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UNIT I MANAGEMENT OF SPORTING EVENTS

1. Functions of Sports Events Management (Planning, Organising, Staffing,
Directing & Controlling)
2. Various Committees & their Responsibilities (pre; during & post)
3. Fixtures and their Procedures – Knock-Out (Bye & Seeding) & League
(Staircase, Cyclic, Tabularmethod) and Combination tournaments.
4. Intramural & Extramural tournaments – Meaning, Objectives & Its Significance.
5. Community sports program (Sports Day, Health Run, Run for Fun, Run for Specific
Cause &Run for Unity)

MANAGEMENT
Management is essential for an organized life and necessary to run all types of organizations.
Managing life means getting things done to achieve life’s objectives and managing an
organization means getting things done with and through other people to achieve its
objectives. There are basically five primary functions of management. These are:
1. Planning,
2. Organizing
3. Staffing
4. Directing
5. Controlling

Planning: Planning is the process of thinking about the activities required to achieve a
desired goal. It is the first and foremost activity to achieve desired results. It involves the
creation and maintenance of a plan, such aspsychological aspects that require conceptual skills.

Organising: Organising refers to the process through which various works/

responsibilities related to a programme are specified, classified, and then assigned to various
people and committees. Organising refers to the procedure of aligning the activities in a
certain order. It contains designing the roles and directing the people towards
accomplishment of goals. Human efforts along with the resources are brought together and
coordinatedunder this function.

Staffing: Staffing is the process of hiring eligible candidates in the organization or

company for specific positions. In management, the meaning of staffing is an operation
of recruiting the employees by evaluatingtheir skills, knowledge and then offering them
specific job roles accordingly.

Directing: Directing refers to a process or technique of instructing, guiding, inspiring,

counselling, overseeing and leading people towards the accomplishment of organizational
goals. Direction is an aspect of management that deals directly with influencing, guiding,
supervising, and motivating staff for the achievement of organizational goals.

Controlling: Controlling refers to measuring the performance and taking the employees‟
feedback to check thecompatibility and efficiency. It brings back the management cycle to
planning and ensures the work according to plan.
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VARIOUS COMMITTEES AND THEIR

RESPONSIBILITIES
Sports competitions are organised at various levels which include district, state, national and
international levels.Such events require careful planning and organization to be successful.
Planning must be executed properly for which different committees work together.

I. Organising committee: It is headed by chairman as overall in charge of

conducting the event. All the aspects of sporting events to be conducted are
administered through this committee.
II. Finance committee: It is responsible for all financial receipts and expenditure, etc. They
should work asper budget plan. This committee makes all the payments. They must work
as per the directions given by organizing committee.
III. Publicity committee: The role of publicity committee is to give the sports event a wide
publicity. All the press releases, press conferences, results during the meet as well as
publicity regarding dates, venues through media, posters, and printing, etc. are done by this
committee.
IV. Technical committee: It is responsible for the technical conduct of the event' This
committee is responsible for making draws and conducting the event smoothly. The
officials are deputed well in advance. This is the most important committee that will
officiate the sports events.
V. Reception committee: The responsibility of reception committee is to see that special
invitees are welcomed and taken to the seats reserved for them. They plan to invite the
guests well in advance and take careof their reception. The outstation participating teams
are received and proper arrangements are done till they depart.
VI. Accommodation committee: This committee is responsible for deciding for the stay
of players as well as officials. The accommodation is booked well in advance as per
expected strength of participants, coaches, managers, and other dignitaries.
VII. Transport committee: It looks after the transportation of players and officials to the
venue of sporting activity and back to their accommodation. It takes care before, during and
after the sports event. This committee must have details of arrival and departure of
participants so that everything is done on time.
VIII. Refreshment committee: It is formed to provide refreshment to the participants,
officials and all thoseinvolved in the entire programme. It must be ensured that everyone
is welcomed and treated properly with suitable soft drinks. This committee is also
responsible for breakfast, lunch, and dinner at the place of stay. Proper hygienic meals
should be served
IX. Purchase committee: This is a pre-meet work' The duty of purchasing of equipment
and any other item required in connection with the sporting event is assigned to this
committee. This committee shall make arrangement of laying out the field of international
standard and fulfil the required demand of the game/sport.
X. Awards or prizes committee: The prizes are bought by this committee as per the
number of expected winners. The mementoes for officials are also obtained by this
committee. They are completely responsible for all the awards and prize distribution well
on time.
XI. Medical and First Aid Committee: This committee is formed to provide
medical assistance to participants round the clock.
XII. Ground and Equipment Committee: This committee makes necessary
arrangements of equipment related to events.
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PRE-TOURNAMENT RESPONSIBILITIES
Pre-tournament responsibilities are as follows: -
1. Prepare the budget of the tournament.
2. Prepare the schedule or program of the tournament.
3. Prepare sports ground.
4. Purchase sports equipment.
5. Form the various committees.
6. Send the information to the various teams about the date and venue
of the tournament.
7. Make arrangement of boarding and lodging of sports person and
officials.
8. Arrange prize and certificate for the winners.
9. Send the entry form to the teams those who want to participate in the
competition

