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CVR Notes

cvr notes unit5

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13 views3 pages

CVR Notes

cvr notes unit5

Uploaded by

aimlds.python
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Spatial Filters – Averaging filter and Median filter in Image Processing

Spatial Filtering technique is used directly on pixels of an image. Mask is usually


considered to be added in size so that it has a specific center pixel. This mask is
moved on the image such that the center of the mask traverses all image pixels.
In this article, we are going to cover the following topics –

To write a program in Python to implement spatial domain averaging filter and to


observe its blurring effect on the image without using inbuilt functions
To write a program in Python to implement spatial domain median filter to remove
salt and pepper noise without using inbuilt functions
Theory
Neighborhood processing in spatial domain: Here, to modify one pixel, we consider
values of the immediate neighboring pixels also. For this purpose, 3X3, 5X5, or 7X7
neighborhood mask can be considered. An example of a 3X3 mask is shown below.
f(x-1, y-1) f(x-1, y) f(x-1, y+1)
f(x, y-1) f(x, y) f(x, y+1)
f(x+1, y-1) f(x+1, y) f(x+1, y+1)
Low Pass filtering: It is also known as the smoothing filter. It removes the high-
frequency content from the image. It is also used to blur an image. A low pass
averaging filter mask is as shown.
1/9 1/9 1/9
1/9 1/9 1/9
1/9 1/9 1/9
High Pass Filtering: It eliminates low-frequency regions while retaining or
enhancing the high-frequency components. A high pass filtering mask is as shown.
-1/9 -1/9 -1/9
-1/9 8/9 -1/9
-1/9 -1/9 -1/9
Median Filtering: It is also known as nonlinear filtering. It is used to eliminate
salt and pepper noise. Here the pixel value is replaced by the median value of the
neighboring pixel.
Below is the implementation.

Input Image:

Averaging Filter:

# Low Pass SPatial Domain Filtering


# to observe the blurring effect

import cv2
import numpy as np

# Read the image


img = cv2.imread('sample.png', 0)

# Obtain number of rows and columns


# of the image
m, n = img.shape

# Develop Averaging filter(3, 3) mask


mask = np.ones([3, 3], dtype = int)
mask = mask / 9
# Convolve the 3X3 mask over the image
img_new = np.zeros([m, n])

for i in range(1, m-1):


for j in range(1, n-1):
temp = img[i-1, j-1]*mask[0, 0]+img[i-1, j]*mask[0, 1]+img[i-1, j +
1]*mask[0, 2]+img[i, j-1]*mask[1, 0]+ img[i, j]*mask[1, 1]+img[i, j + 1]*mask[1,
2]+img[i + 1, j-1]*mask[2, 0]+img[i + 1, j]*mask[2, 1]+img[i + 1, j + 1]*mask[2, 2]

img_new[i, j]= temp

img_new = img_new.astype(np.uint8)
cv2.imwrite('blurred.tif', img_new)
Output:

averaging-filter-image-processing

In the above example, it is observed that the filtered image is slightly blurred.
If we increase the size of the averaging mask, more blurring can be obtained.

Median Filtering:

# Median Spatial Domain Filtering

import cv2
import numpy as np

# Read the image


img_noisy1 = cv2.imread('sample.png', 0)

# Obtain the number of rows and columns


# of the image
m, n = img_noisy1.shape

# Traverse the image. For every 3X3 area,


# find the median of the pixels and
# replace the center pixel by the median
img_new1 = np.zeros([m, n])

for i in range(1, m-1):


for j in range(1, n-1):
temp = [img_noisy1[i-1, j-1],
img_noisy1[i-1, j],
img_noisy1[i-1, j + 1],
img_noisy1[i, j-1],
img_noisy1[i, j],
img_noisy1[i, j + 1],
img_noisy1[i + 1, j-1],
img_noisy1[i + 1, j],
img_noisy1[i + 1, j + 1]]

temp = sorted(temp)
img_new1[i, j]= temp[4]

img_new1 = img_new1.astype(np.uint8)
cv2.imwrite('new_median_filtered.png', img_new1)
Output:

median-filter-image-processing

In the above example, we can see that the median filtered image is considerably
enhanced with hardly any salt and pepper noise in it.

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