Plant Kingdom 31

1. An example of colonial alga is (c) Gymnosperms are both homosporous and

(a) Volvox (b) Ulothrix heterosporous.
(c) Spirogyra (d) Chlorella. (d) Salvinia, Ginkgo and Pinus all are
(NEET 2017) gymnosperms.
(NEET­I 2016)
2. Select the mismatch.
(a) Cycas – Dioecious 8. In bryophytes and pteridophytes, transport of
(b) Salvinia – Heterosporous male gametes requires
(c) Equisetum – Homosporous (a) birds (b) water
(d) Pinus – Dioecious (c) wind (d) insects.
(NEET 2017) (NEET­I 2016)
3. Zygotic meiosis is characteristic of 9. Which one of the following statements is wrong?
(a) Fucus (b) Funaria (a) Chlorella and Spirulina are used as space
(c) Chlamydomonas (d) Marchantia. food.
(NEET 2017) (b) Mannitol is stored food in Rhodophyceae.
(c) Algin and carrageenan are products of algae.
4. Life cycles of Ectocarpus and Fucus respectively
(d) Agar­agar is obtained from Gelidium and
are
Gracilaria. (2015 Cancelled)
(a) diplontic, haplodiplontic
(b) haplodiplontic, diplontic 10. In which of the following, gametophyte is not
(c) haplodiplontic, haplontic independent free living?
(d) haplontic, diplontic. (NEET 2017) (a) Pteris (b) Pinus
(c) Funaria (d) Marchantia
5. Conifers are adapted to tolerate extreme
(2015 Cancelled)
environmental conditions because of
(a) broad hardy leaves 11. Read the following five statements (A to E) and
(b) superficial stomata select the option with all correct statements.
(c) thick cuticle A. Mosses and lichens are the first organisms
(d) presence of vessels. to colonise a bare rock.
(NEET­II 2016) B. Selaginella is a homosporous pteridophyte.
C. Coralloid roots in Cycas have VAM.
6. Which one of the following statements is wrong? D. Main plant body in bryophytes is
(a) Algae increase the level of dissolved oxygen gametophytic, whereas in pteridophytes it
in the immediate environment. is sporophytic.
(b) Algin is obtained from red algae, and E. In gymnosperms, male and female
carrageenan from brown algae. gametophytes are present within sporangia
(c) Agar­agar is obtained from Gelidium and located on sporophyte.
Gracilaria. (a) A, D and E (b) B, C and E
(d) Laminaria and Sargassum are used as food. (c) A, C and D (d) B, C and D
(NEET­II 2016) (2015 Cancelled)
7. Select the correct statement. 12. Male gametes are flagellated in
(a) Sequoia is one of the tallest trees. (a) Ectocarpus (b) Spirogyra
(b) The leaves of gymnosperms are not well (c) Polysiphonia (d) Anabaena.
adapted to extremes of climate. (2015 Cancelled)
32 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

13. Which one of the following is wrong about (D) The sporophyte in liverworts is more
Chara? elaborate than that in mosses.
(a) Upper oogonium and lower round (E) Both, Pinus and Marchantia are dioecious.
antheridium How many of the above statements are correct?
(b) Globule and nucule present on the same (a) Three (b) Four
plant (c) One (d) Two
(c) Upper antheridium and lower oogonium (NEET 2013)
(d) Globule is male reproductive structure 20. Syngamy can occur outside the body of the
(2014) organism in
14. Which of the following is responsible for peat (a) mosses (b) algae
formation? (c) ferns (d) fungi.
(a) Marchantia (b) Riccia (Karnataka NEET 2013)
(c) Funaria (d) Sphagnum 21. What is common in all the three, Funaria,
(2014) Dryopteris and Ginkgo?
15. Male gametophyte with least number of cells is (a) Presence of archegonia
present in (b) Well developed vascular tissues
(a) Pteris (b) Funaria (c) Independent gametophyte
(c) Lilium (d) Pinus. (2014) (d) Independent sporophyte
(Karnataka NEET 2013)
16. Select the wrong statement.
(a) In Oomycetes, female gamete is smaller and 22. Which one of the following is wrongly matched?
motile, while male gamete is larger and non­ (a) Spirogyra ­ Motile gametes
motile. (b) Sargassum ­ Chlorophyll
(b) Chlamydomonas exhibits both isogamy and (c) Basidiomycetes ­ Puffballs
anisogamy and Fucus shows oogamy. (d) Nostoc ­ Water blooms
(c) Isogametes are similar in structure, function (Karnataka NEET 2013)
and behaviour. 23. The plant body is thalloid in
(d) Anisogametes differ either in structure, (a) Sphagnum (b) Salvinia
function or behaviour. (NEET 2013) (c) Marchantia (d) Funaria.
17. Isogamous condition with non­flagellated (Karnataka NEET 2013)
gametes is found in 24. Which one of the following is common to
(a) Volvox (b) Fucus multicellular fungi, filamentous algae and
(c) Chlamydomonas (d) Spirogyra. protonema of mosses?
(NEET 2013) (a) Diplontic life cycle
18. Monoecious plant of Chara shows occurrence (b) Members of Kingdom Plantae
of (c) Mode of nutrition
(a) upper antheridium and lower oogonium on (d) Multiplication by fragmentation (2012)
the same plant 25. Which one of the following is a correct
(b) upper oogonium and lower antheridium on statement?
the same plant (a) Pteridophyte gametophyte has a protonemal
(c) antheridiophore and archegoniophore on the and leafy stage.
same plant (b) In gymnosperms, female gametophyte is
(d) stamen and carpel on the same plant. free­living.
(NEET 2013) (c) Antheridiophores and archegoniophores are
present in pteridophytes.
19. Read the following statements (A ­ E) and
(d) Origin of seed habit can be traced in
answer the question which follows them.
pteridophytes. (2012)
(A) In liverworts, mosses and ferns
gametophytes are free­living. 26. Cycas and Adiantum resemble each other in
(B) Gymnosperms and some ferns are having
heterosporous. (a) seeds (b) motile sperms
(C) Sexual reproduction in Fucus, Volvox and (c) cambium (d) vessels.
Albugo is oogamous. (2012)
Plant Kingdom 33

27. Which one of the following pairs is wrongly 34. Examine the figure given below and select the
matched? correct option giving all the four parts (A, B, C
(a) Ginkgo – Archegonia and D) rightly identified.
(b) Salvinia – Prothallus
(c) Viroids – RNA A
(d) Mustard – Synergids
(Mains 2012) B
C
28. Read the following five statements (A ­ E) and
answer as asked next to them.
(A) In Equisetum, the female gametophyte is
retained on the parent sporophyte.
D
(B) In Ginkgo, male gametophyte is not A B C D
independent. (a) Archego­ Female Gemma Rhizoids
(C) The sporophyte in Riccia is more developed niophore thallus cup
than that in Polytrichum. (b) Archego­ Female Bud Foot
(D) Sexual reproduction in Volvox is isogamous. niophore thallus
(E) The spores of slime moulds lack cell walls. (c) Seta Sporo­ Proto­ Rhizoids
phyte nema
How many of the above statements are correct?
(d) Antherid­ Male­ Globule Roots
(a) Two (b) Three
iophore thallus
(c) Four (d) One (Mains 2011)
(Mains 2012)
35. Selaginella and Salvinia are considered to
29. How many organisms in the list given below are represent a significant step toward evolution of
autotrophs? seed habit because
Lactobacillus, Nostoc, Chara, Nitrosomonas, (a) female gametophyte is free and gets
Nitrobacter, Streptomyces, Saccharomyces, dispersed like seeds.
Trypanosoma, Porphyra, Wolffia (b) female gametophyte lacks archegonia.
(a) Four (b) Five (c) megaspores possess endosperm and embryo
(c) Six (d) Three surrounded by seed coat.
(Mains 2012) (d) embryo develops in female gametophyte
which is retained on parent sporophyte.
30. The gametophyte is not an independent, free­
( Mains 2011)
living generation in
(a) Polytrichum (b) Adiantum 36. Consider the following four statements whether
(c) Marchantia (d) Pinus. (2011) they are correct or wrong.
A. The sporophyte in liverworts is more
31. Compared with the gametophytes of the elaborate than that in mosses.
bryophytes, the gametophytes of vascular plants B. Salvinia is heterosporous.
tend to be C. The life­cycle in all seed­bearing plants is
(a) smaller but to have larger sex organs diplontic.
(b) larger but to have smaller sex organs D. In Pinus male and female cones are borne
(c) larger and to have larger sex organs on different trees.
(d) smaller and to have smaller sex organs. The two wrong statements together are
(2011) (a) A and C (b) A and D
(c) B and C (d) A and B.
32. Archegoniophore is present in
( Mains 2011)
(a) Marchantia (b) Chara
(c) Adiantum (d) Funaria. (2011) 37. Algae have cells made up of
(a) cellulose, galactans and mannans
33. A prokaryotic autotrophic nitrogen fixing (b) hemicellulose, pectins and proteins
symbiont is found in (c) pectins, cellulose and proteins
(a) Alnus (b) Cycas (d) cellulose, hemicellulose and pectins.
(c) Cicer (d) Pisum. (2011) (2010)
34 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