DURING TOURNAMENT RESPONSIBILITIES

During tournament responsibilities are as follows: -

1.Ensure proper arrangement
2.Check the sports ground and related sports equipment
3.Ensure that the sports are being organised as per schedule
4. To make necessary announcement regarding the progress of
tournament
5. Provide the first aid to the injured athlete
6. Check the arrangement of refreshment to the players and officials.
7. Prepare proper score sheet for records
8. Provide the update information to the electronic and print media

POST TOURNAMENT RESPONSIBILITIES

Post tournament responsibilities are as follows: -
1. Give away the prices and certificates to the winners
2. Provide detailed results add other necessary information to the
medias
3. Provide security refunds to the departing team
4. Collect all the records related to the sports tournament
5. Make the payment to the officials and other concern person
6. Prepare reports related to the expenditure of the tournament
7. Present momentous to the chief guest and guest of honor etc.
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TOURNAMENTS

It is a series of contests with several rounds in which many contestants compete, individually
or as a team to decide the winner. A tournament is a competition involving a relatively large
number of competitors, all participating in a sport or game. It depends on various factors i.e. -
No. of participating teams, availability of grounds and equipment’s, No. of days and funds.

TYPE OF TOURNAMENT

1. Knock-Out Tournament
2. League Tournament
3. Combination Tournament

1. KNOCK-OUT
A single-elimination, knockout, or sudden death tournament is a type of elimination
tournament where the loser of each match-up is immediately eliminated from the tournament.
Each winner will play another in the next round, until the final match-up, whose winner
becomes the tournament champion.

Advantages of Knock out tournament

1. Takes less time.
2. Take less manpower.
3. Require less amount of money.
4. Require less resources.
5. Each team play seriously in each match.

Disadvantages of Knock out tournament

1. Losing team do not get 2nd chance.
2. It can be poor judgment of team's ability.
3. Due to the fear of elimination players play with the fear which is not good
for his health & sports performance.
4. Talented players some times are not selected due to elimination of their
team in early round.
5. It might prove more of a hassle for games in which draws frequent.

2. LEAGUE
Round-robin tournament (or all-play-all tournament) is a competition in which each contestant
meets all other contestants in turn. A round-robin contrasts with an elimination tournament, in
which participants are eliminated after a certain number of losses. In single league tournament
all participating teams compete once, with each other, whereas in double league, each team
play with every other team twice, without any consideration of victory or defeat.
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Advantages of league tournament

1. It decides the true winner.
2. Every team will get full opportunity to show its efficiency or performance.
3. It helps in ranking all the teams.
4. Sports and games can be made popular through league tournament owing maximum
number of matches.
5. A team need not wait for the competition of the other round as in single knock out
tournament.
6. Appropriate opportunities are available to the players and teams to improve their
performance.

Disadvantages of league tournament

1. It requires more time.
2. It is expensive.
3. It requires more arrangement for sport officials and teams.
4. There is no provision of seeding for outstanding teams.
5. Teams that get defeated often will lose interest in the game and that match become
boring for the participants, spectators and even for official.

3. COMBINATION
They are the combination of Knock-Out and League format. Depending upon the need and
importance of the tournament, Combination Tournaments can be Knockout- League, League-
Knockout, Knockout-League-Knockout etc. These tournaments are conducted when there are
(a) a large number of participants, (b) participants are spread in different areas, (c) venues are
in different zones/places etc. In this format some of the demerits of Knockout and League
Tournaments can be eliminated.

