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    Eia1 1

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    Eia1 1

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    of 43

    Environmental Impact Assessment

    Dr. Aneesh Mathew


    Assistant Professor
    Department of Civil Engineering
    NIT Tiruchirappalli
    What is EIA???
    EIA is an activity designed to identify and predict the impact of a
    project on biogeophysicochemical environment and on human health so
    as to recommend appropriate legislative measures, programs, and
    operational procedures to minimize the impact.
    An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an assessment of the
    possible positive or negative impact that a proposed project may have
    on the environment, considering natural, Social and Economic aspects.
    EIA

     According to The International Association of Impact Assessment (IAIA)-

     The process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the


    biophysical, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior
    to major decisions being taken and commitments made.
    Go to www.menti.com
    Use code 4322059
     What is the significance of EIA?
    Salient Features of EIA
    • Identifies the possible positive and negative
    impacts to the environment for "short-term" and
    1 "long-term"

    • Provides for a plan, which upon


    implementation, will reduce or offset the negative
    2 impacts of a project

    • Provides a monitoring program to measure the


    3 level of plan implementation
    Reference components of EIA
     Legal and institutional framework of regulation, guidance
    and procedure - establishes the requirements for the conduct
    of EIA

     The steps and activities of the EIA process, as applied to


    specific types of proposals

     The practice and performance of EIA, as evidenced by the


    quality of EIA reports prepared, the decisions taken and the
    environmental benefits delivered
    EIA Procedure

    Initial Environmental Examination

    Full-Scale Environmental Impact


    Assessment
     Impact assessment methods are classified into following analytical functions:
    1. Scope
    2. identification,
    3. prediction, and
    4. evaluation.
    Figure: Generalized EIA process and flow chart
    Impact Evaluation and Analysis
     Purpose of an EIA evaluation - comparatively evaluate alternative
    courses of action (range: no-action to no-build)

     The major steps are:


     Identifying major activities
     Selecting environmental components
     Selecting types of impacts
     Assessing the possibilities and or probabilities of occurrences
     Determining the degree and time frame of impacts
     Designating impacts as positive, neutral or negative
     Determining trade-offs among activities and impacts
    Classification of Environmental
    Parameters
    Some of the selected relevant environmental parameters are:

     Crop productivity
     Air quality
     Water quality of aquatic resources
     Nutrient status of water
     Drinking water quality
     Availability of agricultural land
    Impact of land clearing activities in forest areas

     Physical  Human use values


     Soil erosion  Impairment of D/S water quality
     Loss of soil fertility  Sedimentation & flooding hazard
     Loss of rain water infiltration  Quality of life values
     Increase temperature  Forest tourism/aesthetic value
     Ecological  Impairment of D/S water quality
     Loss of forest resource  Disruption of forest population
     Encroachment hazard  Insect vector disease hazard
     Hazard from pesticide
    Activity

     Menti.com
     Use code: 2793314
    A Case Study
    Direct and indirect impact of typical construction project on mangrove
    swamp and rise growing area
    Activity

     Menti.com
     Use code: 5729993
    EIA – Stages of project involvement

     Planning

     Final design/construction start-up

     Project operations
    Relationship between the various stages of a project development and the
    timing for the tasks to be included in the EIA process
    Environmental Base Map (EBM)
     An important requirement is preparation of EBM

     Shows the salient information as in planning, and final


    design/construction start-up

     Includes the essential background information on the


    environmental situation so that the reviewer can readily
    interpret (& conclusion + recommendation)
     Industrial Development Project usually includes
     demography

     land use infrastructure


     receiving water

     ground water and soil conditions


     other industries and their waste streams
     institutions

     ecological resources

     areas of cultural importance


     archaeological importance
     Tourist importance
     The EBM should be portrayed as simply as possible and for this purpose a
    schematic type drawing will usually be more appropriate than a map drawn
    strictly to scale.
    Classification of Environmental Parameters

    Four Categories
     Natural physical resources
     Natural ecological resources
     Human/economic development resources and
     Quality-of-Iife values including aesthetic and cultural
    values
    Unit 1 (Second part)
    EIA Methodologies
     EIA analyst faced with a vast quantity of raw and usually unorganized
    data

     Technique and method for the evaluation of impacts should have the
    following qualities and characteristics

     It should be systematic in approach

     It should be able to organize a large mass of heterogeneous data

     It should be able to quantify the impacts


    Continued ….
     It should be capable of summarizing the data

     Itshould be able to aggregate the data into sets with the least
    loss of information because of the aggregations

     It should have a good predictive capability

     It should extract the salient features

     Itshould finally be able to display the raw data and the


    derived information in a meaningful fashion
    Criteria for the Selection of EIA Methodology
    (a) General
     Simplicity

     Manpower, time and budget constraints


     Flexibility

    (b) Impact Identification Interpretation and Evaluation


     Comprehensiveness
     Specificity
     Isolation of project impact
     Timing and duration
    Criteria for the Selection of EIA Methodology
    (c) Impact Measurement
     Commensurate units
     Explicit indicators
     Magnitude
     Objective criteria

    (d) Impact Interpretation and Evaluation


     Significance
     Explicit criteria
     Portrayal of“ with" and "wit/wilt" situation
     Uncertainly
     Risk
     Depth. Of analysis
     Alterative comparison
     Public involvement

    (e) Impact Communication


     Affected parties
     Setting description
     Summary format
     Key issues
     Compliance
    E I A methods
     Ad-hoc methods

     Checklists methods

     Matrix methods

     Networks methods

     Overlays methods

     Environmental index using factor analysis

     Cost/benefit analysis

     Predictive or Simulation methods


    Ad-hoc methods

     Indicate broad areas of possible impacts by listing


    composite environmental parameters (for example flora
    and fauna) likely to be affected by any development
    Matrix methods

     Iinteractions between various activities and environmental


    parameters considered

     Provide cause-effect relationships b/w project activities &


    their impacts on environmentally important components

     Provides a graphic tool for displaying impacts to their


    audience in a manner that can be easily comprehended
    Network methods
     Capable of identifying direct and indirect impacts, higher order
    effects and interactions between impacts
    Network of pulp mill impacts
    Overlay methods
     Involve preparation of a set of transparent maps, which represent
    the spatial distribution of an environmental characteristic

     Limited to 10 maps - visibility


    Cost/Benefit analysis
     Cost/benefit analysis provides the nature of expense and benefit
    accruable from a project in monetary terms

     Enables easy understanding and aids decision-making

     Divided into three categories:


     Use of economics for "benefit-cost analysis" as an integral part of
    project selection
     Use of economics in the assessment of activities suggested by the
    EIA
     Economic assessment of the environmental impacts of the project
    Tasks to be completed for economical
    analysis of environmental impacts
     Determine the spatial and conceptual boundaries of the analysis
     Identify environmental impacts and their relationships to the project
     Quantify environmental impacts and organize them according to
    importance
     Choose a technique for economic valuation
     Economic valuation (place monetary values) of environmental impacts
    identified
     Set an appropriate time frame and perform the extended benefit cost
    analysis
    Environmental Medium Quality Index Method
     Steps include
     Factor identification
     Assignment of importance weights
     Establishment of scaling sections or other methods for factor
    evaluation
     Termination and implementation of the appropriate aggregation
    approach
     application of field verification

     Consists of delineating key factors that can be used as


     Indicators of environmental quality
     Susceptibility to pollution
     Pollution potential of the source type
    e.g. Air Pollution Index
    Cont … Calculation based on a single index
    e.g. Water Quality Index

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