PROGRAMMING IN “C”

Introduction to C
C is a programming language developed at AT & T’s Bell Laboratories of USA in
1972. It was designed and written by a man named Dennis Ritchie. In the late
seventies C began to replace the more familiar languages of that time like PL/I,
ALGOL, etc

ANSI C standard emerged in the early 1980s, this book was split into two
titles: The original was still called Programming in C, and the title that covered
ANSI(American National Standards Institute) C was called Programming in ANSI
C. This was done because it took several years for the compiler vendors to release
their ANSI C compilers. It was initially designed for programming UNIX
operating system. Now the software tool as well as the C compiler is written in C.

Major parts of popular operating systems like Windows, UNIX, Linux is still written
in C. This is because even today when it comes to performance (speed of execution)
nothing beats C. Moreover, if one is to extend the operating system to work with
new devices one needs to write device driver programs. These programs are
exclusively written in C. C seems so popular is because it is reliable, simple and easy
to use. often heard today is – “C has been already superceded by languages like
C++, C# and Java.

Program

There is a close analogy between learning English language and learning C language.
The classical method of learning English is to first learn the alphabets used in the
language, then learn to combine these alphabets to form words, which in turn are
combined to form sentences and sentences are combined to form paragraphs.
Learning C is similar and easier. Instead of straight-away learning how to write
programs, we must first know what alphabets, numbers and special symbols are used
in C, then how using them constants, variables and keywords are constructed, and
finally how are these combined to form an instruction. A group of instructions would
be combined later on to form a program. So
 A computer program is just a collection of the instructions necessary to solve a
specific problem. The basic operations of a computer system form what is known as
the computer’s instruction set. And the approach or method that is used to solve the
problem is known as an algorithm.
 Types of translator are there:

 Compiler
 Interpreter

Compiler and interpreter are used to convert the high level language into machine
level language. The program written in high level language is known as source
program and the corresponding machine level language program is called as object
program. Both compiler and interpreter perform the same task but there working is
different. Compiler read the program at-a-time and searches the error and lists them.
If the program is error free then it is converted into object program. When program
size is large then compiler is preferred. Whereas interpreter read only one line of the
source code and convert it to object code. If it check error, statement by statement
and hence of take more time.

Integrated Development Environments (IDE)

The process of editing, compiling, running, and debugging programs is often

managed by a single integrated application known as an Integrated Development
Environment, or IDE for short. An IDE is a windows-based program that allows us
to easily manage large software programs, edit files in windows, and compile, link,
run, and debug programs.

On Mac OS X, CodeWarrior and Xcode are two IDEs that are used by many
programmers. Under Windows, Microsoft Visual Studio is a good example of a
popular IDE. Kylix is a popular IDE for developing applications under Linux. Most
IDEs also support program development in several different programming languages
in addition to C, such as C# and C++.
Structure of C Language program

1) Comment line

2) Preprocessor directive

3) Global variable declaration

4) main function( )

Local variables;

Statements;

User defined function

Comment line

It indicates the purpose of the program. It is represented as

/*……………………………..*/

Comment line is used for increasing the readability of the program. It is useful in
explaining the program and generally used for documentation. Comment line can
be single or multiple line but should not be nested. It can be anywhere in the
program except inside string constant & characterconstant.
Preprocessor Directive:

#include<stdio.h> tells the compiler to include information about the standard

input/output library. The stdio.h (standard input output header file) contains
definition &declaration of system defined function such as printf( ), scanf( ) etc.
Generally printf() function used to display and scanf() function used to read value
Global Declaration:

This is the section where variable are declared globally so that it can be access by
all the functions used in the program. And it is generally declared outside the
function :

main()

It is the user defined function and every function has one main() function from where
actually program is started and it is encloses within the pair of curly braces.

The main( ) function can be anywhere in the program but in general practice it is
placed in the first position.

Syntax : main()

……..

……..

……..

The main( ) function return value when it declared by data type as int main( )

return 0

}
The main function does not return any value when void (means null/empty) as void
main(void ) or void main()

printf (―C language‖);

Output: C language

The program execution start with opening braces and end with closing brace.

And in between the two braces declaration part as well as executable part is
mentioned. And at the end of each line, the semi-colon is given which indicates
statement termination.

/*First c program with return statement*/

#include <stdio.h> int main (void)

printf ("welcome to c Programming language.\n"); return 0;

Output: welcome to c programming language.