FIXTURE
The meaning of fixture in physical education can be defined as the schedule or plan of the
sports activities/ matches which will be played against of team on a specific date or time. In
simple words, it a timetable for sports competition. The fixtures can include the names of the
teams, name of the opponent team, time of the match, venue of the match, etc.

KNOCK-OUT

Seeding: The term seed can be termed same as an 'advantage' given to the team that has
performed well in the same competition in the previous session. Basically, it done to prevent
the conflict of the two good teams in the preliminary rounds and spoil the level of
completion. Seeding is a procedure by which good teams are placed in fixtures in such a way
that stronger teams do not meet each other at the very start of a tournament.

Bye: The advantage given to a team usually by drawing a lot and exempting it from playing
a match in the first round is known as Bye. These are given to a specific number of teams in
the first round. The number of byes is decided by subtracting the number of teams from the
next higher number which is in power of two’s.
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The procedure of giving byes is as follows:

1. The first bye is given to last team of lower half.
2. The second bye is given to first team of upper half.
3. The third bye is given to first team of lower half.
4. The fourth bye is given to last team of upper half.
5. The next bye or byes will be given in the same order as described above.

Methods of Preparing Fixtures for Knock-out Tournaments:

1. Total number of teams participating in the tournament.
2. Total number of matches to be played in the tournament. Formula for calculating total
number of matches isn-1, where n is the total number of teams participating in the
tournament.
3. Total number of rounds played in the tournament depends upon two things: -
I. The number of teams playing in the tournament.
II. The higher nearest number from the total number of teams of power of two’s = 2n
4. Method of determining the number of teams in upper half and lower half: -

I. If the number of teams is even, then equal number of teams will be divided in both
halves i.e., n/2, where n is the total number of teams.\
II. If the number of teams is odd, the following method is applied: Number of teams
in upper half = (n+1)/2, where n = number of teams.
Number of teams in lower half = (n-1)/2, where n = number of teams
5. The number of byes in knock-out tournament are decided by subtracting total number
of teams from the next higher nearest number in power of two’s (2n).
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Example:

Knock out fixture of 19 teams No. of teams = 19,

Total No. of matches = N-1= 19-1 = 18
No. of teams in upper half = 19 + 1 / 2 = 20 / 2 = 10
No. of teams in lower half = N-1 / 2 = 15 - 1 / 2 = 14 / 2 = 7
Total no. of byes = 32- 17= 15 byes.
No. of byes in upper half = NB -1 / 2 = 15-1 / 2 = 14 / 2 =7
No. of byes in lower half = NB - 1 / 2 = 15+1 / 2 = 16 / 2 = 8
Total number of rounds = 5
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Seeding
The term seed can be termed same as an 'advantage' given to the team that has performed well
in the same competition in the previous session. Basically, it done to prevent the conflict of the
two good teams in the preliminary rounds and spoil the level of completion. Seeding is a
procedure by which good teams are placed in fixtures in such a way that stronger teams do not
meet each other at the very start of a tournament.

Example:
Draw a fixture of 11 teams, out of which 4 teams are seeded
Number of Teams = 11
Number of byes = 16-11 = 5
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Special Seeding: A process to place the stronger team/teams at appropriate places in the
fixture and to avoid the elimination of such teams in the first round and give them a chance to
participate in quarter-final or semi-final is known as special seeding.
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LEAGUE

The following methods are used for fixtures in a league tournament:

1. Cyclic Method
2. Staircase Method
3. Tabular Method

Fixture according to Cyclic Method

Round-1 Round-2 Round-3 Round-4 Round-5

6 - 1 5 - 1 4 - 1 3 - 1 2 - 1
5 - 2 4 - 6 3 - 5 2 - 4 6 - 3
4 - 3 3 - 2 2 - 6 6 - 5 5 - 4

Fixture according to Stair-case Method

In stair-case method, the fixtures are made just like a ladder or a stair- case. In this method,
no bye is given to any team and there is no problem of even or odd number of teams.

Example: Draw a fixture of 9 teams on league basis according to stair-case method.

Fixture
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Fixture according to Tabular Method

Example 1: Draw a fixture of 6 teams according to tabular method of league tournament.