38. Male and female gametophytes are independent (a) Polytrichum (b) Ustilago
and free­living in (c) Wheat (d) Funaria (2009)
(a) mustard (b) castor 45. Which one of the following plants is
(c) Pinus (d) Sphagnum. monoecious?
(2010) (a) Pinus (b) Cycas
39. Which one of the following is monoecious? (c) Papaya (d) Marchantia
(a) Marchantia (b) Cycas (2009)
(c) Pinus (d) Date palm 46. Select one of the following pairs of important
(Mains 2010) features distinguishing Gnetum from Cycas and
40. Examine the figures A, B, C and D. In which Pinus and showing affinities with angiosperms.
one of the four options all the items A, B, C and (a) Perianth and two integuments
D are correct? (b) Embryo development and apical meristem
(c) Absence of resin duct and leaf venation
(d) Presence of vessel elements and absence of
archegonia (2008)
47. In which one of the following male and female
gametophytes do not have free living
A independent existence?
B
(a) Polytrichum (b) Cedrus
(c) Pteris (d) Funaria (2008)
48. Which one of the following is heterosporous?
(a) Adiantum (b) Equisetum
(c) Dryopteris (d) Salvinia (2008)
D 49. In gymnosperms, the pollen chamber represents
C (a) a cavity in the ovule in which pollen grains
A B C D are stored after pollination
(a) Chara Marchantia Fucus Pinus (b) an opening in the megagametophyte through
(b) Equisetum Ginkgo Selaginella Lycopo which the pollen tube approaches the egg
­dium (c) the microsporangium in which pollen grains
(c) Selaginella Equisetum Salvinia Ginkgo develop
(d) Funaria Adiantum Salvinia Riccia (d) a cell in the pollen grain in which the sperms
(Mains 2010) are formed.
(2007)
41. Which one of the following is a vascular
cryptogam? 50. Spore dissemination in some liverworts is aided
(a) Ginkgo (b) Marchantia by
(c) Cedrus (d) Equisetum (a) indusium (b) calyptra
(2009) (c) peristome teeth (d) elaters. (2007)
42. Mannitol is the stored food in 51. Flagellated male gametes are present in all the
(a) Porphyra (b) Fucus three of which one of the following sets?
(c) Gracillaria (d) Chara. (2009) (a) Zygnema, Saprolegnia and Hydrilla
(b) Fucus, Marsilea and Calotropis
43. Which one of the following is considered
(c) Riccia, Dryopteris and Cycas
important in the development of seed habit? (d) Anthoceros, Funaria and Spirogyra
(a) Heterospory (2007)
(b) Haplontic life cycle
(c) Free­living gametophyte 52. If you are asked to classify the various algae
(d) Dependent sporophyte (2009) into distinct groups, which of the following
characters you should choose?
44. Which one of the following has haplontic life (a) Nature of stored food materials in the cell
cycle? (b) Structural organization of thallus
Plant Kingdom 35

(c) Chemical composition of the cell wall (C) Rhizophore (L) Escherichia coli
(d) Types of pigments present in the cell (D) Smallest (M) Selaginella
(2007) flowering plant
53. In the prothallus of a vascular cryptogam, the (E) Largest (N) Wolffia
antherozoids and eggs mature at different times. perennial alga
As a result Select the correct answer from the following.
(a) there is high degree of sterility (a) A ­ L; B ­ J; C ­ M; D ­ N; E ­ K
(b) one can conclude that the plant is apomictic (b) A ­ K; B ­ J; C ­ L; D ­ M; E ­ N
(c) self fertilization is prevented (c) A ­ N; B ­ L; C ­ K; D ­ N; E ­ J
(d) there is no change in success rate of (d) A ­ J; B ­ K; C ­ N; D ­ L; E ­ K
fertilization. (2007) (2005)
54. Peat moss is used as a packing material for 60. Top­shaped multiciliate male gametes and the
sending flowers and live plants to distant places mature seed which bears only one embryo with
because two cotyledons, are characterised features of
(a) it serves as a disinfectant (a) cycads
(b) it is easily available (b) conifers
(c) it is hygroscopic (c) polypetalous angiosperms
(d) it reduces transpiration. (2006) (d) gamopetalous angiosperms (2005)
55. Conifers differ from grasses in the 61. Diversification in plant life appeared
(a) formation of endosperm before fertilization (a) due to long periods of evolutionary changes
(b) production of seeds from ovules (b) due to abrupt mutations
(c) lack of xylem tracheids (c) suddenly on earth
(d) absence of pollen tubes. (2006) (d) by seed dispersal. (2004)
56. In a moss, the sporophyte 62. Angiosperms have dominated the land flora
(a) manufactures food for itself, as well as for primarily because of their
the gametophyte
(a) power of adaptability in diverse habitat
(b) is partially parasitic on the gametophyte
(b) property of producing large number of seeds
(c) produces gametes that give rise to the
(c) nature of self pollination
gametophyte
(d) domestication by man. (2004)
(d) arises from a spore produced from the
gametophyte. (2006) 63. Which one of the following pairs of plants are
not seed producers ?
57. Auxospores and hormogonia are formed,
(a) Fern and Funaria
respectively, by
(b) Funaria and Ficus
(a) some diatoms and several cyanobacteria
(c) Ficus and Chlamydomonas
(b) some cyanobacteria and many diatoms
(d) Funaria and Pinus (2003)
(c) several cyanobacteria and several diatoms
(d) several diatoms and a few cyanobacteria. 64. Sexual reproduction in Spirogyra is an advanced
(2005) feature because it shows
58. Ectophloic siphonostele is found in (a) different sizes of motile sex organs
(a) Osmunda and Equisetum (b) same size of motile sex organs
(b) Marsilea and Botrychium (c) morphologically different sex organs
(c) Adiantum and Cucurbitaceae (d) physiologically differentiated sex organs.
(d) Dicksonia and Maiden hair fern. (2005) (2003)
59. Match items in column I with those in column II. 65. Plants reproducing by spores such as mosses
Column I Column II and ferns are grouped under the general term
(A) Peritrichous (J) Ginkgo (a) cryptogams (b) bryophytes
flagellation (c) sporophytes (d) thallophytes.
(B) Living fossil (K) Macrocystis (2003)
36 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

66. Which one pair of examples will correctly (c) sporophyte is of longer duration
represent the grouping spermatophyta according (d) dominant phase of sporophyte which is
to one of the schemes of classifying plants ? parasitic.
(a) Acacia, sugarcane (1999)
(b) Pinus, Cycas 75. In which of the following would you place the
(c) Rhizopus, Triticum plants having vascular tissue lacking seeds?
(d) Ginkgo, Pisum (2003) (a) Pteridophytes (b) Gymnosperms
67. Which of the following is without exception (c) Algae (d) Bryophytes
in angiosperms? (1999)
(a) Presence of vessels 76. Which of the following is true about bryophytes?
(b) Double fertilisation (a) They are thalloid.
(c) Secondary growth (b) They posses archegonia.
(d) Autotrophic nutrition (2002) (c) They contain chloroplast.
(d) All of these (1999)
68. Which of the following plants produces seeds
but not flowers? 77. Dichotomous branching is found in
(a) Maize (b) Mint (a) liverworts (b) pteridophytes
(c) Peepal (d) Pinus (2002) (c) fern (d) Funaria.
(1999)
69. Cycas has two cotyledons but not included in
angiosperms because of 78. Which one of the following statements about
(a) naked ovules Cycas is incorrect?
(b) seems like monocot (a) It has circinate vernation.
(c) circinate ptyxis (b) Its xylem is mainly composed of xylem
(d) compound leaves. (2001) vessel.
(c) Its roots contain some blue­green algae.
70. A student observed an algae with chlorophyll (d) It does not have a well organized female
a, b and phycoerythrin, it should belong to flower.
(a) Phaeophyta (b) Rhodophyta (1998)
(c) Chlorophyta (d) Bacillariophyta.
(2000) 79. Largest sperms in the plants world are found in
(a) Banyan (b) Cycas
71. In ferns, meiosis takes place at the time of (c) Thuja (d) Pinus. (1998)
(a) spore formation
(b) spore germination 80. Ulothrix can be described as a
(c) gamete formation (a) filamentous alga lacking flagellated
(d) antheridia and archegonia formation. reproductive stages
(2000) (b) membranous alga producing zoospores
(c) filamentous alga with flagellated
72. Plant group with largest ovule, largest tree, and reproductive stages
largest gametes is (d) non­motile colonial alga lacking zoospores.
(a) gymnosperm (b) angiosperm (1998)
(c) bryophyta (d) pteridophyta.
(2000) 81. Bryophytes are dependent on water, because
(a) water is essential for their vegetative
73. The antherozoids of Funaria are propagation
(a) multiciliated (b) monociliated (b) the sperms can easily reach upto egg in the
(c) aciliated (d) biciliated. (1999) archegonium
74. Bryophytes comprise (c) archegonium has to remain filled with water
(a) dominant phase of gametophyte which for fertilization
produces spores (d) water is essential for fertilization for their
(b) small sporophyte phase and generally homosporous nature.
parasitic on gametophyte (1998)
Plant Kingdom 37

