k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf

l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf;
;xof]uL k'l:tsf

g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'
k|f/lDes afn/ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu A
:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
B k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu
:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf
l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu
:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf;
;xof]uL k'l:tsf

g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu C

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
D k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu
:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
e"ldsf
k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffnfO{ a9L p2]Zod"ns, Jofjxfl/s, ;d;fdlos Pjd\ ;fGble{s tl/sfn]
l;sfO lj|mofsnfk cuf8L a9fpg l;sfO ;fdu|Lx? cfjZos k5{ . afnljsf; pd]/sf afnaflnsfnfO{{
ahf/df ePsf dxFuf ;fdu|Ln] dfq l;sfO lj|mofsnfk k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] ;f]rnfO{ x6fP/
:yfgLo:t/df g} pknJw x'g] ;fdu|L tyf d"No g} gkg]{ jf sd d"Nodf kfOg] ;fdu|Laf6 g} lzIfs,
cleefjs jf afnaflnsfs} dbtaf6 ;xh / ;/n tl/sfn] ;fdu|L ljsf; u/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]
;f]rn] of] k'l:tsf tof/L u/LPsf] xf] . o;sf] ljsf; j|mddf lzIfs, cleefjs tyf lj1x?af6 k|fKt /fo
;'emfjÙ 1fg, lj|mofsnfk lgdf{0fdf ePsf] ljsf; tyf kl/jt{g / :yfgLo cfjZostf tyf afnljsf;sf]
;Gbe{lar ;Gt'ngsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L k|f/lDes afnljsf; pd]/sf afnaflnsfsf]
l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu of] ;xof]uL ;fdu|L ljsf; u/LPsf]] 5 .

ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7\oj|md ljsf;sf nflu /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f?k, @)&^ n] lglb{i6 u/]sf l;4fGt
tyf :j?kdf cfwfl/t eO{{ plNnlvt ;Gbe{x?nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ dfgL k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIff
kf7\os|d, @)&& n] lglb{i6 u/]sf p2]Zo tyf ;IfdtfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L of] ;fdu|L ljsf; u/LPsf] 5 .
lzIffdf ePsf gjLgtd ;f]r Pjd\ g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{ / :yfgLo cfjZostfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{ªu\ L0f ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] nIo;lxt afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf] dfu{lrqdf
cfwfl/t eO{{ pko'St l;sfO lj|mofsnfksf nflu ;fdu|L ljsf; / k|of]u ug{] p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 / ;fy}
o;df kf7\oj|mddf ;dfj]z u/LPsf ljleGg ljifonfO{ cGt/;DalGwt u/L hLjg;fk]If agfpg] vfnsf]
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof ;~rfng ug{] p2]Zo klg /flvPsf] 5 .

ljleGg ljwfsf lzIfs, ljz]if1 tyf lj1x?sf] ;xeflutfdf ;~rfng u/LPsf ljleGg sfo{zfnfsf
dfWodaf6 ljsf; u/LPsf] d:of}bfdf ljleGg If]qaf6 k|fKt ;'emfjx? lnO{ yk k[i7kf]if0f;d]tnfO{
cfwf/ dfg]/ kl/dflh{t :j?kdf tof/ u/L g]kfnsf ;DalGwt ;a} ljBfno tyf k|f/lDes afnljsf;
s]Gb|x?df sfo{/t lzIfs Pjd\ ;xhstf{x?af6 k|of]u ug{] u/L kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t
ePsf] xf] .

of] ;fdu|L tof/ ug]{ j|mddf dxÎjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' x'g] lj1 tyf ljz]if1, lzIfs Pjd\ ;DalGwt
;/f]sf/jfnfx?k|lt kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| xflb{s s[t1tf JoSt ub{5 . of] ;fdu|Lsf] sfof{GjognfO{
k|efjsf/L agfO{ afnaflnsfnfO{{ u'0f:t/Lo lj|mofsnfksf] cj;/ ;'lglZrt ug{] sfo{df ;Da4 ;a}af6
;lj|mo of]ubfgsf] ck]Iff u/LPsf] 5 . k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf] of] ;fdu|L ultzLn b:tfj]h
ePsfn] o;df ;'wf/ tyf kl/dfh{g ub{} cem k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu s]Gb|n] k|f/lDes afnlzIfs
tyf o;sf k|of]ustf{nufot ;DalGwt ;a}af6 lg/Gt/ /rgfTds ;'emfj k|fKt x'g] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5 .

wGojfb .

lj=;+= @)*)
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/ .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu E

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 ;fdu|L k|of]usf ;Gbe{df

lzIf0f ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ;xof]uL k'l:tsfsf] pkof]u ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{

kIfx?M
!= ljifoj:t';uF ;DalGwt l;sfO ;fdu|L ;ª\sng / lgdf{0f ug{ of]hgf agfpg'xf];\ .
@= z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]u / l;sfO k|efjsf/L ljlw l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ug'{ k"j{ g}
klxrfg ug'{xf];\ .
#= ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt eO{{ :yfgLo jftfj/0fdf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] z}lIfs ;fdu|L
;ª\sng tyf lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ .
$= z}lIfs ;fdu|L rog ubf{ sd d"No kg]{, l6sfp x'g], sd ldlxg]tdf pknAw
u/fpg ;lsg] ;fdu|LnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'xf];\ .
%= z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]u ubf{ ljifoj:t' / afnaflnsfsf] k"j{cg'ej;Fu ;DalGwt
eP/ 5nkmn cGt/lj|mof u/fpg'xf];\ .
^= lj|mofsnfk u/fpFbf ljBfno j/k/sf] jftfj/0f cjnf]sg u/fpg] ug'{xf];\ .
To:tf] cj:yfdf lgdf{0f u/LPsf ;fdu|L;Fu} nuL jftfj/0fLo j:t';Fu ;DaGw
sfod u/fpg'xf];\ .
&= Pp6} ;fdu|L ax'ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt x'g] ePsfn] z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]u ubf{ ;Gbe{
ldnfpg'xf];\ .
*= ;a} afnaflnsfdf kx'Fr k'Ug] u/L z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .
(= o; k'l:tsfdf plNnlvt ;fdu|Lafx]s ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt gofF ;fdu|L
;ª\sng / lgdf{0f ug]{ tl/sf ckgfpg'xf];\ . gofF gofF tl/sfaf6 lgdf{0f
u/LPsf ;fdu|Lsf] k|efjsfl/tf ;DalGwt ljifo lj1af6 k|dfl0ft u/fpg'xf];\ .
!)= z}lIfs ;fdu|L Joj:yfkg ubf{ ljBfyL{n] lemSg / /fVg ;Sg] u/L Joj:yfkg
ug'{xf];\ . rflxPsf a]nfdf ;lhn} k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] u/L gfd, l:6s/, ;ª\s]t
6fF:g'xf];\ .
!!= Ps k6s k|of]u ePsf ;fdu|L k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] ;fdu|LnfO{ ;'/lIft
ug'{xf];\ cyf{t\ d';f, cfuf], kfgLaf6 hf]ufpg'xf];\ . afnaflnsfnfO{{ ;fdfgsf]
ckgTjsf] efjgf ljsf; u/fpg'xf];\ .
!@= z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]u ubf{ afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf / ;xsfo{nfO{ Wofg lbg'xf];\ .
!#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]u ubf{ 7f];, cw{7f]; / cd"t{ ;fdu|Lsf] j|mdnfO{ Wofg
lbg'xf];\ . o;sf] dtnj 7f];j:t'af6 wf/0ff ga;L cw{7f]; / cd"t{ ;fdu|Lsf]
k|of]u gug{'xf];\ .
!$= ;fdu|L k|of]u ubf{ afnaflnsfsf] ;'/Iffdf Wofg lbP/ rf]6k6s gnfUg] cyf{t\
hf]lvdd'St x'g] u/L k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .

F k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 ljifo;"rL

j|m=;= ljifoj:t' k[i7 ;ª\Vof

v08 ! kl/ro !
v08 @ ;fdu|L lgdf{0f !)
! lrqkQL !)
@ j0f{kQL !#
# lrq jf cIf/ rf6{ / 8fO; !%
$ xfd|f] l6eL !&
% a|f];/ sf8{ !(
^ sljtf / uLtkQL @!
& vfB z[ª\vnf @#
* yf]Kn] lrqsf8{ @&
( khn @*
!) sfuhsf l;Gsf #@
!! ljleGg k|sfsf ks]6 #$
!@ 8f]ldgf] $)
!# gfukf; $$
!$ z'esfdgf sf8{ $%
!% rª\uf $^
!^ rf8af8 af]8{ $*
!& kfqf] jf Sofn]G8/ $(
!* 38L %)
!( hGdlbg rf6{ %!
@) ;do / sfdsf] rf6{ %@
@! emG8f %#
@@ xfd|f] j]zife"iff jf]8{ %%
@# gS;f %^
@$ /fli6«o lrX\gsf] lrq hf]8L %&
@% ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t lzIf0fsf nflu :yfgLo ¿kdf %*
agfpg ;lsg] s]xL ;fdu|L
v08 ! kl/ro
k"j{k|fylds jf k|f/lDes afnljsf; pd]/sf afnaflnsfsf nflu cfwf/e"t l;k
;fy} ljifout l;k ljsf; ug{ pgLx? cg's"n / ljifoj:t' cg';f/sf ;fdu|L
tyf lj|mofsnfk k|of]u ubf{ l;sfOsf] hu alnof] x'g'sf ;fy} afnaflnsfnfO{{
lh1f;' tyf ;lj|mo agfpF5 . o;n] afnaflnsfsf] l;sfOnfO{ lbuf] agfpg'sf
;fy} ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . k"j{ k|fylds txsf afnaflnsfsf
nflu 7f];, cw{7f]; / cd"t{ j:t'af6 pgLx?s} k"j{cg'ejnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL
5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, uLt h:tf ljlwaf6 pgLx?sf] ?lr / Ifdtfcg';f/sf
lj|mofsnfk ug{' u/fpg'k5{ . of] l;sfOsf nflu k"j{tof/L u/fpg] tx ePsfn]
;'gfO, af]nfO / ljljw lj|mofsnfksf dfWodaf6 zf/Ll/s, af}l4s, ;fdflhs,
;+j]ufTds / ljifout l;k ljsf; u/fpg'kb{5 . o;n] afnaflnsfsf] a'emfO
Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'G5 / dflyNnf sIffdf l;sfOsf nflu ;xh x'G5 . o;y{ o;
txsf afnaflnsfsf nflu PsLs[t l;k ljsf; u/fpg w]/}eGbf w]/} ;fdu|Lsf]
kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ . o; sfo{af6 afnaflnsfn] ?lrk"0f{ ;fdu|Lsf] 5gf]6sf]
cj;/ k|fKt ub{5g\ .

k"j{k|fylds tyf afnljsf; sIffdf to u/LPsf ;a} ljifoIf]qsf nflu cfwf/e"t

l;k / ljifout PsLs[t l;k l;sfOsf nflu l;sfpg'k"j{ g} 7f];, cw{7f]; /
cd"t{ ;fdu|Lx? lgdf{0f tyf ;ª\sng ug'{k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ‘d / d]/f] z/L/’
ljifoIf]qdf cfg} z/L/sf cª\ux?nfO{ 7f]; j:t'sf ?kdf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf]
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;}u/L ‘d]/f] kl/jf/’ ljifoIf]qsf nflu afnljsf; s]Gb| jf
ljBfnoaf6 glhs /x]sf afnaflnsfsf kl/jf/nfO{ sIffdf cfdlGqt u/L 5nkmn
u/fpg ;lsG5, h:t} M kl/jf/sf ;b:o uGg nufpg], kl/jf/ larsf] gftf eGg
nufpg] / sf]eGbf sf] h]7f] jf sfG5f] eGg nufpg] . lj|mofsnfksf] dfWodaf6
afnaflnsfnfO{{ l;sfpFbf l;sfO k|efjsf/L / bLuf] x'G5 . o;sf nflu uf]nf]
3]/fdf /fvL ;/n uLt ufpFb} ;d"x agfpg] v]n v]nfpg], pgLx?n] nufPsf
n'uf cjnf]sg u/fpg], n'ufsf /ªx? lrGg, x]g{ / eGg nufpg] ug'{k5{ .
o:t} ;fyL ;fyLlar kl/rofTds v]n v]Ng nufpg'k5{ . o;/L afnaflnsf
:jod\, pgLx?sf kl/jf/, / pgLx?n] nufPsf n'uf, n'ufsf /ª / cGo j:t'
7f]; z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 . o;} u/L ‘d]/f] afnljsf;
s]Gb|’ ;xfos ljifoIf]qsf nflu sIffsf]7fleq /x]sf 7f]; j:t', syfsf lstfa,
sfkL, l;;fsnd, /ª, 8]:s, a]Gr, 6]a'n, b/fh, d]r, kf6L / lzIf0fsf nflu
;ª\slnt cGo ;fdu|Lx? ;fy} ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf j:t'x?, v]n d}bfg, au}Frf,
df6f], 9'ª\uf, af]6la?jf, kz'kG5L, af6f], 3/, ufpFa:tLsf af/]df x]/]/, 5fd]/,
k|of]u u/]/, 5nkmn u/]/ jf k|Zgf]Q/ u/]/ afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;fTds cfjZostf

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 1

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 / cfwf/e"t ;fy} ljifout l;k ljsf;df ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . h'g;'s} lj|mofsnfksf]
k|f/Dedf 7f]; j:t'sf] k|of]u ub}{ afnaflnsfsf] k"j{ cg'ej;Fu hf]8L 5nkmn
k|Zgf]Q/ ;fy} cfwf/e"t / ljifout l;k xfl;n u/fpg] lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'kb{5 .

afnaflnsfsf] cfwf/e"t l;k l;sfOsf nflu jf:tljs tyf cjf:tljs b'j}

k|sf/sf ;fdu|L k|of]u ug'k{ b{5 . jf:tljs j:t'x? ljifoj:t';uF ;DalGwt
:yfgLo kl/j]zdf pknAw j:t', hLjhGt', r/f, kmnkm"n, af]6la?jf cflb x'g\ .
ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t PsLs[t l;sfOsf nflu jf:tljs ;fdu|Lx?sf] dxÎjk"0f{
e"ldsf x'G5 . jf:tljs j:t'sf] cjnf]sg, cg'ej u/]/ afnaflnsfnfO{{ o;af/]
cjwf/0ff agfpg ;xh x'G5 . l;sfO k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu ljifoj:t'cg';f/
jf:tljs j:t'sf] /ª, cfsf/, k|sf/, ;ª\Vof, agfj6, tfkj|md, :jfb, Wjlg
pkof]lutf cflbsf] k|ToIf cg'ej afnaflnsfn] ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . k|f/lDes pd]/sf
afnaflnsfn] cg'ej, cEof;, gSsn, ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ o:tf jf:tljs
j:t'sf] k|of]u u/L PsLs[t ?kdf l;S5g\ .

afnaflnsfsf] l;Sg] k|j[lQ tyf IfdtfnfO{ pgLx?s} jl/kl/ /x]sf ;fdu|L tyf
jftfj/0fn] ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . pgLx?df /x]sf] cGt/lglxt Ifdtf ljsf;sf
nflu l;sfO:t/df lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ Nofpg k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{j|mdn] ljleGg
v]n ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uaf6 l;Sg] k|lj|mofdf ;xh tyf /dfOnf] l;sfO jftfj/0f
;d]t l;h{gf ub{5 . afnaflnsfn] /dfP/, v]n]/ l;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{sf
nflu v]n ;fdu|L dfq eP/ x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfsf] pd]/nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL To:tf
;fdu|L tof/ ug{ l;h{gzLn ;f]r, l;kfn' xft / ldlxg]tsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

;f]xL ;Gbe{df, o; :yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsfdf /flvPsf

ljifoj:t'cGtu{t $* b]lv ^) dlxgf -$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"x_ sf afnaflnsfsf]
;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf; tyf ljBfno tof/Lsf nflu pgLx?sf] ljsf; tyf l;sfO
Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ xfdLn] k|of]udf NofpFb} cfPsf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;fdu|Lx?
:yfgLo kl/j]zcg';f/ afnaflnsfsf] pd]/ut cfwf/df l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf
k|of]u u/fpgsf nflu tof/ u/LPsf] 5 . o; ;xof]uL k'l:tsfdf pNn]v u/LPsf
;fdu|Lx? ljleGg ljifoIf]qdf ldNg] ePsfn] cfjZostfcg';f/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
oxfF pbfx/0f :j?k s]xL ;fdu|L lgdf{0f tyf k|of]u ljlw lbOPsf] 5 .

s'g} klg lj|mofsnfkdf ;xhLs/0f ubf{ lgDgfg';f/sf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx?sf]

k"j{tof/L ug'{kb{5 . ljifoj:t'cg';f/sf ;fdu|Lx? k|fs[lts ?kdf pknAw x'g]
tyf yf]/} vr{df tof/ kfg{ ;Sg] b'j} vfnsf ;fdu|Lx?sf] tof/L tyf k|of]unfO{
k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ .

2 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
;ª\sng tyf ;f]em} pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] ;fdu|Lx?
k|of]uaf6 xfl;n x'g]
;fdu|Lsf] gfd ;ª\sng k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf
l;k jf pknlAw
sk8f gsfl6Psf, sf6]/ x]/]/, 5fd]/, gfd eg]/, /ª, cfs[lt,
ag]sf 6'j|mf, ljleGg k|of]u u/]/, ;fdu|L k|of]u, agf]6nufotsf
hflt, If]q, lnª\u / lgdf{0f u/]/ cfwf/df ;dfgtf / leGgtf,
k];fcg';f/ k'tnLnufotsf ;fdu|L
lgdf{0f, l;Fuf/k6f/sf nflu
pkof]u
;/;kmfOsf ;fdfg P]gf, ;fa'g, dGhg, a|;, klxrfg / b}lgs ljBfyL{nfO{ k|ToIf ;/;kmfO
sfOof], ?dfn, gªs6 Jojxf/df pkof]u u/]/ lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL agfO{
h:tf ;fdu|L ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u
efG;fdf k|of]u x'g] s/fO{, s;f}8L, 8f8', klxrfg / b}lgs ;fdu|L;Fu kl/lrt u/fO{
;fdfg klgpF, yfn, srf}/f, Jojxf/df pkof]u u/]/ k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfsf] cEof;
r'n];L, l;nf}6f], nf]xf]/f]
7]sL, dbfgL, h:tf
gd'gf ;fdu|L
vfBj:t' cGg, t/sf/L, u]8fu'8L, x]/]/, 5fd]/, rfv]/ tyf ;fdu|Lsf] kl/ro / k|of]u
sGbd"n, d;nf ;d"xdf eg]/
kg]{ ;fdu|L
af]6la?jfsf jl/kl/sf af]6la?jfaf6 ;d"xsfo{ -x]/]/, 5fd]/, ;dfgtf, leGgtf, a'6\6f
kftx? em/]sf jf k'/fgf kftx? gfd eg]/, k|of]u u/]/_, klxrfg / t'ngf, uGg],
v]n ljlw, ugfO, RofTg], ufF:g] / pGg]
RoftfO, uF;fO, pgfO lj|mofsnfksf] pkof]u
kmnsf bfgf :yfgLo Kfmnsf bfgfx? ;d"xsfo{ -x]/]/, 5fd]/, /ª, cfs[lt, k|of]u,
-Aff]6af6 v;]sf, k|of]u gfd eg]/, k|of]u u/]/_, agf]6nufotsf cfwf/df
eP/ v]/hfg], sfF8f v]n ljlw, :kz{, ugfO, ;dfgtf, leGgtf, klxrfg
tyf em';x? gePsf]_ RoftfO, uF;fO, pgfO / t'ngf, uGg], RofTg],
ufF:g] / pGg] lj|mofsnfksf]
pkof]u
u6\6fx? uf]nf tyf nfDrf ;fa'g kfgLn] ;kmf cfs[lt, k|of]u,
cfsf/sf rf]6 gnfUg] u/]/ tyf /ftf], lgnf] agf]6nufotsf cfwf/df
;;fgf 9'ª\uf tyf xl/of] /ªdf ;dfgtf, leGgtf, klxrfg
8'afP/ ;fdu|Lsf] tof/L / t'ngf, hf]836fp,
/ ;d"xsfo{, :kz{, kvf{n, 3/, k'nx?nufot
ugfOnufot lgdf{0f sfo{df pkof]u

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 3

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 k|of]uaf6 xfl;n x'g]
;fdu|Lsf] gfd ;ª\sng k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf
l;k jf pknlAw
5]:sfx? afF; jf cGo ;f]emf ;d"xsfo{ -x]/]/, 5fd]/, cfs[lt, k|of]u,
l;Gsfx? gfd eg]/, k|of]u u/]/_, agf]6nufotsf cfwf/df
v]n ljlw, :kz{, ugfO ;dfgtf, leGgtf, klxrfg
/ cfjZostfg';f/ / t'ngf, hf]836fp,
k|of]u u/]/ kvf{n, 3/, k'nx?nufot
lgdf{0f sfo{df pkof]u
ds}sf vf]of ds}sf vf]of -pdfn]/ ;d"xsfo{ -x]/]/, 5fd]/, cfs[lt, k|of]u,
agfOPsf g/d vf]of_ gfd eg]/, k|of]u u/]/_, agf]6nufotsf cfwf/df
v]n ljlw, :kz{, ugfO ;dfgtf, leGgtf, klxrfg
/ cfjZostfg';f/ / t'ngf, hf]836fp,
k|of]u u/]/ kvf{n, 3/, 3]/faf/,
dfnfx?nufot lgdf{0f
sfo{df pkof]u
afF;sf] 9'ª\u|f] afF; -!^ OGr, !@ cjnf]sg u/]/, cfs[lt, k|of]u,
OGr, * OGr / $ OGrsf]
b'/lagsf ?kdf agf]6nufotsf cfwf/df
cfsf/sf sf6]sf] efudf
k|of]u u/]/, cfsf/ / ;dfgtf, leGgtf, klxrfg
vfS;Ln] /fd|/L 3f]6]/
cfs[ltlar t'ngf u/]/, / t'ngf tyf ;fdu|L
5]:sfn] g3f]Rg] agfpg]_
ljleGg ;fdu|L lgdf{0f lgdf{0f tyf k|of]u
u/]/
kfgL ;kmf kfgL / ljleGg ;d"x sfo{ -kfgLdf cjwf/0ff ljsf;, kfgLsf]
cfsf/sf efF8f 8'Ag], pqg], klUng] / pkof]u ;Da4 l;k ljsf;
gklUng] j:t'x?sf]
/vfO, ljleGg cfsf/sf
efF8fdf kfgL e/fO tyf
vGofO_
oftfoftsf ;fwg a;, 3f]8f, l/S;f, el/of, cjnf]sg u/]/, ;fwg klxrfg, kl/ro,
-gd'gf jf v]nf}gf_ df]6/, df]6/;fOsn, k|of]u u/]/, cfsf/ / ljz]iftf / pkof]usf
8'ªu\ f, xjfO{hxfh, cfs[ltlar t'ngf u/]/ If]q j0f{g, e|d0fsf nflu
nl8of, e]8f, 6«s, b'/L, 7fpF / oftfoftsf
;fOsnnufotsf lrq ;fwgaf/]sf] 5nkmn
jf gd'gf jf v]nf}gf jf
oyfy{ j:t' cjnf]sg

4 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
o; k'l:tsfdf /x]sf :yfgLo ;fdu|L / k|of]usf ;f/
;fdu|Lsf] gfd kl/ro k|of]u ljz]iftf
lrqkQL lrq x]/L gfd eGg k|of]u Vf]n, 5nkmn, vf]h, Pp6f dfq lrqaf6 agfOG5 .
u/Lg] ;fdu|L tyf k|bz{g ljlwdf
k|of]u u/L lrq
lrgf/L ug{ ;lsg]
cIf/kQL cIf/ x]/]/ k9\g agfOPsf] Vf]n, 5nkmn, vf]h, Pp6f dfq cIf/af6
sf8{ tyf k|bz{g ljlwdf agfOG5 .
k|of]u u/L cIf/
lrgf/L ug{ ;lsg]
lrq jf cIf/ rf6{ / lrq jf cIf/sf] ;dfgtf k|bz{g, v]n, vf]h, lrq rf6{df h'g cIf/ jf
8fO; jf leGgtf 5'6\ofpg / 5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/ lrq 5, uf]6Ldf klg ToxL
cg'ej ug{ k|of]u ug]{ ljlwaf6 cIf/ j:t'sf] cIf/ jf lrq k|of]u u/L
;fdu|L ;dfgtf / leGgtf agfOG5 .
5'6\ofpg
xfd|f] l6eL sf6'g{ aS; jf e]g:] 6fsf k|bz{g, 5nkmn, x]bf{ l6eL h:t} b]lvG5,
kftf jf kmn]s jf cGo k|Zgf]Q/, syfjfrg sf7sf] n6\7L 3'dfP/
:yfgLo txdf pko'St ljlwaf6 l;sfO u/Lg] sk8fsf] l:j|mg tndfly
cfsf/sf ;fdu|L hf]8/] ;fl/G5 . Knfl:6s jf
l6eLsf] cfsf/df lrq ;fy} sk8fdf lrqx? 6fFl;Psf]
lrqsyf x]g{ / eGgsf jf agfPsf] x'G5 .
nflu agfPsf ;fdu|L
a|f];/ sf8{ a|f];/ sf8{ !!x!$ k|bz{g, 5nkmn, tLgcf]6f kmf]N8df ^ cf]6f
OGrsf] d]6fsf8{nfO{ k|Zgf]Q/, v]n ljlwaf6 kf6f x'G5g\ . Pp6f kf6fdf
a/fa/ tLgefudf kmf]N8 l;sfO u/Lg] Ps} ljifosf lrq x'G5g\ .
u/L k|To]s kmf]N8df lrq
6fF;L agfPsf] ;fdu|L
sljtf / uLtkQL 5f]6f ld7f uLt jf uLt, k|bz{g, 5nkmn, xft]sf8{df 5f]6f ld7f
sljtfx? xft]sf8{df k|Zgf]Q/ ljlwaf6 sljtf jf uLt pNn]v
n]v]/ agfOPsf ;fdu|L l;sfO u/Lg] x'G5 .
vfB z[ª\vnf rf6{ vfB z[ªv \ nf eGgfn] cfk"m k|bz{g, 5nkmn, Rff6{ jf kf/bzL{ Knfl:6ssf
/ cfgf] kl/jf/n] b}lgs k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u a6\6fdf vfBj:t' /flvPsf]
?kdf vfgfdf k|of]u ug{] ljlwaf6 l;sfO u/Lg] x'G5 .
vfBj:t' ;ª\sng u/L
sIffsf]7fdf ;xh ?kdf
k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L rf6{ jf
kf/bzL{ Knfl:6ssf a6\6fdf
/flvPsf vfB;fdu|L

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 5

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 ;fdu|Lsf] gfd kl/ro k|of]u ljz]iftf
yf]Kn] lrq sf8{ !!x!$ OGrsf] k]k/df d k|bz{g, 5nkmn, Rff6{df Pp6f yf]Kn] lrq
/ d]/f] kl/jf/h:t} u/L k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u x'G5 .
jf cGo ljifoIf]q;Fu ljlwaf6 l;sfO u/Lg]
;DalGwt yf]Kn] lrq
agfPsf] sf8{
sfuhsf] l;Gsf uGtL ug{, ljleGg j:t'sf] k|bz{g, 5nkmn, sfuhnfO{ a6f/L nfDrf] /
cfj[mlt lgdf{0f u/L k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u uf]nf] cfsf/df agfOG5 .
cjwf/0ff lbg sfuhaf6 ljlwaf6 l;sfO u/Lg]
agfPsf] l;Gsf ;fdu|L
lrq khn !$x@@ OGrsf] rf6{k]k/df k|bz{g, 5nkmn, !%cf]6f sf]7f ePsf] rf6{ /
lrq k|of]u u/L lgdf{0f k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u lrqkQL lrq khn xf] .
u/L agfOPsf] ;fdu|L ljlwaf6 l;sfO u/Lg]
-o;sf nflu lrq
sf8{x? cfjZos x'G5 ._
l;Gs] kk]6 kk]6df l;Gsf xfnL k|bz{g, 5nkmn, Pp6f kk]6df Pp6f lrq /
k|bz{g, 5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/, k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u l;Gsfsf] k|of]u u/L h;n]
v]n, k|of]u ljlwaf6 syf clego ljlwaf6 l;Gsfdf ;dfP/ k|of]u
l;sfO u/Lg] ;fdu|L l;sfO u/Lg] u/Lg] .
xft] kk]6 j:t'sf] cfsf/cg';f/ k|bz{g, 5nkmn, Pp6f xft] kk]6df Pp6f
sk8fleq g/d j:t' /fvL k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u j:t'sf] cfj[mlt b]lvG5 .
agfOg] ;fdu|L -kfqcg';f/ syf clego ljlwaf6
syf eGg, j:t' j:t'lar l;sfO u/Lg]
s'/fsfgL u/fpg, j:t'
lrgfpg cfsif{s x'G5 ._
cf}Fn] kk]6 xTs]nf / cf}n“ fcfsf/df k|bz{g, 5nkmn, sk8f l;nfP/ xftsf]
sk8f l;nfP/ agfOPsf] k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u,cf}“nf jf kGhf cfsf/sf]
;fdu|L -km/s km/s cf}n “ fdf syf clego ljlwaf6 x'G5 . k|To]s cf}“nfdf
km/s km/s dflg; jf l;sfO u/Lg] km/s km/s dflg; jf
j:t'sf] lrq jf ;fh;Hhf ljleGg j:t'sf] lrq jf
u/L k|of]u u/LG5 ._ ;fh;Hhf x'G5 .
Wffuf] kk]6 $x% cfsf/sf] k|bz{g, 5nkmn, lrqsf8{df wfuf] pg]sf]
d]6fsf8{df lrq 6fF;L k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u x'G5 .
wfuf] pg]/ agfOPsf] syf, clego ljlwaf6
;fdu|L -of] ;fdu|L syf l;sfO u/Lg]
eGbf kfqx?sf] clego
u/fpg cfsif{s x'G5 ._

6 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 ;fdu|Lsf] gfd kl/ro k|of]u ljz]iftf
8f]ldgf] -lrq lrq;Fu lrq, / lrq;Fu k|bz{g, 5nkmn, Pp6f sf8{df Pp6f lrq
8f]ldgf]÷zAb 8f]ldgf]_ zAb khn v]nsf] k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u jf zAb x'G5 .
?kaf6 hf]8f ldnfpg ljlwaf6 l;sfO u/Lg]
k|of]u u/Lg] ;fdu|L
Gffukf; Gffukf; Vf]nsf] k|bz{g, 5nkmn, juf{sf/ afSnf] sfuhsf]
dfWodaf6 lrq cª\s k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u af]8d{ f @) cf]6f sf]7f x'G5g\,
lrGg] / eGg] ;fdu|L ljlwaf6 l;sfO u/Lg] sf]7fdf e¥ofª / ;k{sf lrq
x'G5g\ . e¥ofªsf d'vdf
;sf/fTds / ;k{sf d'vdf
gsf/fTds ;Gb]z lbg] lrq
6fFl;Psf x'G5g\ . 3gfsf/
uf]6Ldf !,@,#== = ^ yf]Knf
x'G5g\, of] uf]6L e'OdF f kmfn]/
v]lng] v]n xf] .
3/ khn ;Unf] 3/sf] lrq k|bz{g, 5nkmn, ;Unf] 3/sf] lrq sf6]/
sf6]sf 6'j|mf hf]8L k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u ljleGg cfsf/df agfOPsf
v]nsf] dfWodaf6 ljlwaf6 l;sfO u/Lg] 6'j|m] lrq xf] .
3/sf ljleGg efux?sf]
cjwf/0ff lbg] ;fdu|L
Nof; sf8{ afnaflnsfnfO{{ lrq / k|bz{g, 5nkmn, Pp6f Nof;sf8{df Pp6f
zAb lrgfpg, pRrf/0f k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u lrq / zAb x'G5 .
ug{ k|of]u u/Lg] ;fdu|L ljlwaf6 l;sfO u/Lg]
ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t -s_ /ª gel/Psf ljleGg k|bz{g, 5nkmn, lglZrt cfsf/sf] lrq
sfo{k'l:tsf -Work j:t'sf lrqdf j:t'sf k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u, sf8{df /ª gel/Psf] lrqx?
sheet_ /ª eg{ nufP/ l;sfpg] cEof; ljlwaf6 l;sfO x'G5g\ . lj|mofsnfkdf
k|bz{g, 5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/, u/Lg] cfwfl/t k[i7fsf/ ;fdu|L
v]n, k|of]u ljlwaf6 ljsf; u/LG5g\ .
l;sfO u/Lg] ;fdu|L
-v_ ljifout l;k ljsf;sf
nflu lgwf{l/t lj|mofsnfkdf
cfwfl/t ;fdu|L
z'esfdgf sf8{ hGdlbg, rf8kj{ pT;jdf k|bz{g, 5nkmn, cfkmGtsf hGdlbg jf cGo
cfgf cfkmGtnfO{ lbO{ k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u pT;jdf z'esfdgf kfpg]sf]
efjgfTds ;DaGw ljsf; ljlwaf6 l;sfO u/Lg] kmf]6f] jf /fd|f tl:a/ /fvL
u/fpg] l;sfO ;fdu|L z'esfdgf n]v]/ lbO{ k|of]u
u/LG5 .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 7

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 ;fdu|Lsf] gfd kl/ro k|of]u ljz]iftf
rª\uf cfsf/k|sf/, /ª, k|bz{g, 5nkmn, Jfuf{sf/ rª\uf cfsf/sf]
dgf]/Ghg tyf ;f+:s[lts k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u /ª\uLg sfuhdf l;Gsf /
kIfsf] af]w u/fpg k|of]u ljlwaf6 l;sfO u/Lg] wfuf] k|of]u u/L agfOPsf]
u/Lg] ;fdu|L x'G5 .
sf8{af]8{ lrqsf] dfWodaf6 k|bz{g, 5nkmn, !)x!@ sf] af]8{df ljifoj:t'
ljifoj:t'sf] hfgsf/L k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u cg';f/sf lrq agfPsf
u/fpg] ;fdu|L ljlwaf6 l;sfO u/Lg] cyf{t 6fFl;Psf .
kfqf] jf Sofn]G8/ Aff/, ut], dlxgf jif{ k|bz{g, 5nkmn, leQ]kfqf] cfsf/df af/
/ ljleGg rf8kj{sf] k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u ut], dlxgf, jif{ / rf8kj{
hfgsf/L lbO{ l;sfpg ljlwaf6 l;sfO u/Lg] pNn]v ePsf] x'G5 .
k|of]u u/Lg] ;fdu|L
38L ;]s]G8, ldg]6, 306f k|bz{g, 5nkmn, Rff6{k]k/df leQ]38L
cyf{t\ ;do lrgfpg k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u cfsf/df agfOG5 .
k|of]u u/Lg] ;fdu|L ljlwaf6 l;sfO u/Lg]
hGdlbgsf] rf6{ afnaflnsfnfO{{ pgLx?sf k|bz{g, 5nkmn, Wffufn] a]n'g / hGd dlxgf
hGdlbgsf] hfgsf/L k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u / ut] ePsf] sf8{ afFlwPsf]
u/fpg tof/ u/LPsf] ljlwaf6 l;sfO u/Lg] x'G5 . a]n'gdf ;DalGwt
;fdu|L ljBfyL{sf] kmf]6f] 6fFl;Psf]
x'G5 .
;do / sfdsf] rf6{ afnaflnsfnfO{{ s'g k|bz{g, 5nkmn, Rff6{k]k/df sfdsf] ljj/0f
;dodf s] sfd ug]{ egL k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u n]vL, 38L agfP/ 6fFl;Psf]
hfgsf/L u/fpg] ;fdu|L ljlwaf6 l;sfO u/Lg] x'G5 .
emG8f cfsf/, /ª;lxt g]kfnsf] k|bz{g, 5nkmn, /ftf], lgnf], 3fd / h"g
emG8f lrgfpg k|of]u k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u ePsf] tLgs'g] g]kfnsf]
u/Lg] ;fdu|L ljlwaf6 l;sfO u/Lg] emG8f cfsf/sf] x'G5 .
j]ife"iff af]8{ ljleGg hfthflt, k|bz{g, 5nkmn, Rff6{df ljleGg k|sf/sf
pd]/ ;d"x, lnª\u, k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u, klx/gsf] lrq agfOPsf]
e"uf]ncg';f/ nufOg] vf]h ljlwaf6 l;sfO cyf{t\ 6fFl;Psf] x'G5 .
klx/gsf] l;sfOsf nflu u/Lg]
tof/ u/LPsf] ;fdu|L
gS;f Affn'jf, lk7f], sf7sf] w'nf] k|bz{g, 5nkmn, Rff6{k]k/df agfPsf] l;Gs]
jf cGo s'g} :yfgLo k|Zgf]Q/, v]n, k|of]u, lrq dfly k]mljsf]n nufO{
;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L vf]h ljlwaf6 l;sfO afn'jf, lk7f], sf7sf] w'nf]
ljleGg cfj[mlt agfpg u/Lg] cflb 6fFl;Psf] x'G5 .
l;sfOg] ;fdu|L

8 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 :yfgLo ;fdu|Laf6 ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;
oL ;a} :yfgLo ;fdu|Laf6 afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{ª\uL0f -zf/Ll/s, ;fdflhs,
;+j]ufTds, af}l4s, eflifs, ;f+:s[lts_ ljsf; u/fpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . oxfF
lbOPsf Pp6} ;fdu|Ln] ;s];Dd w]/} kIfdf ;xof]u k'Ug] lsl;dsf 5g\, jf
;fdu|LnfO{ ljleGg lj|mofsnfkdf hf]8]/ ljleGg kIfsf] ljsf; ug{ k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 . lzIfsx?n] lgDg ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;sf] vfsfdf x/]s ;fdu|Laf6 s]
s:tf] kIfsf] ljsf; u/fpg ;lsG5 ;dLIff ug{' x'g]5 .