Solution: Number of teams = 6

Squares = N + 1 = 6 + 1 = 7 Squares
Number of rounds = 5

Number of matches = = 15 matches

A B C D E F
A 1 2 3 4 5
B 3 4 5 2
C 5 1 4
D 2 1
E 3
F

IR IIR IIIR IVR VR

A×B A×C B×C B×D C×D
C×E D×E A×D A×E B×E
D×F B×F E×F C×F A×F

Example 2: Draw a fixture of 7 teams by using tabular method.

Solution: Number of teams = 7

Number of matches = = = 21 matches

Number of columns or squares = N + 2 =7+2 = 9 squares

Number of rounds = 7 rounds

A B C D E F G Bye
IR II R III R IV R VR VI R VII R
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A×B A×C B×C B×D C×D C×E D×E
B 3 4 5 6 7 2
D×F E×F A×D A×E B×E B×F C×F
C 5 6 7 1 4 C×G D×G E×G F×G A×F A×G B×G
D 7 1 2 6 E × Bye B × Bye F × Bye C × Bye G × Bye D × Bye Ax Bye
E 2 3 1
F 4 3
G 5
Bye
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Combination Tournaments

Combination tournaments are conducted when the matches are to be played on group basis or
zonal basis. As a matter of fact, these tournaments depend on the suitability of the activity,
the number of participating teams and the areas and distance from which they come
to participate. For example, in case of national-level competition, it becomes difficult
for all the state teams to reach the designated place for tournament. To avoid such a
type of difficulty, at least four zones can be made and a tournament can be organised
at a central place in each zone. After that the winner of each zone can participate at the
national level. Depending upon the number of teams in each zone and the availability of time,
the tournament can be organised on the basis of knock-out or leag e and after that at national
level the tournament can also be conducted either o knock-out or league basis. Usually, the
following combinations of tournaments a e used.

1. Knock-out cum Knock-out

2. League cum League
3. Knock-out cum League
4. League cum Knock-out

INTRAMURAL & EXTRAMURAL

Meaning of Intramural
Intramural is derived from the Latin word ‟Intra” and “muralist‟.”Intra” means “within” and
“Muralist” means „Walls‟ .So we can say that the activities, which are performed within the
walls or within the campus of an institution ,are called „Intramural”.

Objectives of Intramural
1. To Provide Opportunity to Every Student to Participate in Games and Sports
2. To Develop Leadership Qualities Among Students
3. To Develop Cooperation
4. To Provide Recreation
5. To Develop Feeling of Sportsmanship
6. To Provide an Opportunity to Learn a Variety of Games and Skills
7. To Provide an Opportunity to Get an Experience of Organising Competitions
8. To Identify Talented Sportspersons
9. To Provide an Opportunity to Develop Personality

Meaning of Extramural
Extramural sports satisfy the need for structured sports activities between students from various
schools, organizations, or institutions. Extramural means competitions outside walls or
boundaries, as of a city or town or a university. These tournaments will be organized on a zonal,
regional, state or national basis. Eg: CBSE tournaments etc.
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Objectives of extramural
1. To provide Experience to Students
2. To improve the Standard of Sports
3. To broaden the Base of Sports
4. To develop Sportsmanship and Fraternity
5. To provide knowledge of New Rules and Advanced Techniques

COMMUNITY SPORTS

Purpose and benefits

Sports and games programmes are arranged in the world as well as in our country to
promote the games and sports for a specific cause. Every country in the world has some
or other cause for promoting Community sports programs. The programs motivate and
create the feeling to take part in these sports programs. People become health conscious
and try to remain fit and stay healthy for as long as possible. These specific sports
programs are usually organized by the federations, state government, NGO etc. to create
health consciousness among the people and take part in health-related sports programs.
More and more people of all age groups should take part in such sports programs.
Specific sports programmes are such programmes of sports which are not usually
related to competitions. These programmes have various objectives such as creating
awareness among peoples regarding unity, health & diseases etc.

The various important specific programs are:

1. SPORTS DAY: In the contemporary age, specific stress is laid down on the holistic
development of children in schools. Owing to this, emphasis is laid on other co-
curricular activities in addition to education. Along these lines, sports day is organised
so that the all-round development of children could be attempted. Various sports
activities in which physical and recreational activities are included, are conducted on
sports day. Generally, sports day is organised by each and every school. A specific day
is fixed for conducting sports day in a year. On that day, ample opportunities are
provided to every child to take part in activities. School authorities also lay stress on
the maximum participation of children.