82. The walking fern is so named because 92. Elater mechanism for spore dispersal is exhibited
(a) it propagates vegetatively by its leaf tips by
(b) it knows how to walk by itself (a) liverworts (b) Marchantia
(c) its spores are able to walk (c) Riccia (d) Funaria. (1996)
(d) it is dispersed through the agency of walking
animals. 93. A gymnospermic leaf carries 16 chromosomes.
(1998) The number of chromosomes in its endosperm
will be
83. Transfusion tissue is present in the leaves of (a) 12 (b) 8
(a) Pinus (b) Dryopteris (c) 16 (d) 24. (1996)
(c) Cycas (d) both (a) and (c).
(1998) 94. The pyrenoids are made up of
(a) proteinaceous centre and starchy sheath
84. Heterospory and seed habit are often exhibited
(b) core of nucleic acid surrounded by protein
by a plant possessing
sheath
(a) petiole (b) ligule
(c) core of protein surrounded by fatty sheath
(c) bract (d) spathe. (1997)
(d) core of starch surrounded by sheath of
85. An alga, very rich in protein, is protein.
(a) Chlorella (b) Nostoc (1995)
(c) Spirogyra (d) Ulothrix.
(1997) 95. The plant body of moss (Funaria) is
(a) completely sporophyte
86. Ulothrix filaments produce (b) predominantly gametophyte with sporophyte
(a) heterogametes (b) basidiospores (c) completely gametophyte
(c) isogametes (d) anisogametes.
(d) predominantly sporophyte with gametophyte.
(1997)
(1995)
87. Bryophytes can be separated from algae, because
96. The sexual reproduction is absent in
they
(a) Spirogyra (b) Nostoc
(a) possess archegonia
(b) contain chloroplast (c) Ulothrix (d) Volvox. (1995)
(c) are thalloid forms 97. A well developed archegonium with neck
(d) have no conducting tissue. (1997) consisting of 4­6 rows and neck canal cells,
88. Multicellular branched rhizoids and leafy characterises
gametophytes are the characteristics of (a) gymnosperms and flowering plants
(a) some bryophytes (b) pteridophytes (b) pteridophytes and gymnosperms
(c) all bryophytes (d) gymnosperms. (c) gymnosperms only
(1997) (d) bryophytes and pteridophytes. (1995)
89. Brown algae is characterised by the presence of 98. Many blue­green algae occur in thermal springs
(a) fucoxanthin (b) haematochrome (hot water springs). The temperature tolerance
(c) phycocyanin (d) phycoerythrin. of these algae have been attributed to their
(1997) (a) mitochondrial structure
90. The smallest plant family ‘Gymnosperm’ has (b) importance of homopolar bonds in their
how many species? proteins
(a) 640 (b) 300 (c) cell wall structure
(c) 1000 (d) 900 (1996) (d) modern cell organization. (1994)

91. Which of the following plant kingdom is called 99. In Chlorophyceae, the mode of sexual
‘amphibians’? reproduction is
(a) Pteridophyta (b) Thallophyta (a) isogamy (b) anisogamy
(c) Tracheophyta (d) Bryophyta (c) oogamy (d) all of these.
(1996) (1994)
38 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

100. In Pinus, the wings of the seed develops from 110. Resin and turpentine are obtained from
(a) ovuliferous scale (b) integument (a) Cycas (b) Pinus
(c) nucellus (d) bract. (1994) (c) Cedrus (d) Abies. (1992)
101. In bryophytes 111. Turpentine is got from
(a) both generations are independent (a) angiospermous wood
(b) gametophytes are dependent upon (b) bryophytes
sporophytes (c) gymnospermous wood
(c) sporophytes complete their life cycle
(d) ferns. (1992)
(d) sporophytes are dependent upon gameto­
phytes. 112. In Pinus, the pollen grain has 6 chromosomes
(1994) then in its endosperm will have
102. Which one is the most advanced from (a) 12 (b) 18
evolutionary view point? (c) 6 (d) 24. (1992)
(a) Selaginella (b) Funaria 113. A plant having seeds but lacking flowers and
(c) Chlamydomonas (d) Pinus (1993) fruits belongs to
103. Pinus differs from mango in having (a) pteridophytes (b) mosses
(a) tree habit (c) ferns (d) gymnosperms.
(b) green leaves (1992)
(c) ovules not enclosed in ovary
(d) wood. (1993) 114. Which one of the following is not common
between Funaria and Selaginella?
104. Pyrenoids are the centres for formation of (a) Archegonium (b) Embryo
(a) Porphyra (b) enzymes (c) Flagellate sperms (d) Roots (1992)
(c) fat (d) starch. (1993)
115. The plant group that produces spores and embryo
105. Pteridophytes differ from bryophytes and but lacks vascular tissues and seeds is
thallophytes in having
(a) Pteridophyta (b) Rhodophyta
(a) vascular tissues
(c) Bryophyta (d) Phaeophyta.
(b) motile antherozoids
(c) archegonia (1992)
(d) alternation of generations. (1993) 116. A plant in which sporophytic generation is
106. Chloroplast of Chlamydomonas is represented by zygote is
(a) stellate (b) cup­shaped (a) Pinus (b) Selaginella
(c) collar­shaped (d) spiral. (1993) (c) Chlamydomonas (d) Dryopteris.
(1992)
107. In Ulothrix/Spirogyra, reduction division
(meiosis) occurs at the time of 117. Bryophytes are amphibians because
(a) gamete formation (a) they require a layer of water for carrying
(b) zoospore formation out sexual reproduction
(c) zygospore germination (b) they occur in damp places
(d) vegetative reproduction. (1993) (c) they are mostly aquatic
108. Pteridophytes differ from mosses/bryophytes (d) all the above. (1991)
in possessing 118. Which one has the largest gametophyte?
(a) independent gametophyte (a) Cycas (b) Angiosperm
(b) well developed vascular system
(c) Selaginella (d) Moss (1991)
(c) archegonia
(d) flagellate spermatozoids. (1993) 119. The common mode of sexual reproduction in
109. Protonema occurs in the life cycle of Chlamydomonas is
(a) Riccia (b) Funaria (a) isogamous (b) anisogamous
(c) Anthoceros (d) Spirogya. (c) oogamous (d) hologamous.
(1993, 1990) (1991)
Plant Kingdom 39

120. The product of conjugation in Spirogyra or (c) Funaria sperms are less mobile
fertilization of Chlamydomonas is (d) Pteris archegonia release chemical to attract
(a) zygospore (b) zoospore its sperms.
(c) oospore (d) carpospore. (1989)
(1991) 125. Evolutionary important character of Selaginella
121. Moss peristome takes part in is
(a) spore dispersal (b) photosynthesis (a) heterosporous nature
(b) rhizophore
(c) protection (d) absorption.
(c) strobili
(1990)
(d) ligule. (1989)
122. Apophysis in the capsule of Funaria is 126. In Pinus/Cycas/gymnosperms, the endosperm is
(a) lower part (b) upper part (a) triploid (b) haploid
(c) middle part (d) fertile part. (c) diploid (d) tetraploid.
(1990) (1988)
123. In Pinus/gymnosperms, the haploid structure 127. Prothallus (gametophyte) gives rise to fern plant
are (sporophyte) without fertilization. It is
(a) megaspore, endosperm and embryo (a) apospory
(b) megaspore, pollen grain and endosperm (b) apogamy
(c) megaspore, integument and root (c) parthenocarpy
(d) pollen grain, leaf and root. (1989) (d) parthenogenesis. (1988)
124. Sperms of both Funaria and Pteris were released 128. Sexual reproduction involving fusion of two
together near the archegonia of Pteris. Only cells in Chlamydomonas is
its sperms enter the archegonia as (a) isogamy (b) homogamy
(a) Pteris archegonia repel Funaria sperms (c) somatogamy (d) hologamy.
(b) Funaria sperms get killed by Pteris sperms (1988)

