj 8 kˆ
S
11. (d) Total angle = 100 u 2S
50 R 3î 6 ˆj 2kˆ
So all the force will pass through one point and all forces will
be balanced. i.e. their resultant will be zero. ˆ R 3î 6 ˆj 2kˆ 3î 6 ˆj 2kˆ
R &
& & & | R| 2
3 6 (2) 2 2 7
12. (d) r r2 r1 (2î 2ˆj 0kˆ ) (4î 4 ˆj 0kˆ )
& 28. (a) I B. A . In this formula A is a area vector.
r 6î 2ˆj 0kˆ
& & & &
& 29. (a) r a b c 4î ˆj 3î 2ˆj kˆ î ˆj kˆ
? | r| (6)2 (2)2 0 2 36 4 40 2 10
& î ˆj kˆ î ˆj kˆ
r
& & § 1 · § 1
2
·
2 rˆ
1 ˆ 1 ˆ | r| 3
i j ?| P | ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ =1 2 2
1 1 (1) 2
13. (a) P
2 2 ¨ 2 ¸ ¨ 2 ¸
© ¹ © ¹
A.B 9 16 25 50
? It is a unit vector. 30. (d) cos T = 1
| A || B | 9 16 25 9 16 25 50
14. (b)
&
î ˆj cos T 1 ? T cos 1 (1)
R 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
15. (c) R̂ i j &
| R| 12 12 2 2 31. (a) r 3 t 2î 4 t 2 ˆj 7kˆ
& &
16. (c) R 3î ˆj 2kˆ at t 0 , r1 7 kˆ
&
? Length in XY plane = R x2 Ry2 3 2 12 10 at t 10 sec , r2 300î 400ˆj 7kˆ ,
& &
17. (a) If the angle between all forces which are equal and lying in one 'r r2 r1 300î 400ˆj
plane are equal then resultant force will be zero.
& & &
| 'r | | r2 r1 | (300)2 (400)2 500m
18. (b) A î ˆj | A | 12 12 2
Ax 1 32. (b) Resultant of vectors A and B
cos D cos 45q ? D 45q
| A| 2 R AB 4î 3ˆj 8î 8 ˆj 12î 5 ˆj
19. (c)
ˆ R 12î 5 ˆj 12î 5 ˆj
20. (c) R
| R| 2
(12) (5) 2 13
21. (d) All quantities are tensors.
& &
22. (d) P Q PP ˆ QQ ˆ
Vectors 23
A.B (2î 3 ˆj) (î ˆj) 23 5 7. (b) R A 2 B 2 2 AB cosT

33. (a) & &
| i j| 2 2 2 By substituting, A F, B F and R F we get
A.B (3î 4 ˆj 5 kˆ ) (3î 4 ˆj 5 kˆ ) 1

34. (a) cos T cosT ?T 120q
| A || B | 9 16 25 9 16 25 2
8. (a)
9 16 25 & &
0 9. (d) If two vectors A and B are given then the resultant R max =
50
AB 7 N and R min 4 3 1N
cos T 0,? T 90q
i.e. net force on the particle is between 1 N and 7 N.
&
Addition and Subtraction of Vectors 10. (b) If C lies outside the plane then resultant force can not be
zero.
1. (a) For 17 N both the vector should be parallel i.e. angle between 11. (d)
them should be zero.
For 7 N both the vectors should be antiparallel i.e. angle 12. (c) F F12 F22 2 F1 F2 cos 90q F12 F22
between them should be 180° 13. (a)
For 13 N both the vectors should be perpendicular to each 14. (c)
other i.e. angle between them should be 90°
2. (b) AB 4î 3ˆj 6î 8 ˆj 10î 5 ˆj 15. (c) C A2 B2

o
S C
o
| A B| (10)2 (5)2 5 5 The angle between A and B is B
2
5 1 §1· 90°
tan T T tan 1 ¨ ¸
10 2 ©2¹ o
A
3. (d) From figure & & &
v1 =20 m/s
16. (c) R A B = 6î 7 ˆj 3î 4 ˆj = 9î 11ˆj
v1 20 ˆj and v 2 20î
v2 =20 m/s &
'v v 2 v1 20(î ˆj) ? | R| 9 2 11 2 81 121 202
T O
| 'v | 20 2 and direction 17. (c) R 12 2 5 2 6 2 144 25 36 205 14.31 m
'v – v1 & & &
T tan 1 (1) 45q i.e. S–W 18. (c) A 3î 2ˆj kˆ , B î 3ˆj 5kˆ , C 2î ˆj 4 kˆ
4. (b) Let n̂1 and n̂ 2 are the two unit vectors, then the sum is &
| A| 3 2 (2)2 1 2 9 4 1 14
ns nˆ 1 nˆ 2 or ns2 n12 n22 2n1n2 cos T &
| B| 1 2 (3)2 5 2 1 9 25 35
1 1 2 cosT &
| A| 2 2 1 2 (4 )2 4 1 16 21
Since it is given that n s is also a unit vector, therefore
1 As B A 2 C 2 therefore ABC will be right angled
1 1 1 2 cosT cosT ?T 120q
2 triangle.
19. (c)
Now the difference vector is nˆ d nˆ 1 nˆ 2 or & & &
20. (b) C A B.
nd2 n12 n22 2n1n2 cos T 1 1 2 cos(120q)
The value of C lies between A B and A B
& & & &
? nd2 2 2(1 / 2) 2 1 3 nd 3 ? | C | | A | or | C | | B |
5. (b) A 2 B 3C (2î ˆj) 2(3ˆj kˆ ) 3(6î 2kˆ ) 21. (a)

22. (d)
2î ˆj 6 ˆj 2kˆ 18î 6kˆ = 20î 5 ˆj 4 kˆ 23. (d) Here all the three force will not keep the particle in equilibrium
so the net force will not be zero and the particle will move
6. (a) P1 m v sinT î m v cosT ˆj with an acceleration.
24. (a) A B 16 (given) …(i)
and P 2 m v sinT î m v cosT ˆj B sinT
tan D tan 90q
So change in momentum A B cosT
A
? A B cosT 0 cosT …(ii)
'P P 2 P1 2 m v cos T ˆj, | ' P | 2 m v cosT B
24 Vectors
8 A 2 B 2 2 AB cosT …(iii) 38. (a) C A2 B2

