Research Methodology

Unit 4: Review of Literature (10 Hrs.)

Concept of review of literature, process of reviewing books, journal articles, reports; citation and referencing, an
overview of different formats of citation and referencing, citation of books, reports, journal articles in American
Psychological Association(APA) format, preparation of a small report based on review work on some relevant
specific topic, use of encyclopedias, research guides, handbook, academic databases for computer Science and
information technology field, use of reference management software such as Zotero/Mendeley, paper formatting
such as LaTeX/MS Office, iThenticate Software for detection of Plagiarism

Review of Literature

Meaning of Literature:

The simple meaning of literature is ‘writings on a subject’ or ‘it is the body of published work concerned
with a particular subject’. It is also merely termed as scientific literature. Literature is also known as
printed information or printed such as brochures or flyers that give information.

Meaning of Review

The meaning of review is ‘look at something critically’or to examine something to make sure that it is
adequate, accurate or correct. It also means to ‘consider something again’ or to consider, study or check
something again. In research concepts, review stands for ‘survey of past work’ or a report or survey of
past actions, performances or events.

Therefore, Literature reviewis the examining or studying or surveying past work or published the
comments concerning to the work with a particular subjects. Every researcher has to link up his (her)
work logically to the important results and conclusions of past studies, the relevant data and trends from
previous studies and particular methods or design with the proposed study. For this he (she) has to make
an intensive search or the study of the ‘past writings’, which is popularly termed as literature review.

A literature review is an objective, critical summary of published research literature relevant to a topic
under consideration for research. Its propose is to create familiarity with current thinking and research on
a particular topic and may justify future research into a previously overlooked or understudied area.

Having sufficient literature review means, a researcher has to be noted down ‘varieties of writings of
recognized authorities and of previous researcher’. These writings of documents provide sufficient
evidence to be familiar with his (her) research work and to determine what is still unknown and untested.
Review of literature helps to eliminate the duplication of what has been done and provide useful
hypothesis and helpful investigation for significant investigation.

The review of literature shows that the researcher has searched or is knowledgeable in the area being
proposed for the study. Literature review gives solid foundation of background knowledge which is very
important for the research so that the researcher does not have to invent the wheel all over again.

Question 1: What do you mean by review of literature?

Needs of Literature Review

 ● By means of literature review a researcher can demonstrate that he knows the field, has a feel
for the area, most important issues and their relevance for study, the controversies, the
neglected parts and the place where it can be found .
● By the help of literature review a researcher can justify the reason of research, the gap
between the past and the research expectation and can defend the importance and needs of
such studies.
● Literature review allows researcher to establish his (her) theoretical frame work and
methodological focus.
● From the literature review a researcher can find a point with which he (she) can compare his
(her) findings and can make a comparative inference.
7.2.3 Outline of Literature Review

A typical literature review consists of the following components:

Introduction:

(i) A concise definition of topic under consideration (this may a descriptive or argumentative thesis or
proposal), as well as the scope of the related literature being investigated. (Example: If the topic under
consideration is ‘women’s wartime diaries’, the scope of the review may be limited to published or
unpublished works, works in English, works from a particular location time period or conflict, etc.)

(ii) The introduction should also note intentional exclusions. (Example: “This review will not explore the
diaries of adolescent girls”.)

(iii) Another propose of introduction is to state the general findings of the review ( what do most of the
source conclude) and comment on the availability of sources in the subject area.

Main Body

(i) There are a number of ways to organize the evaluation of the sources. Chronological and thematic
approaches are each useful examples.

(ii) Each work should be critically summarized and evaluated for its premise, methodology and
conclusion. It is as important to address inconsistencies, omissions and errors, as it is to identify accuracy,
depth and relevance.

(iii) Use logical connections and transitions to connect sources.

Conclusion

(i) The conclusion summarize the key findings of the review in general terms. Notable commonalities
between works, whether favourable or not, may be included here.

(ii) This section is the reviewer’s opportunity to justify a research proposal. Therefore, the idea should be
clearly re-stated and supported according to the findings of the review.

References
As well as accurate in-text citations, a literature review must contain complete and correct citations for
every source.

