Transport planning

Transport Planning – CENG 6303

1. Introduction

Dr. Eng. Yonas Minalu

[email protected]
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Course Description

 Transport and society

 Urban travel characteristics: transport and land use;
travel characteristics and travel patterns
 Intercity passenger and freight systems
 Transport planning studies: inventories, volume studies,
capacity studies, pedestrian studies, mass transit
studies, and parking studies.
 State-wide and regional transport planning
 Urban transport planning: travel-demand forecasting:
trip generation; modal split; trip distribution; and
route assignment
 Agent-based modeling
 Transport system management
 Environment and energy impacts
 Course Outline
1.Introduction to transport planning
2.The transport planning process
3.Inventories
4.Traffic planning strategies
5.Introduction to transport modeling
6.The four stage modeling
• Trip production
• Trip distribution
• Modal choice
• Trip assignment
7.Activity-based transport modeling
8.Geographical Information Systems and transport planning
9.Transport planning studies: land use studies, pedestrian studies,
mass transit studies, Freight transport studies, and parking studies.
10.Mobility Management: Integration of Mobility and Accessibility
11.Implementing Measures and Strategies
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12.Environment and energy impacts
 Evaluation
• Research paper review (individual) 20%
• Project (Group) 20%
• Test, quiz, assignment 10%
• Final Exam 50 %
 1. Introduction to Transport Planning

 The distinction betweeninfrastructure

planning and transport planning
Transport characteristics – the motivation of


planning
 Elements of transport planning
 Transport and land use
Transport planning vs. Infrastructure
planning

 Infrastructure planning:
Planning and investment/building of infrastructure.
Infrastructure = roads, railway lines, harbors,
airports and other terminals

 Transport planning:
Planning and realization of strategies to supply
the requirement of transport services to meet the
transport demand.

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 Transport Characteristics – The
Motivation of Planning
Social development and observation of transport:


 Mobilityfor all Categories ?

 Accessibility to different activities ?
 Surveys to keep track of the situation/status.

The requirements of transport



 Transportas a condition to accomplish activities

 Transport services required in interaction with land use
development

Characteristics on national, regional and local/urban level


Transport characteristics – The
Motivation of Planning
Current issues ?
 The need for infrastructure due to:
 New connections
 Better connection, accessibility, reduced travel time/costs
 Queues, delays

 The need for measures due to:

 Traffic safety
 Environmental issues; local noise, local/regional air pollution and global problems

 Required transport services for:

 Person trips, passengers; mode choice
 Freight transport; with focus on value chains, logistic chains, intermodality, choice
of cargo-carrier and mode
 The value/benefits to the society:
 Reduced travel time
 Reduced travel costs
 Reduced accidents
 Reduced pollution
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Elements of transport planning

 Planning of transport systems (physical planning)

 Financing

 Analytical transport planning

 Methods in scope

 Organizational and procedural matters

 Elements of Transport Planning:
Planning of Transport Systems / Physical
Planning
 The preparation of a Structure Plan for the area of which the
authority (metropolitan or local/regional) has jurisdiction.

 This contains major statements of key strategic policies important to

the development of land for a subsequent period of years, which
can be used as a framework for local planning including land use
and transport planning

 The Structure Plan should contain land use policies and proposals
relating to the road and rail networks and to related services,
e.g. rail terminals, public transport interchange facilities, docks and
airports
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 Elements of Transport Planning:
Planning of Transport Systems / Physical
Planning
 Land use and transport authorities (both metropolitan and local) can be
required to adopt policies that:
 Promote development within urban areas, at locations highly accessible by
modes other than private car
 Locate major generators of travel demand in existing centres (which are
highly accessible by modes other than private car)
 Strengthen existing local centres – in both urban and rural areas – which offer
a range of everyday ”community”, shopping and employment opportunities
 Maintain and improve choice for people to walk, cycle or use public transport
 Limit parking provision for developments and other on- or off-street parking
situations
 The aim underlying these national policies is to reduce the need for
travel, especially by car, by influencing the location of different types
of development relative to transport provision, and by fostering forms
of development which encourage walking, cycling and public
transport use
 Elements of Transport Planning:
Financing
 Transport was traditionally regarded as a public good.
Transport infrastructure cost paid for by public authorities.
Public transport revenues supplemented by the governmental
authorities (subsidies / public purchasing of transport services).


There was no (or hardly any) relationship between the
resources raised by government through its taxes on passenger
and freight vehicles using road and rail systems, and the
expenditures which it lays out on these systems.

However, the financing of roads, railways and public transport has

 changed over time as components of the transport industries were
outsourced or franchised.
E.g. capital expenditure on rail infrastructure is now provided from
access charges paid by train-operating companies.

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 Elements of Transport Planning:
Analytical Transport Planning
Traditionally, the main focus of transport planning was


related to the provision of roads, but what about the

other planning concepts ?