By solving eq. (i), (ii) and (iii) we get A 6 N, B 10 N o
& & & = 32 4 2 5 C o
25. (c) | P | 5 , | Q | 12 and | R | 13 B
S
o T ? Angle between A and B is
Q 12 R o 2
cosT Q o
R 13 39. (c) A
40. (d) o o N
1 § 12
· –v1 v1
?T cos ¨ ¸ o T
© 13 ¹ P
W E
o
B 'v
26. (b) A B 2 AB cos T
2 2
…(i) o
2 v2
S
B sinT
? tan 90q A B cos T 0
A B cos T If the magnitude of vector remains same, only direction change
A by T then
? cos T
B
'v v 2 v1 , 'v v 2 (v1 )
B2 B
Hence, from (i) A2 B2 2A2 A 3
4 2 §T ·
Magnitude of change in vector | 'v | 2v sin¨ ¸
A 3 ©2¹
cos T ? T 150q
B 2
& § 90q ·
| 'v | 2 u 10 u sin¨ ¸ = 10 2 = 14.14 m / s
27. (b) (î 2ˆj 2kˆ ) (2î ˆj kˆ ) R i © 2 ¹
&
? Required vector R = 2î ˆj kˆ Direction is south-west as shown in figure.
& & & & & &
28. (a) Resultant R P Q P Q 2 P 41. (a) AC AB BC
20km
& & B C
The angle between P and 2 P is zero.
AC ( AB) 2 (BC) 2 10km
29. (b) R
Q
(10) 2 (20) 2
A
T 100 400 500 22.36 km
P
Q sinT (b) cos T
F1 .F2
tan 90q P Q cosT 0 42.
P Q cos T | F1 || F2 |
P §P· (5î 10 ˆj 20kˆ ).(10î 5 ˆj 15kˆ ) 50 50 300

cos T ?T cos 1 ¨¨ ¸¸
Q © Q ¹ 25 100 400 100 25 225 525 350
30. (a) According to problem P Q 3 and P Q 1 1
cos T ? T 45q
P 2
By solving we get P 2 and Q 1? 2 P 2Q
Q 43. (d) If two vectors A and B are given then Range of their resultant
31. (c) can be written as ( A B) d R d ( A B) .
32. (c) i.e. Rmax A B and Rmin AB
33. (c)
If B = 1 and A = 4 then their resultant will lies in between 3N
34. (d) F1 F2 F3 0 4î 6 ˆj F3 0 and 5N. It can never be 2N.
&
? F3 4î 6 ˆj 44. (d) A 3N , B 2 N then R A 2 B 2 2 AB cos T
§T · R 9 4 12 cos T …(i)
35. (a) 'v 2v sin¨ ¸ 2 u v u sin 90q
©2¹ Now A 6N , B 2 N then
2 u 100 200 km/hr 2R 36 4 24 cos T …(ii)
36. (c) 1
from (i) and (ii) we get cos T ? T 120q
2 2 2
37. (d) Resultant velocity 20 15
45. (a) In N forces of equal magnitude works
= 400 225 625 25 km/hr on a single point and their resultant is F
120°
120° F
120°
F
Vectors 25
zero then angle between any two forces is given
3. (d) W F.S FS cosT
360 360
T 120q 1
N 3 50 u 10 u cos 60q 50 u 10 u 250 J .
2
If these three vectors are represented by three sides of triangle
then they form equilateral triangle 4. (a) S r2 r1
46. (c) Resultant of two vectors A and B can be given by
W F.S (4î ˆj 3kˆ ). (11î 11ˆj 15kˆ )
R AB
(4 u 11 1 u 11 3 u 15) 100 J.
| R| | A B| A 2 B 2 2 AB cos T
5. (a) ( A B) is perpendicular to ( A B) . Thus
If T 0q then | R | A B | A| | B|
47. (d) Rmax AB 17 when T 0q ( A B) . ( A B) = 0
Rmin AB 7 when T 180q or A 2 B . A A . B B 2 0

by solving we get A 12 and B 5
Because of commutative property of dot product A.B B. A
Now when T 90q then R A2 B2 2 2
? A B 0 or A B
2 2
R (12) (5) 169 13 Thus the ratio of magnitudes A/B = 1
48. (a) If two vectors are perpendicular then their dot product must 6. (b) Let A .( B u A) A.C
be equal to zero. According to problem
( A B).( A B) 0 A. A A.B B. A B.B 0 Here C B u A Which is perpendicular to both vector
A2 B2 0 A2 B2 A and B ? A. C 0
? A B i.e. two vectors are equal to each other in
magnitude. 7. (c) We know that A u B (B u A) because the angle between
these two is always 90°.
49. (a) vy 20 and v x 10 y
& But if the angle between A and B is 0 or S . Then
? velocity v 10î 20 ˆj v
vy AuB Bu A 0.
direction of velocity with x axis
vy 20 î ˆj kˆ
tan T 2 T x
vx 10 vx 8. (b) AuB 3 1 2
1 2 2 4
? T tan (2)
50. (c) Rmax A B when T 0q ? Rmax 12 8 20 N (1 u 4 2 u 2)î (2 u 2 4 u 3)ˆj (3 u 2 1 u 2)kˆ
51. (c) R A 2 B 2 2 AB cos T 8î 8 ˆj 8 kˆ

If A B P and T 120q then R P
?Magnitude of A u B | A u B | (8) 2 (8)2 (8) 2
52. (a) Sum of the vectors R 5î 8 ˆj 2î 7 ˆj 7î 15 ˆj
8 3
magnitude of R | R | 49 225 274
53. (d) î ˆj kˆ
9. (b) W r uF 3 2 3
Multiplication of Vectors 2 3 4
(c) Given vectors can be rewritten as A 2î 3ˆj 8 kˆ and