Question 2: Why needs of literature review. What are outline of literature review?

7.2.4 Purposes of Literature Review

The literature review in every research is important to know the following

(i) Where did the problem come from?

(ii) What is already known about this problem?

(iii) What other methods have been tried to solve it?

It means a literature review goes beyond the search for information and includes the identification and
articulation of relationships between the literature and field of research. While the form of the literature
review may vary with different types of studies, the basic purposes remain constant:

(i) Provide a context for the research

(ii) Justify the research

(iii) Ensure the research hasn’t been done before (or that it is not just a “replication study”)

(iv) Show where the research fits into the existing body of knowledge

(v) Enable the researcher to learn from previous theory on the subject

(vi) Illustrate how the subject has been studied previously

(vii) Highlight flaws in previous research

(viii) Outline gaps in previous research

(ix) Show that the work is adding to the understanding and knowledge of the field

(x) Help refine, refocus or even change the topic

7.2.5 Methods of Selecting Relevant Literature

The followings are the steps that should be adopted in literature review to select the relevant literatures.

(i) Start with handbooks and research overviews and review their references

(ii) Track the names of key authors and locate their original works

(iii) Use library guides if appropriate

(iv) Record key definitions and their context

(v) Establish a personal search pattern

(vi) Make strategic use of journal index and search engine advanced search capabilities

(vii) Use citation indexes: Search key authors and specific works in a citation index to find who has cited
them

(viii) Use ref-works to manage references and create bibliographies.

Question 3: What are the purposes of Literature Review?

7.2.7 Ways of Note Taking and Recording

There are different ways of note taking and recording from different sources

The record cards are used to make the notes for the literature and documents and score cards are used for
the observation. Both types of cards are collectively called as source cards. In each card only one note (for
a single case or the information on a topic) is noted down. The record cards are made of the size 4”×3” to
5”×3”. The information is collected using source cards in the following ways:

Note from the Book:

Example 1
Noted subject: Single M. L. has given a good example of the ways of reviewing literature on the topics of
‘Aging’.

Source card entry:

To be noted Example of entry Remark

Author’ s name, Issuing body Single, M. L.

Date of publication 2005

Title of the publication Understanding Research Methodology

Editor / translator (if any) --

The edition 5th addition

Place of publication Kathmandu

Publisher J m single

Volumes --

Page 281-283

Example 2
Noted subject: R. P Khatiwada has explained the use of Taguchi capability index for obtaining capability
of a process in SPC.

Source card entry:

To be noted Example of entry Remark

Author’s name, Issuing body Khatiwada, R.P.

Date of publication 2013

Title of the publication Introduction of Quality Control and Reliability

Editor/translator (if any) --

The Edition 1st addition

Place of publication Kathmandu

Publisher Quest Publication

Volumes --

ISBN number 978-9937-586-20-7

Page 125-126

Note from Serial publication (journal Magazine etc.)

Example

Noted subject: R.P Khatiwada discussed how the Bayesian Methods can be applied for obtaining x-bar
chart in duality control with an example of food quality control.

Source card entry:

Particulars Example of entry Remarks

Author’s name Khatiwada, R.P

Date of publication 2014, June

Title of the article Bayesian Methods for Obtaining X-bar chart:

An Application of Food Quality Control

Name of the serial publication Journal of Institute of Science and Technology

 Volume 19, Number 2

Page number 100-104

Note from Manuscript

Example:

Noted subject: Singh (1998) articulates that the first food consumption survey in Nepal conducted in 1965
by the Ministry of Economic Planning.

Source card entry

Particulars Example of entry Remark

Author’s name Singh, M.L

Title of the Article Agriculture Statistics(with reference to Nepal)

The Collection Personal

Manuscript number NA

Date of submission 1998

Place of deposit Central Department of Statistics,

Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu Nepal

Note from Thesis (Disssertation)

Example

Noted subject: In his research, Gurung (2003) found that ‘on the investigation of theoretical plane using a
sample birth and death process about 37 percent of HIVs do not transmit to AIDS’.

Source card entry

Particulars Example of entry Remark

Author’s name Gurung, A.B.