Answer Key

1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (d)
31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (d) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (c)
41. (d) 42. (b) 43. (a) 44. (d) 45. (a) 46. (d) 47. (b) 48. (d) 49. (c) 50. (d)
51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (c) 55. (a) 56. (b) 57. (d) 58. (a) 59. (a) 60. (a)
61. (a) 62. (a) 63. (a) 64. (d) 65. (a) 66. (d) 67. (b) 68. (d) 69. (a) 70. (b)
71. (a) 72. (a) 73. (d) 74. (b) 75. (a) 76. (d) 77. (a) 78. (b) 79. (b) 80. (c)
81. (b) 82. (a) 83. (d) 84. (b) 85. (a) 86. (c) 87. (a) 88. (a) 89. (a) 90. (d)
91. (d) 92. (b) 93. (b) 94. (a) 95. (b) 96. (b) 97. (d) 98. (c) 99. (d) 100. (a)
101. (d) 102. (d) 103. (c) 104. (d) 105. (a) 106. (b) 107. (c) 108. (b) 109. (b) 110. (b)
111. (c) 112. (c) 113. (d) 114. (d) 115. (c) 116. (c) 117. (a) 118. (d) 119. (a) 120. (a)
121. (a) 122. (a) 123. (b) 124. (d) 125. (a) 126. (b) 127. (b) 128. (d)
40 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

1. (a) 13. (c) : All species of Chara reproduce sexually

2. (d) : Pinus is a monoecious plant, i.e., in Pinus and show highly advanced oogamy. The sex organs
the male and female cones or strobili are borne on are the most distinctive features of the Order Charales
and are the most complicated among the thallophytes.
the same plant.
Male and female gametangia are called antheridia
3. (c) : In Chlamydomonas, zygote divides by and oogonia respectively. Male fructification (cluster
meiosis. It exhibits haplontic type of life cycle. of antheridia) is called globule and the female is
4. (b) : Ectocarpus possesses haplodiplontic nucule. They are borne at the nodes of short branches,
whereas Fucus possesses diplontic life cycle. globule towards lower side and nucule (female
structure) towards upper side.
5. (c) : Needle like leaves with thick cuticle and
sunken stomata are xerophytic adaptations of conifers 14. (d) : Among the bryophytes Sphagnum accounts
for tolerating extreme environmental conditions. by far the most important place economically. It is
popularly called bog moss or peat moss. It is perennial
6. (b) : Alginic acid is obtained from brown algae and its growth continues year after year. Older portions
whereas carrageenan is obtained from red algae. undergo death but do not decompose due to secretion
7. (a) : Sequoia sempervirens is the tallest of acid that accounts for the antibacterial and
gymnosperm. The leaves of gymnosperms are well antifungal actions. The increasing mass of dead
adapted to extremes of climate. This is the reason for remains accumulate year after year and form a
gymnosperm to flourish in cold areas where instead compact dark coloured mass rich in carbon which is
of rain, snow is the source of water. Gymnosperms called peat. Peat is used as fuels. Paraffin, acetic
are heterosporous i.e., produce two different kinds acid, peat tar and ammonia are formed as by­products
of spores­microspores and megaspores. Salvinia is of peat obtained for industrial uses.
an aquatic pteridophyte. 15. (c) : Pteris has a multicellular gametophytic
prothallus which has both antheridia and archegonia.
8. (b) : The sperms of bryophytes and pteridophytes
Funaria has a bisexual leafy gametophyte which is
are flagellated and hence require an external supply
the dominant phase of life. In both Lilium (an
of water to reach archaegonia.
angiosperm) and Pinus (a gymnosperm) male
9. (b) : Laminarin and mannitol are food reserves gametophyte is highly reduced and is 2 celled and 3
of brown algae or Phaeophyceae. Rhodophycean celled respectively. Thus male gametophyte with least
algae store food in the form of floridean starch. number of cells is present in Lilium.
10. (b) : In gymnosperms (like Pinus), the male and 16. (a) : In oomycetes, like other oogamous
female gametophyte do not have an independent free organisms female gamete is large and non­ motile,
living existence. They remain within the sporangia while male gamete is small and motile.
retained on the sporophytes i.e., female gametophyte 17. (d) : Chlamydomonas has flagellated gametes
(within megasporangium) and male gametophyte which are similar or dissimilar in size. In Volvox and
(within microsporangium). Fucus, non­motile female gametes and motile male
11. (a) : Selaginella is a heterosporous pteridophyte. gametes are produced (oogamy). Spirogyra has
Corralloid roots of Cycas harbour blue green algae gametes that are similar in size (isogamous) and are
like Nostoc, Anabaena and are not a type of VAM non­flagellated.
(vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza) which is a 18. (b) : Refer to answer 13.
symbiotic association with fungus.
19. (a)
12. (a) : Ectocarpus produces biflagellate gametes.
20. (b) : Syngamy is the complete and permanent
Anabaena is a cyanobacteria and does not reproduce
fusion of male and female gametes to form the zygote.
sexually. Spirogyra produces non­flagellated male When fertilization occurs outside the body of the
gamete during conjugation, where entire cell content organism, this type of gametic fusion is called external
functions as gamete. Polysiphonia also produces non­ fertilization or external syngamy. In majority of algae,
flagellated spermatia. external fertilization occurs.
Plant Kingdom 41

21. (a) : In Funaria (Bryophyta), Dryopteris 27. (b)

(Pteridophyta) and Ginkgo (Gymnosperm) female sex 28. (d) : Equisetum is a pteridophyte and in
organ archaegonium is formed. Funaria lacks pteridophytes, the main plant body is a sporophyte
independent sporophyte and vascular tissues while which is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves.
independent gametophyte is absent in Ginkgo. Gametophytes are small or inconspicuous and free
22. (a) : In Spirogyra, gametes are non­motile and living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid called
sexual reproduction takes place by conjugation. prothallus.
Sargassum belongs to Phaeophyceae group of algae. Riccia is a liverwort and Polytrichum is a moss. The
They are commonly called as ‘brown algae’ and sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than that in
contain photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a and liverworts.
c. Puffballs are Basidomycetes with a stalked rounded Volvox shows oogamous type of sexual reproduction,
structure that sends out puffs of spores, e.g., i.e., fusion between one large, non motile (static)
Lycoperdon oblongisporum. Nostoc is a colonial female gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete.
cyanobacterium. It enriches its habitat with nitrogen During unfavourable conditions, the slime mould
by fixing atmospheric nitrogen and also causes water differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores
bloom. at their tips. The spores possess true walls. They are
extremely resistant and survive for many years, even
23. (c) : Sphagnum and Funaria belong to Class under adverse conditions.
Bryopsida of Division Bryophyta. They are typically
29. (c) : Autotrophic nutrition involves manufacture
mosses. The plant body has radial symmetry and is
of organic materials from inorganic raw materials with
essentially leafy.
the help of energy obtained from outside sources. It
Salvinia belongs to division Pteridophyta. It has a
is of two types – chemosynthesis and photosynthesis.
sporophyte plant body with true leaves, stem and
The organisms which are able to manufacture their
roots. Marchantia belongs to Class Hepaticopsida of
organic food from inorganic raw materials with the
Division Bryophyta. They are also called liverworts.
help of energy derived from exergonic chemical
The plant body is a dorsoventrally flattened thallus.
reactions are called chemoautotrophs. Nitrosomonas
24. (d) : Algae and moss are included in plant and Nitrobacter are chemoautotrophic nitrifying
kingdom while fungi constitute a separate kingdom. bacteria.
Among them, mosses invariably show diplontic life Those organisms who can manufacture organic
cycle while others may or may not. Algae and moss compounds from inorganic raw materials with the
are autotrophic while fungi are heterotrophs. But they help of solar energy in the presence of photosynthetic
all show multiplication by fragmentation. pigments are called photoautotrophs. E.g., Nostoc,
25. (d) : In majority of the pteridophytes all the spores Chara, Porphyra and Wolffia.
are of similar kinds; such plants are called 30. (d) : Refer to answer 10.
homosporous. Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia 31. (d) : In bryophytes, the dominant phase of life
which produce two kinds of spores, macro (large) and cycle is gametophytic plant body. In contrast, vascular
micro (small) spores, are known as heterosporous. plants have sporophytic plant body in most of their
The megaspores and microspores germinate and give life cycle and reduced, smaller gametophyte which
rise to female and male gametophytes, respectively. have smaller sex organs.
The female gametophytes in these plants are retained
32. (a) : Marchantia is a dioecious plant. Male plants
on the parent sporophytes for variable periods. The
bear antheridiophores and female plants bear
development of the zygotes into young embryos take
archegoniophores. Antheridiophores consists of a
place within the female gametophytes. This event is stalk and a disc like portion called receptacle.
a precursor to the seed habit considered an important Archegoniophore is composed of a stalk and disc like
step in evolution. receptacle at its distal end.
26. (b) : Cycas is a gymnosperm and Adiantum is a 33. (b) : Cycas forms facultative symbiotic
pteridophyte. Cambium and seeds are absent in association with autotrophic nitrogen fixing
pteridophytes, while vessels are absent in both of these cyanobacteria. Cycas provides fix carbon and a stable
two groups. Both Cycas and Adiantum resemble each environment to the cyanobacteria in exchange for fixed
other in having multi­ciliated sperms. nitrogen. These cyanobacteria are endosymbionts and
42 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