;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;sf] vfsf

;fdflhs ljsf;
;fdu|Lsf dfWodaf6 afnaflnsf ldn]/ v]Ng],
Wofgs]lGb|t ug],{ g]tT[ j lng] h:tf ;fdflhs
l;ksf] ljsf; s;/L u/fpg ;lsG5 <

zf/Ll/s ljsf;
;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uaf6
s:tf cªux?sf] ;+j]ufTds ljsf;
ljsf; x'g] lsl;dsf Affnaflnsfn] ljleGg
v]n jf cEof; ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uaf6 ;+j]u klxrfg tyf
u/fpg ;lsG5 < ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf; Joj:yfkg ug{df
;fdu|Ln] s;/L d2t
ug{ ;S5 <

eflifs ljsf;
afnaflnsfsf] ;'gfO,
af]nfO, k"j{ k9fO tyf k"j{
n]vfOdf ;fdu|Ln] s;/L af}l4s ljsf;
d2t k'¥ofpg ;S5 < ;fdu|Laf6 s]s:tf
ljifoj:t'af/] 1fg a9\5 <
;f+:s[lts ljsf; s] s:tf ljz]iftfx?
;fdu|LnfO{ :yfgLo vfgkfg, yfxf x'G5 < s] s:tf
klx/g, rfnrng;Fu s;/L ts{x? ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ <
hf]8\g ;lsG5 <

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 9

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 v08 @ ;fdu|L lgdf{0f

!= lrqkQL
s'g} klg 7f]; j:t'nfO{ l;;fsnd / /ªsf] k|of]u u/L vfnL k]k/df h:tfsf]
To:t} ptfl/Psf] ;fdu|LnfO{ lrq elgG5 . efiff pTkfbgsf lx;fan] lrqx?nfO{
cGt/f{li6«o efiff elgG5 . lrq Pp6} 5 t/ efiff km/s x'G5 / klg a'emfO
cyf{t\ wf/0ff Pp6} x'G5 . To;sf/0f lrqnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o efiff elgG5 . xfd|f]
h:tf] ljljw dft[efiff af]Ng] ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfnfO{{ ;xh tl/sfn] l;sfO ug{
lrq cToGt dxÎjk"0f{ ;fdu|L x'G5 . sltko 7f];j:t' sIffdf pknAw u/fpg
;lsFb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf l;sfOsf nflu lrqsf] k|of]u dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 . sIffdf
pknAw 7f]; j:t'nfO{ klg lrqsf] dfWodaf6 k|:t't u/fpFbf afnaflnsfn] lrq /
7f];j:t'sf] ;DaGw cfFsng ug{ ;Sb5g\ / l;sfO ;/n x'G5 . lrqx? k|of]usf
lx;fan] km/s km/s ;fOhdf lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . lrqx? b'O{ lsl;daf6
agfpg ;lsG5 . j:t'ut lrqnfO{ lrqkQLdf agfpg ;lsG5 eg] ljifout
lrqnfO{ 7'nf] cfsf/df agfpg ;lsG5 .

10 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t /xL
PsLs[t l;k ljsf;sf nflu lrqkQL lgdf{0f ug]{5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
Rff6{k]k/, lrq kf]:6/ jf lrq lk|G6, s}“rL, ljleGg cfsf/sf d]6fsf8{,
l;;fsnd, :s]n, km]lasf]n, a|;, /ª, afn'jf, dfs{/, wfuf], klGrª

l;sfO ljlw
cjnf]sg, JolStut sfo{, ;d"x v]n

k"j{tof/L
;fdu|L lgdf{0fsf nflu ;x;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yfkg / lj|mofsnfksf nflu ldNg]
a;fOsf] Joj:yf

z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug]{ tl/sf

 rf6{k]k/nfO{ nDafOlt/af6 k6\ofpg'xf];\ / sf6\g'xf];\ . To;sf] cfsf/ @*x@@
OGrsf] x'G5 .
 k]k/nfO{ k'gM k6\ofpg'xf];\ / sf6\gx' f];\ . To;sf] cfsf/ !!x!$ OGrsf] x'G5 .
 k]k/nfO{ k'gM k6\ofpg'xf];\ / sf6\g'xf];\ . To;sf] cfsf/ &x!! OGrsf] x'G5 .
 k]k/nfO{ k'gM k6\ofpg'xf];\ / sf6\g'xf];\ . To;sf] cfsf/ %=%x& OGrsf] x'G5 .
 k]k/nfO{ k'gM k6\ofpg'xf];\ / sf6\gx' f];\ . To;sf] cfsf/ #=%x%=% OGrsf] x'G5 .
 o; cfsf/df tof/ u/LPsf] lrqkQL jf j0f{kQLaf6 afnaflnsfnfO{{ ;d"xdf
v]nfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 . ks]6 af]8{df k|of]u u/Lg] kQL rflx“ $x% OGr cfsf/sf g}
agfpg'xf];\ .
 To; lrq lk|G6af6 lrq sf6]/ lgsfNg'xf];\ .
 lrqnfO{ ud jf km]lasf]n k|of]u u/L lrqkQLdf 6fF:g'xf];\ .
 lrqdf ud jf km]lasf]n bNg'xf];\ / To;dfly afn'jf tyf ux'F jf sf]bf]sf bfgf
lrqdf 6Dd ldNg] u/L 5fKg'xf];\ . o;/L lrqdf afn'jf jf bfgf 5fDbf, :kz{
ubf{ afnaflnsfn] pTk|]/0ff kfFp5g\ .
 cfsif{s kfg{ To; dfly lrq;Fu ldNg] /ª bNg'xf];\ .
 Ps OGr 5f8]sf] efudf dfs{/n] lrqsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ . o;/L lrqsf8{ tof/ x'G5 .

k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfx?

tl/sf !
 ljBfyL{nfO{ uf]nf] 3]/fdf /fVg'xf];\ . kfn};Fu lrqsf8{ b]vfpg'xf];\ / lrqsf]
gfd eGg nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{n] eGg g;s] cfk}mFn] eGg'xf];\ .
 Tof] lrq;Fu ldNg] c¿ ;fdu|L s] s] x'g ;S5g\ -pbfx/0fsf nflu cª\u jf
r/f_, b]vfpg jf 5'g nufO{ gfd eGg nufpg'xf];\ . j:t'sf] gfd eGbf eflifs
z'4tfsf] Vofn ug'{xf];\ .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 11

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
  ca xfdL v]n v]nf}“ eGg'xf];\ . uf]nf] 3]/fdf a;]sf afnaflnsfnfO{{ Pp6f
Pp6f lrqsf8{ afF8g\ x' f];\ . lrqsf8{ ljifoj:t';uF ;DalGwt u/]/ agfpg'xf];\ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu o;df d]/f] z/L/sf af/]df lbOPsf] 5 .
 Ps5]paf6 v]n ;'/m ug'x{ f];\ . v]n ;'/m ug]{ ljBfyL{n] cfk"m;Fu ePsf] lrq sf8{sf]
gfd eGg] 5g\, h:t} M sfg . ;Fu} ljBfyL{n] cfcfgf] sfg 5'bF } æsfgÆ eGg]5g\ .
 To;kl5 sfgsf] lrqsf8{ bfFofsf] ;fyLnfO{ lbg] 5g\ . ca bfFofsf] ;fyLsf]
kfnf] cfpg]5 . pgL;Fu b'O{cf]6f lrqsf8{ x'g]5 . klxnf cfk"m;Fu ePsf]
lrqsf8{ b]vfpg] 5g\ / gfd eGg] 5g\, h:t} M gfs . ;a} ljBfyL{n] cfgf]
gfs 5f]P/ ægfsÆ eGg]5g\ / pgn] Tof] sf8{ bfFofsf] ;fyLnfO{ lbg] 5g\ .
 o;} u/L ;a} ljBfyL{n] ;a} sf8{sf] gfd geg'Gh]n v]nfpg ;lsG5 .

tl/sf @
 3gfsf/ jf rf/kf6f ePsf] sf7sf] uf]6L lng'xf];\ . cª\usf lrqx?
agfpg'xf];\ jf lk|G6 ug'{xf];\ . lrqsf8{df h'g h'g lrq 5g\ tL lrq;Fu
ldNg] lrq uf]6Lsf ;a} efudf 6fF:g'xf];\ . lrqsf8{nfO{ e'OFdf l˚Fhfpg'xf];\ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn};Fu uf]6L v]Ng lbg'xf];\ . uf]6Lsf] dfly h'g lrq klN6G5 Tof]
sf8{ uf]6L xftdf xNnfP/ e'OFdf emfg]{ ljBfyL{sf] x'G5 . pgn] k]ml/ uf]6L xftdf
xNnfP/ e'OFdf emfg{ kfpg] 5g\ . o;/L kfn};Fu e'OFdf lkmFhfPsf] lrqsf8{
g;s'Gh]n uf]6L xftdf xNnfP/ e'OFdf emfg{ nufpg'xf];\ . cGTodf h;sf]
;fydf lrqsf8{ a9L x'G5 pgL ljh]tf x'g]5g\ .

tl/sf #
 ;a} lrqsf8{ nfdf] wfufdf pGg'xf];\ / sIffdf jf/kf/ x'gu] /L 6fFUg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{nfO{
nx/df /fVg'xf];\ / nx/df lxF8b\ } lrq b]vfpFb} gfd eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
 ;a} ljBfyL{sf] bflxg] xTs]nfdf Pp6f Pp6f lrqsf8{ afFlwlbg'xf];\ . b'O{
ljBfyL{nfO{ cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg] /fVg'xf];\ . b'j} ljBfyL{sf] lrq sf8{ afFlwPsf]
xTs]nfnfO{ klg cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg] x'g] u/L dfly p7fpg nufpg'xf];\ . To;kl5

12 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 b'j}xftsf lrqlar kl/ro / sfdsf ljifodf s'/f u/fpg'xf];\ . lrq cfd'Gg]
;fd'Gg] ePklg s'/fsfgL ubf{ ljBfyL{n] g} af]Ng'kg]{ 5 .

s'/fsfgLsf] gd'gf
 ltdL sf] xf} <
 d sfg x'F . ltdL lg <
 d cfFvf x'F .
 ltdL s] sfd u5f}{ <
 d t c¿n] af]n]sf] ;'Gg] u5'{ . clg ltd|f] sfd rflx“ s] xf] lg <
 d]/f] sfd x]g]{ xf] .
 o;/L 5f]6f] s'/fsfgL kfn};Fu ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ u/fpg ;lsg] 5 .
 v]n v]ln;s]kl5 ;fdu|L ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ / ;'/lIft x'g]u/L /fVg'xf];\ .

o;}u/L cGo ljifoj:t' h:t} kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf] lrq, kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?n]

nufpg] kf];fs, cfk"mn] nufpg] kf];fs, cfk"mn] ug]{ sfd, kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf] sfd,
;/;kmfO ub}{ u/]sf sfo{x?nfO{ lrqsf8{ agfP/ lj|mofsnfk u/fpg ;lsg] 5 .

@= j0f{kQL
afnaflnsfnfO{{ cfgf] gfd, ;fyLx?sf] gfd, cfgf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf] gfd eGbf
;'/mdf s;/L pRrf/0f x'G5 eGg] s'/f hfgsf/L u/fpg j0f{kQLsf] k|of]u ug'{ pko'St
x'G5 . o;n] j0f{kQL;Fu v]Nbf v]Nb} ck|ToIf ?kdf cIf/ lrGg ;xof]u k'U5 .
pgLx?n] pRRff/0f ug]{ a9LeGbf a9L zAbx? ;fyLsf gfd, bfO, lbbL, alxgLsf
gfd tyf cfk"mn] k|of]u ug]{ j:t'sf gfd x'g\ . afnaflnsfn] w]/e} Gbf w]/} pRrf/0f
ug]{ zAbnfO{ v]nsf] dfWodaf6 k|of]udf NofpFbf l56f] a'emfO x'g] / kl5;Dd ;Demgf
/xg] x'G5 . of] lj|mofsnfkn] afnaflnsfsf] k"jc
{ g'ej;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw /fVg] x'gfn]
v]n, s'/fsfgL, 5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/df lgw{Ss ;xefuL x'g ;Sb5g\ .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 13

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t /xL
PsLs[t l;k ljsf;sf nflu cIf/kQL lgdf{0f ug]{ 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
uQf sfuh, rf6{k]k/, :s]n, km/s km/s ;fOhsf d]6fsf8{, P kmf]/ sfuh,
l;;fsnd, sn/, dfs{/ k]g, s}“rL, 6]k, /ª\uLg sfuh, :6\ofKn/, wfuf],
9nfg lsNnf, cIf/ dfnf

l;sfO ljlw
cjnf]sg, JolStut sfo{, ;d"x v]n

k"j{tof/L
;fdu|L lgdf{0fsf nflu ;x;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yfkg / lj|mofsnfksf nflu ldNg]
a;fOsf] Joj:yf

;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug]{ tl/sf

 Rff6{k]k/af6 #=%x%=% OGrsf] w]/} dfqfdf d]6fsf8{ tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
 d]6fsf8{sf] nDafOlt/af6 dfly / tn !=%x!=% nDafOlt/af6 )=%x)=% OGr
5f8]/ l;;fsndn] /]vf tfGg'xf];\ . lardf @=% ju{ OGrsf] sf]7f aG5 . To;
ju{sf]7fe/L x'g] u/L dfs{/n] 7'nf] cIf/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
 cIf/sf] /]vfdf ud jf km]lasf]n bNg'xf];\ .
 To;kl5 km]lasf]n bn]sf] /]vfdf dl;gf] afn'jf /fVg'xf];\ / /ª nufpg'xf];\ .
 d]6fsf8{sf] dfly klGrªn] Kjfn kfg'{xf];\ . To;df wfuf] pg]/ dfnf nufpg
ldNg] agfpg'xf];\ .
 o;/L j0f{kQL tof/ x'G5 .

k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfx?

k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf ! M gfdaf6 cIf/ lrGg] v]n
 afnaflnsfnfO{{ uf]nf] 3]/fdf /fVg'xf];\ .
 cIf/kQLnfO{ ljBfyL{sf] uf]nf] 3]/fsf] lardf lkmFhfpg'xf];\ .
 kfn};Fu ljBfyL{sf] gfd eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{n] gfd elg;s]kl5 ltd|f] gfd t of] cIf/af6 ;'/m x'Fbf] /x]5 eGg'xf];\
/ Tof] cIf/kQLsf] dfnf nufOlbg'xf];\ .
 of] k|lj|mofaf6 ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ dfnf nufOlbPkl5 cfgf] gfd eg]/ cfk"m klg
cIf/kQLsf] dfnf nufpg'xf];\ .
 cfgf] gfdsf] ;'/msf] cIf/ s:tf] 5 x]/ / 5fd eGg'xf];\ .
 ;fyLsf gfdsf cIf/ s:tf 5g\, kfn};Fu 5fd / x]/ eGg'xf];\ .
 x]/]/ Pjd\ cIf/df afn'jf /flvPsfn] cf}“nfsf] :kz{af6 cIf/sf cfsf/sf]
cg'ej ug{ ;xh x'G5 .