Title of the Thesis Stochastic Modeling Approach in some

Emerging Issues of Health and Population

 Degree of the course Doctors of Philosophy(Ph.D.)

University Department of Statistics, Faculty of

Mathematical Sciences, University of Delhi

Date 2003

7.5 Citation and Referencing

7.5.1 Reference Materials

The reference materials of a research work are presented at the last part of the research report or thesis or research
article. The reference materials of a research work are the bibliography (list of books, journals/ Articles,
magazines/newspapers, published material, unpublished documents etc), appendices, indices, photographs, glossary
etc.

7.5.2 Bibliography

Bibliography is a list of the published sources and some unpublished authentic documents utilized in the research
work, from formulating research problem, selecting research questions to the preparing report or thesis. The
publications used for taking information from the different sources but not quoted in the text of the report or to the
research note may also be included in the bibliography. There are different methods of making bibliography and (or)
citing and referencing sources (internationally) employed bibliography system or make their manuals for listing the
bibliography of the publications used for research work.

7.5.3 Work Citation or Referencing

For a good quality research activity a researcher has to review literatures related to his/ her topic previously prepared
or has to make use of specific facts from other's work that may be published or unpublished. The sources that he/she
has used should be mentioned in his/her research report or in thesis or in research article. The illustration of such
work within the text of article / report / thesis is said to be reference citation or work citation. The detail sources of
such materials or the specific facts used are presented (listed) at the end of the article / report / thesis, which is called
the bibliography. In recent trend the reference citation means, also, the mentioning the assistance material for the
research report.

The meaning of Referencing is creating a bibliographic description (a reference) of each source used in an accurate
and consistent way in research writings and that of Citing is referring from the text to the sources used. It is the way
of indicating in the text to see the list presenred at the end of the research writing. Citing and referencing is a way of
the making bibliography which only take the quoted publications in the text of the research report. Bibliography
may consists of 'all the publications consulted for taking information from the different sources but not quoted in the
text too', whereas the heading 'work cited' or 'reference' excludes such 'not quoted publiations in the text' from the
list of documents of the research report or he thesis or research note.

7.5.4 Arranging Reference Material

If the list of sources used in research work is too large then the task of making bibliography (citing or referencing) is
quite difficult. The use of source card as in note-taking purpose will be helpful for making this task not-tedious and
taking as an interesting play. For making a note-slip or source card, a researcher should categorize the source
material (or reviewed documents) at least in the categories: book, monographs, documents and reports, periodicals
and journals, essay and articles, unpublished thesis and material and newspapers.

The following tables show the source of materials (types of document used) and from which what information
should be taken for the citation and referencing as arrangements of reference materials.

For block (for citing chapter or pages)

Name of the author(s) (Durname first)

Year of publication

Title of the book

The edition (if any)

Volume no. (if any, in roman letter)

Paage number(s)

Subject mentioned:

Edited book (for chapter citing)

Name of the author(s) (Surname first)

Year of publication

Title of Article in the edited book

Title of the book editor or translator (if any)

The edition (if any)

Volume no. (if any, in roman letter)

Page number(s)

Subject mentioned:

For Serial Publication (Journal's Name etc)

Name of the author(s) (Surname first)

Year of publication

Title of the article

Name of publication (Journal's Name etc)

Volume no. (if any)

Page number(s)
Subject mentioned:

Publication of Issuing body (books or serials)

Name of the issuing body (or name of the author(s))

Year of publication

Title of the article

Name of publication

Volume no. (if any)

Page number(s)

Subject mentioned:

For Thesis

Name of the author(s) (Surname first)

Year of publication

Title of the article

The course or the degree

Name of the university

Page number(s)

Subject mentioned:

For Internet Downloaded Materials

Name of the author(s) (Surname first) / issuing body

Year of publication (in bracket)

Title of the article (in normal font or in bold font)

Publisher / course degree / the source

Internet address

Accessed date and time

Subject mentioned:

And, so on........

7.5.5 Different Systems of Citation and Referencing

There are different ways of bibliography quoting (or citing or referencing) in use. The universities and some reputed
organizations use strictly some standard referencing or citing styles or they prefer to use the style they have
determined themselves.