1.
>(2 u 4) (3 u 3)@ î >(2 u 3) (3 u 4)@ˆj
B 4î 4 ˆj Dkˆ
Dot product of these vectors should be equal to zero because >(3 u 3) (2 u 2)@k̂ 17 î 6 ˆj 13 kˆ
they are perpendicular.
10. (d) From the property of vector product, we notice that C must
? A. B 8 12 8D 0 8D 4 D 1 / 2
be perpendicular to the plane formed by vector A and B .
2. (b) Let A 2î 3ˆj kˆ and B 4î 6 ˆj Okˆ Thus C is perpendicular to both A and B and
A and B are parallel to each other ( A B) vector also, must lie in the plane formed by vector A
a1 a 2 a 3 2 3 1 and B . Thus C must be perpendicular to ( A B) also but
i.e. O 2.
b1 b 2 b 3 4 6 O
26 Vectors
& &
the cross product ( A u B) gives a vector C which can not be F.P 0 ? T 90q
perpendicular to itself. Thus the last statement is wrong. & &
26. (d) | A u B | | (2î 3ˆj) u (î 4 ˆj)| | 5kˆ | 5 units
11. (b) We know that, Angular momentum
27. (d)
& &
L r u p in terms of component becomes 28. (b) A u B 0 ? sinT 0 ? T 0q
y
Two vectors will be parallel to each other.
î ˆj kˆ m & & & &
L x y z v 29. (b) A u B and B u A are parallel and opposite to each other. So
b the angle will be S.
px py pz & & & &
30. (b) Vector (P Q) lies in a plane and vector (P u Q) is
x
O perpendicular to this plane i.e. the angle between given vectors
As motion is in x-y plane (z = 0 and Pz 0 ), so S
is .
2
L k (xp y yp x )
Here x = vt, y = b, p x m v and p y 0 31. (d) 2 2 3 2 2 u 2 u 3 u cosT
1
& &
By solving we get T 180q ? A u B 0
? L k >vt u 0 b mv @ mvb kˆ
& & 32. (c) Dot product of two perpendicular vector will be zero.
12. (d) F1 .F2 (2ˆj 5kˆ )(3ˆj 4 kˆ ) &&
AB 42 24 12 56
6 20 20 6 26
33. (d) cosT
AB 36 36 9 49 16 16 9 71
13. (c) Force F lie in the x-y plane so a vector along z-axis will be
perpendicular to F. 56 5 § 5·
& & & & & & cos T ? sinT or T sin1 ¨ ¸
14. (d) A.B | A | . | B | . cos T A.B. cos 90q 0 9 71 3 ¨ 3 ¸
© ¹
15. (c) o &
o
V1 o V1 34. (b) Direction of vector A is along z-axis ? A akˆ
o
V 'net &
Vnet Direction of vector B is towards north ? B bˆj
& &
o
V2 o Now A u B akˆ u bˆj ab(ˆj)
& &–V2 & & & &
According to problem | V1 V2 | | V1 V2 | ? The direction is A u B is along west.
& & & &
c |
| Vnet | | Vnet A.B 1 1
35. (d) cosT & & ? T 60q
So V1 and V2 will be mutually perpendicular. | A || B | 2 2 2
&&
16. (c) W F.r (5î 3ˆj)(2î ˆj) 10 3 7 J. 36. (d) AB (4î 5 ˆj 6kˆ ) (3î 4 ˆj 5kˆ ) = î ˆj kˆ
& &
17. (b) cos T
A.B
& &
264
0 ? T 90q CD (4î 6 ˆj) (7î 9 ˆj 3kˆ ) 3î 3ˆj 3kˆ
| A || B | 14 21
AB and CD are parallel, because its cross-products is 0.
18. (c) (î ˆj).(ˆj kˆ ) 0 0 1 0 1 & &
& & 37. (a) W F S (4î 5 ˆj)(3î 6 ˆj) 12
A.B 1 1
cosT & & ?T 60q & & & &
| A || B | 2u 2 2 38. (b) | A u B | A.B AB sinT AB cos T tan T 1
&&
19. (b) P F.v 20 u 6 15 u (4 ) (5) u 3 ?T 45q
120 60 15 120 75 45 J/s 39. (a)
& &
P.Q
20. (a) cosT 1 ? T 0q î ˆj kˆ
PQ & & &
40. (a) v Z ur 1 2 2 î (6 8 ) ˆj(3) 4 kˆ
21. (a) W F.s (5î 6 ˆj 4 kˆ )(6î 5kˆ ) 30 20 10 J
& & 0 4 3
22. (c) A.B 0 ? T 90q
& & &
23. (a) P .Q 0 ? a 2 2a 3 0 a 3 2i 3 j 4k
&&
24. (b) W F.r (2î 15ˆj 6kˆ )(10ˆj) 150 &
& | v| (2)2 (3)2 4 2 29 unit
25. (c) Px 2 cos t , Py 2 sint ? P 2 cos t î 2 sint ˆj
& & & &
& 41. (d) a . b 0 i.e. a and b will be perpendicular to each other
& dP
F 2 sin t î 2 cos t ˆj & & & &
dt a.c 0 i.e. a and c will be perpendicular to each other
Vectors 27
& & & &
b u c will be a vector perpendicular to both b and c 36 64 100
= 10 2 kg
& & & 1
So a is parallel to b u c
51. (a) Area of parallelogram AuB
42. (d) Area 2î u 2ˆj 4 k̂ 4 unit.
& (î 2ˆj 3kˆ ) u (3î 2ˆj kˆ )

&
43. (c) A 2î 2ˆj kˆ and B 6î 3ˆj 2kˆ
& & &
î ˆj kˆ
C AuB 2î 2ˆj kˆ u 6î 3ˆj 2kˆ 1 2 3 (8)î (8)ˆj (8)kˆ
3 2 1
î ˆj kˆ
2 2 1 î 10 ˆj 18 kˆ
Magnitude 64 64 64 = 8 3
6 3 2
&
& & 52. (b) Radius vector r r2 r1 (2î 3ˆj kˆ ) (2î ˆj kˆ )
Unit vector perpendicular to both A and B
&
? r 4 ˆj
î 10 ˆj 18 kˆ î 10 ˆj 18 kˆ
1 2 10 2 18 2 5 17 Linear momentum p 2î 3 ˆj kˆ