Steps for Compiling and executing the Programs

A compiler is a software program that analyzes a program developed in a particular

computer language and then translates it into a form that is suitable for execution on
a particular computer system. Figure below shows the steps that are involved in
entering, compiling, and executing a computer program developed in the C
programming language.

Step 1: The program that is to be compiled is first typed into a file on the computer
system. There are various conventions that are used for naming files, typically be
any name provided the last two characters are ―.c‖ or file with extension .c. So, the
file name prog1.c might be a valid filename for a C program. A text editor is usually
used to enter the C program into a file. For example, turbo c is a popular text editor
usedon Windows systems. The program that is entered into the file is known as the
source program because it represents the original form of the program expressed in
the C language.

Step 2: After the source program has been entered into a file, then proceed to have
it compiled. The compilation process is initiated by typing keys ctrl f9 in the turbo
c editor.

In the first step of the compilation process, the compiler examines each program
statement contained in the source program and checks it to ensure that it conforms
to the syntax and semantics of the language. If any mistakes are discovered by the
compiler during this phase, they are reported to the user and the compilation process
ends right there. The errors then have to be corrected in the source program (with
the use of an editor), and the compilation process must be restarted. Typical errors
reported during this phase of compilation might be due to an expression that has
unbalanced parentheses (syntactic error), or due to the use of a variable that is not
―defined‖ (semantic error).
Step 3: When all the syntactic and semantic errors have been removed from the
program, the compiler then proceeds to take each statement of the program and
translate it into a ―lower‖ form that is equivalent to assembly language program
needed to perform the identical task.

Step 4: After the program has been translated the next step in the compilation
process is to translate the assembly language statements into actual machine
instructions. The assembler takes each assembly language statement and converts it
into a binary format known as object code, which is then written into another file on
the system.

Step 5: After the program has been translated into object code, it is ready to be
linked. The purpose of the linking phase is to get the program into a final form for
execution on the computer.

If the program uses other programs that were previously processed by the compiler,
then during this phase the programs are linked together. Programs that are used from
the system’s program library are also searched and linked together with the object
program during this phase.

The process of compiling and linking a program is often called building.

The final linked file, which is in an executable object code format, is stored in
another file on the system, ready to be run or executed. Under Windows, the
executable file usually has the same name as the source file, with the c extension
replaced by an exe extension.

Step 6: To subsequently execute the program, the command a.out has the effect of
loading the program called a.out into the computer’s memory and initiating its
execution.

When the program is executed, each of the statements of the program is sequentially
executed in turn. If the program requests any data from the user, known as input, the
program temporarily suspends its execution so that the input can be entered. Or, the
program might simply wait for an event, such as a mouse being clicked, to occur.
Results that are displayed by the program, known as output, appear in a window,
sometimes called the console. If the program does not produce the desired results, it
is necessary to go back and reanalyze the program’s logic. This is known as the
debugging phase, during which an attempt is made to remove all the known
problems or bugs from the program. To do this, it will most likely be necessary to
make changes to original source program.
/* Simple program to add two numbers ................................ */

#include <stdio.h> int main (void)

int v1, v2, sum; //v1,v2,sum are variables and int is data type declared
v1 = 150; v2 = 25; sum = v1 + v2;

printf ("The sum of %i and %i is= %i\n", v1, v2, sum); return 0;

Output:

The sum of 150 and 25 is=175

Character set

A character denotes any alphabet, digit or special symbol used to represent

information. Valid alphabets, numbers and special symbols allowed in C are

The alphabets, numbers and special symbols when properly combined form
constants, variables and keywords.

Identifiers

Identifiers are user defined word used to name of entities like variables, arrays,
functions, structures etc. Rules for naming identifiers are:

name should only consists of alphabets (both upper and lower case), digits and
underscore (_) sign.

first characters should be alphabet or underscore

name should not be a keyword

since C is a case sensitive, the upper case and lower case considered differently, for
example code, Code, CODE etc. are different identifiers. 5) identifiers are
generally given in some meaningful name such as value, net_salary, age, data etc.
An identifier name may be long, some implementation recognizes only first eight
characters, most recognize 31 characters. ANSI standard compiler recognize 31
characters. Some invalid identifiers are 5cb, int, res#, avg no etc.
Keyword

There are certain words reserved for doing specific task, these words
are known as reserved word or keywords. These words are predefined and always
written in lower case or small letter. These keywords cann’t be used as a variable
name as it assigned with fixed meaning. Some examples are int, short, signed,
unsigned, default, volatile, float, long, double, break, continue, typedef, static, do,
for, union, return, while, do, extern, register, enum, case, goto, struct, char, auto,
const etc.