14 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf @
 afnaflnsfnfO{{ kfFr kfFr hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
 Pp6} cIf/af6 gfd cfpg] w]/} afnaflnsf x'g ;S5g\ To;}n] ;d"x agfpFbf
km/s km/s cIf/af6 gfd cfpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ .
 ;xhstf{n] cfgf] gfdsf] dfnf nufpg'xf];\ / d]/f] dfnfsf] cIf/;Fu ldNg] dfnf
sf] sf];uF 5 eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\ / afnaflnsfnfO{{ xft p7fpg nufpg'xf];\ .
 h:t} s af6 gfd cfpg] snf, sfhn, ls;g, s}nf;, sf]dn x'g ;S5 .
 ;xhstf{n] ;f]Wg'xf];\, æd]/f] dfnfsf] h:t} cIf/ sf] sf];Fu /x]5 < d]/f]
cIf/dfnf;Fu pgLx?sf] dfnf lsg ldn]sf] xf]nf < d]/f] gfdsf] cIf/;Fu s;
s;sf] gfd ldNbf] /x]5 <Æ
 o;} u/L csf]{ cIf/sf] dfnf ePsf] afnaflnsfnfO{{ cufl8 Nofpg'xf];\ /
o;}u/L lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'xf];\ .
 Pp6f ;d"xnfO{ uf]nf] 3]/fdf pEO{fpg'xf];\ . kfn}kfnf] ;a}hgfnfO{ ;a} cIf/ cf}n
“ fn]
b]vfP/ k9\g nufpg'xf];\ . c¿ afFsL ;d"xnfO{ klg cfcfgf] ;d"xdf To;/L g}
cEof; ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . k9\bf slxn] ;'N6f] / slxn] pN6f]af6 klg u/fpg'xf];\ .
 v]n v]ln;s]kl5 ;fdu|L ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ / ;'/lIft x'g]u/L /fVg'xf];\ .
 of] lj|mofsnfk kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] gfdaf6 klg u/fpg ;lsg] 5 . o;/L
lj|mofsnfk u/fpFbf afnaflnsfn] cIf/sf] cfsf/df x'g] ;dfgtf / leGgtf
cg'ej ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
 o; ;fdu|L;lxtsf] lj|mofsnfkn] afnaflnsfdf cfwf/e"t Pjd\ ljifout l;ksf]
ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

#= lrq jf cIf/ rf6{ / 8fO;

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 15

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 of] ;fdu|L afnaflnsfsf nflu v]nsf] dfWodaf6 lrq jf cIf/sf] ;dfgtf jf
leGgtf 5'6\ofpg k|of]u u/LG5 . of] v]n]/ l;Sg] x'Fbf afnaflnsfx? pT;flxt
x'G5g\ . of] v]n afnaflnsfx?sf] ;fgf ;fgf ;d"x agfP/ v]nfOG5 . o;sf
nflu ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{{ k'Ug] u/L ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 .

p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t PsLs[t
l;k ljsf;sf nflu lrq jf cIf/ rf6{ lgdf{0f ug]{ 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
rf6{k]k/, :s]n, km/s km/s ;fOhsf d]6fsf8{, sf7sf] 8fO; -uf]6L_,
Pkmf]/ sfuh, l;;fsnd, sn/, dfs{/ k]g, s}“rL, ud, /ª\uLg sfuh

l;sfO ljlw
cjnf]sg, JolStut sfo{, ;d"x v]n

k"j{tof/L
;fdu|L lgdf{0fsf nflu ;x;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yfkg / lj|mofsnfksf nflu ldNg]
a;fOsf] Joj:yf

;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug]{ tl/sf

*x* OGrsf] d]6fsf8{ tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
d]6fsf8{nfO{ nDafOlt/af6 a/fa/sf ^ cf]6f sf]7f agfpg'xf];\ .
xh'/a'af, xh'/cfdf, a'af, cfdf, lbbL, bfOsf lrq d]6fsf8{sf] sf]7f ;fOh
/ 8fO;sf] kf6f ;fOhsf lrq lk|G6 u/]/ jf k'/fgf k':ts jf kqklqsfaf6
vf]h]/ tof/ ug'{xf];\ . cGo ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt u/]/ lrq ;ª\sng u/L
o:tf rf6{x? agfpg ;lsG5 .
8fO;sf] ^ cf]6} kf6fdf / d]6fsf8{sf] ^ cf]6} sf]7fdf lrqx? 6fF:g'xf];\ .
o;/L 8fO; ;d"xdf Pp6f Pp6f k'Ug] u/L / lrq rf6{ ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ k'Ug]
u/L agfpg'xf];\ .
lrq rf6{sf] sf]7f a/fa/ /lª\ug k]k/af6 ^ cf]6f 6'j|mfsf b/n] ;a}
afnaflnsfnfO{{ k'Ug] u/L tof/ ug'{xf];\ .

k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

ljBfyL{x?nfO{ rf/ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'x{ f];\ . ;a} ;d"xnfO{ sf7sf] uf]6L / lrq
6fF;s
] f] sf8{ / ^ cf]6fsf b/n] sfuhsf 6'jm| f pknAw u/fpg'xf];\ .
v]nsf] lgod atfpg'xf];\ . ;d"xdf Pshgfaf6 v]n ;'/m ug'x{ f];\ . v]n ;'/m ug]n{ ]
lrq 8fO; xftdf xNNffpg'xf];\ / e'OdF f kmfNg'xf];\ .
uf]6Ldf dfly cfPsf] lrq ;fgf] 6'jm| f sfuhn] 9fSg nufpg'xf];\ .
ca 8fO; csf]{ ;fyLnfO{ lbg'xf];\ . o;/L ;a} ;a} g9fs];Dd kfn}kfnf] v]Ng'xf];\ .

16 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 h;n] ;a}eGbf klxnf ;a} lrq 9fSg'x'G5 pxfF g} v]nsf] ljh]tf x'g'x'G5 .
o;/L k|To]s ;d"xn] Ps k6s v]n v]ln;s]kl5 lrq rf6{ / uf]6L bfFof
lt/af6 3'dfP/ csf]{ ;d"xdf lbg'xf];\ / k]ml/ v]nfpg'xf];\ .
o;/L ;a} rf6{ / uf]6Ldf ;a} ;d"xn] gv]n];Dd v]nfpg'xf];\ .
v]n v]ln;s]kl5 ;fdu|L ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ / ;'/lIft x'g]u/L /fVg'xf];\ .

$= xfd|f] l6eL
of] z}lIfs ;fdu|L sf6'{g aS;f jf e]lg:6fsf kftf, kmn]s jf cGo pkof]uL :yfgLo
;fdu|L hf]8]/ l6eLsf] cfsf/df agfOG5 . clxn]sf] ;Gb{edf afnaflnsfx?
l6eL tyf sDKo'6/af6 lrq tyf sf6'{g x]/]/ /dfpg] ;fy} l;Sg] ;Gbe{df of]
;fdu|L pkof]uL x'G5 . of] ;fdu|Laf6 lrq 5nkmn u/fpg lgs} cfsif{s x'G5 .
ljBfyL{x?n] rfv lbP/ lrq 5nkmndf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ kfpg] 5g\ .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 17

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t PsLs[t
l;k ljsf;sf nflu l6eL lgdf{0f tyf k|of]u ug]{ 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
!$ OGr l6eL cfsf/sf] sf6'g{ aS;f jf cGo ;fGble{s ;fdu|L, !$ OGr rf}8f
ePsf] % ld6/ ;'tL sk8f, a'9Lcf}n
“ fhlt df]6f !^ OGrsf rf/cf]6f n6\7L,
d / d]/f] kl/jf/;Fu ;DalGwt P kmf]/ ;fOhsf lrqx?, rf6{kk] /, :s]n,
l;;fsnd, sn/, dfs{/ k]g, s}r“ L, 6]k, /ª\uLg sfuh

l;sfO ljlw
cjnf]sg, JolStut sfo{, 5nkmn

k"j{tof/L
;fdu|L lgdf{0fsf nflu ;x;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yfkg / lj|mofsnfksf nflu ldNg]
a;fOsf] Joj:yf

;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug]{ tl/sf

!$ OGr l6eL cfsf/sf] sf6'{g aS;f tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
aS;fsf] ^ kf6fdWo] Ps kf6f v'nf agfpg'xf];\ .
kfFrcf]6f kf6fdf rf6{k]k/ 6fF;]/ cfsif{s agfpg'xf];\ .
aS;fsf] vfnL kf6fsf] bfFof / afFof kf6fdf !) ju{ OGr l;;fsndn] sf]7f
agfpg'xf];\ / sf]7fsf] rf/cf]6f sf]0fdf rf/cf]6f Kjfn agfpg'xf];\ -tL Kjfn
tof/ u/LPsf nf}/f ;lhn} l5g]{ x'g'k5{ ._ .
tL Kjfndf n6\7L l5/fpg'xf];\ .
k5fl8sf] b'O{cf]6f n6\7Ldf sk8fsf] b'O{d'v /fd|f];Fu afFWg'xf];\ jf l;nfpg'xf];\
tfls n6\7L 3'dfpFbf sk8f ldn]/ a]l/g'kb{5 .
sk8fdf d / d]/f] kl/jf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg lrqx? h:t} M d]/f z/L/sf
cª\ux?, d]/f] kl/jf/, d]/f] vfg]s'/f, d]/f] ljBfno, d}n] ug]{ b]lgs ;/;kmfO
h:tf lrqx? 6fF:g'xf];\ .
sk8fnfO{ l6eLsf] k5fl8 lt/sf] n6\7Ldf a]g'{xf];\ .
l6eLnfO{ afnaflnsfk6\l6 kmsf{P/ b]vfpFbf tnsf] k5fl8sf] n6\7L aflx/lt/
3'dfpFbf sk8fnfO{ cufl8sf] b'O{cf]6f n6\7Ln] l6eLsf] kbf{ cfsf/ b]vfpF5 /
kbf{ tnlt/ hfG5 .
dflysf] n6\7L cfk"mlt/ 3'dfpFbf :j|mLg dflylt/ hfG5 / sk8f dflyNnf]
n6\7Ldf a]l/G5 .
o;/L xfd|f] l6eL tof/ x'G5 . l6eLnfO{ ;Fw}F sk8fn] 5f]k]/ /fVg'xf];\ .

18 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 xfd|f] l6eL k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf
afnaflnsfnfO{{ uf]nf] 3]/fdf /fVg'xf];\ .
s;s;n] l6eL x]g]{ u/]sf] 5 eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
ltdLx?nfO{ l6eL x]g{ dg k5{ eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . n cfh xfdL klg xfd|f] l6eL
x]g]{ x} t < eGg'xf];\ .
;a} afnaflnsfn] b]lvg] u/L l6eL /fVg'xf];\ .
cfk"m l6eLsf] k5fl8 a:g'xf];\ / cfk"mlt/ ePsf] b'j} n6\7LnfO{ la:tf/}
3'dfpg'xf];\ s]xL ;do l6eLsf] kbf{ -l:j|mg_ nfO{ tndfly u/L /fVg'xf];\ .
ltdLx?n] l6eLdf s] b]lv/x]sf 5f}, k|Zg ub}{ ug'{xf];\ / afnaflnsfsf]
k|ltlj|mof ;'Gb} hfg'xf];\ .
kbf{ -l:j|mg_ df Pp6f k"/f ljifo lrq jf j:t'ut lrq b]vfpg] / afnaflnsfsf]
k"j{cg'ej;Fu ;DalGwt eO{{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
l6eLsf] k|of]u e};s]kl5 htg;fy 5f]k]/ /fVg'xf];\ .

%= a|f];/ sf8{
a|f];/ sf8{ !!x!$ OGrsf] d]6fsf8{nfO{ a/fa/ tLgefudf kmf]N8 u/L lgdf{0f
u/LG5 . of] sf8{nfO{ ;Demgf v]nsf ?kdf ljBfyL{nfO{ v]nfOG5 . of] sf8{sf]
tLg kmf]N8df ^ cf]6f kf6fx? x'G5g\ . ^ cf]6} kf6fx?df km/s km/s ljifosf
;"rgf lbg] cIf/ Pjd\ lrqx? ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 . of] sf8{ ljBfyL{
;ª\Vofcg';f/ k|To]snfO{ k'Ug] u/L agfpg ;lsG5 .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 19

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t PsLs[t
l;k ljsf;sf nflu a|f];/ sf8{ lgdf{0f ug]{ 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
rf6{kk] /, kmf]6f]skL k]k/, s}r“ L, ud, :s]n, lrq

l;sfO ljlw
cjnf]sg, JolStut sfo{, v]n

k"j{tof/L
;fdu|L lgdf{0fsf nflu ;x;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yfkg / lj|mofsnfksf nflu ldNg]
a;fOsf] Joj:yf

a|f];/ sf8{ agfpg] tl/sf

!!x!$ OGrsf] d]6fsf8{nfO{ a/fa/ tLgefu x'g] u/L nDafOaf6 k6\ofpg'xf];\ .
o;/L k6\ofpFbf tLg v08sf] Ps v08 dfq b]lvG5 . of] em6\6 x]bf{ a|f];/
h:t} b]lvG5 .
Pkmf]/ ;fOhsf] ;fbf kfgfnfO{ rf}8fOaf6 lardf k6Øfpg'xf];\ .
k6ØfPsf] kfgfnfO{ nDafOaf6 a/fa/ x'g] u/L b'O{ k6s k6Øfpg'xf];\ .
k6ØfP/ cfPsf] rf}8fOlt/sf] b'j} efudf cw{uf]nfsf/ x'gu] /L s}r“ Ln] sf6\gx' f];\ /
To;nfO{ k'msfpg'xf];\ . hDdf rf/cf]6f efu ePsf] b'Oc { f]6f nfdf] 6'jm| f x'G5 .
rf/ efusf] 6'j|mf ePsf kfgfx? tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
To;nfO{ k6ØfPsf] a|f];/h:t} d]6fsf8{sf] ^ cf]6} efudf km]lasf]nn] 6fF:g'xf];\
. 6fF;]sf] a|f];/h:tf] kmf]N8/sf] klxnf] kfgfdf æ;Demgf v]nÆ n]Vg'xf];\ .
o:t} kmf]N8/ sDtLdf b'O{ hgf ;xefuLnfO{ Ps Pscf]6f k'Ug] u/L tof/
kfg'{xf];\ . tkfOF{n] gd'gfsf nflu agfPsf] kmf]N8/sf] bf];|f] k]hdf s cIf/af6
aGg] $ cf]6f lrq 6fF:g'xf];\ .
tL lrqx? ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt x'g'k5{, h:t}M d / d]/f] z/L/ -skfn,
sfOof], sfsf, syf, cflb_ . -Pp6f efudf Pp6f zAb_ n]Vg'xf];\ . t];|f]
k]hdf v cIf/af6 ag]sf lrqx?, h:t}M vf6, vfhf, lv/, === ===cflb $ cf]6f
6fF:g'xf];\ . rf}yf] k]hdf u, kfFrf}F k]hdf 3 / 5}6fF} k]hdf ª cIf/af6 ag]sf
$x$ cf]6f lrqx? 6fF;]/ gd'gf ;Demgf kmf]N8/ agfpg'xf];\ .

k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] hf]8L agfpg'xf];\ . Pshgfsf] gfd s / csf]{sf] gfd v /fVg
eGg'xf];\ .
s x'g] ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{{ klxnf] kfgfsf ;a} lrqx? Ps k6s eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
kmf]N8/df gx]/Lsg cl3 k9]sf ;a} lrq ;De]m/ eGg eGg'xf];\ .

20 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 sltcf]6f lrq eGg ;Sg'eof] v n] x]g{ eGg'xf];\ . ca v nfO{ klg To;} u/L
s nfO{ cfsf/ nfu]/ ag]sf zAb Ps k6s k9\g / kmf]N8/ s nfO{ lbg'xf];\ clg
To;} u/L kmf]N8/ gx]/Lsg cl3 k9]sf ;a} lrq ;lDemP/ eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
v n] sltcf]6f zAb eGg ;Sg'eof]] s nfO{ x]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .
o;/L g} ;a} hf]8Lsf b'j}hgfnfO{ kfn}kfnf] kmf]N8/sf] ;a} k]hdf ePsf
lrqx? eGb} ;Dem]/ eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
;xhstf{n] ;Demgf v]n v]Nbf ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ . ;xof]u ug{ cfjZos geP
;a}lt/ 3'd]/ cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .
v]n v]ln;s]kl5 ;fdu|LnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg'xf];\ .

^= sljtf / uLtkQL
k|f/lDes pd]/sf afnaflnsfx?
afnefsfdf sljtf / :yfgLo nf]snodf
/lrPsf 5f]6f / ld7f uLt ufpg dg
k/fpF5g\ . pgLx?n] ufPsf uLtx?
kl5;Dd ;Demg ;S5g\ . uLt sljtfsf]
dfWodaf6 ljifoj:t'sf] Jofjxfl/s 1fg
lbg ;s] l;sfO dha't x'Fb} hfG5 .
5f]6f ld7f uLt sljtfx?nfO{ xft]
sf8{df n]lvPsf] 5 eg] To;sf8{nfO{
uLt sljtfkQL elgG5 . ‘d / d]/f]
kl/jf/’ cfwf/e"t l;k / ljifout l;k
;d]6\g] u/L sljtf uLt tof/ ug{
;lsG5 .

p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t PsLs[t
l;k ljsf;sf nflu sljtf uLtkQL lgdf{0f ug]{ 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
rf6{kk] /, s}r“ L, l;;fsnd, dfs{/, :s]n, lrq

l;sfO ljlw
cjnf]sg, JolStut sfo{

k"j{tof/L
;fdu|L lgdf{0fsf nflu ;x;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yfkg / lj|mofsnfksf nflu ldNg]
a;fOsf] Joj:yf

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 21

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 sljtf uLtkQL agfpg] tl/sf
Pp6f rf6{k]k/ lng'xf];\ .
To; rf6{k]k/af6 &x!! OGr cfsf/sf] sf8{ tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
jl/kl/ cfwf OGr a/fa/sf] lsgf/f agfpg'xf];\ .
lsgf/fdf k"mna'6\6f jf /ª nufpg'xf];\ .
nDafOaf6 rf/ OGr efudf uLt jf sljtf;Fu ;DalGwt lrq ;ª\sng u/L
6fF:g'xf];\, h:t} JolStut ;/;kmfOsf lrqx? M bfFt df‰b} u/]sf], skfn sf]b}{
u/]sf], gª sf6\b} u/]sf, xftuf]8f w'Fb} u/]sf lrq .
To;d'lg afGsL kf/]/ 5f]6f] uLt n]Vg'xf];\, h:t} M
!= ;/;kmfO uLt #= 3/sf ;fyL
sfFO sf]/Laf6L bfFt dfemL dfemL uLt ufPF n} n}
cfPF d t ;fyL cfPF d t ;fyL afh] aHo} v} <
xftd'v wf]O{ gª sf6L ;kmf cfPF d t xh'/
aG5' d t hftL aG5' d t hftL syf ;'G5' x} .
@= ;fgL ;fgL k'tnL uLt ufPF n} n}
;fgL ;fgL k'tnL x]/ gfr]sf] cfdf afaf v} <
slt /fd|f] gfr]sf] sDd/ efFr]sf] ef]s nfUof] a];/L
vfg lbg';\ x} .
xfdL klg ldlnh'nL gfrf}“ ;fyL xf]
/dfpFb} k'tnL em}“ p8f}“ dfly xf] uLt ufPF n} n}
sfsf sfsL v} <
sf]xL uLt ufpF ;fyL sf]xL dfbn ahfpF cfF cfF ub}{ cfPF d
xfdf]{lgod ‰ofnL clg afF;'/L lg ahfpF kfkf lbg';\ x} .
!, @, #, $ uGtL ub}{ uf]8f rfnL gfrf}“ uLt ufPF n} n},
xfpefp ldnfP/ sDd/ klg efFrf}“ bfh' lbbL v} <
ePF d t tof/
;Fu} v]N5' x} .

22 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf
sljtf uLtkQL k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ / afnaflnsfsf] k"j{cg'ej;Fu ;DalGwt eO{{
lrq 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ sljtf jf uLtsf] tfndf tfnL ahfpg l;sfpg'xf];\ .
no xfn]/ $x% k6s uLt ufP/ ;'gfpg'xf];\ .
tfnL ahfpFb} cfk"mn] Ps x/km ufpg'xf];\ / kl5 kl5 afnaflnsfnfO{{ ufpg
nufpg'xf];\ .
k'/} sljtf o;/L $x% k6s ufpg] cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .
uLtsf] efjcg';f/ xfpefp ug{ l;sfpg'xf];\ .
xfpefp ub}{ uLt ufpg] cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .
uLt ufpg] cEof;kl5 ;a} afnaflnsfsf] skfn, bfFt, gª, xft uf]8f b]vfpg
nufpg'xf];\ / cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . ;kmf x'Fbf / gxF'bfsf] kmfObf a]kmfObf
atfpg'xf];\ . afnaflnsfnfO{{ wf/fdf n}hfg'xf];\ / nfOgdf /fv]/ kfn}kfnf] xft
uf]8f / d'v w'g l;sfpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk ;s]kl5 sljtf uLtkQLnfO{ htg;fy /a/n] afFw]/ ;'/lIft :yfgdf
/fVg'xf];\ .