The following methods are some of the worldwide used standard referencing or citing systems:

(i) APA - The American Psychological Association style

(ii) MLA - Modern Language Association style

(iii) Harvard Referencing System

(iv) Chicago Style - Chicago Manual of Style

(v) ASA - American Sociological Association style

(vi) CBE - System of the Council of Biology Editors

(vii) ACS - System of the American Chemical Society

(viii) ISO690 (numerical references)

In the following section we discus, about one or two standard reference systems, which are widely used in the
research work.

7.5.6 APA style of Citation

APA is the citation style developed and popularized by the American Psychological Association. In 1929, the
association published instructions for authors on how to prepare manuscripts for APA journals. It was later used in
every research papers of the social sciences. APA is continuously improving its feature and making amendments.

APA-style is widely accepted in the social sciences and other fields, such as education, business and nursing. The
APA citation format requires parenthetical citations within the next rather than endnotes or footnotes. In this section
we are going to discuss on APA style of citation based on the 6th edition published 2009.

APA rules for Citation in Text

Citations in the text provide brief information, usually the name of the author and the date of publication, to lead the
reader to the source of information in the reference list at the end of the paper. APA utilizes a system of brief
referencing in the text of a paper, whether one is paraphrasing or providing a direct quotation from another author’s
work. Citations in the text usually consist of the name of the authors and the year of publication. The page number is
added when utilizing a direct quotation.

Indirect Quotation with Parenthetical Citation

Mathematics models are essential for inferring the measurable product properties, the attributes or the variables
(Hills, 2001).

Indirect Quotation with Author as Part of the Narrative

Hills (2001) explained that the mathematical models are essential for inferring the measurable properties of the
product such as the attributes or the variables what we measure.

Direct Quotation with Parenthetical Citation

Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life “ to express the other form of interconnectedness-genealogical rather
than ecological” (Gould & Brown, 1991, p.14).

Direct Quotation with Author as Part of the Narrative

Gould and Brown (1991) explained that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life “to express the other form of
interconnectedness-genealogical rather than ecological” (p. 14).

Citing secondry sources

When citing in the text a work discussed in a secondary source, give both the primary and the secondary sources. In
the example below, the study by Seidenberg and McClelland was mentioned in an article by Coltheart, Curtis,
Atkins, & Haller.

Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, & Haller, 1993) provided a glimpse into the world.

In the reference page, you would cite the secondary source you read not the original study.

APA Rules for the References Page (in Bibliography list)

(i) APA style requires double spacing throughout (e.g. text, references, etc.)

(ii) All citations must be in the Hanging Indent Format with the first line flush to the left margin and all other lines
indented.

The following sections show some of the more commonly used APA citation rules, with examples.

1. Books, Chapters in Books, Reports, etc.

(a) General Form for Book

Author’s Surname, Publication year in Title of work in Location of Name of publisher

abbreviation of first bracket then full italics (edition in Publication then then full stop
name middle name stop bracket) then full colon
stop
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work (nth Location: Publisher.
ed.).
Examples

Book with single outhor

Khatiwada, R. P. (2013). Introduction to quality control and reliability. Kathmandu, Nepal: Quest Publication.

Shrestha, H. B. (2008). Learning statistics and SPSS in tandem, Kathmandu, Nepal: Ekta Books.

Singh, M. L. (2005). Understanding research methodology (4th ed.). Kathmandu, Nepal: J.M. Singh.

Book with two authors

Kapoor, J. N., & Saxena, H. C. (1999). Mathematical statistics (19th ed.). New Delhi, India: S. Chand and Company.

Book with six or more authors

Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., et al. (2000). An experimental
evaluation of…

Book with no author

Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA:Merriam-Webster.

Book with editors

Allison, M. T., & Schneider, I. E. (Eds.).(2000). Diversity and the recreation profession: Organizational
perspectives. State College, PA: Venture.

