#59 Blinking LED - Alternative Delay Subroutine

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hello and welcome in this video I'm
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going to show you how to write an
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alternative time deleted routine to
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Blink an LED using the edmega 328
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Assembly Language
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introduction
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now in my previous video I've used this
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program or code to bling an LED and this
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is the time delay routine that I use
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now in this video I'm going to rewrite
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this time delay subroutine but before we
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do that let's take a brief look again at
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this time delay routine
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so here is the flowchart for the time
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delay subroutine and here's the code
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that implements the implements the uh
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time delay subroutine so this is the uh
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in a loop counter
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and this is the code that implements the
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inner loop counter
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and
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this is the outer loop
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counter
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and this is the code that implements the
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outer loop counter and finally we have
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the outermost Loop counter
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and this part here that's that is
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highlighted in green that is the code to
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implement the outer loop outermost Loop
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counter
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okay
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so let's take a look at the revised
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blinking LED program
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so this is the re revised program that
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I'll be using for this video it is
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pretty much
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the same as the as the program that I've
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used in my previous video except for a
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few minor changes which I'll point up to
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you in a few moments and the new
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uh subroutine delay subroutine
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I have removed the comments from the
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code so that it's easy to read the code
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and so that I can fit them into one
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slide
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so
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um this are the directives which are
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highlighted here so dot include Dot
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csag and Dot o r g I've covered this
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directives in my previous videos so I'll
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focus on the DOT def directive which are
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this three code here
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now I have extracted the DF directives
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here for discussion purposes
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now the dot d f is an assembler
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directive
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DF stands for defined
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now it can be used
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to give registers
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meaningful names
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so in our examples are in our case
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are register r18 for example is given a
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name outer loop counter and register r24
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is given the name
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inter in sorry inner counter low and
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register r25 is given in a counter high
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now these names are entirely at the
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discretion it's up to you what names you
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want to give to these registers
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um but my advice is give them meaningful
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names
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now I've highlighted here the main
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program uh the first two lines in the
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main program is ldi
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R17 comma 0 xff and then out ddrb comma
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R17 basically these two lines uh they
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will set uh Port B to output mode I've
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covered this in my previous video now
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the SBI Port B comma 0 then we'll set uh
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Port B bit 0 to a high and then
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CBI Port B comma 0 that would set a Part
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B bit 0 to a logic zero and then we have
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these two call delays here that will
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invoke or call the subroutine delay
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and then our jump here basically that
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would Branch back to this point here
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so this is the main program
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and here finally we've come to the new
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time
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delays of routine that I mentioned
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earlier
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right let's now take a closer look at
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the new delay subroutine
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and I have extracted the uh time delay
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subroutine here uh for discussion
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purposes I have also highlighted the
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bits that are new and they are the low
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and high here and the s b i w
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instruction
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so let's take a look at these two lines
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of code
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which uh which I highlighted here
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and I'm repeating I repeated those two
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lines of code here highlighting the new
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bits
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now
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the purpose of a low and high
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uh functions they
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are there to allow us to work with
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numbers
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greater than
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255 decimal and that would be
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FF in hexa so if you want to work
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uh with numbers greater than this
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then what we need to do is to use two
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register two registers together a pair
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of registers so that it will give us a
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range from uh values or numbers uh
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ranging from zero decimal and hexar that
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would be zero zero zero zero because
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because these are 16 bits number all the
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way up to 65
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535 decimal in hexa that would be f f f
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f
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now
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the inner counter low and the inner
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counter High has been def was defined an
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earlier part of the program so the inner
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counter low is being assigned with the
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registered r24 and the inner counter
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High has been assigned with register r25
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by using this information I can rewrite
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these two lines of code replacing the
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inner counter low
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an inner counter high with these two
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registers like so
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all right so uh
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so what happens here is that
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the this 16-bit number here which is
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written in hexa
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the low byte which is highlighted in
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green
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will be assigned to our register r24 and
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the high byte which is highlighted in
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yellow that would be assigned to a
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register r25 now this assignment of
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um
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high low and high bikes is being done
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by the assembler not the microcontroller
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now let's take a look at the s b IW
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instruction now sbiw stands for subtract
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immediate from word and the format
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is shown here so it's sbiw Rd colon Rd
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plus 1 comma k
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now let's look take a look at this uh D
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which is highlighted in red now D is an
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element
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of from this set of numbers
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all right it has to be this set of
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numbers that is uh 24 26 28 and 30.