& & & & &
44. (b) A ˆj 3kˆ , B î 2ˆj kˆ L rup (4 ˆj) u (2î 3ˆj kˆ )
î ˆj kˆ î ˆj kˆ
& & &
C AuB 0 1 3 7î 3 ˆj kˆ 0 4 0 4î 8 kˆ
1 2 1 2 3 1
&
Hence area = | C | 49 9 1 59 sq unit î ˆj kˆ
& &&
53. (d) v Z ur 3 4 1 18î 13ˆj 2kˆ
î ˆj kˆ 5 6 6
& & &
45. (a) L rup 1 2 1 ˆj 2kˆ
3 4 2 54. (a)
i.e. the angular momentum is perpendicular to x-axis. 55. (c) A.B AB cos T
& & & &
46. (a) A u B is a vector perpendicular to plane A B and hence In the problem A.B AB i.e. cos T 1 ? T 180q
& &
perpendicular to A B . i.e. A and B acts in the opposite direction.
& & &
47. (a) W r u F (7î 3ˆj kˆ )(3î ˆj 5kˆ )
56. (d) | A u B | 3 ( A.B)
î ˆj kˆ AB sinT 3 AB cos T tan T 3 ?T 60q
&
W 7 3 1 14î 38 ˆj 16kˆ
3 1 5 Now | R | | A B | A 2 B 2 2 AB cos T
& & & & & & & & & & & &
48. (d) ( A B) u ( A B) Au A AuB Bu A BuB §1·
A 2 B 2 2 AB¨ ¸ ( A 2 B 2 AB)1 / 2
& & & & & & & & & & ©2¹
0 AuB Bu A 0 Bu A Bu A 2(B u A)
57. (a) W F.s (3î cˆj 2kˆ ).(4î 2ˆj 3kˆ ) 12 2c 6
49. (d) For perpendicular vector A.B 0
Work done 6 J (given)
(5î 7 ˆj 3kˆ ).( 2î 2ˆj akˆ ) 0 ? 12 2c 6 6 c 12
10 14 3a 0 a 8 58. (b) W F.s (5î 3ˆj).( 2î ˆj) 10 3 = 7 J

&
Force | F| 59. (c) AuB AB sinT nˆ
50. (a) Mass
Acceleration a
for parallel vectors T 0q or 180q , sinT 0
28 Vectors
? AuB 0̂ We have v r g v r m v mg ......(i)
Lami's Theorem Taking horizontal components equation (i) gives

vr g sin 30q vm g 10 km / hr
P Q R
1. (c) 10
sinT1 sinT 2 sin 150q or vr g 20 km / hr
P 150o Q sin 30q
1 .93 R
T2 T1 3. (c) Taking vertical components equation (i) gives
sinT1 sin150q
R 3
1 .93 u sin150q 1 .93 u 0 .5 v rg cos 30q v rm 20 10 3 km / hr
R 1 2
sinT1 0.9659
4. (c) Relative velocity = (3i + 4j) – (– 3i – 4j) = 6i + 8j
2. (a) According to Lami's theorem 5. (d) Relative velocity of parrot with respect to train
P Q R
= 5 (10) 5 10 15 m / sec
sinD sin E sinJ
3. (b) d 150
Time taken by the parrot 10 sec .
4. (c) v rel. 15
5. (b) T 6. (a) C B
Tcos 30°
30°
T
Tsin 30° 30N
A
For shortest time, swimmer should swim along AB, so he will
W reach at point C due to the velocity of river.
o
From the figure T sin 30 30 …(i) i.e. he should swim due north.
T cos 30 o W …(ii) 7. (c) vr
By solving equation (i) and (ii) we get
30°
vm
W 30 3 N and T 60 N 90°
Relative Velocity vr 1 vm 0 . 5
sin 30 o vr = 0.25 m/s
vm 2 2 2
1. (b) The two car (say A and B) are moving with same velocity, the & & & &
relative velocity of one (say B) with respect to the other 8. (c) vB v A v B v A 80 65 145 km /hr
A, v BA v B vA v v 0 9. (d) Relative speed of police with respect to thief

So the relative separation between them (= 5 km) always 10 9 1 m/s
remains the same. Instantaneous separation = 100 m
Now if the velocity of car (say C) moving in opposite direction
distance 100
Time = 100 sec .
to A and B, is v C relative to ground then the velocity of car C veclotiy 1
relative to A and B will be v rel. vC v 10. (a,c)
11. (b) A man is sitting in a bus and travelling from west to east, and
But as v is opposite to v C
the rain drops are appears falling vertically down.
So vrel vc (30) (vC 30) km /hr.
So, the time taken by it to cross the cars A and B T
d 4 5 o o
t –vm vm
vrel 60 vC 30
T
vC 45 km / hr. o
vm velocity of man vr
o
2. (b) When the man is at rest w.r.t. the ground, the rain comes to vrm
vr Actual velocity of rain which is falling at an angle T
him at an angle 30° with the vertical. This is the direction of
the velocity of raindrops with respect to the ground. with vertical
v rm velocity of rain w.r.t. to moving man
Here v rg velocity of rain with respect to the ground If the another man observe the rain then he will find that
actually rain falling with velocity v r at an angle going from
v mg velocity of the man with respect to the ground.
west to east.
12. (b) Boat covers distance of 16km in a still water in 2 hours.
and v rm velocity of the rain with respect to the man,
Vectors 29
16 So 'a 0
i.e. v B 8 km / hr
2 6. (b) Rnet R R2 R2 R 2R R( 2 1)
Now velocity of water vw 4 km / hr .
7. (d)
Time taken for going upstream
§ 90q · 1
8 8 8. (d) 'v 2v sin¨ ¸ 2v sin 45q 2v u 2v
t1 2hr © 2 ¹ 2
v B vw 84
(As water current oppose the motion of boat) 2S 2S
2 u rZ 2 u1 u cm/s
Time taken for going down stream 60 ` 30
8 8 8
t2 hr
v B vw 8 4 12 §T · 10
9. (b) 'v 2v sin¨ ¸ 2 u 5 u sin 45q =
(As water current helps the motion of boat) ©2¹ 2
§ 8 · 'v 10/ 2 1
? Total time t1 t 2 ¨2 ¸hr or 2hr 40min ? a m /s 2
© 12 ¹ 't 10 2
13. (d) Relative velocity 10 5 15 m / s . 10. (c) For motion of the particle from (0, 0) to (a, 0)
120 F K(0 î a ˆj) F Kaˆj
Time taken by the bird to cross the train 8 sec
15 Displacement r (a î 0 ˆj) (0 î 0 ˆj) aî
14. (b) v br vb vr vr So work done from (0, 0) to (a, 0) is given by
vbr vb2 vr2 W F.r Kaˆj . aî 0

vb
vbr For motion (a, 0) to (a, a)
2
10 8 vr2 F K(aî aˆj) and displacement
vr 6km /hr .
r (aî aˆj) (aî 0 ˆj) aˆj
Critical Thinking Questions So work done from (a, 0) to (a, a) W F.r
1. (c) sin2 D sin2 E sinJ K(aî aˆj). aˆj Ka 2
1 cos2 D 1 cos2 E 1 cos2 J So total work done Ka 2