&= vfB z[ª\vnf

vfB z[ªv\ nf eGgfn] cfk"m / cfgf] kl/jf/n] b}lgs ?kdf vfgfdf k|of]u x'g]
vfBj:t' ;ª\sng u/L sIffsf]7fdf l;sfOsf nflu ;xh ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L
Joj:yfkg ug'{ xf] . vfB z[ªv
\ nfnfO{ sIffsf]7fdf tLg tl/sfaf6 Joj:yfkg ug{

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 23

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 ;lsG5 . klxnf] tl/sf vfBj:t'nfO{ rf}yfO cfsf/sf Knfl:6ssf a6\6fdf ;ª\sng
ug{ ;lsG5 . bf];f| ] tl/sf rf}yfO cfsf/sf Knfl:6ssf y}nfdf vfBj:t' ;ª\sng
u/L rf6{kk] /df 6fF;/] vfB rf6{ agfpg ;lsg] 5 . t];f| ] tl/sf rf}yfO cfsf/sf
Knfl:6ssf y}nfdf vfBj:t' ;ª\sng u/L sIffdf 9nfg 8f]/L 6fFu/] e'mG8\ofpg
;lsG5 . vfB z[ªv \ nfaf6 afnaflnsfn] 3/df vfg] vfB;fdu|Lsf] hfgsf/L x]//] ,
;'3F /] , 5f]P/, rfv]/, tyf vfg]s/' fx?sf gfd ;'g/] l;sfO ug{ ;S5g\ .

p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t PsLs[t
l;k ljsf;sf nflu vfB z[ª\vnf lgdf{0f ug]{ 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
vfBj:t', rf6{kk] /, Knfl:6ssf a6\6f, 9nfg 8f]/L, Knfl:6ssf y}nf, d]6f sf8{,
;fOgk]g, 9nfg lsnf, s}r“ L, l;;fsnd, dfs{/, :s]n, kmf]6f]skL k]k/

l;sfO ljlw
cjnf]sg, JolStut sfo{, 5nkmn

k"j{tof/L
;fdu|L lgdf{0fsf nflu ;x;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yfkg / lj|mofsnfksf nflu ldNg]
a;fOsf] Joj:yf

;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug]{ tl/sf

tl/sf g+= !
Ps Ps d'7Lsf b/n] cGg, u]8fu'8L, g'g, lrgL, a];f/, d;nf, u'Gb|'s,
l;GsL, ;'s]sf] v';f{gL h:tf vfBj:t' ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ .

24 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 Ps b'O{ bfgf n;'g, Kofh, cb'jf, xn]bf], cfn' h:tf l56\6} glau|g] t/sf/L,
d;nf, sGbd'n ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ .
tL j:t'x?nfO{ rf}yfO cfsf/sf Knfl:6s a6\6fdf /fVg'xf];\ .
kmf]6f]skL k]k/sf] ;fgf] 6'j|mfdf vfBj:t'sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ / Knfl:6ssf a6\6f
aflx/ larefudf kg]{ u/L 6fF:g'xf];\ .
sIffsf] ;fdu|L Joj:yfkg ug]{ s'g} ;fO8df jf ¥ofsdf vfBj:t' s'gf
5'6\ofpg'xf];\ / ToxfF ;hfP/ /fVg'xf];\ .

tl/sf g+= @
Ps Ps d'7Lsf b/n] cGg, u]8fu'8L, g'g, lrgL, a];f/, d;nf, u'Gb|'s, l;GsL,
;'s]sf] v';f{gL h:tf vfBj:t' ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ .
Ps b'O{ bfgf n;'g, Kofh, cb'jf, xn]bf], cfn' h:tf l56\6} glau|g] t/sf/L,
d;nf, sGbd'n ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ .
tL j:t'x?nfO{ rf}yfO Knfl:6s y}nfdf /fVg'xf];\ .
d]6fsf8{sf] 6'jm| fdf vfBj:t'sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ / Knfl:6ssf y}nfaflx/ larefudf
kg]{ u/L l:6r ug'x{ f];\ / To; y}nfnfO{ rf6{kk] /df nfOg ldnfP/ 6fF:g'xf];\ .
sIffsf] ;fdu|L Joj:yfkg ug]{ s'g} 5]pdf jf leQfdf vfBj:t' s'gf 5'6\ofpg'xf];\
/ ToxfF ;hfP/ 6fF:g'xf];\ .

tl/sf g+= #
Ps Ps d'7Lsf b/n] cGg, u]8fu'8L, g'g, lrgL, a];f/, d;nf, u'Gb|'s, l;GsL
h:tf glau|g] vfBj:t' ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ .
Ps b'O{ bfgf n;'g, Kofh, cb'jf, xn]bf], cfn' h:tf l56\6} glau|g] t/sf/L,
d;nf, sGbd'n ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ .
tL j:t'x?nfO{ Knfl:6s y}nfdf /fVg'xf];\ .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 25

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 d]6fsf8{sf] 6'j|mfdf vfBj:t'sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ / Knfl:6ssf y}nf aflx/
larefudf kg]{ u/L l:6r ug'{xf];\ .
sIffsf] Ps s'gfb]lv csf]{ s'gf;Dd 6fFUg ldNg] u/L 9nfg sfF6L 7f]Sg'xf];\ .
Knfl:6ssf y}nfsf] d'v efuk6\l6 klGrª ug'{xf];\ / wfufdf pgL 9nfg 8f]/L
6fFUg'xf];\ .

k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ / oxfF s] s] 5g\ < eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
oxfF ePsf cGg, t/sf/L, kmn, d;nfdWo] ltdLx?sf] 3/df s] s] 5g\ < ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
;kmf u/]sf] g'g, lrgL, a];f/, cb'jf h:tf rfVg ldNg] j:t'x? rfVg lbg'xf];\
/ :jfb eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
cGg, kmnk"mn, t/sf/L, d;nf x]/]/, 5fd]/ jf ;'F3]/ cg'ej u/fpg'xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ nx/df /fVg'xf];\ / 8f]/Ldf em'G8\ofPsf] rf6{nfO{ lxF8\b} k9\g
nufpg'xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ uf]nf] 3]/fdf /fVg'xf];\ / rf6{k]k/df ePsf cGg, kmnk"mn,
t/sf/L, d;nf kfnf]kfnf] b]vfP/ eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ uf]nf] 3]/df /fVg'xf];\ / cGg, kmnk"mn, t/sf/L, d;nf /flvPsf]
Pp6f Pp6f a6\6f lbg'xf];\ . cfgf] xftdf s] 5 eGg nufpg'xf];\ . Ps k6s
elg;s]kl5 cfk"m;Fu ePsf] a6\6f bfFofsf] ;fyLnfO{ lbg nufpg'xf];\ / afFofsf]
;fyLaf6 a6\6f lng nufpg'xf];\ . To; a6\6fdf s] 5 kfn};uF eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
o;/L ;a}sf xftdf ;a} a6\6f gk'uG' h]n cEof; u/fO/xg'xf];\ .
oxfF ePsf cGg, kmnk"mn, t/sf/L, d;nf dWo] ltdLx?n] cfh laxfg s] s]
vfof} < k|Zg ug'{xf];\ / 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
Knfl:6ssf y}nf, a6\6f, cGg, u]8fu'8L uGg nufpg'xf];\ .

26 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
*= yf]Kn] lrq sf8{
!!x!$ OGrsf] sfuhdf ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt yf]Kn] lrq agfPsf] sf8{nfO{
yf]Kn] lrq sf8{ elgG5 . k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{{ k'Ug] u/L km/s km/s yf]Kn]
lrq sf8{ agfOG5 . dl;gf 9'ª\uf, cGg, u]8fu'8L, r'/fsf 6'j|mf, nK;Lsf xf8
h:tf j:t' yf]Kn] lrqdf nx/} /fVg nufO{ lrq k"/f u/fOG5 . o;/L lj|mofsnfk
u/fpFbf afnaflnsfsf] l;h{gfTds l;k ljsf; x'g'sf ;fy} j:t'k|lt kl/lrt x'g]
cj;/ x'G5 . pgLx?df nugzLntf a9\5 . ;fdu|L uGb} /fVgfn] uGtL ug]{ l;k
a9\5 . afnaflnsfnfO{{ lj|mofzLn agfpg of] ;fdu|L dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 .

p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t PsLs[t
l;k ljsf;sf nflu yf]Kn] lrq sf8{ lgdf{0f ug]{ 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
rf6{kk] /, d]6f sf8{, ;fOgk]g, s}r“ L, l;;fsnd, dfs{/, :s]n, dl;gf 9'ªu\ f,
cGg, u]8fu'8L, kmnkm"nsf bfgf, nK;Lsf xf8 .

l;sfO ljlw
cjnf]sg, JolStut sfo{, 5nkmn

k"j{tof/L
;fdu|L lgdf{0fsf nflu ;x;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yfkg / lj|mofsnfksf nflu ldNg]
a;fOsf] Joj:yf

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 27

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug]{ tl/sf
Rff6{k]k/af6 !!x!$ OGrsf] sf8{ tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
Pp6f sf8{df z/L/sf] s'g} cª\usf] lrq sf8{ e/L x'g] u/L dfs{/n] yf]Kn] lrq
agfpg'xf];\ .
Ps} cfsf/sf dl;gf au/] 9'ª\uf, cGg, u]8fu'8L, nK;Lsf xf8, km;L{sf laofF
h:tf j:t' sDtLdf cfwf dfgfsf b/n] ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ .
tL j:t'x?nfO{ /ª eg'{ePdf cem} cfsif{s b]lvg] 5 .
tL j:t' ;'/lIft /fVgsf nflu Knfl:6ssf y}nf Pjd\ a6\6f tof/ ug'{xf];\ .

Yff]Kn] lrq sf8{ k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

yf]Kn] lrq sf8{ k|bz{g u/L To;;Fu ;DalGwt k|Zgf]Q/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
ca xfdL o;nfO{ gofF lrq agfpg] eGg'xf];\ / afnaflnsfnfO{{ uf]nf] 3]/fdf
/fVg'xf];\ .
;a}n] b]Vg] u/L Pp6f yf]Kn] lrq sf8{ e'OFdf /fVg'xf];\ . ds}sf bfgf l7s
kfg'{xf];\ . ca gofF lrq s;/L aGbf] /x]5 ;a}n] x]/ eGg'xf];\ .
Yff]Knf yf]Knfdf uGb} ds}sf u]8f /fVb} hfg'xf];\ . k'/} /flv;s]kl5 lrq s:tf]
aGof] eg]/ k|Zg ug'{xf];\ .
;a} afnaflnsfnfO{{ yf]Kn] lrqsf8{ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ . yf]Knfdf /fVg] ;fdu|L klg
lbg'xf];\ . ;a}nfO{ uGb} yf]Knfdf ;fdu|L /fVg eGg'xf];\ . ;a} afnaflnsfsf]
;fydf k'u]/ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .
lrq lgdf{0f eO{;s]kl5 s; s;sf] s] s] lrq aGof], ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
km/s km/s lrq / km/s km/s ;fdu|L lbP/ k6s k6s cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk ;lsPkl5 ;fdu|L ;ª\sng u/L ;'/lIft /fVg'xf];\ .

(= khn
(=! lrq khn

28 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
!$x@@ OGrsf] sfuhdf lrq k|of]u u/L lgdf{0f u/L ljleGg 6'j|mfdf 5'6\ofO{
agfOPsf] ;fdu|L lrq khn xf] . o;sf nflu lrq sf8{x? / lrqsf 6'j|mfx?
cfjZos x'G5g\ . o; v]nsf] dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfn] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{,
hf]8f ldnfpg l;Sg]5g\ . of] v]n v]nfpFbf afnaflnsfn] lrq lrqdf x'g]
;dfgtf / leGgtf 5'6\ofpg ;kmn x'g]5g\ . pgLx?df ;f]rfO l;ksf] ljsf;
x'g]5 . of] v]n PSn} tyf ;d"xdf v]Ng] x'Fbf ;fdflhs tyf ;+j]ufTds ljsf;df
;xof]u k'U5 .

p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t PsLs[t
l;k ljsf;sf nflu lrq jf cIf/ khn lgdf{0f ug{ / k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
rf6{kk] /, d]6f sf8{, ;fOgk]g, s}r“ L, l;;fsnd, dfs{/, :s]n

l;sfO ljlw
cjnf]sg, JolStut sfo{, ;d"x v]n

;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug]{ tl/sf

Pp6f rf6{k]k/ lng'xf];\ .
rf6{k]k/sf] nDafOlt/af6 Ps k6s k6\ofpg' xf];\ / To;af6 b'O{cf]6f !$x@@
OGr ;fOhsf rf6{k]k/ aG5 .
To; rf6{sf] jl/kl/ ! OGr a/fa/ lsgf/f agfpg'xf];\ .
lsgf/fdf k"mn a'6\6f Pjd\ /ª eg'{xf];\ .
ca rf6{df !@x@) OGr afFsL /xG5 . To;df $x$ ju{ OGrsf sf !% cf]6f
sf]7f agfpg ;lsG5 . o;df rf}8fOlt/ # cf]6f / nDafOlt/ % cf]6f sf]7f
x'G5g\ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu 3/kfn'jf hgfj/sf kfFrcf]6f lrq, h:t} M ufO{, e}“;L, afv|f,
s'v'/f, xfF; p:t} # hf]8L lrq tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
lrqkQLsf] ;fOh $x$ ju{ OGrsf] x'g'kb{5 .
#x# cf]6fsf kfFr;]6 lrqkQLnfO{ sfuhsf uQfdf k|of]u u/Lg] 6]kn] n]ldg];g
u/L alnof] agfpg'xf];\ .
o;/L k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{{ k'Ug] u/L km/s km/s lrq ;]6sf lrq khn
agfpg'xf];\ .
o;} u/L Ps -P kmf]/_ kGgf sfuhdf el/g] u/L Pp6f lrq 6fF:g'xf];\ / o:tf
lrq @ k|lt agfpg'xf];\ .
Pp6f lrqnfO{ a/fa/sf $ cf]6f jf ^ cf]6f 6'j|mf agfpg'xf];\ . o:tf khnx?
ljleGg ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt u/]/ agfpg ;lsG5 .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 29

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 lrq khn k|of]u tl/sf
tl/sf !
lrqkQL k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ / 5nkmn tyf k|Zgf]Q/ u/L lrq;Fu kl/lrt
u/fpg'xf];\ .
lrqnfO{ 5\of;ld; u/L /fVg'xf];\ / tLg sf]7fsf] nfOgdf p:t} p:t} hgfj/sf]
lrq vf]h]/ /fvL lrq khn eg{ l;sfpg'xf];\ .
b'O{ b'O{ hgf afnaflnsfsf] ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ . Ps nfOgdf cfk}mFn] Ps ;]6
lrq /flvlbg'xf];\ / Ps Ps ;]6 lrq ljBfyL{nfO{ /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .
;a} ;d"xn] Ps k6s v]ln;s]kl5 lrq / lrq khn csf]{ ;d"x;Fu ;f6k]m/
u/fpg'xf];\ . k'gM To;/L g} v]nfpg'xf];\ .
v]n v]ln;s]kl5 ;fdu|LnfO{ afFw]/ s'g} a6\6fdf ;'/lIft;Fu /fVg'xf];\ .

tl/sf @
;Unf] lrq / lrq khnsf 6'j|mfx? lbg'xf];\ .
ca ;Unf] lrq dfly 6'j|mfx? ldnfP/ /fVg nufpg'xf];\ . ldnfPkl5 :ofaf;L
lbg'xf];\ .
ca ;Unf] lrq x]b}{ 6'j|mfx? ldnfP/ ;Unf] agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
o;}u/L j|mdzM ;Unf] lrq gx]/L 6'j|mfx? ldnfP/ ;Unf] agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
k6s k6s cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .

(=@ ljifoj:Tf'df cfwfl/t khn

ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t eP/ ljleGg khnx? Afgfpg ;lsG5 . oxfF s'6 jf afSnf]
uQfaf6 agfOg] OG;]6 khn 3/ ljifoj:t'nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ gd'gfsf ?kdf
k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 . khn ljleGg y/Lsf] x'G5g\ . oxfF ;lhn} kfOg] sRrf
;fdu|Laf6 khn agfpg / k|of]u ug{]af/] atfOPsf] 5 .

30 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
p2]Zo
3/ khn v]n ;fdu|Laf6 afnaflnsfsf] 3/sf] cjwf/0ff atfpg ;Sg] 5g\ .
khnsf 6'j|mfx? ;xL 7fpFdf /fv]/ 3/sf] :j?k agfpg ;Sg] 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
ljleGg efu;lxtsf] /ª\uLg 3/sf] lrq, s'6 jf afSnf] uQf -la:s'6, rfprfpsf]
a6\6f_, km]lasf]n, snd, :s]n, s}r“ L

k"j{tof/L
b'O{ yfg 3/sf] p:t} lrq, ljifoj:t';DalGwt / cfjZos ;fdu|L ;ª\sng tyf
afnaflnsfsf] sfo{;Dkfbg / JolStut kmfOn clen]vLs/0f kmf/fdsf] Joj:yf

;fdu|L lgdf{0f k|lj|mof

3/sf] lrqnfO{ /fVg ldNg] u/L s'6÷uQfsf] af]8{ agfpg'xf];\ .
3/sf] Ps lrqnfO{ af]8{df 6fF:g'xf];\ .
Aff]8{sf] rf/}lt/ cfwfOGrsf] rf}8fO af]8{/ /fv]/ af]8{ tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
3/sf] lrqnfO{ uTtfdf 6fF;]/ ;'Sg lbg'xf];\ .
s'6df 6fF;s ] f] lrqnfO{ HofldtLo cfsf/sf] cfwf/df rf/ 6'jm| f agfP/ sf6\gx' f];\ .
k|To]s 6'jm| fsf] ljrdf Ps OGrsf] gf]a hf]8g\ x' f];\ -tLg cf}n
“ fn] ;fdfpg ldNg]_ .
khnsf rf/ 6'j|mfnfO{ kf/bzL{ 6]kn] 5f]Kg'xf];\ -n]ldg];g ug]{_ .
tof/ khn 6'j|mfx? af]8{df 3/sf] :j?kdf /fVg'xf];\ .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 31

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 k|of]u ljlw
khnsf] k"0f{ lrq ePsf] af]8{ k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
khnsf] af]8a{ f6 ;fFrf] s;/L lemSg] / /fVg] eGg] af/]df tl/sf k|bz{g ug'x{ f];\ .
khn b]lvg]] lrqsf] gfd, /ª, cfsf/, ;ª\Vof tyf ljz]iftfaf/] 5nkmn ug'x{[ f];\ .
6'j|mfx?nfO{ hf]8]/ k"0f{ :j?k agfpg'xf];\ .
3/sf] efusf] gfd, h:t} M ‰ofn, 9f]sf, 5fgf / cGo atfpg'xf];\ .
3/ s] s:tf j:t'af6 ag]sf] 5, 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
k"j{ul0ftLo kIf cª\s, ;ª\Vof, cfsf/, gfktf}n tyf 9fFrfsf] ;Gbe{cg';f/
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
khn v]ln;s]kl5 oyf:yfgdf /fVg'xf];\ .