Data types

Data types refer to an extensive system used for declaring variables or functions of
different types before its use. The type of a variable determines how much space it
occupies in storage and how the bit pattern stored is interpreted. The value of a
variable can be changed any time.

C has the following 4 types of data types basic built-in data types: int, float, double,
char

Enumeration data type: enum

Derived data type: pointer, array, structure, union

Void data type: void

A variable declared to be of type int can be used to contain integral values

only—that is, values that do not contain decimal places. A variable declared to be
of type float can be used for storing floating- point numbers (values containing
decimal places). The double type is the same as type float, only with roughly twice
the precision. The char data type can be used to store a single character, such as the
letter a, the digit character 6, or a semicolon similarly A variable declared char can
only store character type value.
There are two types of type qualifier in

/cSize qualifier: short, long

Sign qualifier: signed, unsigned

When the qualifier unsigned is used the number is always positive, and when signed
is used number may be positive or negative. If the sign qualifier is not mentioned,
then by default sign qualifier is assumed. The range of values for signed data types
is less than that of unsigned data type. Because in signed type, the left most bit is
used to represent sign, while in unsigned type this bit is also used to represent the
value.
Constants

Constant is a any value that cannot be changed during program execution. In C, any
number, single character, or character string is known as a constant. A constant is an
entity that doesn’t change whereas a variable is an entity that may change. For
example, the number 50 represents a constant integer value. The character string
"Programming in C is fun.\n" is an example of a constant character string. C
constants can be divided into two major categories

Primary Constants

Secondary Constants
Variables

Variable is a data name which is used to store some data value or symbolic names
for storing program computations and results. The value of the variable can be
change during the execution. The rule for naming the variables is same as the naming
identifier. Before used in the program it must be declared. Declaration of variables
specify its name, data types and range of the value that variables can store depends
upon its data types.

Syntax:

int a; char c; float f;

Variable initialization

When we assign any initial value to variable during the declaration, is called
initialization of variables. When variable is declared but contain undefined value
then it is called garbage value. The variable is initialized with the assignment
operator such as

Data type variable name=constant;

Example: int a=20;

Or int a; a=20; statements

Expressions

An expression is a combination of variables, constants, operators and function call.

It can be arithmetic, logical and relational for example:- int z= x+y //
arithmatic expression a>b //relational

a==b // logical

func(a, b) // function call

Expressions consisting entirely of constant values are called constant expressions.

So, the expression 121 + 17 - 110

is a constant expression because each of the terms of the expression is a constant

value. But if j were declared to be an integer variable, the expression

180 + 2 – j would not represent a constant expression.

Operator

This is a symbol use to perform some operation on variables, operands or with the
constant. Some operator required 2 operand to perform operation or Some required
single operation.

Several operators are there those are, arithmetic operator, assignment, increment ,
decrement, logical, conditional, comma, size of , bitwise and others.
1. Arithmatic Operator

This operator used for numeric calculation. These are of either Unary arithmetic
operator, Binary arithmetic operator. Where Unary arithmetic operator required only
one operand such as +,-, ++, --,!, tiled. And these operators are addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division. Binary arithmetic operator on other hand required two
operand and its operators are +(addition), -(subtraction), *(multiplication),
/(division), %(modulus). But modulus cannot applied with floating point operand as
well as there are no exponent operator in c.

Unary (+) and Unary (-) is different from addition and subtraction.

When both the operand are integer then it is called integer arithmetic and the result
is always integer. When both the operand are floating point then it is called floating
arithmetic and when operand is of integer and floating point then it is called mix
type or mixed mode arithmetic . And the result is in float.

Assignment Operator

A value can be stored in a variable with the use of assignment operator. The
assignment operator(=) is used in assignment statement and assignment expression.
Operand on the left hand side should be variable and the operand on the right hand
side should be variable or constant or any expression. When variable on the left hand
side is occur on the right hand side then we can avoid by writing the compound
statement. For example,

int x= y; int Sum=x+y+z;

Increment and Decrement

The Unary operator ++, --, is used as increment and decrement which acts upon
single operand. Increment operator increases the value of variable by one .Similarly
decrement operator decrease the value of the variable by one. And these operator
can only used with the variable, but cann't use with expression and constant as ++6
or ++(x+y+z).