11. (a) Given OA a 3î 6 ˆj 2kˆ and OB b 2î ˆj 2kˆ
3 (cos2 D cos2 E cos2 J ) 3 1 2
2. (c) If vectors are of equal magnitude then two vectors can give î ˆj kˆ
zero resultant, if they works in opposite direction. But if the vectors ? (a u b) 3 6 2
are of different magnitudes then minimum three vectors are
required to give zero resultant. 2 1 2
3. (c)
(12 2)î (4 6)ˆj (3 12)kˆ
4. (c) Let P be the smaller force and Q be the greater force then
according to problem – 10î 10 ˆj 15kˆ | a u b | 10 2 10 2 15 2
P + Q = 18 ......(i)
425 5 17
R P 2 Q 2 2 PQ cosT 12 .......(ii)
1 5 17
Q sinT Area of 'OAB | a ub| sq.unit.
tan I tan 90 f 2 2
P Q cos T
12. (d) T
? P Q cosT 0 .......(iii) TcosT
T
By solving (i), (ii) and (iii) we will get P 5, and Q 13
TsinT
5. (b) From the figure | OA | a and | OB | a P
W
OB OA AB 'a
As the metal sphere is in equilibrium under the effect of three
Also from triangle rule
B forces therefore T P W 0
| 'a | AB 'a From the figure T cosT W …(i)
Using angle
arc a A T sinT P …(ii)
radius From equation (i) and (ii) we get P W tan T
AB = a . dT dT a 2 2 2
and T P W
So | 'a | a dT 13. (b)
O 14. (d)
'a means change in magnitude of vector i.e. | OB | | OA |
aa 0 Assertion and Reason
30 Vectors
1 (a) Cross product of two vectors is perpendicular to the plane A null vector has direction which is intermediate (or depends
containing both the vectors. on direction of initial vectors) even its magnitude is zero.
& & & &
(î ˆj).(î ) 1 18 (b) A.B | A || B | cos T 0
2 (a) cos T . Hence T 45q. & & & &
| î ˆj | | î | 2
A u B | A || B | sinT 0
& & & &
AuB AB sinT nˆ If A and B are not null vectors then it follows that sinT
3 (d) & & tan T nˆ
A.B AB cosT and cos T both should be zero simultaneously. But it cannot
& & be possible so it is essential that one of the vector must be null
where n̂ is unit vector perpendicular to both A and B .
vector.
& &
| A u B| 19 (b)
However & & tan T 20 (c) The resultant of two vectors of unequal magnitude given by
A.B
& & & & R A 2 B 2 2 AB cosT cannot be zero for any value of
4 (b) | A B| | A B|
T.
A 2 B 2 2 AB cos T = A 2 B 2 2 AB cos T & & & &
21 (a) A.B B.C AB cos T1 BC cos T 2
Hence cos T 0 which gives T 90q
? A = C, only when T1 T2
Also vector addition is commutative. & &
& & & & So when angle between A and B is equal to angle between
Hence A B B A. & & & &
& & & B and C only then A equal to C
5 (c) v Z ur 22 (c) Since vector addition is commutative, therefore
& & & & & & &
The expression Z v u r is wrong. A B B A.
6 (b) For giving a zero resultant, it should be possible to represent
the given vectors along the sides of a closed polygon and
minimum number of sides of a polygon is three.
7 (a) Since velocities are in opposite direction, therefore
& &
v AB | v A v B | v A v B .
Which is greater than v A or v B
8 (b) Vector addition of two vectors is commutative
& & & &
i.e. A B B A.
9 (a)
10 (c) Cross-product of two vectors is anticommutative.
& & & &
i.e. A u B B u A
11 (b)
12 (e) If a vector quantity has zero magnitude then it is called a null
vector. That quantity may have some direction even if its
magnitude is zero.
& &
13 (a) Let P and Q are two vectors in opposite direction, then
& & & &
their sum P (Q) P Q
& &
If P Q then sum equal to zero.
14 (c) If two vectors are in opposite direction, then they cannot be
like vectors.
& &
15 (a) If T be the angle between two vectors A and B , then their
& &
scalar product, A.B AB cosT
& &
If T 90q then A.B 0
& &
i.e. if A and B are perpendicular to each other then their
scalar product will be zero.
16 (b) We can multiply any vector by any scalar.
& &
For example, in equation F m a mass is a scalar quantity,
but acceleration is a vector quantity.
17 (c) If two vectors equal in magnitude are in opposite direction,
then their sum will be a null vector.
Vectors 31
1. 0.4î 0.8 ˆj ckˆ represents a unit vector when c is § x 2 y 2 ·¸ § 2(x 2 y 2 ) ·