Multivolume book

Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology: A study of science (Vols. 1 – 6). New York: McGraw-Hill.

b) General form for Edited Book

Author. (year) Title of In editors’ Name of (pp. -) Location Publisher

A. A. work name the book
(Eds.)
Chapter in Edited Book

Stern, J. A., & Dunham, D. N. (1990). The ocular system. In J. T. Cacioppo & L. G. Tassinary (Eds.), Principles of
psychophysiology: Physical, social and inferential elements (pp. 513-553). Berkeley, CA: University of California
Press.

Booth-LaForce, C., & Kerns, K. A. (2009). Child-parent attachment relationships, peer relationships and peer-group
functioning. In K. H. H. Rubin, W. M. Bukowski, & B. Laursen (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships
and groups (pp. 490-507). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

2. Journals, Magazines, Newspapers (in Print Format)

a) Journal Articles

Author’s Publication year Title of work Name of the Volume Page number
Surname (No italics) Journal (number) *-**
abbreviation of in italics, Volume
first name in italics,
middle name
Author, A. A., (year). Title of article Journal of xx (xx), xx-xxx
Author B. B., & …………
Author, C. C.
Examples

One Author

Tirney, J. H. (2008). A note on Metropolis Hastings kernels for general state space. Annals of Applied Probability, 8,
1-9.

Williams, J. H. (2008). Employee engagement: Improving participation in safety. Professional Safety, 53(12), 40-45.

Two to Seven Authors [List all authors]

Sellard, S., & Mills, M. E. (1995). Administrative issues for use of nurse practitioners. Journal of Nursing
Administration, 25(5), 64-70.

Smith, A. F., & Roberts, G. O. (1993). Bayesian computation via the Gibbs sampler and related Markov chain
Monte Carlo methods. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, B, 55(1), 3-23.

Keller, T. E., Cusick, G. R., & Courtney, M. E. (2007). Approaching the transition to adulthood: Distinctive profiles
of adolescents aging out of the child welfare system. Social Services Review, 81, 453-484.

Eight or More Authors[List the first six authors, … and the last author]

Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J. Y., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., ….Griffin, W. A. (2000). An
experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programs for children of divorce. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 843-586.

b) Magazine Article

Mathews, J., Berrett, D., & Brillman, D. (2005, May 16). Other winning equations. Newsweek, 145(20), 58-59.

Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the mind. Science, 262, 673-674.

3. Publication of Issuing Body

Book with Corporate Authors with an Edition and Published by the Corporate Author

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.

CBS (1998). Census of manufacturing establishments, national level 1996-97. HMG, Kathmandu, Nepal: Central
Bereau of Statistics.

ASQC (1977). Guide for reducing quality costs. American society for Quality Assurance, Wisconsin: Milwaukee.

FAO-WHO (2000). Safety aspects of genetically modified foods of plant origin. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert
Consultation on Food Derived from Biotechnology. Switzerland: Zeneva.

4 Encyclopedia article

Blaser, L. (1996). Relativity. In Gale encyclopedia of science (Vol. 15. 82-86. New York, Gate Encyclopedia Co.

5. Thesis

Ho, M. (2000). Coping strategies of counseling professionals (Unpublished master’s thesis, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore).

5. From Secondary Source

Cite the swcondary source if you read not the original syudy.

Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and
parallel-distribution processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.

7. Online Journals, Magazines, Newspapers

a) Article Retrieved from an Online Database

Senior, B., & Swailes, S. (2007). Inside management teams: Developing a teamwork survey instrument. British
Journal of Management, 18, 138-153. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00507.x

b) Article from an Online Magazine

Lodewijkx, H. F. M. (2001, May 23). Individual-group continuity in cooperation and competition under varying
communication conditions. Current Issues in Social Psychology. 6(12) 166-182. Retrieved from
http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp.6.12.htm

c) Online Report from a Nongovernmental Organization

Kenney, G. M., Cook, A., & Pelletier, J. (2009). Prospects for reducing uninsured rates among children: How much
can premium assistance programs help? Retrieved from Urban Institute website: http:// www.urban.org/url.cfm? ID
= 411823

7.5.7 MLA style of Citation

MLA is the citation style developed by the Modern Language Association of America. This style of citation is
widely used in researches of language. In this section, we discuss briefly the citation style from MLA Handbook for
Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. New York: MLA, 2009.