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nothing else different
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only these numbers so D is an element
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from this from this set of numbers
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so for example if you choose to use r24
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so the first one will be r24 then the
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next one after the colon would be uh R
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24 plus 1 that would be r25 so
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r24 colon r25 goes together that would
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be the register pair these are the two
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registers that you'll be using
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then if you choose to use 26
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r26 for example then the next one after
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the colon will be r26 plus 1 that would
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be r 27 so r26 colon r27 that would be
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another pair and if you choose 28 for
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this r28 and then after the colon are 28
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plus 1 that will be r29 so r28 colon r29
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goes together that would be another pair
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and if you choose 30 that would be R30
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colon R30 plus 1 there will be R 31 so
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that would be another pair
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so coming back to our example
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sbiw inner counter low comma one now in
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the counter low was assigned R
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24. now this was done in the early part
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of the program
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uh so what I've done here I've extracted
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that part of the program to remind
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ourselves
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if you remember we have a DOT def inner
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counter low and give giving it at the
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register r24 so if we go back to this
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instruction here what this instruction
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means is that uh it will subtract one
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from
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inner counter low which is
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our register r24
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okay now that we have uh looked at the
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details of the delay subroutine let's
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take a look at the delay subroutine
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subroutine together with the flowchart
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so we have the code on this side and we
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have the flowchart on this side now
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these two lines of code
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is represented by these two blocks here
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all right and then we have this block
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here highlighted in blue and the code
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for these two
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blocks here it's been implemented here
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which is basically the sbiw in account
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uh low comma one and then BR and e in a
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loop
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which is what this point here
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so it checks for zero if it's not zero
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we keep going back to spiw keep taking
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one from the inner counter low
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and then finally this would be the outer
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loop counter and this is the check of
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the outer loop counter which is
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implemented in the uh at Omega three to
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eight code which is highlighted here
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oh okay so
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let's take a look again at the entire
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program so I repeated the entire program
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here so this part here basically that is
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the directive
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our directives and then this part here
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is the main program and this first two
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lines basically will set up the uh
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Port B for output mode and then SBI uh
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will set point B bit 0 to 1 called the
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delay
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and then CBI will clear Port B bit 0
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call the delay and then do an odd jump
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back to the main so it will keep doing
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this and then finally we have the delay
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subroutine which we have been through uh
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in details earlier so let's take a look
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at the code demonstration now
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okay so before we look at the code
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demonstration let's take a quick look at
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the hardware that is used uh in this
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video
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now the hardware
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is the same as the one used in my
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previous videos
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so basically
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so here is the circuit diagram or
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schematic so uh
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basically it's a 220 Ohm resistor in
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series with an LED and one the one end
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of the resistor is connected to pin 8 of
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the Arduino Uno uh that is basically
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Port B bit 0 on the atmega three to
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eight microcontroller and the other end
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of the
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LED
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will be taken to ground
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and here on this side would be the
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wiring diagram
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of this schematic
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so you have a 220 Ohm resistor in series
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with a LED
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cathode of the LED is connected to
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ground on the Arduino and the resistor
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is connected to pin 8 of the Arduino Uno
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now so here's the a picture of the
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actual setup
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so that's basically the hardware
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the demonstration
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okay so now we are in the atmel studio 7
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and I've uploaded the uh the documents
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the code here
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uh so you can see this is the same code
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that we have been uh discussing earlier
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so I don't think that's uh it doesn't
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need to go through the code
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um it's just that I'd like to point out
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so there are I've had in that put in the
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comments here in the demonstration code
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so because this is my usual practice I
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highly recommend you do that uh in all
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your code
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so uh let's so let's now proceed to uh
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let's see go to build
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and build solution
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and we have no errors so that is
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successful
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let's go down to uh wait a minute let me
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just adjust this so that I can bring on
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the uh my video camp
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just give me a minute
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yes right so so here is my Arduino Uno
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with the LED connected to Port B Bit
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Zero the bigger pattern so go to tools
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and program the Arduino and you see the
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red LED now is flashing uh
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as a proof as evidence that the
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code is working
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all right so uh so much for the
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demonstration
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hey so that's it for this video I hope
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you find the video useful and thank you
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for watching and I'll see you in the
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next video bye