(a) cos 1 ¨¨ 2 ¸
(b) cos 1 ¨¨ 2 ¸
2
© 2(x y ) ¹ © x y 2 ¸¹
(a) – 0.2 (b) 0 .2
§ x 2 y2 · § x 2 y2 ·
(c) 0 .8 (d) 0 (c) cos 1 ¨¨ 2 ¸
2 ¸
(d) cos 1 ¨ ¸
¨ x 2 y2 ¸
© x y ¹ © ¹
2. The angles which a vector î ˆj 2 kˆ makes with X, Y and Z axes
9. Following forces start acting on a particle at rest at the origin of the
respectively are co-ordinate system simultaneously
(a) 60°, 60°, 60° (b) 45°, 45°, 45°
F1 4î 5 ˆj 5kˆ , F 2 5î 8 ˆj 6kˆ , F 3 3î 4 ˆj 7kˆ
(c) 60°, 60°, 45° (d) 45°, 45°, 60°
and F 4 2î 3ˆj 2kˆ then the particle will move
3. The value of a unit vector in the direction of vector A 5î 12ˆj,
is (a) In x – y plane (b) In y – z plane
(c) In x – z plane (d) Along x -axis
(a) î (b) ˆj
10. The resultant of A B is R 1 . On reversing the vector B, the
(c) (î ˆj) / 13 (d) (5î 12ˆj) / 13
resultant becomes R 2 . What is the value of R12 R 22
4. Which of the following is independent of the choice of co-ordinate
system
(a) A2 B2 (b) A2 B2
& & &
(a) P Q R (b) (Px Qx Rx )î
(c) 2( A 2 B 2 ) (d) 2( A 2 B 2 )
(c) Pxî Qy ˆj Rz kˆ (d) None of these 11. Figure below shows a body of mass M moving with the uniform
speed on a circular path of radius, R. What is the change in
5. A car travels 6 km towards north at an angle of 45° to the east and acceleration in going from P1 to P2
then travels distance of 4 km towards north at an angle of 135° to
(a) Zero P2
the east. How far is the point from the starting point. What angle
does the straight line joining its initial and final position makes with v
(b) v 2 / 2R
the east
(c) 2v 2 / R
(a) 50 km and tan 1 (5) R
P1
v2
(b) 10 km and tan 1 ( 5 ) (d) u 2
R
(c) 52 km and tan 1 (5) 12. A particle is moving on a circular path of radius r with uniform
velocity v. The change in velocity when the particle moves from P to
(d) 52 km and tan 1 ( 5 ) Q is (POQ 40q)
P
6. Given that A B C = 0 out of three vectors two are equal in (a) 2v cos 40q r
magnitude and the magnitude of third vector is 2 times that of (b) 2v sin 40q O 40o v
either of the two having equal magnitude. Then the angles between
vectors are given by (c) 2v sin 20q
Q
(a) 30°, 60°, 90° (b) 45°, 45°, 90° (d) 2v cos 20q v
(c) 45°, 60°, 90° (d) 90°, 135°, 135°
13. A 2î 4 ˆj 4 kˆ and B 4î 2ˆj 4 kˆ are two vectors.
7. Two forces F1 1 N and F2 2 N act along the lines x = 0 and y
The angle between them will be
= 0 respectively. Then the resultant of forces would be
(a) 0° (b) 45°
(a) î 2ˆj (b) î ˆj (c) 60° (d) 90°
(c) 3î 2ˆj (d) 2î ˆj 14. If $ 2î 3 ˆj kˆ and B î 3 ˆj 4 kˆ then projection of A
8. At what angle must the two forces (x + y) and (x – y) act so that on B will be
2 2
the resultant may be (x y ) 3 3
(a) (b)
13 26
32 Vectors
3 3 (b) 2 3 sq. unit

(c) (d)
26 13
(c) 2 14 sq. unit
15. In above example a unit vector perpendicular to both A and B
will be 14
(d) sq. unit
2
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
(a) (i j k ) (b) (i j k )
3 3 22. Two trains along the same straight rails moving with constant speed
60 km/hr and 30 km/hr respectively towards each other. If at time
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
t 0 , the distance between them is 90 km, the time when they
16. Two constant forces F1 2î 3ˆj 3kˆ (N) and collide is
î ˆj 2kˆ (N) act on a body and displace it from the position (a) 1 hr (b) 2 hr
F2
(c) 3 hr (d) 4 hr
r1 î 2ˆj 2kˆ (m) to the position r2 7î 10 ˆj 5kˆ (m).
What is the work done 23. A steam boat goes across a lake and comes back (a) On a quite day
when the water is still and (b) On a rough day when there is
(a) 9 J (b) 41 J uniform air current so as to help the journey onward and to impede
(c) – 3 J (d) None of these the journey back. If the speed of the launch on both days was same,
in which case it will complete the journey in lesser time
17. For any two vectors A and B , if A . B | A u B |, the
(a) Case (a)
magnitude of C A B is equal to
(b) Case (b)
(a) A2 B2 (b) A B (c) Same in both
(d) Nothing can be predicted
AB
(c) A2 B2 (d) A 2 B 2 2 u AB
2 24. To a person, going eastward in a car with a velocity of 25 km/hr, a
train appears to move towards north with a velocity of 25 3
18. Which of the following is the unit vector perpendicular to A and km/hr. The actual velocity of the train will be
B (a) 25 km/hr (b) 50 km/hr
ˆ uB
A ˆ ˆ uB
A ˆ
(a) (b) (c) 5 km/hr (d) 5 3 km/hr
AB sinT AB cosT
25. A swimmer can swim in still water with speed X and the river is
AuB AuB flowing with velocity v/2. To cross the river in shortest distance, he
(c) (d)
AB sinT AB cosT should swim making angle T with the upstream. What is the ratio of
the time taken to swim across the shortest time to that is swimming
19. Two vectors P 2î bˆj 2kˆ and Q î ˆj kˆ will be parallel across over shortest distance
if
(a) cos T (b) sin T
(a) b = 0 (b) b = 1
(c) tan T (d) cot T
(c) b = 2 (d) b= – 4
26. A bus is moving with a velocity 10 m/s on a straight road. A
20. Which of the following is not true ? If A 3î 4 ˆj and scooterist wishes to overtake the bus in 100 s. If the bus is at a
distance of 1 km from the scooterist, with what velocity should the
B 6î 8 ˆj where A and B are the magnitudes of A and B
scooterist chase the bus
A 1 (a) 50 m/s (b) 40 m/s
(a) AuB 0 (b)
B 2
(c) 30 m/s (d) 20 m/s
(c) A. B 48 (d) A = 5
21. The area of the triangle formed by 2î ˆj kˆ and î ˆj kˆ is

(a) 3 sq.unit
(SET -0)
Vectors 33
From polygon law, three vectors having summation zero should

1. (b) (0.4 )2 (0.8)2 c 2 1 form a closed polygon. (Triangle) since the two vectors are
0.16 0.64 c 2 1 c 0 .2 having same magnitude and the third vector is 2 times that
of either of two having equal magnitude. i.e. the triangle should
&
2. (c) R î ˆj 2kˆ be right angled triangle
Angle between A and B, D = 90º
Comparing the given vector with R R xî Ry ˆj Rz kˆ
Angle between B and C, E = 135º
& Angle between A and C, J = 135º
Rx 1, Ry 1, Rz 2 and | R | R x2 Ry2 R z2 =2
7. (d) x = 0 means y-axis F 1 ˆj
Rx 1
cos D D 60q y = 0 means x-axis F 2 2î
R 2
Ry so resultant F F1 F 2 2î ˆj
1
cos E E 60q
R 2 8. (a) R2 A 2 B 2 2 AB cosT
Rz 1 Substituting, A (x y) , B (x y) and R (x 2 y 2 )
cos J J 45q
R 2 § (x 2 y 2 ) ·
we get T cos 1 ¨ ¸
& & ¨ 2(x 2 y 2 ) ¸
3. (d) A 5î 12ˆj ,| A | 5 2 (12)2 = 25 144 13 © ¹
& & &
& 9. (b) F1 F2 F3 F4
ˆ A 5î 12ˆj
Unit vector A & =
| A| 13 = (4î 5î 3î 2î ) (5 ˆj 8 ˆj 4 ˆj 3ˆj)
4. (a) (5kˆ 6kˆ 7kˆ 2kˆ ) 4 ˆj 2kˆ