!)= sfuhsf] l;Gsf

sfuhsf] l;Gsf k|of]u u/L uGtL ug{ / cfjZostfg';f/ l;Gsfaf6 ljleGg j:t'sf
cfj[mlt agfO{ uGtL ug{ / j:t'sf] cjwf/0ff lbg of] ;fdu|L pkof]uL x'G5 .
of] ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ubf{ v]/ hfg] sfuhsf] ;b'kof]u x'G5 . sfuhsf l;Gsfn]
afnaflnsfnfO{{ 3f]Rg] 3fp x'g] 8/ klg x'Fbg} . cfjZostfcg';f/ l56\6} hlt klg
lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . sfuhsf l;Gsfaf6 cfsif{s j:t' lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg] x'Fbf
afnaflnsf l;sfOk|lt cfslif{t x'g5 ] g\ . l;sfO lbuf] x'g] 5 .

32 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu sfuhsf] l;Gsfaf6
ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t PsLs[t l;k ljsf;sf nflu ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug]{ 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
kmf]6f]skL k]k/ jf k'/fgf lstfasf kfgf, s}r“ L, km]lasf]n, :s]n

l;sfO ljlw
cjnf]sg, JolStut sfo{, ;d"x v]n

;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug]{ tl/sf

cfoftfsf/ sfuhnfO{ ;dafx' lqe'h -tLgk6\l6 pq}_ x'g] u/L k6\ofpg'xf];\ /
s}“rLn] sf6\g'xf];\ . b'O{cf]6f lqe'h cfsf/sf kfgf x'G5 .
lqe'h cfsf/sf] sfuhnfO{ afFof xftdf lng'xf];\ / bfFof xftn] Pp6f sf]0faf6
la:tf/} a6fb}{ a6fb}{ Nofpg'xf];\ . cGTodf Pp6f sf]0f l;Gsfsf] lar efudf
cfOk'Ug'k5{ . To; sf]0fdf yf]/} km]lasf]n nufpg'xf];\ / 6fF:g'xf];\ . o;/L
l;Gsf tof/ x'G5 .
o;/L k|z:t l;Gsf tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
tLgcf]6f l;Gsfsf] 5]p 5]pdf yf]/} yf]/} km]lasf]n nufO{ 6fF:g'xf];\, lqe'h aG5 .
rf/cf]6f l;Gsfaf6 cfoft aG5 . Pp6f l;GsfnfO{ uf]nf] cfsf/df 3'dfP/
udn] 6fF:g'xf];\, j[Q aG5 .
l;GsfnfO{ df]8\g tyf sf6\g ;lhn} ;lsg] x'Fbf cfk"mn] rfx]cg';f/sf ;fdu|L
agfpg ;lsg] 5, h:t} M lnª\u] lkª .
*x* OGr cfsf/sf] sf6'{g k]k/ lng'xf];\ .
l;Gsfsf] Psfk6\l6 5]psf] Kjfn 7'nf] / csf{k6\l6 5]psf] Kjfn ;fgf] x'G5 .
Pp6f l;Gsfsf] ;fgf] efunfO{ yf]/} km]lasf]n /fvL 7'nf] efusf] Kjfndf
3';fpg'xf];\ . l;Gsf nfdf] x'G5 .
nfdf nfdf l;Gsfsf] Psfk6\l6 5]pdf ud nufpg'xf];\ / sf6'g{ k]k/df rf/cf]6f
lnª\uf 78\ofpg'xf];\ . dflysf] efu s}r“ L kf/]/ wfuf]n] afFlwlbg'xf];\ .
Pp6f l;Gsfsf] u/fnf] xfNg'xf];\ / g;/f];\ eGgfsf nflus}“rL k/]sf] 7fpFdf
yf]/} ud nufpg'xf];\ .
Wffuf]sf] n7\7f xfNg'xf];\ / ;fgf] k'tnL dfG5] agfP/ lkª\df /fVg'xf];\ .
sf6'{g k]k/df ;dfP/ cl3kl5 ub}{ rnfpg'xf];\ . o;/L lkªdf /flvPsf]
k'tnLnfO{ v]nfP/ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

tl/sf g+= !
afnaflnsfnfO{{ uf]nf] 3]/fdf /fVg'xf];\ .
;a} afnaflnsfnfO{{ !)x!) cf]6f l;Gsf lbg'xf];\ .
l;Gsf uGg nufpg'xf];\ .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 33

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 ;ª\Vof eGg'xf];\ / Tolt l;Gsf lemSg / yKg nufpg'xf];\ .
l;Gsf l;Gsf hf]8]/ l;wf / jj|m /]vf agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
l;Gsf l;Gsf hf]8]/ 3/ agfpg agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
l;Gsf l;Gsf hf]8]/ lqe'h, cfoft, ju{ agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .

tl/sf g+= @
afnaflnsfnfO{{ uf]nf] 3]/fdf /fVg'xf];\ .
agfPsf] lkª k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . k'tnLnfO{ lkª v]nfP/ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ kfn};Fu sf6'{g k]k/ rnfpg lbO{ k'tnLnfO{ lkª v]nfpg
l;sfpg'xf];\ .
ltdLn] lkª v]n]sf 5f} egL k|Zg ug'{xf];\ / slxn], lsg v]n]sf] 5nkmn
k|Zgf]Q/ ug'{xf];\ .

!!= ljleGg k|sf/sf kk]6

kk]6 afnaflnsfsf nflu cToGt cfsif{s v]n ;fdu|L xf] . kk]6sf] dfWodn]
syf k|:t't ubf{ afnaflnsfsf] Wofg s]lGb|t x'g] x'gfn] pgLx?nfO{ lgod kfng
u/fpg ;xh x'G5 . kk]6 ljleGg y/Lsf x'G5g\ . oL ;a}sf] k|of]un] k"/f x'g]
ljsf;fTds pknlAw / k|of]usf] tl/sf o;k|sf/ 5 .

p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t /xL
PsLs[t l;k ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf kk]6 lgdf{0f ug]{ 5g\ .

34 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
!!=! l;Gs] lrq kk]6

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
k|To]s ;xefuLnfO{ k'/fgf] klqsf jf lrq k':ts ! cf]6f ;]tf] sfuh jf
rf6{k]k/ !, s}“rL ! aFf;sf l;Gsfx? -sl/a $ OGr nfdf] / @ nfOg
uf]nfOsf sl/a @) cf]6fsf b/n] k'Ug] u/L efu nufpg]_

Tfof/L ug]{ tl/sf

;xefuLx?nfO{ uf]nf] 3]/fdf a;fpg'xf];\ / cfgf] ;fdu|Lx? cufl8 /fVg
nufpg'xf];\, cfkm"n] u/] h:t} ug{'xf];\ .
k'/fgf] klqsfaf6 cfcfgf]] syfnfO{ ldNg] lrqx? ldnfP/ sf6\g'xf];\ .
sf6]sf] lrqnfO{ k5fl8k6\l6 ud nufP/ rf6{k]k/df 6fF:g'xf];\ .
s]xLa]/ ;'Sg lbPkl5 pSt lrqnfO{ km]/L jl/kl/af6 ldnfP/ /fd|/L sf6\gx' f];\ .
afF;sf] l;Gsfdf ud xfn]/ lrqsf] / sfuhsf] lardf /fvL pSt l;Gsf ljrdf
/fv]/ 6fF;]/ ;'sfpg'xf];\ .

k|of]u ljlw
s'g} af6fdf afn'jf jf w'nf]df6f] cfwf hlt /fVg'xf];\ .
syfdf ePsf kfqcg';f/sf lrqx? Tfof/L ug'{xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ glhs} /fv]/ xfpefp ;lxt syf z'? ug{'xf];\ .
syfsf kfqx? cfpFbf ;DalGwt lrqx?afnaflnsf ePlt/ kmsf{pbF } uf8\gx' f];\ .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 35

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 !!=@ xft] kk]6

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
k|To]s ;xefuLnfO{ ;]tf], sfnf] jf v}/f] /ªsf] sk8f cfwf ld6/, k'/fgf] sk8f,
! emf]nf, s}“rL !, l;of] @, wfuf] sk8fsf] /ªcg';f/, kk]6sf] 8«f6, n'ufsf
8«f6x?, sfnf] pmg, km]la|s sn/ /ftf] / sfnf], a|;, rs jf l;;fsnd .

Tfof/L ug]{ tl/sf

sk8fdf kk]6sf] 8«f6 cf]5\ofP/, jl/kl/af6 rs jf l;;fsndn] sf]/]/
lrx\gdfly sf6\g'xf];\ .
klxn] g} l;nfO{ efu 5'6\ofP/ sf6]/ jl/kl/ jf lgb]{zgcg';f/ l;nfpg'xf];\ .
l;nfO{;s]kl5 pN6f] kf/]/ s'gfsfKrf ldnfpg'xf];\ .
6fpsfsf] ldn]sf] efu cg'xf/nfO{ 5'6fpg] / k5fl8sf] efudf sfnf] pgsf]
skfn agfP/ l;of]n] l;nfpFb} c8\sfpg'xf];\ .
l8hfOgcg';f/sf n'ufx? l;nfP/ nufOlbg'xf];\ .
klxnf l;;fsndn] sf]/]/kl5 sk8fdf nufpg] /ªn] gfs, d'v tyf cfFvf
agfpg'xf];\ .
cfsif{s ;hfj6 u/]/ lrl6Ss agfpg'xf];\ .

k|of]u ljlw
xft] kk]6 afnaflnsfnfO{{ afnsyfsf] k|:t'ltsf nflu / lgod l;sfpg klg
k|of]u u/LG5 .
kk]6nfO{ xftdf l5/fP/ sfG5Lcf}“nf / a'9Lcf}“nf xfpefp ;lxt rnfpg] cEof;
ug{'xf];\ .
sk8fsf] kbf{df b'O{cf]6f xft l5g]{ Kjfnx? Afgfpg'xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ syf ;'Gg pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ glhs} /fv]/ kbf{af6 kk]6 nufPsf] xft l5/fpFb} syf ;'/m ug{x' f];\ .
syfdf ePsf kfqcg';f/sf xfpefp ub}{ syf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

36 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
!!=# ljifoj:t' cg';f/sf] xft] kk]6

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
k|To]s ;xefuLnfO{ ljifoj:t' cg';f/sf] -h:t} M hgfj/ ljifodf v/fof]sf]
kk]6 agfpFbf -;]tf /ªsf] e'jf ePsf] sk8f @% ;]=dL, ! emf]nf, s}“rL !, l;of]
@ wfuf] sk8fsf] /ªcg';f/, kk]6sf] 8«f6, rs jf l;;fsnd, cfFvf agfpg]
b'O{cf]6f sfnf], cf]7sf nflu /ftf] 6fFs .

Tfof/L ug]{ tl/sf

sk8fdf kk]6sf] 8«f6 cf]5\ofP/, jl/kl/af6 rs jf l;;fsndn] sf]/]/
lrx\gdfly sf6\g'xf];\ .
klxn] g} l;nfO{ efu 5'6\ofP/ sf6]/ jl/kl/ jf lgb]{zgcg';f/ l;nfpg'xf];\ .
l;nfO{;s]kl5 pN6f] kf/]/ s'gfsfKrf ldnfpg'xf];\ .
6fpsfsf] ldn]sf] efu cg'xf/nfO{ 5'6fpg'xf];\ .
k5fl8sf] efudf sfnf] 6fFsn] b'O{cf]6f cfFvf / /ftf] 6fFsn] d'v agfP/ l;of]n]
l;nfpFb} c8\sfpg'xf];\ .

k|of]u ljlw
ljifoj:t'cg';f/sf kk]6 afnaflnsfnfO{{ afnsyfsf] k|:t'ltsf nflu / k|of]u
u/LG5 .
kk]6nfO{ xftdf l5/fP/ sfG5Lcf}“nf / a'9Lcf}“nf xfpefp;lxt rnfpg] cEof;
ug{'xf];\ .
sk8fsf] kbf{df b'O{cf]6f xft l5g]{ Kjfnx? Afgfpg'xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ syf ;'Gg pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ glhs} /fv]/ kbf{af6 xft l5/fpFb} xfpefp;lxt syf ;'/m ug{x' f];\ .
syfdf ePsf kfqcg';f/sf xfpefp ub}{ syf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ klg kk]6sf] k|of]uaf6 syf eGg] cj;/ lbg'xf];\ .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 37

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 !!=$ ljifoj:t' cg';f/sf] cf}“n] kk]6

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
k|To]s ;xefuLnfO{ sk8f @% ;]= ld6/, k'/fgf] sk8f !) 6'j|mf, s}“rL !,
l;of] @, wfuf] sk8fsf] /ªcg';f/, kk]6sf] 8«f6, n'ufsf 8«f6x?,
sfnf] pg, km]la|s sn/ /ftf] / sfnf], a|;, rs jf l;;fsnd

Tfof/L ug]{ tl/sf

sk8fdf kk]6sf] 8«f6 cf]5\ofP/ jl/kl/af6 rs jf l;;fsndn] sf]/]/
lrx\gdfly sf6\g'xf];\ .
klxn] g} l;nfO{ efu 5'6\ofP/ sf6]/ jl/kl/ jf lgb]{zgcg';f/ l;nfpg'xf];\ .
l;nfO{;s]kl5 pN6f]kf/]/ s'gfsfKrf ldnfpg'xf];\ .
xftsf % cf]6f cf}n
“ fx? ;a}nfO{ Ps Pscf]6f x'gu] /L cfsf/ ldnfP/ tof/ ug]{] .
6fpsfsf] ldn]sf] efu cg'xf/nfO{ 5'6fpg] / k5fl8sf] efudf sfnf]pmgsf]
skfn agfP/ l;of]n] l;nfpFb} c8\sfpg'xf];\ .
Kfl/jf/ agfpg ;fgf] aRrf sfG5L cf}“nfdf ub}{ bfh' cfdf, a'af, xh'/a'af,
xh'/cfdf ub}{ ;a} cf}“nfdf kfFrcf]6f g} ldnfpg'xf];\ .
9fFrf -l8hfOg_ cg';f/sf n'ufx? l;nfP/ nufOlbg'xf];\ .
klxnf l;;fsndn] sf]/]/ kl5 sk8fdf nufpg] /ªn] gfs, d'v tyf cfFvf
agfpg'xf];\ .
cfsi{fs ;hfj6 u/]/ lrl6Ss agfpg'xf];\ .
o;}u/L ljifoj:t' cg';f/sf] kk]6x?sf] kl/jf/ jf k|sf/x? tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

k|of]u ljlw
cf}n] kk]6 afnaflnsfnfO{{ afnsyfsf] k|:t'ltsf nflu k|of]u u/LG5 .
kk]6nfO{ cf}“nfdf l5/fP/ xfpefp;lxt rnfpg] cEof; ug{'xf];\ .
sk8fsf] kbf{df b'O{cf]6f xft l5g]{ Kjfnx? Afgfpg'xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ syf ;'Gg pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\ .

38 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 afnaflnsfnfO{{ glhs} /fv]/ kbf{sf] Kjfnaf6 xft l5/fP/ syf ;'/m ug{x' f];\ .
syfdf ePsf kfqcg';f/sf xfpefp ub}{ syf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ klg kk]6sf] k|of]uaf6 syf eGg] cj;/ lbg'xf];\ .
;fy} kk]6 k|of]u u/]/ uLt tyf clego klg ug{ ;lsG5 .

!!=% wfuf] kk]6

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
k'/fgf] Sofn]G8/sf] lrq jf cfkm}n] cfjZostfcg';f/sf] lrq tof/ ug],{ s}r“ L !,
ud !, sf6'g{ !, :s]n !, wfuf] !

Tfof/L ug]{ tl/sf

ljifoj:t'nfO{ ldNg] lrqx? tof/ ug'{xf];\ jf ldnfP/ sf6\g'xf];\ .
lrqnfO{ k5fl8 k6\l6 ud nufP/ lardf alnof] ! lkm6 nfdf] wfuf] /fv]/
rf6{k]k/df 6fF:g'xf];\ .
s]xLa]/ ;'Sg lbPkl5 pSt lrqnfO{ km]/L jl/kl/af6 ldnfP/ /fd|/L sf6\gx' f];\ .
k|To]s lrqnfO{ o;}u/L 6fF;]/ ;'sfpg'xf];\ .

k|of]u ljlw
wfuf] kk]6 afnaflnsfnfO{{ afnsyfsf] k|:t'ltsf nflu k|of]u u/LG5 .
sk8fsf] kbf{df b'O{cf]6f xft l5g]{ Kjfnx? Afgfpg'xf];\ .
wfu] kk]6nfO{ kb{fsf] Kjfnaf6 l5/fP/ xfpefp;lxt rnfpg] cEof; ug{x' f];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ syf ;'Gg pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ glhs} /fv]/ kbf{sf] Kjfnaf6 wfuf]df e'mlG8Psf] kk]6nfO{
l5/fP/ syf ;'/m ug{'xf];\ .
syfdf ePsf kfqcg';f/sf xfpefp ub}{ syf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ klg kk]6sf] k|of]uaf6 syf eGg] cj;/ lbg'xf];\ .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 39

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 !@= 8f]ldgf]
8f]ldgf] afnaflnsfsf] l;sfOsf nflu k|efjsf/L v]n ;fdu|L xf] . o;af6
afnaflnsfn] hf]8f ldnfpg jf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;fy} pgLx?sf] ;a} kIfsf]
ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 . afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;fTds r/0f cg'?k 8f]ldgf]sf]
:t/ a9fpg ;lsG5 . o:tf] 8f]ldgf]x? k|To]s ljifoj:t' cg';f/sf] tof/ ug'{
kb{5 . d'Votof M afnljsf; s]Gb|df tLg k|sf/sf jf r/0fsf 8f]ldgf]x? k|of]u
u/LG5 . klxnf] lrq 8f]ldgf], bf];|f] lrqcIf/ 8f]ldgf] / t];|f] cIf/ 8f]ldgf] .
oL tLgcf]6} r/0fsf 8f]ldgf] tof/ ubf{ klxnf] r/0fdf h'g h'g lrqx? k|of]u
u/LPsf] 5 ;f]xL lrqx?s} bf];|f] / t];|f] :t/ jf r/0f tof/ ug{'k5{ . ;fy} o;df
klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] nfOgdf k|of]u ePs} lrqx? bf];|f] / t];|f]df k|of]u ug{'k5{ .

p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t /xL
PsLs[t l;k ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf 8f]ldgf] lgdf{0f ug]{ 5g\ .