live within the roots of Cycas. In addition to normal 42. (b) : Fucus is a brown algae i.e. belongs to Class
roots, Cycas develops specialised symbiotic organs at Phaeophyta. In this alga the accumulation product
a young age called pre­coralloid roots which transform of photosynthesis is D­mannitol (a sugar alcohol) and
into coralloid roots upon successful colonisation by the reserve food material is laminarin.
cyanobacteria. 43. (a) : The differentiation of spores into
34. (a) : The given figure is of female thallus of microspores and megaspores, and their dependence
Marchantia (bryophyte) in which A, B, C and D are on the parent sporophyte for the nutrition, are certain
archegoniophore, female thallus, gemma cup and features in the life cycle of Selaginella, which have
rhizoids respectively. been considered as the essential pre­requisties for the
35. (d) : Refer to answer 25. formation of seeds, characteristic of spermatophytes.
It is generally agreed, that the seed plants arose from
36. (b) : The sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate the heterosporous vascular plants that instead of
than that in liverworts. The male and female cones or discharging the megaspore acquired the habit of
strobili is borne on same tree in (Pinus). In Cycas retaining it within the megasporangium.
male cones and megasporophylls are borne on
44. (d) : Funaria exhibits gametophytic (n) as well
different trees.
as sporophytic (2n) generation in its life cycle. The
37. (a) : Majority of algae (eukaryotes) possess a gametophytic generation is represented by a short
definite cell wall containing cellulose and other lived protonema which produces spermatozoids in
carbohydrates. In algal cell wall, different chemical antheridium of male shoot and egg in archegonium
components are present which vary widely among of female shoot. Egg and spermatozoids are fused to
different groups (e.g., xylan, mannan, galactan, alginic form zygote. From zygote diploid sporophyte is
acid, silica, agar, pectin, carrageenin, etc.). Cell wall produced. The capsule of sporophyte produces
of blue­green algae is made up of micro­peptides haploid spores. Then the haploid gametophyte is
(proteins). This micro­peptide is not found in produced from the haploid spores. So, the zygote is
eukaryotic algae. the only diploid stage in the life cycle. Hence, the
38. (d) : Sphagnum is a bryophyte in which dominant life cycle is haplontic life cycle.
phase or plant body is independent and free living 45. (a) : Refer to answer 39.
gametophyte. The sporophyte is parasitic over 46. (d) : In gymnosperm except Order Gnetales
gametophyte. In Pinus (a gymnosperm), mustard and (Gnetum) xylem consist of xylem parenchyma and
castor (angiosperms), the main plant body is tracheids with bordered pits but lacks vessels. So,
sporophytic. Gametophyte is highly reduced and is Gnetales are the most advanced among gymnosperms.
completely dependent on sporophyte. They lack archegonia in female gametophyte thus
39. (c) : Monoecious plants have separate male and showing similarity with angiosperm and act as
female flowers on the same plant. Pinus have both connecting link between the two.
the male and female cones or strobili on the same 47. (b) : In gymnosperm (like Cedrus) the male and
tree. female gametophyte do not have an independent free
living existence. They remain within the sporangia
40. (c) : A – Selaginella
retained on the sporophytes i.e., female gametophyte
B – Equisetum
C – Salvinia with megasporangium and male gametophyte within
microsporangium.
D – Ginkgo
48. (d) : The sporophyte of pteridophyte produces
41. (d) : Pteridophytes are known as vascular
meiospores inside sporangia, which may be
cryptogams (Gk kryptos = hidden + gamos= wedded).
homosporous (e.g., Equisetum, Adiantum, Dryopteris,
They reproduce by spores rather than seeds. They
etc.) or heterosporous (e.g., Salvinia, Selaginella etc.).
are the first vascular land plant.
The pteridophyte Equisetum belongs to the Class 49. (c) : In gymnosperms, pollen chamber represents
Sphenophtya. All vegetative parts of it possess the microsporangium in which pollen grains develop.
vascular tissues (i.e. hadrome equivalent to xylem and The microspore is generally a globular sac like
leptome equivalent to phloem) organised in definite structure having large number of microspores. The
groups of steles. microspores are also termed as pollen grains.
Plant Kingdom 43

50. (d) : An elater is a cell (or structure attached Vascular strand consists of tracheids and sieve cells.
to a cell) that is hygroscopic, and therefore will change Female gametophyte forms archegonia, provides
shape in response to changes in moisture in the nourishment to developing embryo and later gets
environment. Elaters come in a variety of forms, transformed into food­laden tissue or endosperm
but are always associated with plant spores. In plants inside the seed. This endosperm is formed before
that do not have seeds, they function in dispersing fertilization so it is haploid in nature. It provides
the spores to a new location. In the liverworts, elaters nourishment for growth of seedlings at the time of
seed germination. Grass is an angiospermic plant and
are cells that develop in the sporophyte alongside
endosperm is produced after fertilization.
the spores. They are complete cells, usually with
helcial thickenings at maturity that respond to 56. (b)
moisture content. In most liverworts, the elaters are 57. (d) : Until 1907, auxospore formation was
unattached, but in some leafy species (such as regarded as asexual process but now it is considered
Frullania) a few elaters will remain attached to the as an act of sexual process. The auxospores may be
inside of the sporangium (spore capsule). The elaters autogamous, isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous.
by hygroscopic movement help in spore dispersal. Their pattern of formation differs in pennate and
centric diatoms.
51. (c) : Flagellated male gametes are mostly seen
Formation of hormogonia is the common method of
lower groups of plants like algae, bryophytes,
reproduction in Nostoc which are produced by
pteridophytes. It is also seen in certain gymnosperms
accidental breaking of trichome into several pieces.
like Cycas. The bryophytes like Riccia have the male
It may also be formed by death and decay of ordinary
gametes which are biflagellate.
intercalary cells. Soon, the hormogonium escapes
52. (d): Algae are a group of chlorophyllous, non­ from mucilage and grows into a new filament and
vascular plants with thallose plant body. Different then into a new colony.
algae show different pigments present in the cell 58. (a) : Stele is a column containing vascular tissues
like chlorophyll ­ a, b, xanthophylls, carotenes, etc. which is surrounded by pericycle and separated from
These pigments provide the base for classification ground tissue by endodermis.
of various groups of algae into different classes. Siphonostele is medullated protostele or protostele
Members of Chlorophyceae possess chlorophyll ­ with a central non­vascular pith. Leaf gaps are absent.
a, b pigments, Bacillariophyceae contains diatomin Siphonostele is of two types :
pigment whereas that of Phaeophyceae has In Ectophloic siphonostele, central pith is surrounded
fucoxanthin, Rhodophyceae has r­phycocyanin and successively by xylem, phloem, pericycle and
r­phycoerythrin and cyanophyceae has phycobilin endodermis. In amphiphloic siphonostele there is a
pigment. central pith and xylem is surrounded on either side
53. (c) : In prothallus of vascular cryptogams the by phloem, pericycle and endodermis. It is found in
antherozoids and eggs mature at different times. The Osmunda and Equisetum.
spores on germination gives rise to prothallus. The 59. (a) : Flagellation is the arrangement of flagella
antherozoids are biflagellated or multiflagellated. over the body surface of a bacterial cell. Peritrichous
The egg is produced inside the venter, water is flagellation has flagella all over the surface of a
essential for fertilization and it is always cross­ bacterial cell e.g. E. coli.
fertilization. Self fertilization is prevented. Ginkgo belongs to Order Ginkgoales of
54. (c) : The partially decomposed Sphagnum mass gymnosperms. It is called living fossil because it is
accumulates to form compressed mass called peat, the single living genus in a big fossilized order.
which after drying is used as coal. So it is also called Macrocystis belongs to Class Phaeophyceae. It is the
peat moss. Sphagnum has the capacity to retain water largest perennial alga, about 40­60 m in size. Wolffia
for long periods and thus it is used to cover plant is the smallest flowering plant. Rhizophore is a leafless,
roots during transportation. colourless, positively geotropic elongated structure that
55. (a) : Conifers belong to gymnosperms. They are grows down from the point of bifurcation of stem. It
seed bearing plants in which the sporophylls are occurs in Selaginella.
aggregated to form cones and the seeds develop in 60. (a) : Cycas is an evergreen palm like plant. The
exposed state over the surface of megasporophylls. plant body is sporophytic differentiated into root, stem
44 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