5. (c) ? the particle will move in y – z plane.
N & & & & & &
10. (c) R1 A B , R2 A B
4 km
6 km 2 2
R12 R22 § A2 B2 · § A2 B2 · = 2 A2 B2
45o ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
© ¹ © ¹
W E (X)
O
§T · v2
11. (d) 'a 2a sin¨ ¸ = 2a u sin 45q 2a 2
©2¹ R
S ( Y) §T ·
12. (b) 'v 2v sin¨ ¸ 2v sin 20q
©2¹
Net movement along x-direction S = (6 – 4) cos 45° î
x
$. B a1 b1 a 2 b 2 a3 b 3
2u
1
2 km 13. (c) cosT
2 | $| .| B | | $| .| B |
2u4 4 u2 4 u4
Net movement along y-direction S = (6 + 4) sin 45° ˆj 0
y
| A | .| B |
1
10 u 5 2 km ?T cos 1 (0q) T 90q
2
Net movement from starting point 14. (b) | $| 2 2 3 2 (1)2 4 9 1 14
2 2 | B| (1)2 3 2 4 2 1 9 16 26
| S| S x 2 Sy2 2 5 2 = 52 km
Angle which makes with the east direction A . B 2 (1) 3 u 3 (1)(4 ) 3
Y component 5 2 A. B 3
tan T ?T tan 1 (5) The projection of A on B
X component 2 | B| 26
6. (d) Au B 8î 8 ˆj 8 kˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
E 15. (c) nˆ (i j k )
| Au B| 8 3 3
There are two unit vectors perpendicular to both A and B

C B
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
they are nˆ r (i j k )
D 3
J A
34 Vectors
16. (a) W F(r2 r1 ) l

and time taken in coming back t2
vb v a
(3î 2ˆj kˆ )(6î 8 ˆj 7kˆ ) 18 16 7 9J
[As current opposes the motion]
17. (d) AB cosT AB sinT tan T 1? T 45q
2l
So tR t1 t2 .....(ii)
? | C| A 2 B 2 2 AB cos 45q A 2 B 2 2 AB v b [1 (v a / v b ) 2 ]
& &
18. (c) Vector perpendicular to A and B, A u B AB sinT nˆ From equation (i) and (ii)
? Unit vector perpendicular to A and B tR 1 v a2

& & 2
! 1 [as 1 1] i.e. t R ! t Q
tQ [1 (v a / v b ) ] v b2
AuB
ˆn & &
| A | u| B | sinT i.e. time taken to complete the journey on quite day is lesser
than that on rough day.
2 b 2
19. (c) P and Q will be parallel if ?b 2 2
1 1 1 24. (a) vT 2
vTC vC2 = (25 3) (25)2
& & A 1
20. (b) | A | 5 , | B | 10
B 2 = 1875 625 = 2500 = 25 km/hr
& &
21. (d) A 2i j k , B i ˆj kˆ
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 25. (b)
26. (d) Let the velocity of the scooterist =v
1 & &
Area of the triangle AuB
2 Relative velocity of scooterist with respect to bus (v 10)
î ˆj kˆ S (v 10) u 100 1000 (v 10) u 100

1 1 ˆ 1
2 1 1 2i 3 ˆj kˆ 4 9 1 ? v 10 10 20 m/s
2 2 2
1 1 1
14
sq. unit
2
***
22. (a) The relative velocity v rel. 60 (30 ) 90 km / hr.
Distance between the train s rel. 90 km ,

s rel. 90
? Time when they collide 1 hr.
v rel. 90
23. (b) If the breadth of the lake is l and velocity of boat is v . Time in b
going and coming back on a quite day

l l 2l
tQ .....(i)
vb vb vb
Now if v is the velocity of air- current then time taken in going
a
across the lake,

l
t1 [As current helps the motion]
vb v a

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Vectors 1

x y z ) then its displacement vector

Rectangular Components of 3-D Vector A . (B  C) A . B  A . C

R R x  R y  R z q or R R x ˆi  R y ˆj  R z kˆ (iv) As by definition A . B AB cos T

(v) Scalar product of two vectors will be maximum when

Z (vi) Scalar product of two vectors will be minimum when

(viii) In case of unit vector n̂

(ix) In case of orthogonal unit vectors ˆi , ˆj and k̂ ,

(x) In terms of components The direction of A u B, i.e. C is perpendicular to the plane

Vector Product of Two Vectors [ A u B]min 0

C AuB (vii) In case of unit vector nˆ u nˆ 0 so that

written as A u B is a vector C defined by

Pre-multiplying both sides by a

 ab sinJ bc sinD ca sin E

Fig. 0.17 Upstream O Downstream

" Minimum number of collinear vectors whose resultant can be zero

(c) 0.01 (d) 0.39 6ˆi  5 ˆj

(c) 40 m/s S–W (d) 20 2 m/s S–W (a) 60° (b) 0°

(c) 1/ 2 (d) 5 (a) C must be equal to | A  B |

5. A 2ˆi  ˆj, B 3 ˆj  kˆ and C 6ˆi  2kˆ . (b) C must be less than | A  B |

Value of A  2 B  3C would be (c) C must be greater than | A  B |

(c) Lies in the plane containing A  B (a) | C | is always greater then | A |

5 5 (c)  4ˆi  6 ˆj (d)  4ˆi  6 ˆj

(c) PQ 1 (d) None of these (a) 72 km (b) 112 km

90°. If the speed of the scooter remains unchanged in taking turn,

(c) 45° (d) 0°

[AMU 1995] (a) 274 (b) 38

(c) A 2 B sinT (d) A 2 B cos T (d) | V 1 | | V 2 |

(c) AuB 0 (d) A. B 0 (a) 20 J (b) 150 J

(a) 6 (b) 3 (a) 29 units (b) 31 units

ˆi  10 ˆj  18 kˆ ˆi  10 ˆj  18 kˆ 51. Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are represented by the two

P (3i  4 j  2k ). The angular momentum is perpendicular to ˆi  4 kˆ1998]

