Cloud computing:

Cloud computing is a technology that allows the user to access and use the computer recourses such as
processing power, storages or application over the internet instead of owning hardware and softer and
maintaining user utilize the recourses that is hosted by the cloud service provider.
Evolved:
Cloud computing was evolved from two fields i.e., cluster computing and grid computing.
Dependence:
Cloud computing depends upon a technology called virtualization technology for dynamic creation and
provisioning of computer recourses.
Cloud Computing definition by NIST:
Cloud computing is model for enabling ambiguous, convent and on demand network access to a shared pool
of configurable computing recourses i.e., networks, server, that can be rapidly previsioned and released
minimal management effort or service provider interaction.
Essential Characteristics of cloud by NIST: (ORMRB)
 On demand network access
 Measured services
 Recourse pooling
 Broad network access
 Rapid elasticity
Cluster computing:
A cluster computing is collection of loosely or tightly connected computers that work together to act as a
single entity. The connected computers execute the computer altogether to give the illusion of a single
system. In cluster computing the computers are connected through a fast local area network (LAN).
Types of cluster computing:
Following are some main types of cluster computing:
 High performance cluster computing – utilizes the multiple nodes in parallel to solve complex
computational problems.
 Load balancing cluster computing – distributes the incoming request across multiple nodes to
prevent the single node being overloaded.
 High availability cluster computing – maintain the redundant node to ensure the continual of the
operation and in case of failure or disaster recovery.
Classification of cluster computing:
Cluster can be classified into two categories:
1. Open cluster – Every node in the cluster has its own Ip address and can be access over the internet.
2. Close cluster – In this classification nodes are hidden behind gateway node and provides the
increase protection. They have fewer IP address.
Advantages of Cluster computing: (HAS EEF)
 High performance
 Availability
 Scalability
  Expandability
 Easy to maintain
 Flexibility
Grid computing:
Grid computing can be defined as a network of computers that work together that would be rather difficult
for single computer to perform. The machine in the network work under the same protocols to act as super
virtual computer.
Difference between Grid computing and Cluster computing:
Cluster computing Grid computing
Nodes in must be homogenous i.e., have Nodes can be heterogenous i.e., have
same hardware and OS. different hardware and OS.
Computer in cluster computing is Computer in grid computing share their
dedicated to same work and perform no unused processing recourses to grid
other task. computing network.
Computer are located close to each Computer can be located at huge
other. difference from each other.
Computers are connected through high Computers are connected through slow
local area network. speed bus or internet.
Computer are connected to centralized Computers are connected to
network topology. decentralized network topology.
Scheduling is control by a centralized It may have server but mostly each node
server. behaves independently.
System has a centralized recourse Each resource manages its own resource
manager. independently.

Cloud service model:

Cloud service is a structured approach of delivering the computing recourses over as a service to the users
over the internet.
Classification of Cloud service model:
Cloud services can be classified into three main categories:
1. Software as a Service (SaaS) – it is a cloud service model where software application is hosted and
provided to the user over the internet. SaaS enables the user to access the software application over
the internet without need of installing and maintaining it locally on their devices. Google workspace
is an example of SaaS.
2. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – it provides virtualized computer recourses over the internet.
User have the control over the computer recourses such as Operating system, storage, memory etc.
Amazon web service is an example of IaaS.
3. Platforms as a Service (PaaS) – it gives developer a ready to use platform to create, deploy and
maintain application. It includes tools and recourses such as frame ware, runtime environment etc.
Microsoft Azur app service is an example of PaaS.
Cloud deployment:
A cloud deployment model refers to a way in which cloud computing environment is implemented and
maintained. It dedicates how computing resources are provisioned, access and shared within the cloud
infrastructure.
Tyes of cloud computing deployment models:
 Private cloud – it involves deploying computing resources with in a dedicated environment that is
exclusively used by an organization.
 Public cloud – cloud services that is owned and operate by a third-party service provider over the
internet that is available to the general public.
 Hybrid cloud – it combines the element of the both public and private cloud.
 Community cloud – it involves sharing cloud resources and infrastructure among several
organization with similar interest.
 Multi cloud – it involves using multiple cloud services to host different components of an
organization’s IT infrastructure.
Mainframe:
A mainframe is a large high-performance computer that is designed to process a very large amount of data
for an organization.
Sever:
A server is a computer system or software application that provides resources, data or services to other
computers or devices over a network.
Data communication:
Data communication is an exchange of data between two devices over the transmission medium.
Components of data communication:
Following are the main components of the data communication:
 Message
 Sender
 Transmission medium
 Receiver
 Protocol
Data representation:
Data can be represented in following ways:
 Text
 Number
 Video
 Audio
 Images
Data flow:
It refers to a transfer or movement of data form one place to another within the system or between the
system.
Type of Data flow:
 Simplex – unidirectional communication.
 Half duplex – both can receive or send data but one at a time.
 Full duplex – both can send and receive data at the same time.
Network:
A network is a collection of computers and devices that are connected through transmission medium.
Connecting devices:
 Routers – connect one network with another network.
 Switches – connect devices with in the network.
 Modem – device to change the form of data.
Network Criteria:
The most important network criteria are:
 Performance
 Reliability
 Security
Performance:
Performance of a network can be evaluated by two matrices:
 Throughput – how much data can be transfer over the network at a given time.
 Transmit and respond time – how much time it takes for a message to travel over the network and
for a respond to come back.
Reliability:
It is measured in term of frequency of network failure, time for recovery from failure and robustness form
disasters.
Security:
It is protection of the data from unauthorized access, modification, destruction and distribution. It
implements rules and guidelines to prevent data breach and data loss.
Physical structure:
It refers to a way in which devices are connected and data flows between them. It involves:
 Network connection
 Links
Network connection:
These are the physical path way or channels that connects devices within the network.
Links:
It refers to the physical connection between the device in a network.
Type of links:
Following are some times of links in a network:
 Dedicate link - connect only two devices
 Shared link – these links are shared between multiple devices.
Network topology:
It refers to the physical or logical layout of interconnected devices and the path through which data is
transmitted within the network.
Type of networks:
 Bus topology
 Ring topology
 Star topology
 Mesh topology
Types of networks:
1. Local Area Network (LAN):
A LAN network that convers a small area, like an office or a building.
Key feature:
 Media type: wired/wireless, twisted pair/cable/fiber, radio, infrared
 Topologies: Bus, Star, Mesh, Ring, Tree
 Bit rate: from 1Mbps to 1Gbps
 Communication type: Unicast, Broadcast, Multicast
Example:
 Ethernet (CSMA/CD): Carrier Sense with Multiple Access with Collision Detection (retransmission
after collision detection)
 Local Talk (CSMA/CA): CSMA with Collision Avoidance (reserve the media before transmission)
 Token Ring: A token travels around the ring, it must be retained by the sender computer to send a
single packet
 FDDI: (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) Token ring with fiber optic cable, 100 Mbps
2. Wide Area Network (WAN):
A WAN is networking that convers the large geometric area. It connects multiple LAN networks
together.
Types:
 Point-to-point – connects two devices together like connecting two LANs together.
 Switched – connect more than two ends like combination of several P2P connections.
Ownerships:
WANs are usually owned by communication networks.
3. Metropolitical Area Network (WAN):
A WAN network covers large area than LAN but smaller than WAN. Its spans form 5 – to 50km.
Internet:
An internet is an interconnection of computers and devices that communicate under single protocols.
TCP/IP suite:
These are the set of basic protocols (rules) that make the basis of the modem internet. It consists of serval
layer and each layer perform a specific task.
Layers of TCP /IP suite:
Physical layer:
It converts data into signals and transmit them over a network link.
Data link layer:
Data is organized into frames each frame contain data along with sender and receiver MAC address.
Network layer:
Responsible for routing (finding the best part for the data to travel) data between the devices using their IP
address. Data packets are called datagram.
Transport layer:
It handles the actual transmission of data,