2. HEALTH RUN: These are organized by health departments to Know the standard of
health in a country along with raising funds for charity.
3. RUN FOR FUN: It is also organised to spread the message among masses to remain
healthy and fit. It may be organized to motivate the people to remain fit.
4. RUN FOR UNITY: It is organized to show unity and peace among the people of
different religions. Its purpose may be national and international integration and
brotherhood.
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5. RUN FOR SPECIFIC CAUSE: This is the run related to specific or noble cause. Most
of the social non- profit organizations organizes these runs for creating awareness about
AIDS, Educating the girl child, Cancer.

A. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is a part of sports management?
(a) Planning (b) Directing and Organising
(c) Staffing and Controlling (d) All of these

2. What is the meaning of staffing?

(a) Interviewing staff (b) Selecting and recruiting staff
(c) Promoting staff (d) All of these

3. League tournament is also known as: -

(a) Knock out (b) Combination
(c) Round Robin (d) Consolation

4. Bye is given when

(a) there are large number of teams. (b) league tournament.
(c) advantage of not to play in first round (d) there are odd number of teams.

5. If in any league tournament 6 teams are participating then there will be how much
matches will be played?
(a) 10 (b) 12
(c) 13 (d) 15

6. Which one of the following functions is related to the process of inspiring, guiding and
instructing all the individuals of sports organisation?
(a) Controlling (b) Planning
(c) Directing (d) Organizing

B. SHORT QUESTIONS

1. What is ‘Bye’?
Ans. It is a privilege given to a team to play directly in the second round. While drawing
fixtures on knock-out basis if the no. of participating teams is not being the power of two i.e.,
- 22, 23, 24.... and are odd in numbers. i.e., 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, then bye has to be given to a specific
no. of teams/players. A team which is given „Bye‟ will not play in the first round.
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2. What is seeding?
Ans. Seeding: - The term seed can be termed same as an 'advantage' given to the team that
has performed well in the same competition in the previous session. Basically, it done to
prevent the conflict of the two good teams in the preliminary rounds and spoil the level of
completion. Seeding is a procedure by which good teams are placed infixtures in such a way
that stronger teams do not meet each other at the very start of a tournament.

3. What do you mean by round robin tournament?

Ans. League or Round-robin tournament (or all-play-all tournament) is a competition in which
each contestant meets all other contestants in turn. A round-robin contrasts with an elimination
tournament, in which participants are eliminated after a certain number of losses. In single
league tournament all participating teams compete once, with each other, whereas in double
league, each team play with every other team twice, without any consideration of victory or
defeat.

4. Define sports management.

Ans. Sports management can be defined as the coordination of resources, technologies,
processes, personnel and situational contingencies for the efficient production and exchange of
sports services. sports management involves any combination of skills related to planning,
organising, staffing, directing, controlling, budgeting, evaluating, etc. of any organisation or
department whose primary product or service is related to sport or physical activity.

C. LONG ANSWER TYPE

1. Explain in detail the functions of spots evens management.

Ans: - Management is essential for an organized life and necessary to run all types of
organizations. Managing life means getting things done to achieve life‟s objectives and
managing an organization means getting things donewith and through other people to achieve
its objectives. There are basically five primary functions of management.
Planning: Planning is the process of thinking about the activities required to achieve a desired
goal. It is the first and foremost activity to achieve desired results. It involves the creation and
maintenance of a plan, such aspsychological aspects that require conceptual skills.
Organising: Organising refers to the process through which various works/responsibilities
related to a programme are specified, classified, and then assigned to various people and
committees. Organising refers to the procedure of aligning the activities in a certain order. It
contains designing the roles and directing the peopletowards accomplishment of goals. Human
efforts along with the resources are brought together and coordinatedunder this function.
Staffing: Staffing is the process of hiring eligible candidates in the organization or company
for specific positions. In management, the meaning of staffing is an operation of recruiting the
employees by evaluating their skills, knowledge and then offering them specific job roles
accordingly.
Directing: Directing refers to a process or technique of instructing, guiding, inspiring,
counselling, overseeingand leading people towards the accomplishment of organizational
goals. Direction is an aspect of management that deals directly with influencing, guiding,
supervising, and motivating staff for the achievement of organizational goals.
Controlling: Controlling refers to measuring the performance and taking the employees‟
feedback to check thecompatibility and efficiency. It brings back the management cycle to
planning and ensures the work according to plan.
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2. Prepare a fixture for 11 teams on the basis of knock out.