and leaves, sexual reproduction is of oogamous type integument and in site formation of female
takes place by the fusion of distinct male and female gametophyte. All these features developed in
gametes. The male and female gametes are formed gymnosperms and angiosperms. Thallophytes,
by the germination of microspores and megaspores bryophytes and pteridophytes lack these features and
which are borne on microsporophylls and thus do not reproduce by producing seeds.
megasporophylls. These microspores germinate to Fern and Funaria belong to pteridophytes and
form male gametophyte that produces male gametes. bryophytes respectively so they do not reproduce by
The male gametes of Cycas are largest (300 m) in producing seeds.
nature, visible to naked eye, oval in form and top 64. (d) : Spirogyra is a freshwater green alga which
shaped. It is spirally coiled in the anterior half with belongs to Class Chlorophyceae. The sexual
thousands of small cilia. After fertilization the ovule reproduction in Spirogyra is called conjugation. It
is connected into a seed. In the endosperm of seed involves the fusion of two morphologically identical
lies a well developed embryo having two cotyledons, but physiologically dissimilar non­ciliated gametes.
a plumule and a radicle. For development of gametes, some of the cells start
61. (a) : Diversification in plant life appeared due to to act like male and female gametangia in which the
long periods of evolutionary changes. Algae and cell contents become separated from the cell wall,
bryophytes have thalloid plant body with no shrink and ultimately forms gametes. The fusion of
differentiation into root, stem and leaves. They had these gametes takes place by scalariform conjugation
no vascular tissues but later in pteridophytes vascular or lateral conjugation.
tissues (xylem and phloem) developed and plant body 65. (a) : Eichler divided plant kingdom into two sub­
became differentiated into root, stem and leaves. But kingdoms ­ Cryptogamae and Phanerogamae. All
the vascular tissues lack vessels and companion cells plants without flowers and seeds are included in the
and they reproduce by spores. In gymnosperms seed Sub­kingdom Cryptogamae whereas Phanerogamae
habit developed but the seeds are not enclosed inside includes plants which bear flowers and seeds.
fruit. In angiosperms vessels and companion cells are Cryptogams are further classified into three divisions.
present, flowers are present and seeds are enclosed Thallophyta, Bryophyta and Pteridophyta.
inside fruits. Thus the path of evolution is from algae Spore bearing plants such as mosses and ferns belong
to bryophytes to pteridophytes to gymnosperms and to cryptogams because instead of reproducing by
finally to angiosperm. flowers and seeds they reproduce by means of spores.
62. (a) : Angiosperms are highly evolved and well 66. (d) : Spermatophyta includes seed bearing plants
adapted land plants. They have both vessels and and this includes gymnosperms and angiosperms.
tracheids in xylem for better conduction of water. Acacia and sugarcane both are angiosperms. Pinus
Roots are modified into taproots, adventitious roots, and Cycas both are gymnosperms. Rhizopus belongs
pneumatophores, etc. to suit the desired climate. to Kingdom Fungi and Tritcum is an angiosperm.
Sex organs are highly developed, sporophylls are Ginkgo is gymnosperm and Pisum is an angiosperm.
organized into flowers and the flowers are highly So Ginkgo and Pisum correctly represent the grouping
coloured or modified to attract pollinators at different spermatophyta.
times and places. Insect pollination is more prevalent 67. (b) : In angiosperms presence of vessels is not
because it is more efficient and leads to less wastage an universal feature as there are certain angiosperms
of pollen grains as compared to wind pollination. So where vessels are absent e.g., Wintera, Trochodendron
the flowers are made attractive to attract a variety of etc.
insects. Seed are more protected as they are enclosed Secondary growth is increase in the girth or diameter
inside a fruit. of axis (root and stem) of the plant by formation of
All these adaptations have made angiosperms more secondary tissue by the activity of lateral meristem.
adaptive in diverse habitats. It occurs in dicotyledons of angiosperms and
63. (a) : Seed producing plants belong to gymnosperms. But in monocotyledons of angiosperms
spermatophyta. It includes gymnosperms and the primary plant body is complete in itself and
angiosperms. Seed habit or seed formation originated doesn’t produce any secondary tissue.
in gymnosperms. It requires the retention of Autotrophic plants are those which synthesise their
megasporangium or the only on the parent plant and organic food themselves by the process of
non­shedding of megaspore, development of photosynthesis. But certain angiospermic plants have
Plant Kingdom 45

heterotrophic mode of nutrition. E.g. Rafflesia, 73. (d) : Androcytes or antherozoid mother cell of
Orobanche, Striga are root parasites. Funaria metamorphoses into a single biflagellate
But double fertilization is universal in all spermatozoid (antherozoids). It is a spirally coiled
angiosperms. It involves fusion of one male gamete biflagellate (biciliated) structure.
with the egg cell and another male gamete with the 74. (b) : In bryophytes the main plant body is
diploid secondary nuclei. gametophytic which is independent and may be
68. (d) thallose (no differentiation in root, stem and leaves)
69. (a) : Cycas belongs to Order Cycadales of e.g., Riccia, Marchantia, Anthoceros etc. or foliose
gymnosperms because it has naked seed. It is not (having leafy axis) e.g. Sphagnum, Funaria etc. The
enclosed inside a fruit. It does not have double gametophyte bears the sex organs antheridium and
fertilization and so the endosperm formed is haploid archegonium. Sexual reproduction is of oogamous
in nature and not triploid. So it is not included in type. It forms zygote that gives rise to the sporophytic
angiosperms as they have ovules (or seeds) produced phase. It is differentiated into foot, seta and capsule.
inside fruit. This is the main difference between The capsule produces spores after meiosis that again
gymnosperms and angiosperms. gives rise to gametophytic phase. The sporophyte is
70. (b) : The algal Class Rhodophyceae contains a partially or full dependent upon the gametophyte and
red pigment (r­phycocrythrin) and a blue pigment is of shorter duration.
(r­phycocynin) in the chromatphores. 75. (a) : Algae, bryophyte and pteridophyte are
These pigments can utilize those wavelengths of light cryptogams, but out of them algae, and bryophytes
(blue­green region of spectrum, i.e., 480­520 nm) that are lower cryptogams and do not possess vascular
are not absorbed by chlorophyll. This enables red tissue (xylem and phloem), whereas in pteridophytes,
algae to grow at greater depths than other plants (upto vascular tissue system is well developed and so these
300 ft. below water). In addition to these, chl.­a, chl.­ are higher cryptogams or vascular cryptogams. The
d, carotenes and xanthophylls are present. term cryptogams means that these plants reproduce
In phaeophyceae chromatophores are yellowish by means of spores and do not produce seeds.
brown in colour possessing xanthophylls in The vascular tissue of pteridophytes is well developed.
abundance. They contain both xylem and phloem. In xylem,
Bacillariophyceae are called ‘diatoms’ due to vessels are absent and in phloem companion cells are
presence of an accessory brown pigment called absent.
‘diatomin’, other pigments are chl.­a, chl.­c (but not So pteridophytes or vascular cryptogams are a group
chl.­b), carotenes and xanthophylls.
of seedless vascular plants, that have successfully
In chlorophyceae colouring pigments are just like
invaded the land and reproduce by means of spores.
higher plants, i.e., Chl.­a, Chl.­b, xanthophylls and
Gymnosperms are naked seed bearing plants called
carotenes.
phanerogams.
71. (a) : A fern plant body is sporophytic (2n) and is
76. (d) : Bryophytes are green photosynthetic and
differentiated into roots, stems and leaves. On the
thalloid structures where the plant body root, stem
ventral surface of leaves sporangia are borne in a
and leaves. Instead of roots, rhizoids are present for
group called sori. Inside the sporangium are present
the spores which are formed by reduction duvsion. attachment and absorption purpose. They have motile
Thus the spores produced are haploid in nature and sperms and so they need water for fertilization.
germinate to produce a prothallus that represents the Archegonia evolved for the first time in bryophytes
gametophytic generation. Antheridium and in the plant kingdom. It is a flask shaped structure
archegonium are borne on this prothallus. Thus with swollen base called venter and upper elongated
meiosis takes place at the stage of spore formation. neck. The venter contains a venter canal cell and an
egg cell. It is surrounded by one celled thick sterile
72. (a) : Gymnosperms are the most primitive seed
jacket layer.
plants. The plants are generally perennial, woody trees
or shrubs. In general, tallest trees are in gymnosperms 77. (a) : Dichotomous branching is characteristic
e.g., Sequoia sempervirens is 366 ft. in height. The feature of liverworts e.g. Riccia, Marchantia, Pellia
male gametes of Cycas are largest (300 m) in size, etc. It is a primitive form of branching. It is also called
they are visible to naked eye and are oval in form and forked branching. In liverworts the thallus is flat and
top­shaped. The ovule of Cycas is also largest in the dorsiventral and dichotomously branched. The thallus
plant kingdom. has a notch at the anterior end. At the base of the
46 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

