6 Computer Science

Chapter No. 3: Digital Skills

Solved Exercise:

Briefly answer the following questions:

1. A search engine is a computer program or a website that helps you find information on
the internet by searching for keywords. Two popular search engines are Google and
Bing.
2. 2D shapes are flat and have two dimensions (length and width), like squares and circles.
3D shapes have three dimensions (length, width, and height) and are solid, like cubes
and cylinders.
3. Software is a set of instructions or programs that tell a computer what to do. It includes
applications like word processors, games, and operating systems.
4. Utility software is designed to perform specific tasks, like antivirus software or disk
cleanup tools. Device drivers, on the other hand, are software that helps hardware
components (like printers or graphics cards) communicate with the computer's
operating system.
5. Language translators are software that convert programs or scripts from one
programming language to another. Examples include compilers and interpreters.
6. Snipping Tool in Windows is a utility that allows you to capture screenshots of your
computer screen, select a portion of it, and save the image for reference or sharing.
7. The notification area in Windows, located in the taskbar, displays icons and
notifications for various apps and system functions. It provides quick access to settings
and alerts like Wi-Fi connections, volume control, and app updates.
8. A file is a digital document or data item, like a text document or an image. A folder is
a container for organizing and storing files. Folders can hold multiple files and other
folders.
9. Productivity software includes applications that help you perform tasks efficiently, like
word processors (Microsoft Word), spreadsheet software (Microsoft Excel), and
presentation software (Microsoft PowerPoint).
10. Educational software is designed for learning and teaching purposes. It includes
interactive programs and games that help students understand various subjects, such as
math, science, and language. Examples include educational apps and e-learning
platforms.

Answer the following questions in detail:

1. System Software: System software is a type of computer program that manages and
controls the hardware and resources of a computer system. It plays a crucial role in
enabling the computer to function properly. Some key components of system software
include:
 • Operating System (OS): This is a core part of system software that acts as an
intermediary between the user and the computer hardware. It manages tasks
such as file management, memory allocation, and hardware communication.
• Device Drivers: These are software programs that allow the operating system
to communicate with and control various hardware devices, like printers,
graphics cards, and mice.
• Utilities: System utilities are tools that help maintain and optimize the
computer, such as disk cleanup, antivirus software, and system backup tools.
2. Examples of Operating Systems: Two common operating systems are:
• Microsoft Windows: This operating system is widely used on personal
computers and comes in various versions like Windows 10, Windows 11, etc.
• macOS: Developed by Apple Inc., macOS is the operating system used on
Apple's Macintosh computers.
3. Functions of an Operating System (OS): The primary functions of an operating
system include:
• Process Management: It manages running programs (processes) and ensures
they run efficiently.
• Memory Management: Allocates and deallocates memory for different
processes.
• File Management: Handles files and directories, allowing users to create,
access, and organize data.
• Device Management: Controls hardware devices, ensuring they work with the
computer.
• User Interface: Provides a way for users to interact with the computer through
a graphical user interface (GUI) or a command-line interface (CLI).
• Security and User Access Control: Protects the system from unauthorized
access and ensures data privacy.
4. Application Software: Application software is designed to perform specific tasks or
applications for users. It includes a wide variety of programs, such as:
• Word Processors: Like Microsoft Word, used for creating documents.
• Spreadsheets: Such as Microsoft Excel, used for organizing and analyzing
data.
• Presentation Software: Like Microsoft PowerPoint, used for creating
slideshows.
• Web Browsers: For accessing websites and online content.
• Graphics Software: Such as Adobe Photoshop, used for image editing and
design.
• Games: Video games and other interactive entertainment.
Application software can be further categorized into productivity software,
entertainment software, and educational software, among others.
 5. Web Browsers: Web browsers are software applications that allow users to access and
view content on the internet. They provide a graphical interface for navigating websites,
reading web pages, and interacting with web-based applications. Common web
browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, and Safari. Web
browsers enable users to perform tasks like searching the internet, watching videos,
checking emails, and shopping online. They also provide security features to protect
users from malicious websites and offer bookmarks and extensions to enhance the
browsing experience.

Chapter No. 4: Algorithmic Thinking

Solved Exercise:

Briefly answer the following questions:

1. Benefits of Step-by-Step Problem Solving:
• Helps you stay organized.
• Breaks down complex problems into manageable parts.
• Makes it easier to track progress.
• Improves problem-solving skills.
2. Identification of Problem in Problem Solving: Identifying the problem is like finding
the starting point. It helps you understand what you need to solve and sets the direction
for your problem-solving efforts.
3. Problem Analysis: Problem analysis involves studying a problem to understand its
causes and effects. It helps you gather information and insights before attempting to
solve the problem.
4. Specific vs. Nonspecific Instructions: Specific instructions are clear and detailed,
making it easy to follow. Nonspecific instructions are vague and may leave room for
confusion or mistakes.
5. Planning Solution and Reducing Risk: Planning a solution helps you think through
the steps, anticipate challenges, and come up with alternatives. This reduces the risk of
failure by increasing preparedness.
6. Elements to Consider When Selecting a Solution:
• Feasibility
• Cost
• Time
• Resources
• Effectiveness
7. Simple vs. Complex Problems: Simple problems are easy to solve and have clear
solutions. Complex problems involve many factors, may not have clear answers, and
require more effort to solve.
 8. Pattern Recognition in Problem Solving: It means identifying similarities or
recurring themes in different problems. Recognizing patterns can help you apply
solutions from one problem to another.
9. Benefits of Computational Thinking:
• Improved problem-solving skills
• Enhanced logical thinking
• Better understanding of algorithms and processes
• Preparation for computer programming
10. Conditional vs. Repetitive Flow:
• Conditional flow involves making decisions based on specific conditions (if-
then statements).
• Repetitive flow involves repeating a set of instructions multiple times (loops).