1. Book by a Single Author

Style: Do not align text to both the left and right margin (No JUSTIFY)

Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of the book. Place of Publication: Name of Publishing Company, Copyright
Date. Medium of Publication.

Example:

Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Tender Is the Night. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961. Print.

2. Book with Two or Three Authors

Style:

First Author’s Last Name, First Author’s First Name and Second Author’s First Name then Last Name. Title of the
book. Place of Publication: Name of Publishing Company, Copyright Date. Medium of Publication.

Example:

Jencks, Christopher and David Riesman. The Academic Revolution. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc.,
1968. Print.

3. Book with an Editor

Style:

Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of the Book. Ed. Editor’s name as it appears. Place of Publication: Name of
Publishing Company, Copyright Date. Medium of Publication.
Example:

Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Ed. David W. Blight. Boston:
Bedford, 1993. Print.

4. Work from Essay Collection

Style:

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “ Title of the Work.” Title of the Collection. Ed. Editor (s) of the collection. Place
of Publication: Name of Publishing Company, Copyright Date. Inclusive page numbers. Medium of Publication.

Example:

Hemingway, Ernest. “ Old Man at the Bridge.” Literature: The Human Experience. Ed. Richard Abcarian and
Marvin Klotz. New York: St. Martin’s, 1984. 36-37. Print.

5. Book Published in a Second or Subsequent Editions

Style:

Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of the Book. Number of the edition [ed.]. Place of Publication: Name of
Publishing Company, Copyright Date. Medium of Publication.

Example:

Baker, Nancy L. and Nancy Huling. A Research Guide for Undergraduate Students: English and American
Literature. 6th ed. New York: MLA, 2006. Print.

6. Article in a Journal

Style:

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of the Article.” Title of the Journal Volume Number. Issue number (Year of
Publication): Inclusive page numbers. Medium of Publication.

Example:

Casebeer, Daniel. “Edgar Poe and the Enigma of Transcendence.” Poe Studies/Dark Romanticism 35.1 (2006):
13-27. Print.

7. Online Article from a Scholarly Database

Style:

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of the Article.” Title of Journal Volume Number. Issue number (Year of
Publication): Inclusive page numbers. Name of Database. Medium of Publication consulted. [Web.] Day Month
Year of access.

Example:

Boutin, Aimee. “Shakespeare, Women and French Romanticism.” Shakespeare Quarterly 37.3 (2002): 34-47.
Project Muse. Web. 6 Nov. 2006.
8. Document from an Internet Site

Style:

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of the Document.” Title of the Site. Name of Institution or Organization that
Sponsors the Site (usually appears at the bottom of the site’s home page), Day Month Year of Publication/Latest
Update. Medium of publication consulted [Web.] Day Month Year of access.

Example:

Latts, Julia. “20 Tips.” Budget Travel Online. Newsweek Budget Travel, Inc., 13 July 1999. Web. 2 August 1999.

7.5.8 Numeric System of Citation

The Numeric system of citing and referencing documents in the research is widely used in Britain. It is one of the
styles of British Standard BS ISO 690:2010. It has different forms and adopted different style of referencing from
the other style. It is available electronically via British Standards Online, accessible through the eLibrary Gateway.
Among different styles ISO 690 (numeric system) of citing and making bibliography is popular in present days. We
just make a glimpse to it in this section.

The numbers appear in the text which refers to a numerical sequence of references at the end.

Example:

Style 1, in the text:

Gwyn Jones3 states that …

Or

Gwyn Jones (3) states that ….

Style 2, in the text:

It can be argued3 …

Or

It can be argued (3)

Or

It can be argued [3]

Style 3, in the text:

Page numbers can be given in the list og references or after the numbers in the text:

Jones 3 p.55 states that …

Or

Jones (3 p.55) states that …

In the list of references:

3. JONES, Gwyn. A history of the Vikings. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.

Or

[3] JONES, Gwyn. A history of the Vikings. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.

Questions:

1. What do you mean by review of literature?

2. Why needs of literature review. What are outline of literature review?

3. What are the purposes of Literature Review?