notch, there is a growing point consisting of a single These supply water and minerals to mesophyll tissue
apical cell. It divides repeatedly to form two branches upto margins so that the mesophyll cells can carry
of the same size. out photosynthesis. It is of two types primary
78. (b) : Cycas belongs to Order Cycadales of transfusion tissue present next to the midrib bundle
gymnosperms. Its leaves show circinate vernation i.e. and secondary transfusion tissue that runs upto
the leaves are coiled in young stage. The coralloid margins of the leaf. In Pinus it consists of tracheids
roots in Cycas arise from the lateral branches of the and albuminous cells.
normal roots and contain blue­green algae like Nostoc 84. (b) : Heterospory means production of two
and Anabaena. A well developed flower like that of different sizes of spores­megaspore and microspore.
angiosperms is absent in Cycas. It has compact cones All bryophytes are homosporous. Heterospory
containing microsporophylls and megasporophylls. originated in some pteridophytes like Selaginella. It
The megaspores are loosely arranged on the is commonly called club moss or spike moss. Its
megasporophyll. The male cone is a compac structure. leaves contain a flap­like outgrowth at the base on
Vessels in xylem are absent and it contains only the adaxial side called ligule. The leaves are of two
tracheids for conduction of water. types ­ megasporophyll bearing megasporangia and
79. (b) : Refer to answer 72. microsporophylls bearing microsporangia. The
megasporangia contains four large megaspores and
80. (c) : Ulothrix is a green filamentous alga,
the microsporangia contains large number of small
belonging to Class Chlorophyceae. The plant body is
microspores. Thus Selaginella is heterosporous. In
an unbranched filament consisting of numerous
some species of Selaginella the embryo remains
cylindrical cells joined end and end. Under favourable
attached to the sporophyte for a long time and it is
conditions, each cell produces zoospores except
the habit towards seed habit.
holdfast. These zoospores are of two types –
macrozoospores and microzoospores. The 85. (a) : Chlorella is a unicellular green alga that
macrozoospores are larger in size and are contains high percentage of proteins, lipids and most
quadriflagellate and the microzoospores are smaller of the known vitamins (carotene, riboflavin, vitamin
zoospores which may be biflagellate or B12, choline etc) and grows more quickly than
quadrifagelleate. Under unfavourable conditions, Porphyra, so scientists are doing research to obtain
nonmotile mitospores called aplanospores are food from it. The nutritional value is comparable to
produced. Sexual reproduction in Ulothrix is of the mixture of soybeans and spinach.
isogamous type. The isogametes fuse to form a 86. (c) : Ulothrix belongs to Class Chlorophyceae
quadriflagellate zygospore which after meiosis forms of Division Thallophyta. The plant body consists of
16 aplanospores or zoospores. an unbranched filament, consisting of numerous
81. (b) : Bryophytes are called amphibians of plant cylindrical cells joined end to end. It is heterothallic
kingdom because they complete their vegetative phase and sexual reproduction is of isogamous type. Except
on land but water is necessary for their reproductive holdfast each cell of the filament can give rise to 64
to 128 gametes. The gametes are similar in size, shape
phase. Water helps in maturation and dehiscence of
and other features. So these gametes are called
sex organs in bryophytes. It also helps in the transfer
isogametes. When two gametes of (+) and (–) strain
of sperms to the archegonium that make water
come together they fuse and a quadriflagellate
essential for completion of life cycle of bryophytes.
zygospore is formed.
82. (a) : Walking fern is named so because when its
87. (a) : Bryophytes and algae are both autotrophic,
leaf tips come in contact with soil, form new plants
plant body thallus like and devoid of vascular tissues.
as adventitious buds develop at leaf tips. This helps
Instead of roots, rhizoids are present for attachment
in the spread of fern over a large soil surface and thus
and absorption purpose. Both algae and bryophytes
the name ‘walking fern’.
have motile sperms and need water for fertilization.
83. (d) : Transfusion tissue is a specialized tissue But bryophytes can be separated from algae because
present on either side of midrib in between the archegonium originated for the first time in bryophytes
palisade and spongy tissues of the leaf of Cycas and in plant kingdom. It is a flask shaped structure with
also in Pinus leaf at the sides of the sclerenchymtous swollen base called venter and upper elongated neck.
region. It is made of horizontally arranged tracheids. The venter contains a venter canal cell and an egg cell.
Plant Kingdom 47

It is surrounded by one celled thick sterile jacket layer. 94. (a) : Pyrenoids are found in many bryophytes and
In algae sex organs are non­jacketed and unicellular. algae. They are small, spherical bodies found in the
88. (a) : The Division Bryophyta includes three cytoplasm of a plant cell. They are rich in proteins
classes Hepaticopsida, Anthocerotopsida and and are surrounded by a starch sheath.
Bryopsida. The members of Hepaticopsida and 95. (b) : Funaria is known as common moss or green
Anthocerotopsida have a thallose plant body which moss. The plant body is foliose that consists of stem
is dorsiventrally differentiated and dichotomously axis which bears many leaves and instead of roots,
branched. On the ventral surface unicellular or rhizoids are present. It is gametophytic (n) and
multicellular rhizoids are present. The member of independent.
Bryopsida have a main plant body that has a leafy It bears antheridia and archegonia on the same plant
gametophore made up of an axis having spirally but on different branches.
arranged leaves. The rhizoids are multicellular and
After fertilization the zygote (2n) divides to form the
branched e.g. Sphagnum, Funaria, Riccia,
sporophyte which consists of foot, seta and capsule.
Anthoceros. So only few member of bryophytes have
leafy gametophytes. The basal foot is embedded in the apex of female
branch. It absorbs nutrients and provides support for
89. (a) : Brown algae are the members of the Class the sporophyte. Inside the capsule haploid spores are
Phaeophyceae. Their chromatopores are ellipsoidal produced as a result of meiosis. Thus again the
or discoid. They contain chlorophyll a, chl c, b­ and
gametophytic phase starts. So the gametophytic phase
c­carotenes and xanthophyll pigments (e.g., lutein,
is the dominant phase of the life cycle of Funaria.
flavoxanthin, violaxanthin). They also contain large
amount of a brown pigment – fucoxanthin which 96. (b) : Nostoc belongs to Cyanophyceae. In this
masks the green colour of chlorophyll pigment. This entire class sexual reproduction is completely absent.
gives characteristic brown colour to these plants, It reproduces by colony formation, hormogonia,
hence the name brown algae. akinetes, heterocysts and endospres. However genetic
recombination has been observed. It may be probably
90. (d) : Gymnosperms originated about 200 million
years ago and were dominant species at that time. through transformation or conjugation.
However most of the members have become extinct The other three algae­ Spirogyra, Ulothrix and Volvox
now and only few living forms are known today. There belong to Chlorophyceae. The members of this class
are around 900 living species of this group. show isogamous, anisogamous and oogamous type
of sexual reproduction.
91. (d) : Refer to answer 81.
97. (d) : Bryophytes and pteridophytes both have
92. (b) : Marchantia is a liverwort in which the sex
alternation of generation. The gametophytic phase is
organs are borne on disc shaped 8­lobed receptacles
dominant in bryophytes whereas in pteridophytes it
borne at the tip of vertical gametophores. Sperms are
is short lived. Sex organs are embedded is some
attracted to opened archegonia by proteins and K+
members of bryophytes and pteridophytes. Sperms
salts. Fertilization produces a parasitic sporophyte
are flagellate and so water is required for fertilization.
made of foot, seta and capsule. The capsule encloses
Sterile jacket is present around the sex organs for
sporocytes and elaters. These elaters show twisting
protection. Archegonium appeared for the first time
movements due to spiral bands of thickenings and
in bryophytes in plant kingdom. It is a flask shaped
this leads to liberation and dispersal of spores. In
Riccia elaters are absent and in Funaria peristome structure. It has swollen basal portion called venter
teeth help in spore dispersal. and upper elongated neck. The venter has egg cell
and venter canal cell. There are 4­6 vertical rows of
93. (b) : Gymnosperms show distinct alternation of neck cells enclosing neck canal cells in bryophytes.
generations. The sporophytic phase is dominant. The
The archegonia have short neck made of four rows
sporphyte is differentiated into root, stem and leaves.
of vertically elongated cells that encloses four neck
So the number of chromosomes in a leaf cell is diploid
canal cells in pteridophytes.
(2n), (2n = 16). Double fertilization is absent in
gymnosperms. The endosperm develops before 98. (c) : Some algae withstand or tolerate a very high
fertilization directly from the megaspore. So the temperature and these are often called thermal algae.
number of chromosomes in endosperm will be Such forms are known to grow upto 85ºC, nearly
8(n = 8). boiling water.
48 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

