Title of Project
ABSTRACT
Traditionally, vegetable oils have been used in food but today the depletion of
reserves of crude oil, the increasing prices of crude oil and concern about protecting
the environment against pollution suggest their economic usefulness as industrial
fluids. Vegetable oils can be deserving candidates as base fluid for eco-friendly
lubricants because of their biodegradability, non-toxicity, excellent lubricity,
viscosity-temperature characteristics and low volatility. In context to Indian scenario,
there is a great potential of producing vegetable oil based lubricants. So, the purpose
of this work is to evaluate the anti-wear performance of cottonseed oil with different
additives and blends with SAE 20W40 engine oil. Four ball testing machine is used
for tribological testing according to ASTM standard D 4172 procedures. Design of
experiment (DOE) is done by using the Taguchi approach consisting of L 9 orthogonal
arrays. According to the analysis of signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of
variance (ANOVA), optimum combination of SAE 20W40 oil with blend of
cottonseed oil and graphite additive is identified by considering the wear scar
diameter. It is identified that combination of SAE 20W40 oil + 10 % by vol.
cottonseed oil + 0.5 % by wt. graphite is the best selected lubricant for multi-cylinder
engine.
SCSMCOE, Department of Mechanical Engineering

(Second Year Engineering)
i
Title of Project
CONTENTS
Chapter No. Title Page No

Abstract i
Contents ii
List of Figures V
List of Tables Vi
Nomenclature viii
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Importance of Lubrication 1
1.2 Classification of Lubricants 2
1.2.1 Solid Lubricants
1.2.2 Semisolid Lubricants
1.2.3 Liquid Lubricants
1.3 Properties of Lubricants 3
1.3.1 Viscosity
1.3.2 Viscosity Index
1.3.3 Pour Point and Cloud Point
1.3.4 Flash Point and Fire Point
1.3.5 Oxidation Stability
1.3.6 Rust and Corrosion Prevention
1.3.7 Anti-wear Properties
1.4 Lubricant Additive Technology 4
1.4.1 Surface Additives
1.4.2 Performance Enhancing Additives
1.4.3 Fluid Protective Additives
1.5 Organization of Dissertation 7
2. Literature Review 8
2.1 Summary of Papers 15
2.2 Need of Research 16
2.3 Research Gap 16
3. Problem Definition and Objectives 18

ii
Title of Project
3.1 Problem Definition 18

3.2 Objectives 18
4. Research Methodology 19
4.1 Tools Required for Accomplishment of Dissertation 19
4.1.1 Four Ball Test Rig
4.1.2 Other Equipments Required
4.1.3 Software Used
4.2 Research Steps 26
5. Experimentation 28
5.1 Selection of Commercial Lubricant Oil 28
5.2 Selection of Vegetable oil 28
5.3 Selection of Additive 29
5.3.1 Copper Oxide Nano-particle
5.3.2 Diamond Nano-particle
5.3.3 Graphite Nano-particle
5.4 Design of Experiment 31
5.4.1 Number of Runs for Cuo Nano-particle
5.4.2 Number of Runs for Diamond and Graphite Nano-
particles
5.4.3 Number of Runs for Blend of SAE 20W40 Oil and
Cottonseed Oil with Graphite Additive
5.5 Preparation of Samples 35
5.6 Testing Method ASTM D 4172 36
5.7 Measurement of Wear Scar By using Image Acquisition 37
System
6. Results and Discussion 38
6.1 Measurement of Wear Scar for Commercial Oil and 38
Cottonseed Oil
6.2 Measurement of Wear Scar for Cottonseed Oil with 41
Additives
6.3 Measurement of Wear Scar for Blend of SAE 20W40 Oil 43
and Cottonseed oil with Graphite Additive

iii
Title of Project
7. Analysis of Results 45
7.1 Analysis of the S/N ratio 45

7.2 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 48
7.2.1 ANOVA Terms
7.3 Regression Analysis 50
8. Conclusion and Future Scope 53
8.1 Conclusions 53
8.2 Future Scope 53
References 54
Acknowledgement
Annexure Ι
Annexure ΙΙ
Annexure ΙΙΙ
Annexure IV
Annexure V