It again categories into prefix post fix . In the prefix the value of the variable is
incremented 1st, then the new value is used, where as in postfix the operator is written
after the operand(such as m++,m--).
EXAMPLE

let y=12; z= ++y; y= y+1; z= y;

Similarly in the postfix increment and decrement operator is used in the operation .
And then increment and decrement is perform.

EXAMPLE

let x= 5; y= x++; y=x; x= x+1;

Relational Operator

It is use to compared value of two expressions depending on their relation.

Expression that contain relational operator is called relational expression.

Here the value is assign according to true or false value.

a.(a>=b) || (b>20)

b.(b>a) && (e>b)

c. 0(b!=7)

Conditional Operator

It sometimes called as ternary operator. Since it required three expressions as

operand and it is represented as (? , :).

SYNTAX

exp1 ? exp2 :exp3

Here exp1 is first evaluated. It is true then value return will be exp2 . If false then
exp3.

EXAMPLE

void main() { int a=10, b=2 int s= (a>b) ? a:b; printf(―value is:%d‖);
}

Output:

Value is:10

Comma Operator

Comma operator is use to permit different expression to be appear in a situation

where only one expression would be used. All the expression are separator by
comma and are evaluated from left to right.

EXAMPLE

int i, j, k, l;

for(i=1,j=2;i<=5;j<=10;i++;j++)

Size of Operator

Size of operator is a Unary operator, which gives size of operand in terms of byte
that occupied in the memory. An operand may be variable, constant or data type
qualifier.

Generally it is used make portable program(program that can be run on different

machine) . It determines the length of entities, arrays and structures when their size
are not known to the programmer. It is also use to allocate size of memory
dynamically during execution of the program.

EXAMPLE

main( ) { int sum; float f;

printf( "%d%d" ,size of(f), size of (sum) );

}
 Bitwise Operator

Bitwise operator permit programmer to access and manipulate of data at bit level.
Various bitwise operator enlisted are one's complement(~) bitwise AND (&)
bitwise OR(|) bitwise XOR(^) left shift(<<) right shift(>>)

These operator can operate on integer and character value but not on float and
double. In bitwise operator the function showbits( ) function is used to display the
binary representation of any integer or character value.

In one's complement all 0 changes to 1 and all 1 changes to 0. In the bitwise OR its
value would obtaining by 0 to 2 bits.

As the bitwise OR operator is used to set on a particular bit in a number. Bitwise

AND the logical AND.

It operate on 2operands and operands are compared on bit by bit basic. And hence
both the operands are of same type.

Logical or Boolean Operator

Operator used with one or more operand and return either value zero (for false) or
one (for true). The operand may be constant, variables or expressions. And the
expression that combines two or more expressions is termed as logical expression.

C has three logical operators :

Operator Meaning

&& AND

|| OR

! NOT

Where logical NOT is a unary operator and other two are binary operator. Logical
AND gives result true if both the conditions are true, otherwise result is false. And
logial OR gives result false if both the condition false, otherwise result is true.
Control Statement

Generally C program statement is executed in a order in which they appear in

the program. But sometimes we use decision making condition for execution only a
part of program, that is called control statement. Control statement defined how the
control is transferred from one part to the other part of the program. There are several
control statement like if...else, switch, while, do while, for loop, break, continue,
goto etc.

Loops in C

Loop:-it is a block of statement that performs set of instructions. In loops

Repeating particular portion of the program either a specified number of time or until
a particular no of condition is being satisfied.

There are three types of loops in c

1 .While loop

2 .do while loop

3.for loop
 While loop

Syntax:-

while(condition)

Statement1;

Statement 2;

Or while(test condition)

Statement;

The test condition may be any expression .when we want to do something a fixed no
of times but not known about the number of iteration, in a program then while loop
is used.

Here first condition is checked if, it is true body of the loop is executed else, If
condition is false control will be come out of loop.

Example:-

/* wap to print 5 times welcome to C‖ */

#include<stdio.h> void main()
{
int p=1;
While(p<=5)
{
printf(―Welcome to C\n‖);
P=p+1;
}}

Output: Welcome to C

Welcome to C
 Welcome to C

Welcome to C

Welcome to C

So as long as condition remains true statements within the body of while loop will
get executed repeatedly.
do while loop

This (do while loop) statement is also used for looping. The body of this loop may
contain single statement or block of statement. The syntax for writing this statement
is:

Syntax:-

Do

Statement; }

while(condition);

Example:

#include<stdio.h> void main() { int X=4; do

Printf(―%d‖,X);

X=X+1;

}while(X<=10);

Printf(― ‖);

Output: 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Here firstly statement inside body is executed then condition is checked. If the
condition is true again body of loop is executed and this process continue until the
condition becomes false. Unlike while loop semicolon is placed at the end of while.

