Introduction
Introduction
1. Message
2. Sender
3. Receiver
4. Medium
5. Protocol
COMPONENTS OF A DATA COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
Message: It is the data or the information that is to be exchanged between
two points. Often in the real world, we share messages in the form of texts,
numbers, pictures, audio, and videos.
Sender: It is the node (device) that is intended to send the information being
transferred or communicated. It has mechanisms of its own that make
information encoded in a format that is feasible and secure to transfer on
the transmission medium accurately and timely.
Receiver: The device that holds the responsibility of receiving the encoded
information and decoding it into a certain format accurately and sending the
feedback is the receiver.
Transmission Medium: It is a path such as a cable that serves as traveling
media on which the message is transferred from the sender to the receiver
end.
Protocol: The protocol is the rules that are agreed upon between sender and
receiver which govern the entire exchange process. These protocols make
communication possible between two devices without them may be
connected but won’t be communicating.
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
Digital Communication
-involves the physical transfer of data and information
through a suitable communication channel. This exchange
of information in the form of discrete messages can take
place Point to Point or Point to Multipoint. Conventionally
analog signals have been used to establish a connection
and start communication over large distances but this
made the signals suffer many losses such as distortion,
interference, and even security breaches. These problems
were overcome by the usage of digital signals over analog
ones. Analog signals are digitized using different
techniques. Communication using these digital signals
makes it more accurate and less vulnerable to losses or
breaches.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION
BASIC COMPONENTS OF DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION
Source: Any point of data origin that can offer a piece of information that may be analog or digital can
consider a source.
Input Transducer: The transducer at the input end performs the task of converting a physical input from
point of source into an electrical signal. It is also equipped with an analog to a digital converter where
the analog signal needs to be digitized for further transfer or exchange. This digital signal is nothing but
a sequence of binary numbers, i.e. 0s and 1s.
Source Encoder: At the source encoder, the compression of the digitized signal data is done to minimize
the number of bits while maintaining the correctness of the data. For the compression removal of
redundancy is an important step. In this way, the effective utilization of the bandwidth is ensured.
Channel Encoder: The compressed data from the source code is encoded for error correction using a
channel encoder. To prevent the alteration of the data signal during transmission because of noise in
the channel, the channel encoder adds a few redundant bits to the data being transmitted called the
error-correcting bits.
Digital Modulator: The transmitting channel modulates the signal to be transmitted and also the signal
can be converted from digital format to analog hence making it ready to travel along with the medium.
Channel: Channel is a transmission medium through which the signal transmission takes place.
Digital Demodulator: On the receiver side, the received signal is demodulated and also conversion from
analog to digital takes place using a digital demodulator. Signal reconstruction takes place here.
Channel Decoder: Error corrections are done using redundancy bits after sequence detection by the
channel decoder.
Source Decoder: By using sampling and quantization the final signal is again converted into digital
format.
Output Transducer: Here the output signal is converted from the electrical form to the physical form.
Output Signal: Signal that is produced after the complete process as the output is the output signal.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DATA COMMUNICATION
AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
Data Communication Digital Communication
The exchange of information between a sender and receiver is termed Data Digital Communication deals with the physical transfer of information over a
Communication. It is mainly concerned with governing rules and the transfer of medium and the various conversions and other processes involved such as
data through a suitable medium. encoding, decoding, compression, and error correction of signals.
Data communication can occur over a variety of transmission media, including Digital communication is typically associated with wired channels such as
wired and wireless channels. fiber optic cables and Ethernet.
Data communication may or may not include such mechanisms depending on Digital communication typically includes error correction mechanisms, such
the transmission medium and encoding techniques used. as error detection and correction codes.
Signal type or information format is not a major concern here. The exchange is Signal type is an important factor in each step of the entire process of digital
done on a common agreed-upon speed and type. communication.
Rules are not the deciding authority for the transference of information.
The transfer takes place according to a governing set of rules. Successful and accurate exchange with high efficiency is an essential part of
the process.
Applications:
Applications:
•Digital watches
•Wireless networks: Sending or receiving data wirelessly from remote servers
•Image processing,
using a computer connected to Internet through a WiFi.
•Speech Processing
•LAN (Local Area Network)
•Channel coding
•Modem, and more.
•Data Compression, and more.
DATA FLOW
Information
–is defined as knowledge or intelligence. Information that
has been process, organized and stored is called data
Network
–is a set of devices ( sometimes called nodes or stations)
interconnected by media links
Internet
Intranet
DATA COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE, PROTOCOLS, AND STANDARDS
Network Architecture – is a set of equipment, transmission media
and procedures that ensures that a specific sequence of events
occurs in a network in the proper order to produce the intended result.
Connection-oriented Protocols
-are designed to provide a high degree of reliability for data moving
through the network.
Connectionless Protocols
-are protocols where data are exchanged in an unplanned fashion
without prior coordination between endpoints.
CONNECTION-ORIENTED PROTOCOLS
• Characterized by a handshake
• Acknowledgement
• Error Control
CONNECTIONLESS PROTOCOLS
• No handshake
• Acknowledgement and Error Control
is not necessary
• More efficient (no extra overhead
needed)
CATEGORIES OF TOPOLOGY
A FULLY CONNECTED MESH TOPOLOGY
(FIVE DEVICES)
A STAR TOPOLOGY CONNECTING FOUR
STATIONS
A BUS TOPOLOGY CONNECTING THREE
STATIONS
A RING TOPOLOGY CONNECTING SIX
STATIONS
A HYBRID TOPOLOGY: A STAR BACKBONE
WITH THREE BUS NETWORKS
SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS
SYNTAX
-refers to the structure or format of the data
within the message, which includes the sequence
in which the data is sent
SEMANTICS
-refers to the meaning of each section of data.
DATA COMMUNICATION STANDARDS
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Lack of choice for
tighter control
the customers
easier Higher financial
consensus investments
monopoly Overpricing
Customer protection
to manufacturer out
of business
OPEN SYSTEM STANDARDS
-can be manufactured by one or more company
however a royalty must be paid to the original
company
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
customer choice Less product control
compatibility Increased difficulty
between venders for acquiring
competition by changes or updates
small companies
STANDARDS ORGANIZATION FOR DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
-CONTINUOUS ARQ
*selective repeat
FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION
redundant bits are added to the message
before transmission
When an error bit is detected, the redundant bit
is used to determine which bit is in error
Ideally suited for data communication system
when acknowledgement is impossible or
impractical such as simplex transmission
Also used in communicating to far away places
such as deep-space vehicles.
DATA REPRESENTATION
A group of bits are used to
represent a character/number/
special symbol/Control Characters
• 5-bit code can represent 32
symbols (25=32)
• 7-bit code can represent 128
symbols (27=128) &
• 8-bit code can represent 256
symbols (28=256)
CODE SET
A code set is the set of codes representing the symbols
Very common code sets are :
– ASCII : this is ANSI’s 7-bit American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
• ASCII code(7-bit) is often used with an 8th bit known as
parity bit used for detecting errors during Data
Transmission
• Parity bit is added to the Most Significant bit (MSB)
– EBCDIC : this is IBM’s 8-bit Extended Binary Coded
Decimal Interchange Code
ASCII CODE
EBCDIC
HAMMING CODE
2𝑛 ≥ 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 1
Where:
n= number of hamming bits
m= number of bits in each data character
STEPS IN SOLVING THE HAMMING CODE
Data bits
Stop Parity Start
bits bits bits
ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL DATA
Clock slippage
EXAMPLE
Data bits
Stop Parity SYN
bits bits bits
EXAMPLE