(a) x-axis (c) 2ˆi  4 ˆj  2kˆ (d) 4ˆi  8 kˆ

(c) 1 (a) 8j (b) – 6i – 8j

the minimum number of forces has to be

(a) 16 sec (b) 12 sec (d) R( 2  1)

(a) 4 km/h (b) 6 km/h F C

1 (d) If the assertion and reason both are false.

the forces F on the particle is 2. Assertion : Angle between ˆi  ˆj and ˆi is 45°

1 c 2 b 3 d 4 a 5 a 3. (c) Displacement vector r 'xˆi  'yˆj  'zkˆ

Lami's Theorem § 3ˆi  4 ˆj ·

A.B (2ˆi  3 ˆj) (ˆi  ˆj) 23 5 7. (b) R A 2  B 2  2 AB cosT

A.B (3ˆi  4 ˆj  5 kˆ ) (3ˆi  4 ˆj  5 kˆ ) 1

2. (b) AB 4î  3ˆj  6î  8 ˆj 10î  5 ˆj 15. (c) C A2  B2

5. (b) A  2 B  3C (2ˆi  ˆj)  2(3ˆj  kˆ )  3(6ˆi  2kˆ ) 21. (a)

8 A 2  B 2  2 AB cosT …(iii) 38. (a) C A2  B2

P §P· (5ˆi  10 ˆj  20kˆ ).(10ˆi  5 ˆj  15kˆ ) 50  50  300

Rmin AB 7 when T 180q or A 2  B . A  A . B  B 2 0

51. (c) R A 2  B 2  2 AB cos T 8ˆi  8 ˆj  8 kˆ

(c) Given vectors can be rewritten as A 2ˆi  3ˆj  8 kˆ and

& (ˆi  2ˆj  3kˆ ) u (3ˆi  2ˆj  kˆ )

1 2  10 2  18 2 5 17 Linear momentum p 2ˆi  3 ˆj  kˆ

 10  14  3a 0 a 8 58. (b) W F.s (5ˆi  3ˆj).( 2ˆi  ˆj) 10  3 = 7 J

? AuB 0̂ We have v r g v r m  v mg ......(i)

Lami's Theorem Taking horizontal components equation (i) gives

A, v BA v B  vA v v 0 9. (d) Relative speed of police with respect to thief

 vbr vb2  vr2 W F.r  Kaˆj . aˆi 0

Critical Thinking Questions So work done from (a, 0) to (a, a) W F.r

1. (c) sin2 D  sin2 E  sinJ  K(aˆi  aˆj). aˆj  Ka 2

Rectangular Components of 3-D Vector A . (B C) A . B A . C

R R x R y R z q or R R x ˆi R y ˆj R z kˆ (iv) As by definition A . B AB cos T

ab sinJ bc sinD ca sin E

(c) 0.01 (d) 0.39 6ˆi 5 ˆj

(c) 1/ 2 (d) 5 (a) C must be equal to | A B |

5. A 2ˆi ˆj, B 3 ˆj kˆ and C 6ˆi 2kˆ . (b) C must be less than | A B |

Value of A 2 B 3C would be (c) C must be greater than | A B |

(c) Lies in the plane containing A B (a) | C | is always greater then | A |

5 5 (c) 4ˆi 6 ˆj (d) 4ˆi 6 ˆj

ˆi 10 ˆj 18 kˆ ˆi 10 ˆj 18 kˆ 51. Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are represented by the two

P (3i 4 j 2k ). The angular momentum is perpendicular to ˆi 4 kˆ1998]

(a) x-axis (c) 2ˆi 4 ˆj 2kˆ (d) 4ˆi 8 kˆ

(a) 16 sec (b) 12 sec (d) R( 2 1)

the forces F on the particle is 2. Assertion : Angle between ˆi ˆj and ˆi is 45°

1 c 2 b 3 d 4 a 5 a 3. (c) Displacement vector r 'xˆi 'yˆj 'zkˆ

Lami's Theorem § 3ˆi 4 ˆj ·

A.B (2ˆi 3 ˆj) (ˆi ˆj) 23 5 7. (b) R A 2 B 2 2 AB cosT

A.B (3ˆi 4 ˆj 5 kˆ ) (3ˆi 4 ˆj 5 kˆ ) 1

2. (b) AB 4î 3ˆj 6î 8 ˆj 10î 5 ˆj 15. (c) C A2 B2

5. (b) A 2 B 3C (2ˆi ˆj) 2(3ˆj kˆ ) 3(6ˆi 2kˆ ) 21. (a)

8 A 2 B 2 2 AB cosT …(iii) 38. (a) C A2 B2

P §P· (5ˆi 10 ˆj 20kˆ ).(10ˆi 5 ˆj 15kˆ ) 50 50 300

Rmin AB 7 when T 180q or A 2 B . A A . B B 2 0

51. (c) R A 2 B 2 2 AB cos T 8ˆi 8 ˆj 8 kˆ

(c) Given vectors can be rewritten as A 2ˆi 3ˆj 8 kˆ and

& (ˆi 2ˆj 3kˆ ) u (3ˆi 2ˆj kˆ )

1 2 10 2 18 2 5 17 Linear momentum p 2ˆi 3 ˆj kˆ

10 14 3a 0 a 8 58. (b) W F.s (5ˆi 3ˆj).( 2ˆi ˆj) 10 3 = 7 J

? AuB 0̂ We have v r g v r m v mg ......(i)

A, v BA v B vA v v 0 9. (d) Relative speed of police with respect to thief

vbr vb2 vr2 W F.r Kaˆj . aˆi 0

1. (c) sin2 D sin2 E sinJ K(aˆi aˆj). aˆj Ka 2

1 cos2 D 1 cos2 E 1 cos2 J So total work done Ka 2

1. 0.4ˆi 0.8 ˆj ckˆ represents a unit vector when c is § x 2 y 2 ·¸ § 2(x 2 y 2 ) ·

21. The area of the triangle formed by 2ˆi ˆj kˆ and ˆi ˆj kˆ is

4. (a) (5kˆ 6kˆ 7kˆ 2kˆ ) 4 ˆj 2kˆ

Angle which makes with the east direction A . B 2 (1) 3 u 3 (1)(4 ) 3

16. (a) W F(r2 r1 ) l

ˆi ˆj kˆ S (v 10) u 100 1000 (v 10) u 100

22. (a) The relative velocity v rel. 60 (30 ) 90 km / hr.