Ans.
Number of teams in upper half = N+1/2=11+1/2=12/2=6
Number of teams in lower half = N-1/2=11-1/2=10/2=5
Next higher number as per power of 2=16
Therefore,16-11=5byes
Number of byes in upper half = NB-1/2=5-1/2=4/2=2
Number of byes in lower half = NB+1/2=5+1/2=6/2=3
Number of matches= N-1=11-1=10

3. Write about various committees and their responsibility.

Ans:- Various Committees and their responsibilities

Sports competitions are organised at various levels which include district, state, national and
international levels. Such events require careful planning and organization to be successful.
Planning must be executed properly for which different committees work together.

1. Organising committee: It is headed by chairman as overall in charge of conducting

the event. All the aspects of sporting events to be conducted are administered through
this committee.
2. Finance committee: It is responsible for all financial receipts and expenditure, etc.
They should work as per budget plan. This committee makes all the payments. They
must work as per the directions given by organizing committee.
 P a g e | 17

3. Publicity committee: The role of publicity committee is to give the sports event a wide
publicity. All the press releases, press conferences, results during the meet as well as
publicity regarding dates, venues through media, posters, and printing, etc. are done by
this committee.
4. Technical committee: It is responsible for the technical conduct of the event' This
committee is responsible for making draws and conducting the event smoothly. The
officials are deputed well in advance. This is the most important committee that will
officiate the sports events.
5. Reception committee: The responsibility of reception committee is to see that special
invitees are welcomed and taken to the seats reserved for them. They plan to invite the
guests well in advance and take care of their reception. The outstation participating
teams are received and proper arrangements are done till they depart.
6. Accommodation committee: This committee is responsible for deciding for the stay
of players as well as officials. The accommodation is booked well in advance as per
expected strength of participants, coaches, managers, and other dignitaries.

D. CASE BASE QUESTIONS

Q.1. With the aim of promoting physical fitness and healthy lifestyle amongst students
the Physical education Teacher at XYZ School plans to organize intramural competitions
at school. For conducting the event he has given this assignment to the students of class
XII who have taken up Physical Education subject so that they can get first had
experience of organizing events. On the basis of given information answer the following
questions:

A. The work of committees is divided into_________________

(a) Pre, during and post
(b) Pre and post
(c) Pre and during
(d) During and Post

B. Match the following

(a) Technical committee (i) To provide shifting facility
(b) Finance committee (ii) To resolve dispute
(c) Transport committee (iii) To deals with money and expenditure
(d) First aid committee (iv) To provide medical facility

(a) a–ii, b–iii, c–i, d–iv

(b) a–iii, b–ii, c–i, d–iv
(c) a–ii, b–iii, c–iv, d–i
(d) a–iv, b–iii, c–i, d–ii

C. Which is not the objective of Sports Tournament?

(a) To Provide Recreation
(b) To help in overall development
(c) To achieve high performance
(d) To provide opportunity.
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Q.2. As Mr. Kiren Rijuju, Sports Minister has ordered to popularize the game of Kabaddi
among school students to develop their physical ability, Mr. Gopi, Physical Education
Teacher of a reputed CBSE school has decided to conduct an Inter School Kabaddi
tournament in his school premises after proper drawing of fixtures. He consulted the
Management and the Principal to conduct the Tournament of Pro Kabaddi pattern but
the PE teacher was not aware of pro Kabaddi Tournament. So, he discussed with the
National Kabaddi Referee Association.

A. Which of the following is the best method to organize this kind of tournament?
(a) Knock out
(b) League
(c) Ladder
(d) Pyramid

B. The Knock out tournament is also known as

(a) Combination tournament
(b) Elimination tournament
(c) League tournament
(d) League cum knockout tournament

C. If 17 teams are participating in this tournament, how many teams will get bye?
(a) 15
(b) 1
(c) 13
(d) 9

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