!@=! lrq 8f]ldgf]

40 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
lrqx? % hf]8f, s}“rL !, ud !, sf6'{g !, :s]n !, ;]nf] afOlG8ª 6]k .

Tfof/L ug]{ tl/sf

@x$ sf] sfuhnfO{ b'O{ efu nufO{ klxnf] efudf æ;'/mÆ n]Vg'xf];\ jf lk|G6
6fF:g'xf];\ . csf]{ efudf sdnsf] k"mnsf] lrq 6fF:g'xf];\ .
o;}u/L csf]{ 6'j|mfnfO{ b'O{ efu nufpg'xf];\ . klxnf]df sdnsf] k"mn / bf];|f]
efudf ;"o{d'vLsf] lrq 6fF:g'xf];\ .
t];|f] 6'j|mfdf klg bf];|f]df h:t} @x$ sf] 6'j|mfdf b'O{efu nufP/ klxnf]df
;"o{d'vL / csf]{df u'nfkm o;}u/L % cf]6f 6'j|mfx?dWo] clGtddf Pp6f lrq
/ æcGToÆ n]lvPsf] 6fF:g'xf];\ .
;a} 6'j|mfnfO{ sf6'g{df ud nufP/ 6fF:g'xf];\ . /fd|/L ;'s]kl5 sf6{'g;lxt
s}“rLn] sf6]/ 6'j|mfx? 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
Jfl/kl/ /ª\uLg sndn] af]8{/ agfpg'xf];\ .
;a} ;'s]kl5 ;a}lt/ ;]nf]6]k nufpg'xf];\ . 8f]ldgf] tof/ eof] .

k|of]u ljlw
afnaflnsfnfO{{ hf]8fdf a;fP/ 8f]ldgf] v]Ng lbg'xf];\ .
h'g ljifoj:t'sf] l;sfO eO{/x]ssf] 5, ;f]xL ljifosf] 8f]ldgf] v]Ng lbg'xf];\ .
;xhstf{n] cjnf]sg dfq ug]{ tyf afnaflnsf cfkm}FnfO{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{]
cj;/ lbg'xf];\ . o;sf nflu cfjZostfcg';f/ ;xof]u klg ug'{xf];\ .
k|To]sn] Kflxnf] :t/ k"/f u/]kl5 csf]{ :t/ yk ub}{ hfg'xf];\ .
Affnaflnsfn] 8f]ldgf] ldnfPkl5 :ofaf;L lbg'xf];\ .

!@=@ lrq zAb 8f]ldgf]

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 41

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
lrqx?sf] % hf]8f lrqsf gfdx?, s}“rL !, ud ! ,sf6'{g !, :s]n !, ;]nf]
jfOlG8ª 6]k

Tfof/L ug]{ tl/sf

@x$ sf] sfuhnfO{ b'O{ efu nufO{ klxnf] efudf æ;'/mÆ n]Vg'xf];\ jf lk|G6
6fF:g'xf];\ / csf]{ efudf sdnsf] k"mnsf] lrq 6fF:g'xf];\ .
o;}u/L csf]{ 6'j|mfnfO{ b'O{efu nufpg'xf];\ / klxnf]df æsdnÆ sf] k"mn / bf];|f]
efudf æsdnÆsf] zAb 6fF:g'xf];\ .
t];|f] 6'j|mfdf klg bf];|f]df h:t} @x$ sf] 6'j|mfdf b'O{ efu nufP/ klxnf]df
æsdnÆ zAb / csf]{df æ;"o{d'vLÆ k"mnsf] lrq, o;}u/L csf]{ 6'j|mfdf æ;"o{d'vLÆ
n]lvPsf] zAb 6fF:g'xf];\ .
rf}yf] 6'jm| fdf klg æ;"od{ v
' LÆ n]lvPsf] zAb / æu'nfkmÆ k"mnsf] lrq 6fF:g'xf];\ .
o;}u/L cGo 6'j|mfx?df lrq hf]8f / cIf/ hf]8f x'g] u/]/ tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
;a} 6'j|mfnfO{ sf6'g{df ud nufP/ 6fF:g'xf];\ . /fd|/L ;'s]kl5 sf6{'g;lxt
s}“rLn] sf6]/ 6'j|mfx? 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
6'j|mfx?dWo] clGtddf zAb lrq / æcGToÆ n]lvPsf] x'G5 .
;a} 6'j|mfx?sf] Jfl/kl/ /ª\uLg sndn] af]8{/ agfpFbf klxnf] :6]k / bf];|f]
txsf] 8f]ldgf]nfO{ 5'6\6f5'6\6} /ªsf] sndn] af]8{/ agfpg'xf];\ .
;a} ;'s]kl5 ;a}lt/ ;]nf] 6]knufpg'xf];\ . lrq cIf/ 8f]ldgf] tof/ eof] .

k|of]u ljlw
afnaflnsfnfO{{ hf]8fdf a;fP/ 8f]ldgf] v]Ng lbg'xf];\ .
h'g ljifoj:t'sf] l;sfO eO{/x]sf] 5, ;f]xL ljifosf] 8f]ldgf] v]Ng lbg'xf];\ .
of] bf];|f] :t/sf] 8f]ldgf] ePsfn] klxn] klxnf] :t/sf] v]Ng lbg] / s]xL lbgkl5
b'j} :t/sf] ld;fOlbg'xf];\ h;n] ubf{ hf]8fdf v]Ng lbFbf afnaflnsfx? Psn]
csf{nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ 5g\ .
;xhstf{n] cjnf]sg dfq ug]{ tyf afnaflnsf cfkm}FnfO{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{]
cj;/ lbg'xf];\ / cfjZostfcg';f/ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .
k|To]sn] Kflxnf] :t/df k"/f u/]kl5 csf]{ :t/ yk ub}{ hfg'xf];\ .
Affnaflnsfn] 8f]ldgf] ldnfPkl5 :ofaf;L lbg'xf];\ .

42 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
!@=# cª\s 8f]ldgf]

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
klxnf] / bf];|f] txdf /flvPsf] lrq / zAbsf] g} 5gf]6 u/]/ zAbx?sf] %
hf]8f, s}“rL !, ud !, sf6'{g !, :s]n !, ;]n]f afOlG8ª 6]k

Tfof/L ug]{ tl/sf

@x$ OGrsf] sfuhnfO{ b'O{ efu nufO{ klxnf] efudf æ;'/mÆ n]Vg'xf];\ jf lk|G6
6fF:g'xf];\ .
o;}u/L csf]{ 6'j|mfdf b'O{efu nufpg'xf];\ / klxnf]df 7'nf] yf]Knf / bf];|f] efudf
cª\s ‘!’ 6fF:g'xf];\ .
t];|f] 6'j|mfdf klg bf];|f]df h:t} @x$ OGrsf] 6'j|mfdf b'O{efu nufP/ klxnf]df b'O{
yf]Knf / csf]{df cª\s ‘@’ 6fF:g'xf];\ . o;}u/L % ;Ddsf hf]8Lsf 6'j|mfx?dWo]
clGtddf æcGToÆ n]lvPsf] 6'j|mf agfpg'xf];\ .
;a} 6'j|mfnfO{ sf6'g{df ud nufP/ 6fF:g'xf];\ . /fd|/L ;'s]kl5 sf6{'g;lxt
s}“rLn] sf6]/ 6'j|mfx? 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
Jfl/kl/ /ª\uLg sndn] af]8{/ agfpg'xf];\ .
;a} ;'s]kl5 ;a}lt/ ;]nf] 6]k nufpg'xf];\ . 8f]ldgf] tof/ eof] .

k|of]u ljlw
afnaflnsfnfO{{ hf]8fdf a;fP/ 8f]ldgf] v]Ng lbg'xf];\ .
h'g ljifoj:t'sf] l;sfO eO{/x]ssf] 5, ;f]xL ljifosf] 8f]ldgf] v]Ng lbg'xf];\ .
;xhstf{n] cjnf]sg dfq ug]{ tyf afnaflnsf cfkm}“n] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{]
cj;/ lbg'xf];\ / cfjZostfcg';f/ ;xof]u klg ug'{xf];\ .
k|To]sn] Kflxnf] :t/df k"/fu/]kl5 csf]{ :t/ yk ub}{ hfg'xf];\ .
Affnaflnsfn] 8f]ldgf] ldnfPkl5 :ofaf;L lbg'xf];\ .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 43

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 !#= gfukf;
Gffukf; afnaflnsfsf] ljsf; / l;sfOsf nflu k|efjsf/L v]n ;fdu|L xf] .
o;af6 afnaflnsfn] uGtL, ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{], ;sf/fTds sfo{n] dfly hfg]
/ gsf/fTds sfo{n] tn emg]{ h:tf kl/0ffdx? a'e\mg] tyf ldn]/ v]Ng];fy} ;a}
kIfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;fTds r/0fcg'?k gfukf;sf] klg
:t/ a9fpg ;lsG5 . of] klg jftfj/0f ljifo h:t} cGo ljifoj:t'sf] klg
tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t /xL
PsLs[t l;k ljsf;sf nflu gfukf; lgdf{0f ug]{ 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
af]8{ ^x* OGr, ;]tf] sfuh, ;]nf] 6]k, /ª\uLg sndx?, kmf]x/ 8:6lagdf
kmfn]sf] lrq, aflx/ kmfn]sf] lrq, h'Qf ldnfP/ /fv]sf] lrq, ldNsfPsf] lrq,
lj?jfdf kfgL xfn]sf], kft Roft]sf] cflb lrqx? / O/]h/ jf rsn]6sf]
rf/s'g] a6\6f, ! ud, k'/fgf] sfuh @ kGgf

Tfof/L ug]{ tl/sf

;]tf] sfuhdf @) cf]6f sf]7fx? agfO{ !, @, #, $, %, ^, &, *, (, !), ====
ub}{ j|mdzM @) ;Dd n]Vg'xf];\ .
@ b]lv % jf & hf]8\g] e¥ofª agfpg'xf];\ . o;}u/L c¿ v08df klg plSng]
e¥ofªx? sl/a rf/ cf]6f agfpg'xf];\ .
sl/a rf/ cf]6f hlt ;k{x? dflyNnf] cª\sdf d'v / tNnf] cª\sdf k'R5/
kf/]/ agfpg'xf];\ .

44 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 ;sf/fTds lrqx? e¥ofªsf] tNnf] v'8\lsnfdf /fVg'xf];\ .
Gfsf/fTds lrqx? ;k{sf] d'vdf /fVg'xf];\ .
o;nfO{ ud nufP/ sf6{'gdf 6fF:g'xf];\ .
;'s]kl5 af]8{/ ldnfP/ sf6\g'xf];\ .
Uff9f /ªsf] sndn] aflx/L efudf df]6f] wsf{ tfg]/ cfsif{s agfpg'xf];\ .
/fd|/L ;'s]kl5 ;]nf]6]kn] gv'Drg] u/L a]g{'xf];\ .
8fo; agfpg O/]h/sf] a6\6fsf] lardf k'/fgf] sfuh sf]r/] gv'Drg] agfpg'xf];\ .
o;sf] jl/kl/ ;]tf] sfuhn] a]/]/ udn] /fd|/L 6fF:g'xf];\ .
;'sk] l5 8fo;sf] h:t}M !, @, #, = = ub{} ^ cf]6f yf]Knfx? ;a} ;fO8df agfpg'xf];\ .

k|of]u ljlw
@ jf # hgf afnaflnsfnfO{{ jl/kl/ a;fpg'xf];\ .
;a}nfO{ !,! cf]6f u6\6f lbg'xf];\ .
Vf]nsf] ;lhnf] lgod agfpg'xf];\ .
8fo; xNnfP/ kmfNbf lgodfg';f/ sltcf]6f yf]Knf ePsf] efu cfFpbf v]n
;'/m ug]{ ;f]sf] cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .
o;}u/L 8fo; xfGb} hfg] / hltcf]6f yf]Knf cfFp5, plt sf]7f ;fb}{ hfg'xf];\ .
8fo; xfGbf cfpg] sf]7fdf e¥ofª eP dfly plSng'xf];\ .
;k{sf] d'vdf k/] tn emg]{ ub}{ v]n v]Ng ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

!$= z'esfdgf sf8{

z'esfdgf sf8{ s'g} ljz]if pT;j jf rf8jf8df agfpg ;lsG5 . o;af6
afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf; x'g'sf] ;fy} afnaflnsfn] ;fdflhs d"No
dfGotf / ;f+:s[lts dxÎjsf af/]df klg l;Sg] 5g\ .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 45

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t /xL
PsLs[t l;k ljsf;sf nflu z'esfdgf sf8{ lgdf{0f ug]{ 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
cfdf, a'af jf ;fyLsf] kmf]6f], rf6{k]k/, ;fbf sfuh, /ª\uLg j|m]og, s}“rL,
;fOgk]g, ud

Tfof/L ug]{ tl/sf

rf6{k]k/sf] ^ OGr nDafO, !@ OGr rf}8fO ePsf] 6'j|mf lng'xf];\ .
To;nfO{ cfwf -^ OGr nDafO, ^ OGr rf}8fO_ kf/]/ k6\ofpg'xf];\ .
s}“rLsf] ;xfotfn] 5]p 5]pdf ldnfpg'xf];\ .
z'esfdgf sf8{ agfPkl5 leqL efudf cfdfsf] jf cfk"mn] rfx]sf] JolStsf]
kmf]6f] 6fF:g] cyjf hGdlbgsf] sf8{ agfpg] eP hGdlbg k/]sf] afnaflnsfsf]
kmf]6f] /fVg ;lsG5 .
sf8{sf] ;a} 5]px?df nx/] a'6\6f agfpg] ;fOgk]gn], leqL, aflx/L, rf/}lt/
sf8{sf] klxnf] efu, aflx/L efudf z'esfdgf cfdf egL n]Vg'xf];\ .
leqL kmf]6f] 6fF;]sf] efudf d]/L cfdf egL n]Vg'xf];\ .
csf{] efudf km"nsf] lrq agfpg'xf];\ . o;/L sf8{ tof/ eof] .

k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

;a} afnaflnsfnfO{{ rf6{k]k/sf] 6'j|mf lbg'xf];\ .
To;nfO{ cfwfkf/L k6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ .
z'esfdgf sf8{sf] leqL efudf cfdfsf] kmf]6f] 6fF:g nufpg'xf];\ .
;a}nfO{ cfgf] cfdfsf af/]df eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
3/ hfg] a]nfdf cfdfnfO{ lbg' eg]/ afnaflnsfnfO{{ l;sfpg'xf];\ .
o:tf sf8{ cGo kj{ pT;jx?df klg agfpg ;lsG5 .

!%= rª\uf
rª\uf c;f]h sflQs dlxgfdf ljz]if b;}F ltxf/ h:tf rf8af8df v]lng] ePsf
o:t} ;do kf/]/ rª\uf agfpg / afnaflnsfnfO{{ v]nfpg pko'St x'G5 .
o;af6 afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf; x'g'sf] ;fy} afnaflnsfn] ;fdflhs
d"No dfGotf / ;f+:s[lts dxÎjsf af/]df klg l;Sg] cj;/ kfpg] 5g\ .

46 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t /xL
PsLs[t l;k ljsf;sf nflu rª\uf lgdf{0f ug]{ 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
k]k/, s}“rL, l;Gsf, ud, wfuf], n6\6fO{

;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug]{ tl/sf

sfO6 k]k/nfO{ juf{sf/ -!@ OGr nDafO, ^ OGr rf}8fO_ agfP/ sf6\g'xf];\ .
l;GsfnfO{ clnslt afª\uf] kf/]/ Ps 5]paf6 csf{] 5]pdf 6Ff:g'xf];\ .
csf]{ l;GsfnfO{ csf{] 5]paf6 l;w} k]k/sf] lardf kg{] u/L 6fFl;lbg'xf];\ .
ca ;fgf] tLgs'g] sfuhnfO{ pN6f] kf/]/ csf{] ;fgf] juf{sf/sf] sfuh tn
5]pdf kg{] u/L 6fFl;lbg'xf];\ .
ca rª\uf tof/ eof] .
rª\ufsf] laraf6 b'O{cf]6f ;fgf] Kjfn kf/L wfuf] l5/fpg'xf];\ .
Tof] wfuf] n6\6fOsf] wfuf]df afFWg'xf];\ .
;a}nfO{ kfn}kfnf] p8fpg l;sfpg'xf];\ .

k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

afnaflnsfnfO{{ 6]ansf] j/k/ ;fgf] ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ .
Pp6f 6]andf Pp6f rª\uf agfpFbf nfUg] ;a} ;fdu|L /flvlbg'xf];\ .
pSt ;fdu|Lsf] gfd elglbg'xf];\ .
juf{sf/ sf6]sf] sfuh tyf l;Gsfx? lbP/ rª\uf agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
rª\uf tof/ ePkl5 aflx/ rp/df nuL ;a}nfO{ kfn}kfnf] p8fpg l;sfpg'xf];\ .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 47

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 !^= rf8jf8 af]8{
ljz]if pT;j jf rf8jf8sf af/]df ;xh?kdf l;sfpg rf8jf8 af]8{ k|efjsf/L
;fdu|L xf] . o;af6 afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{ªu\ L0f ljsf; x'gs
' f] ;fy} afnaflnsfn]
;fdflhs d"NodfGotf / ;f+:s[lts dxÎjsf af/]df klg l;Sg] cj;/ kfpg] 5g\ .

p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t /xL
PsLs[t l;k ljsf;sf nflu rf8jf8 af]8{ lgdf{0f ug]{ 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
sf8{ af]8{, ;fbf rf6{k]k/, ud, s}“rL, ljleGg rf8kj{sf] tl:a/, ;f]xLcg';f/
rf8kj{x?sf] gfd n]lvPsf zAb tyf lrqkQLx?

agfpg] tl/sf
sf8{af]8{nfO{ !@ OGr nDafO / !) OGr rf}8fO x'g] u/L sf6\g'xf];\ .
oxL cfsf/df ;fbf rf6{k]k/ sf6\g] / sf8{af]8{df 6fF:g'xf];\ .
ljleGg rf8kj{ hgfpg] lrqx?nfO{ o; af]8{df 6fF:g'xf];\ .
cGo zAbkQL / lrqkQLx?nfO{ ;Fu} /fVg'xf];\ .

k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

;a} afnaflnsfnfO{{ cw{uf]nfsf/ agfP/ /fVg'xf];\ .
Affnaflnsfx?sf lardf rf8jf8sf] af]8{ /fVg'xf];\ .
s'g} PshgfnfO{ af]8{df ePsf] lrqsf] dfly lrqkQL /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .
o;/L af]8s{ f] ;a} lrq el/Pkl5 csf]{ hgfnfO{ ;f]xLcg'?k lrq /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .
o;} u/L j|mdzM zAbkQLx? /fVg nufpg ;lsG5 .
of] v]n Ps k6sdf $ hgfnfO{ v]nfpg ;lsG5 .