Answer the following questions in detail:

1. How Problem Solving is Helpful in Everyday Life: Problem-solving is a valuable
skill in everyday life because it helps you:
• Make better decisions: You can analyze situations, consider alternatives, and
choose the best option.
• Resolve conflicts: It helps you find solutions in arguments or disagreements.
• Handle challenges: When faced with difficulties, problem-solving helps you
overcome obstacles.
• Achieve goals: You can plan steps to reach your objectives effectively.
• Improve creativity: Problem-solving encourages thinking outside the box and
finding innovative solutions.
2. Steps of Problem-Solving Process: Problem-solving typically involves these steps:
• Identify the Problem: Clearly understand what the problem is.
• Gather Information: Collect data and facts related to the problem.
• Generate Solutions: Come up with possible ways to solve the problem.
• Evaluate Solutions: Assess each solution's pros and cons.
• Choose a Solution: Select the best solution.
• Implement the Solution: Put the chosen solution into action.
• Review the Results: Check if the solution worked and make adjustments if
necessary.
3. Deconstruction of a Problem: Deconstruction means breaking a problem into smaller,
more manageable parts. Benefits include:
• Easier analysis: smaller pieces are simpler to understand.
• Improved focus: You can work on one part at a time.
 • Enhanced problem-solving: Solving smaller problems leads to solving the
larger one.
4. Techniques for Deconstruction of a Problem:
• Divide and Conquer: Break the problem into smaller tasks.
• Create a Flowchart: Visualize the problem's steps and connections.
• Use Lists: List the components or steps of the problem.
• Identify Patterns: Look for recurring elements or themes.
5. Computational Thinking in Problem-Solving: Computational thinking involves
problem-solving skills used in computer science. It helps us:
• Decompose Problems: Break complex issues into smaller, more manageable
parts.
• Recognize Patterns: Identify common elements or solutions in different
problems.
• Create Algorithms: Develop step-by-step instructions for solving problems.
• Think Logically: Apply logical reasoning to make decisions and solve
problems.
• Use Abstraction: Focus on essential details and ignore unnecessary ones.

Project Based Questions:

1. Algorithm to Create a Pizza with 4 Toppings:
1. Start
2. Prepare a pizza crust.
3. Spread pizza sauce on the crust.
4. Sprinkle cheese evenly over the sauce.
5. Choose 4 toppings (e.g., pepperoni, mushrooms, olives, and peppers).
6. Place the chosen toppings on the pizza.
7. Bake the pizza in the oven according to the instructions.
8. Remove the pizza when it's cooked and serve.
9. End
2. Algorithm for Brushing Your Teeth:
1. Start
2. Wet your toothbrush with water.
3. Apply toothpaste to the toothbrush.
4. Brush your teeth using a circular motion for 2 minutes.
5. Spit out the toothpaste.
6. Rinse your mouth and toothbrush with water.
7. Gargle with water and spit it out.
8. End
3. Algorithm to Find Sum and Average of Three Numbers:
1. Start
2. Input three numbers (num1, num2, num3).
3. Calculate the sum: sum = num1 + num2 + num3.
 4. Calculate the average: average = sum / 3.
5. Display the sum and average.
6. End
4. Algorithm to Find Product of Two Numbers:
1. Start
2. Input two numbers (num1, num2).
3. Calculate the product: product = num1 * num2.
4. Display the product.
5. End
5. Algorithm to Find Whether a Number is Even or Odd:
1. Start
2. Input a number (num).
3. Check if num is divisible by 2: - If (num % 2) is 0, then num is even. - Otherwise,
num is odd.
4. Display whether the number is even or odd.
5. End
6. Two Algorithms to Find the Product of Two Numbers:
• Algorithm 1 (Traditional Multiplication):
1. Start
2. Input two numbers (num1, num2).
3. Calculate the product using traditional multiplication: product = num1 *
num2.
4. Display the product.
5. End
• Algorithm 2 (Using Addition):
1. Start
2. Input two numbers (num1, num2).
3. Initialize a variable product to 0.
4. Repeat num2 times: - Add num1 to the product.
5. Display the product.
6. End
The first algorithm is generally more efficient for finding the product of two numbers.
7. Algorithm to Print the Table of a Number Up to 10:
1. Start
2. Input a number (num).
3. Initialize a variable i to 1.
4. Repeat the following steps 10 times: - Calculate the product: product = num * i. –
Display "num x i = product." - Increment i by 1.
5. End
This algorithm will print the multiplication table of the given number up to 10.