The processes in development of a new trunk road can

take 10-15 yrs, between the conception of a scheme
and the opening of the road, depending on the size,
location and complexity of the scheme and
acceptability to the public

The ransport planning process will be elaborated in

the lectures of ”Transportation Planning Process”
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 Elements of Transport Planning:
Transport/Traffic Study Process
 The necessity of carrying out traffic studies:
 To estimate traffic volumes for the design year for a new road
 To satisfy statutory obligations relating to noise
 For economic and environmental assessments

The collection and analysis of data can be a complicated


process:
 The measurement of current traffic
 With the design year set to 15 year after the opening, the
design year can be 25-30 years into the future
 The credibility of traffic predictions declines with increasing time
into the future
 The segmentation in traffic components.
 Elements of Transport Planning:
Transport/Traffic Study Process
 The traffic growth components consists of:
 Normal traffic growth, due to cumulative annual increase in the
numbers and usage of motor vehicles. Be aware of possible problems
caused by the use of national (average) projections figures

 Generated traffic composed by:

 Induced traffic: Traffic that did not exist previously
 Converted traffic: Trips converting from bus/walking/cycling to car (Be
aware of redistributed traffic as part of the current traffic. This consists
of existing trips transfering to the new road and with a change in trip
destination.)
 Development traffic: Traffic due to land development adjacent to a
new road
 Elements of Transport Planning:
Transport/Traffic Study Process
 In larger urban areas and on high-volume highways the estimation of
traffic flows can be most complex. The influences on the transport
system is diversified, and the data required for planning purpose can
only be obtained by carrying out a comprehensive transport demand
study (activity-based modeling)

 The classical (land use and) transport study process is as follows:

1) Carry out inventories and surveys of objectives, present travel activities, travel
facilities, public transport services, transport policies, present and future land
use/populations/economics/environmental data
2) Determine existing interzonal travel pattern, and establish mathematical models
to represent them
3) Develop and evaluate transport options to meet future needs
4) Use the models developed at 2) to predict future trips for the scenarios outlined
at 3)
5) Select the optimum acceptable option, and develop this in detail
 Elements of Transport Planning:
Transport/Traffic Study Process

 Economic assessment can be required at various stages in road

scheme appraisal and the transportation planning process
 It is important to develop actual alternatives to the ”do-minimum” or

”do-nothing” alternative
 Economic evaluations can be carried out in many ways, but there is a

significant degree of conformity between the methods in different

countries.
 The commonly used method determines the present value of benefits

and costs associated with each alternative. Typical issues (O’Flaherty):

 Define benefit and cost elements
 Define discount rate (7% ?) and range of years
 Define unit costs, and study/calculate consequences
 Calculate present values/internal rate of return, .....
 Elements of transport planning:
Environmental Assessement
• 

• 

•



• Air quality Cultural heritage
•

•


 • Disruption due to construction Ecology

and nature conservation Landscape
• 

• 

• 

•



effects
• Land use effects
• Traffic noise and vibration
• Pedestrian, cyclist and community effects
Vehicle travellers
• Water quality and drainage
• Geology and soil considerations
Development policies and plans

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

Elements of transport planning:

Organizational Matters
 The properties of infrastructure and transport systems is rather complex and requires
divided responsibility between central government and local authorities
 At the central level this involves several Ministries, with a division of work
 It is important to maintain a dynamic process for the division of responsibilities, as the
infrastructural and transport systems is developed
 In principle the responsibilities of central governments are: planning and regulations for
the main modes (road/car, rail/train, sea/ship and air/flights).

 This also has contributed to the development of governmental agencies and public
administrations for each mode (or a joint composition of modes)
 Because of the relationship between land use and transport, there are several elements
of interaction that needs to be taken care of, both from an organisational point of view,
and as planning and regulation are concerned.
 Elements of transport planning:
Organizational Matters
Examples of responsibility at the central government – concerning roads:
 Policies, plans and methods:

• Policy on trunk roads and highways

• The scale of the motorways and trunk road network
• Content and priorities of new construction programmes
• The methodology to be used for traffic and economic appraisal
• Actual policies for charging for the use of inter-urban roads and private
finance of roads
A Highway Agency’s key task:

• Deliver the programme of trunk road schemes according to decided time

and cost
• Reduce the time taken to deliver trunk road schemes and realisation of
investments
• Maintain the trunk road network cost effectively (long-term based)
• Improve the information systems for road users
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 Elements of transport planning:
Organizational Matters
Local authorities:
 Metropolitan counties (cp. Addis Ababa):

•Spatial division in districts

•Planning authority concerning spatial issues, development control
and granting of planning permissions
•Responsibility for non-trunk roads, traffic management and parking
regulations, public transport policies and services (although this is often
undertaken by a public or private company). Concerning public
transport services, the policy and management of public subsidies is
also and important issue
 Non-metropolitan counties and regions:

•Spatial division including both town/minor city and surrounding area

•The planning authority usually is the county/regional council (with similar
responsibilities to that of an metropolitan area. But, often with the
difference that the county also is the undertaker of the public transport 21
 Conclusions
 Transport planning is
🞑 Developing a shared vision of where we need to

go
🞑Understanding the nature of the driving forces

🞑Designing effective policies and support

🞑 Understanding how this will work on the ground

🞑 Working across sectors

🞑 A living process

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Thank you any questions…