iv
Title of Project
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No. Name of Figure Page No.
4.1 Ducom—TR 30 L Four Ball Test Rig 20
4.2 Testing Balls 23
4.3 Magnetic Stirrer (REMI Made) 24
4.4 Image Acquisition System 24
4.5 Minitab display with two windows 25
4.6 Research Steps 26
5.1 Copper Oxide Nano-particle 30
5.2 Diamond Nano-particle 30
5.3 Graphite Nano-particle 31
5.4 Prepared Samples For Test 35
6.1 Scar Images for SAE 20W40 Oil (a) Ball One; (b) Ball Two; 39
(c) Ball Three
6.2 Scar Images for Cottonseed Oil (a) Ball One; (b) Ball Two; 39
(c) Ball Three
6.3 Graph of Frictional Torque (Nm) Vs Time (Sec) for (a) SAE 40
20W40 (b) Cottonseed oil.
6.4 Scar images for CSO+0.5% wt. CuO (a) Ball One; (b) Ball 41
Two; (c) Ball Three
6.5 Scar images for CSO+0.5% wt. Nano diamond (a) Ball One; 42
(b) Ball Two; (c) Ball Three
6.6 Scar images for CSO+0.5% wt. Nano graphite (a) Ball One; 42
(b) Ball Two; (c) Ball Three
6.7 Scar images for SAE 20W40 + 10% Vol. CSO + 0.5 % wt. 44
graphite (a) Ball One; (b) Ball Two; (c) Ball Three
6.8 Graph of frictional torque (Nm) Vs time (sec) for SAE 20W40 44
+ 10% Vol. CSO + 0.5 % wt. graphite
7.1 Main effect plot for S/N ratios 47

v
Title of Project
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Name of Table Page No.

4.1 Standard Codes for the Tests Performed on Four Ball Tester 20
4.2 Technical Data of Four Ball Tester 21
4.3 Mechanical Specifications of Four Ball Tester 22
5.1 Properties of Commercial Oil 28
5.2 Properties of the Vegetable Oils 29
5.3 Experimental Condition: Two Parameters and Three Levels 32
for Cuo Nano-particle
5.4 DOE with L9 Orthogonal Array for Cuo Nano-particle 33
5.5 Runs for Diamond and Graphite Nano-particles 33
5.6 Experimental Condition: Two Parameters and Three Levels 34
for Blend of SAE 20W40 Oil and Cottonseed Oil with
Graphite Additive
5.7 DOE with L9 orthogonal array for Blend of SAE 20W40 Oil 34
and Cottonseed Oil with Graphite Additive
5.8 Test Samples 36
5.9 Test Conditions 36
6.1 Wear Test Results for SAE 20W40 Oil and Cottonseed Oil 38
6.2 Wear Test Results for cottonseed Oil with CuO, Nano 41
diamond, Nano graphite Additives
6.3 Wear Test Results for Blend of SAE 20W40 and Cottonseed 43
Oil with Nano Graphite Additive
7.1 Scar Diameters and S/N Ratios for Test Runs 46
7.2 Response Table for Signal to Noise Ratios 47
7.3 Analysis of the Experimental Data Obtained for the Average 50
Dia. of Wear Scar
7.4 Regression Analysis for Blend of SAE 20W40 oil and 51
Cottonseed Oil with Graphite Additive
7.5 Validation of Regression Analysis for Blend of SAE 20W40 52
oil and Cottonseed Oil with Graphite Additive

vi
Title of Project
NOMENCLATURE
CuO = Copper Oxide
ZnO = Zinc Oxide
ZrO2 = Zirconium Dioxide
TiO2 = Titanium Dioxide
PTFE = Polytetrafluroethylene
SAE = Society of Automotive Engineers
ASTM = American Society for Testing and Materials
CSO = Cottonseed Oil
COF = Coefficient of Friction
DOF = Degree of Freedom
SS = Sum of Squares
SST= Total sum of squared deviations
SSd = Sum of the squared deviations

vii

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Title of Project

SCSMCOE, Department of Mechanical Engineering

Chapter No. Title Page No

SCSMCOE, Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.1 Problem Definition 18

SCSMCOE, Department of Mechanical Engineering

7.1 Analysis of the S/N ratio 45

SCSMCOE, Department of Mechanical Engineering

SCSMCOE, Department of Mechanical Engineering

Table No. Name of Table Page No.

SCSMCOE, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZnO = Zinc Oxide

ZrO2 = Zirconium Dioxide

TiO2 = Titanium Dioxide

SAE = Society of Automotive Engineers

ASTM = American Society for Testing and Materials

CSO = Cottonseed Oil

COF = Coefficient of Friction

DOF = Degree of Freedom

SST= Total sum of squared deviations

SSd = Sum of the squared deviations

SCSMCOE, Department of Mechanical Engineering

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