There is minor difference between while and do while loop, while loop test the
condition before executing any of the statement of loop. Whereas do while loop test
condition after having executed the statement at least one within the loop.
If initial condition is false while loop would not executed it’s statement on other
hand do while loop executed it’s statement at least once even If condition fails for
first time. It means do while loop always executes at least once. Notes:

Do while loop used rarely when we want to execute a loop at least once.

for loop

In a program, for loop is generally used when number of iteration are known in
advance. The body of the loop can be single statement or multiple statements. Its
syntax for writing is:

Syntax:-

for(exp1;exp2;exp3)

Statement;

Or

for(initialized counter; test counter; update counter)

Statement;

Here exp1 is an initialization expression, exp2 is test expression or condition and

exp3 is an update expression. Expression 1 is executed only once when loop started
and used to initialize the loop variables. Condition expression generally uses
relational and logical operators. And updation part executed only when after body
of the loop is executed.
Example:

void main()

int i;

for(i=5;i<10;i++)

Printf(― %d ‖, i);

Output:-5 6 7 8 9
Nesting of loop

When a loop written inside the body of another loop then, it is known as nesting of
loop. Any type of loop can be nested in any type such as while, do while, for. For
example nesting of for loop can be represented as :

void main()

int i,j;

for(i=0;i<2;i++) for(j=0;j<5; j++) printf(―%d %d‖, i, j);

Output: i=0

j=0 1 2 3 4 i=1 j=0 1 2 3 4

Break statement(break)

Sometimes it becomes necessary to come out of the loop even before loop
condition becomes false then break statement is used. Break statement is used inside
loop and switch statements. It cause immediate exit from that loop in which it
appears and it is generally written with condition. It is written with the keyword as
break. When break statement is encountered loop is terminated and control is
transferred to the statement, immediately after loop or situation where we want to
jump out of the loop instantly without waiting to get back to conditional state.

When break is encountered inside any loop, control automatically passes to the first
statement after the loop. This break statement is usually associated with if statement.

Example : void main()

{
int j=0; for(;j<6;j++) if(j==4) break;

Output:

012 3

Continue statement (key word continue)

Continue statement is used for continuing next iteration of loop after skipping some
statement of loop. When it encountered control automatically passes through the
beginning of the loop. It is usually associated with the if statement. It is useful when
we want to continue the program without executing any part of the program.

The difference between break and continue is, when the break encountered loop is
terminated and it transfer to the next statement and when continue is encounter
control come back to the beginning position.

In while and do while loop after continue statement control transfer to the test
condition and then loop continue where as in, for loop after continue control
transferred to the updating expression and condition is tested.

Example:

void main()

int n;

for(n=2; n<=9; n++)

{ if(n==4) continue; printf(―%d‖, n);

Printf(―out of loop‖);
}

Output: 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 out of loop

if statement

Statement execute set of command like when condition is true and its syntax is

If (condition)

Statement;

The statement is executed only when condition is true. If the if statement body is
consists of several statement then better to use pair of curly braces. Here in case
condition is false then compiler skip the line within the if block.

void main()

int n;

printf (― enter a number:‖); scanf(―%d‖,&n);

If (n>10)

Printf(― number is grater‖);

Output:

Enter a number:12

Number is greater
if…..else ... Statement

it is bidirectional conditional control statement that contains one condition & two
possible action. Condition may be true or false, where non-zero value regarded as
true & zero value regarded as false. If condition are satisfy true, then a single or
block of statement executed otherwise another single or block of statement is
executed.

Its syntax is:- if (condition)

Statement1;

Statement2;

else

Statement1; Statement2;

Else statement cannot be used without if or no multiple else statement are allowed
within one if statement. It means there must be a if statement with in an else
statement.
Example:-

/* To check a number is eve or odd */

void main()

int n;

printf (―enter a number:‖); sacnf (―%d‖, &n); If (n%2==0) printf

(―even number‖); else

printf(―odd number‖); }

Output: enter a number:121 odd number

Nesting of if …else

When there are another if else statement in if-block or else-block, then it is called
nesting of if-else statement. Syntax is :-

if (condition)

If (condition) Statement1; else

statement2;

Statement3;

If….else LADDER

In this type of nesting there is an if else statement in every else part except the last
part. If condition is false control pass to block where condition is again checked with
its if statement. Syntax is :-

if (condition) Statement1; else if (condition) statement2;

else if (condition) statement3; else

statement4;

This process continue until there is no if statement in the last block. if one of the
condition is satisfy the condition other nested ―else if‖ would not executed.