Their cell wall is hard and protective. A typical cell 107. (c) : In Ulothrix/Spirogyra reduction division
wall of algae consists of two nonliving layers. The (meiosis) occurs at the time of zygospore formation.
inner layer is firm consisting of microfibrils and outer Plant body of Ulothrix and Spirogyra, is gametophytic
layer is gelatinous and amorphous. Various (haploid), they produce zoogametes (n) which fuses
polysaccharides such as cellulose, pectin, mucilage to form zygosporic (2n) diploid, which is a resting
constitute the typical cell wall. The mucilage covering spore. Onset of favourable condition zygospore
of the cell is thick and dense and is called the sheath. undergoes reductional division, or meiosis to produce
This sheath holds the cells in colonies together, is zoo­meiospores.
having water absorbing and water retaining capacity.
108. (b) : Refer to answer 105.
It thus protects them under dessicating conditions.
Thus they are able to survive under high temperature. 109. (b) : Protonema occurs in the life cycle of
99. (d) : Refer to answer 96. Funaria. The spore is the first cell of gametophytic
generation and it germinates to form a filamentous
100. (a) : Mature ovule with embryo constitutes seed.
branched alga like structure called protonema. If gives
The seed is covered with hard seed coat. The outer
rise to new plant.
layer of the seed coat is testa (from middle stony
layer). Testa encloses a brown, thin membranous 110. (b) : Resins and turpentine are obtained from
tegmen (from inner fleshy layer). The tegmen Pinus which is gymnospermic plant. Cycas is an
surrounds fleshy endosperm. ornamental plant. Paper and Canada balsam are
obtained from Abies and timber is obtained from
Inside endosperm is present the embryo. At maturity
Cedrus deodara.
of seed, a thin layer of ovuliferous scale fuses with
testa to form a wing (i.e., seeds are winged) which 111. (c) : Refer to answer 110.
helps in the dispersal of seed. 112. (c) : In Pinus, if the pollen grain has 6
101. (d) chromosomes then in its endosperm will also have 6
102. (d) : Pinus is more advanced from the chromosomes as endosperm and pollen grains are
evolutionary point of view. It is a gymnosperms both haploid structures.
(of phanerogams) having well developed vascular 113. (d) : A plant having seed but lacking flowers
conducting system and bears seeds. While others and fruit belongs to gymnosperms. Gymnosperms are
Selaginella, Funaria and Chlamydomonas do not bear vascular land plants and bears seeds which are naked
seeds. i.e., ovules not enclosed in the ovary. Hence, flowers
103. (c) : Pinus is a gymnospermic plant which has are absent.
a well developed conducting tissue system but seeds 114. (d) : Root is not common between Funaria and
are naked. Whereas mango is an angiospermic plant Selaginella. Funaria is a bryophyte and have
in which seed are enclosed in the ovary and fruit is archegonium, embryo, flagellated sperms which are
present. also present in Selaginella. Selaginella is a
104. (d) : Pyrenoids are the centres for formation of pteridophyte and it has root which is absent in
starch. There are present in chloroplast and are Funaria.
proteinaceous in nature covered by starch plate. They 115. (c) : Bryophytes are the plants which produces
synthesizes and store starch in them. spores and embryos but they do not have vascular
105. (a) : Pteridophytes differs from bryophytes and tissue system. While rhodophytes and phaeophytes
thallophytes in having well developed vascular tissue are algae and produces spores (no embryos) only and
system. Vascular tissues plays an important role in pteridophytes produces spores, embryo and well
conducting water and food materials to the plants. developed vascular tissue system.
Whereas these are absent in bryophytes and 116. (c) : A plant in which sporophytic generation is
thallophytes. represented by zygote is Chlamydomonas. It is a type
106. (b) : Chloroplast in Chlamydomonas is cup­ of algae that has gametophytic plant body (haploid).
shaped. It is one celled structure whereas stellate, It reproduce sexually by gametes which are
spiral and collar shaped chloroplasts are present in isogametes that fuses to produce diploid zygote which
Zygnema, Spirogyra and Ulothrix respectively. is the only sporophytic generation.
Plant Kingdom 49

117. (a) : Refer to answer 81. 123. (b) : In Pinus/gymnosperms, endosperm is

118. (d) : Moss has the largest gametophyte. Mosses produced before fertilization and hence it is haploid.
are small, soft plants that are typically 1­10 cm tall, Megaspore and pollen grains are structures of male
some species are much larger. They commonly grow gametophytes and it is also haploid.
close together in clumps or mats in damp or shady 124. (d) : Sperms of both Funaria and Pteris were
locations. They do not have flowers or seeds and their released together near the archegonia. But only the
simple leaves cover the thin wiry stem. sperms of Pteris enter the archegonia, as Pteris
119. (a) : In Chlamysomonas sexual reproduction archegonia releases a chemical malic acid to attract
takes place through isogamy, anisogamy, and oogamy. its sperms for fertilization.
Isogamy i.e.,the fusion of similar gametes is the 125. (a) : Evolutionary important character of
common mode of sexual reproduction in it. Selaginella is heterosporous nature. Selaginella
Anisogamy is fusion of morphologically similar but produces two types of spores microspores and
physiologically different cells. Oogamy is fusion of megaspores. Heterospory in the life cycle of
different gametes. Selaginella leads to the formation of seed habit.
120. (a) : The product of conjugation in Spirogyra 126. (b) : In Pinus/Cycas/gymnosperms the
or fertilization of Chlamydomonas is zygospore. Both endosperm is haploid because it is produced before
are the members of green algae where gametes are fertilization.
fused to form zygote which develops into a thick 127. (b) : Prothallus (gametophyte) gives rise to fern
walled zygospore. plant (sporophyte) without fertilization. This
121. (a) : Moss peristome is present in capsule and phenomenon is called apogamy. Development of
takes part in spore dispersal. The hygroscopic action sporophyte from gametophyte without forming
of peristomial teeth help in the removal of operculum. gamete is apogamy. Such sporophyte is haploid in
The lengthening and shortening of peristomial teeth nature.
help in the dispersal of spores. The inner peristome 128. (d) : Isogamy involves the fusion of gametes
acts as a sieve allowing only a few spores to escape at which are morphologically and physiologically
a time. similar. They are called isogametes. In
122. (a) : Apophysis is basal portion of capsule in Chlamydomonas, two vegetative cells may fuse to
continuation with seta. The outer layer of apophysis is form a zygospore and the phenomenon is called as
epidermis which has stomata for gaseous exchange. In hologamy. As a result of fusion of two gametes,
capsule of Funaria stomata are present only in apophysis. zygospore is formed.