But it has disadvantage over if else statement that, in if else statement whenever the
condition is true, other condition are not checked. While in this case, all condition
are checked.
C PROGRAMS
1) Program to find Simple Interest

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int y;
floata,ir,t,ta;

clrscr();

printf(―Enter the amount:-‖);

scanf(―%f‖,&a);

printf(―\nEnter the Interest Rate %:-‖);

scanf(―%f‖,&ir);

printf(―\nEnter the year:-‖);

scanf(―%d‖,&y);

t=a*y*ir/100;

printf(―\nSimple Interest :-%f‖,t);

ta=t+a;

printf(―\nTotal Amount:-%f‖,ta);

getch();

Output:-
2) Programto Biggest and Smallest among three integers

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

inta,b,c,big,small;

clrscr();

printf("Enter any three numbers: ");

scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);

if(a>b && a>c)

big = a;

else if(b>c)

big = b;

else

big = c;

printf("Largest number is: %d",big);

if(a<b && a<c)

small = a;

else if(b<c)

small = b;

else

small = c;

printf("\nSmallest number is: %d",small);

getch();
}

Output:-
3) Program to reverse the given Number and find whether the number is palindrome

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int n, reverse=0, rem,temp;

clrscr();

printf("Enter an integer: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

temp=n;

while(temp!=0)

rem=temp%10;

reverse=reverse*10+rem;

temp/=10;

printf("\nthe reverse number is %d",reverse);

if(reverse==n)

printf("\n%d is a palindrome.",n);

else

printf("\n%d is not a palindrome.",n);

getch();

Output:-
 4) Program to generate Fibonacci Series

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n1=0,n2=1,n3,i,number;
printf("Enter the number of elements:");
scanf("%d",&number);
printf("\n%d %d",n1,n2);//printing 0 and 1
for(i=2;i<number;++i)//loop starts from 2 because 0 and 1 are already printed
{
n3=n1+n2;
printf(" %d",n3);
n1=n2;
n2=n3;
}
return 0;
}
Output:-
5) Program to find the Factorial of given number

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int i=1,num;

float f=1;

clrscr();

printf("Enter a number: ");

scanf("%d",&num);

while(i<=num)

f=f*i;

i++;

printf("Factorial of %d is: %f",num,f);

getch();

Output:-
6) Program to Generate Electricity Bill

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int units;

float at=0,sch,tx,total;

clrscr();

printf("Enter number of units ");

scanf("%d",&units);

printf("\nfuelsurchage %");

scanf("%f",&sch);

printf("\nGovt. Tax %");

scanf("%f",&tx);

if(units<=50)

at=units*2.50;

else if(units>50 && units<=150)

at=125+((units-50)*3);

else if(units>150 && units<=250)

at=425+((units-150)*3.75);

else if(units>250)

at=800+((units-250)*4.50);

sch=(sch*at)/100;

tx=(tx*at)/100;
total=at+sch+tx;

printf(" \n");

printf("TOTAL Units %d \n",units);

printf("Unit charges %f Rs\n",at);

printf("fuel surchage %f Rs\n",sch);

printf("Govt. Tax %f Rs\n",tx);

printf(" \n");

printf("Total Amount %f Rs\n",total);

printf(" ");

getch();

Output:-
7) Program to Calculate Salary of an Employee

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

floats,hra,da,gs,ta,ma;

clrscr();

printf("\nEnter the basic Salary of Employee:");

scanf("%f",&s);

printf("\nHouse Rent Allowance %:");

scanf("%f",&hra);

printf("\nDearness Allowance %:");

scanf("%f",&da);

printf("\nTransport Allowance %:");

scanf("%f",&ta);

printf("\nMedical Allowance %:");

scanf("%f",&ma);

hra=s*(hra/100);

ta=s*(ta/100);

da=s*(da/100);

ma=s*(ma/100);

gs=s+ta+da+hra+ma;

printf("\nNet Salary:%f",gs);

getch();
}

Output:-