48 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
!&= kfqf] jf Sofn]G8/
kfqf] jf Sofn]G8/ afnaflnsfn] 3/df klg b]lv/x]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf] ;fdu|Lsf]
k|of]uaf6 afnaflnsfnfO{{ ;lhnf];Fu lbg, af/ ut] tyf dlxgfsf] cjwf/0ff lbg
;lsG5 . ;fy} o;af6 afnaflnsfn] uGtL ug{ tyf zAbx? l;Sg ;S5g\ .

p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t /xL
PsLs[t l;k ljsf;sf nflu kfqf] jf Sofn]G8/ lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug]{ 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
Rff6{k]k/, sfnf], lgnf] / /ftf] dfs{/, :s]n, k]lG;n

agfpg] tl/sf
Pp6f rf6{k]k/ lng'xf];\ .
To;nfO{ dlxgfdf efu ug]{ / !@ dlxgf 5'6\ofP/ sf]7f agfpg'xf];\ .
Kf|To]s dlxgfnfO{ km]l/ & af/ / ut]df 5'6\ofP/ sf]7f agfpg'xf];\ .
csf]{ kfqf] jf Sofn]G8/sf] ;xof]un] af/ / ut] ldnfP/ ;fg'{xf];\ .
zlgaf/nfO{ /ftf] nufpg] / cGo rf8jf8nfO{ lgnf] /ªn] n]Vg'xf];\ .
Pp6f rf6{k]k/df Pp6f dfq dlxgf klg /fVg ;lsG5 .

Kf|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

leQfdf 6fF;]sf] Sofn]G8/ jf kfqf] x]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .
k|To]s lbg Pshgf afns jf aflnsfnfO{ p7fP/ cfh s'g dlxgf xf] < cfh
s] af/ xf] < cfh slt ut] xf] < eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ xftn] Sofn]G8/ jf kfqf]df n]vs
] f] af/ / ut] b]vfpg nufpg'xf];\ .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 49

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 !*= 38L
38L afnaflnsfsf] l;sfOsf nflu ;xh} kfOg] / k|efjsf/L ;fdu|L xf] . o;af6
afnaflnsfn] ;dosf] 1fg, cª\ssf] 1fg, ul0ft jf uGtLsf] ;xh l;sfO x'G5 .
;fy} ;dosf] cjwf/0ff / To; ;dodf ug]{ sfd cflbsf] wf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug{
;xh x'G5 .

p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t /xL
PsLs[t l;k ljsf;sf nflu 38L lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug]{ 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
rf6{k]k/, sf7sf l;Gsf, lSnk lkg, k]k/ Kn]6, ud, s}“rL, wfuf], dfs{/,
jf /ª\uLg ;fOgk]g .

agfpg] tl/sf
rf6{k]k/nfO{ uf]nf] agfP/ sf6\g'xf];\ . uf]nfsf/sf] Jof; !) OGr x'g'kg]{ 5 .
;fOgk]gn] jl/kl/ af]8{/ agfpg'xf];\ .
uf]nfsf/sf] dflyk6\l6 !@ / d'gLk6\l6 ^ n]Vg'xf];\ . 38L 3'Dg] lbzfdf j|mdzM
a/fa/sf] b'/L /fv]/ ! b]lv !@ eg'{xf];\ .
ca 38Lsf] dWolaGb'df lrx\g nufpg'xf];\ .
tLgcf]6f sf7sf l;Gsf lng'xf];\ . l;GsfnfO{ tLg leGg cfsf/ / nDafO j|mdzM
nfdf] ;a}eGbf dl;gf], 5f]6f] ;a}eGbf df]6f] / larsf] agfP/ sf6\gx' f];\ .
tLgcf]6} l;GsfnfO{ dWolaGb'df lSnk lkgsf] ;xof]un] c8\ofpg'xf];\ .
38L tof/ eof] . o;nfO{ sf8{af]8{df 6fF;]/ alnof] agfpg ;lsG5 .

50 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 Kf|of]u ug]{ tl/sf
afnaflnsfnfO{{ uf]nf] 3]/fdf /fVg'xf];\ .
38Lsf af/]df eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
38Lsf sfF6fx? otfptf kfb}{ slt aHof] eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
of] ;dodf xfdL s] u5f}{+ eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\, h:t}M laxfgsf] !) ah], lbpF;f]sf]
# ah], /ftL * ah] cflb .
clg ;a} hgfnfO{ 38L agfpg lbg'xf];\ .
;a} hgfnfO{ /ª\uLg dfs{/ / k]k/ Kn]6 lbg'xf];\ .
Kn]6sf] dfyLk6\l6 !@ / d'gLk6\l6 ^ n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
!@ n]v]sf] k6\l6 k]k/sf] b'O{cf]6f v'6\6f agfP/ 6fF:g nufpg'xf];\ .
^ / !@ sf] 5]p efudf lardf kf/L b'O{cf]6f xftx? 6fFl;lbg'xf];\ .
xftx? 6fF;]sf] k]k/ Kn]6sf] 7fFpdf # / ( n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
o;/L k]k/ Kn]6 6]8L 38Lsf] k]6sf] ?kdf kb{5 .
38Ldf afFsL cª\s n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
6]8L 38L tof/ x'G5 .
38Ldf 306fsf af/]df afnaflnsfnfO{{ atfOlbg'xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ tfnL ahfpg nufpg'xf];\ .

!(= hGdlbg rf6{

afnaflnsfnfO{{ cfk"m / cfgf] af/]df ;xh?kdf l;sfpg hGdlbg rf6{ k|efjsf/L
;fdu|L xf] . o;af6 afnaflnsfn] cfk"m hGd]sf] lbg, dlxgf / cfgf] af/]df
yfxf kfpg] / atfpg] 5g\ .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 51

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t /xL
PsLs[t l;k ljsf;sf nflu hGd lbgsf] rf6{ lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug]{ 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
Rff6{kk] /, sfnf], lgnf] / /ftf] dfs{/, :s]n, k]G;Ln, afnaflnsfsf] ;fgf] kmf]6f] .

agfpg] tl/sf
Pp6f rf6{k]k/ lng'xf];\ .
;a} afnaflnsfsf] hGd ldlt, dlxgf / ut] l6Kg'xf];\ .
wfuf]df afFw]sf] a]n'g p8] h:tf] u/]/ rf6{k]k/df agfpg'xf];\ .
k|To]s wfuf]df ut] / dlxgf n]Vg] clg a]n'gdf kmf]6f] 6fF:g'xf];\ .
o;/L ;a} afnaflnsfsf] hGdlbgsf] rf6{ tof/ x'G5 .

Kf|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

k|To]s lbg afnaflnsfnfO{{ dlxgf, ut] / af/ ;f]w]kl5 hGdlbgsf] rf6{ x]g{
nufpg'xf];\ .
cfh s;sf] hGdlbg eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\ jf Tof] dlxgfdf c¿ ss;sf] hGdlbg
kb{5, 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
hGdlbg k/]sf afnaflnsfnfO{{ awfO{ tyf z'esfdgf lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
hGdlbg dgfpg yk lj|mofsnfk s] s] ug{ ;lsG5, 5nkmn ub}{ afnaflnsfnfO{{
;xefuL u/fpg'xf];\ .

@)= ;do / sfdsf] rf6{

52 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 ;do / sfdsf] rf6{ l;sfOsf nflu ;xh} kfOg] / k|efjsf/L ;fdu|L xf] .
o;af6 afnaflnsfn] ;dosf] 1fg, cª\ssf] 1fg, / To; ;dodf s] s] u/LG5
eg]/ sfdsf] 1fg klg ;xh} l;sfpg ;lsG5 . ;fy} ;dosf] cjwf/0ff / To;
;dodf ug]{ sfd cflbsf] hfgsf/L eO{{ c;n Jojxf/sf] ljsf; ug{ ;xh x'G5 .

p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t /xL
PsLs[t l;k ljsf;sf nflu ;do / sfdsf] rf6{ lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug]{ 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
rf6{kk] /, ud, s}r“ L, ;do / sfd hgfpg] lrqx?, dfs{/ jf /ª\uLg ;fOgk]g .

agfpg] tl/sf
Pp6f rf6{k]k/ lng'xf];\ / lardf ;Lwf wsf{ tfg]/ b'O{ efudf afF8\g'xf];\ .
Rff6{k]k/sf] afFof -b]a|]_ lt/ lglZrt ;do hgfpg] 38Lsf] lrq 6fF:g] jf 38L
agfpg'xf];\ .
Rff6{k]k/sf] bfFof -bflxg]]_ lt/ afFofk6\l6sf] 38Ln] b]vfPsf] ;dodf u/Lg]
sfdsf] lrq 6fF:g'xf];\ . h:tf] laxfgsf] & ah] 38Ldf /flvPsf] 5 eg] To;
;dodf afnaflnsfn] ug]{ sfd xftd'v w'Fb} u/]sf] lrq /fVg'kb{5 .
o;} u/L rf6{kk] /df lbgel/df u/Lg] s]xL d'Vo d'Vo sfdx?sf] lrq 6fF:g'xf];\ .

Kf|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

Kf|To]s lbg afnaflnsfnfO{{ ;do / sfdsf] rf6{ x]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .
Tof] rf6{df b]vfP h:tf] sfd pgLx?n] u/] ls u/]sf 5}gg\, ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
Tof] rf6{df b]vfPsf] ;dodf g} u/] ls To;eGbf l9nf] jf l56f] u/] ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
lsg / s;/L h:tf k|Zg ub}{ afnaflnsfnfO{{ Tof] ;do rf6{cg';f/ sfd ug{
xf};nf lbg] / k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ .

@!= emG8f
/fi6«, /fli6«otf / g]kfnsf af/]df l;sfpg of] ;fdu|L cfjZos x'G5 . afnaflnsfn]
b]zsf] emG8f lrG5g\ / o;sf] ;Ddfg ug{ l;Sg]5g\ .

p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t /xL
PsLs[t l;k ljsf;sf nflu em08f lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug]{ 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
l;Gsf, ;fbf sfuh, ud, /ª, s}FrL, l;;fsnd, :s]n

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 53

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 agfpg] tl/sf
;a} afnaflnsfnfO{{ uf]nf] ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ .
5nkmn ug]{, g]kfnsf] emG8f b]vfpg], g]kfnsf] emG8fsf] /ª, emG8fsf] cfsf/
s:tf] 5 < emG8fleq b]vfpFb} dfly s] lrx\g 5 < emG8fsf] d'lg s] lrx\g
5 < eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
sfuhdf g]kfnsf] emG8fsf] lrq agfpg'xf];\ .
lrqdf ;"o{ / rGb|sf] lrq sf]g'{xf];\ .
lrq cfsf/df /ftf] / lgnf] /ª eg'{xf];\ .
emG8fsf] cfsf/sf nflu lrqsf] 5]p5fpdf sf6\g'xf];\ .
Psflt/sf] nfdf] l;wf efudf l;Gsf 6fF:g'xf];\ .
;a}n] agfO{ ;s]kl5 tfnL ahfP/ k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ .

Kf|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

;a} afnaflnsfnfO{{ uf]nf] ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ .
5nkmn ug]{, g]kfnsf] emG8f b]vfpg'xf];\, g]kfnsf] emG8fsf] /ª, em08fsf]
cfsf/ s:tf] 5 < emG8fleq b]vfpFb} o;sf] dfly s] lrx\g 5 < emG8fsf]
d'lg s] lrx\g 5 < ;a}nfO{ ;f]Wg] .
g]kfnsf] emG8fsf] lrq sf]/]sf] sfuh lbg'xf];\ .
;"o{ / rGb|sf] lrqdf /ª nufpg lbg'xf];\ .
lrq cfsf/df /ftf] / lgnf] /ª eg'{xf];\ .
Psflt/sf] nfdf] l;wf efudf l;Gsf 6fF:g l;sfpg'xf];\ .
;a}n] agfO{ ;s]kl5 tfnL ahfP/ k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ .

54 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
@@= xfd|f] j]ife"iff af]8{
afnaflnsfnfO{{ ljleGg k|sf/sf n'uf sk8f, ;w} nufpg], ljz]if pT;j jf rf8jf8df
nufpg] / km/skm/s df};ddf nufpg] sk8f tyf ljleGGf hfthflt / ;d'bfon]
nufpg] sk8fsf af/]df ;xh ?kdf l;sfpg xfd|f] j]ife"iff af]8{ k|efjsf/L ;fdu|L
xf] . o;af6 afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{ªu\ L0f ljsf; x'gs
' f] ;fy} afnaflnsfn] ;fdflhs
ljljlwtf / ;f+:s[lts dxÎjsf af/]df klg l;Sg] cj;/ kfpg]5g\ .

p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t /xL
PsLs[t l;k ljsf;sf nflu j]ife"iff af]8{ lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug]{ 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
ljleGg hfthfltsf] n'ufsk8fsf] lrqkQL, u/uxgfsf] lrqkQL

agfpg] tl/sf
afnaflnsfnfO{{ uf]nf] ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ .
ljleGg Hffltsf n'ufsk8fsf] lrqkQL / u/uxgfsf] lrqkQLsf af/]df 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
sf8{af]8{nfO{ !) OGr nDafO / !@ OGr rf}8fO x'g] u/L sf6\g'xf];\ .
oxL cfsf/df ;fbf rf6{k]k/ sf6\g] / sf8{af]8{df 6fF:g'xf];\ .
ljleGg hfthfltsf n'ufsk8fsf] lrq o; af]8{df 6fF:g'xf];\ .
cGo zAbkQL / lrqkQLx?nfO{ ;Fu} /fVg'xf];\ .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 55

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 Kf|of]u ug]{ tl/sf
afnaflnsfnfO{{ uf]nf] ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ .
ljleGg hftHffltsf n'ufsk8fsf] lrqkQL / u/uxgfsf] lrqkQLsf af/]df
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ xfd|f] j]ife"iff af]8{ lbg'xf];\ .
kfn}kfnf] ljleGg hfthfltsf u/uxgfsf] lrqkQL 5fg]/ af]8{df ePsf] lrq;Fu
ldNg] u/L lrqkQL hf]8f ldnfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
;a} afnaflnsfn] kfn}kfnf] hf]8f ldnfO;s]kl5 hf]8f ldnfpFbf s:tf] nfUof] <
s'g sk8f / u/uxgf dgk¥of] < lsg < h:tf k|Zgdf 5nkmn ug]{ / tfnL
ahfpg nufpg'xf];\ .

@#= gS;f
cfgf] jl/kl/ kfOg] afn'jf, df6f] cflbsf] k|of]u u/L afnaflnsfnfO{{ ljifoj:t'df
cfwfl/t ljleGg 1fg tyf l;kx? l;sfpg ;lsG5 . afn'jf o;sf nflu ;lhn}
kfOg] / k|efjsf/L ;fdu|L xf] .

p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t /xL
PsLs[t l;k ljsf;sf nflu afn'jfsf] k|of]u ug]{ 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
rfn]sf] dl;gf] afn'jf, l;;fsnd, km]ljsn, rf6{k]k/

56 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 agfpg] tl/sf
afnaflnsfnfO{ uf]nf] 3]/fdf /fVg'xf];\ .
sf8{af]8{ k]k/df l;;fsndn] g]kfnsf] gS;f sf]g'{xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ pSt gS;f lbg] / afn'jf eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .

Kf|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

afnaflnsfnfO{{ uf]nf] 3]/fdf /fVg'xf];\ .
l;;fsndn] g]kfnsf] gS;f sf]/]sf] sf8{af]8{ k]k/ ;a}nfO{ lbg'xf];\ .
gS;f leq km]lasf]n bNg'xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ pSt gS;fdf afn'jf eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
rfn]sf] afn'jfsf] gS;fleq kg]{ u/L la:tf/} Psgf;n] 5g{ nufpg'xf];\ .
ca ;'sfpg] / xft w'g nufpg'xf];\ .
tfnL ahfP/ k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ .

@$= /fli6«o lrx\gsf] lrq hf]8L

Vf]nsf dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfnfO{{ b]zsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbb}+ /fli6«o lrx\gsf
af/]df l;sfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu lrq hf]8f ldnfpg] v]n k|efjsf/L x'G5 .

p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t /xL
PsLs[t l;k ljsf;sf nflu /fli6«o lrx\gsf] k|of]u ug]{ 5g\ .

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
nfnLu'F/f;sf] hf]8L lrq, /fli6«o kf];fssf] hf]8L, ufO{sf] hf]8L lrq, 8fFkm]sf]
hf]8L lrq, pmgL wfuf], ;fbf sfuh, ud, sf8{af]8{ .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 57

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 agfpg] tl/sf
;fbf sfuhdf ;a} lrqx? cnu cnu 6fF:g'xf];\ . pSt sfuhnfO{ sf8{af]8{df
6fF:g'xf];\ .
;a} lrqx?sf] b'O{ 5]pdf pgL wfuf] l5/fpg] / dfnf agfpg'xf];\ .
afnafnaflnsfnfO{{ hf]8L agfpg] / dfnf nufO{ lbg'xf];\ .

Kf|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

;a} afnafnaflnsfnfO{{ hf]8L agfpg'xf];\ .
s'g} ^ hf]8LnfO{ dfnf lrq 5ftLlt/ kg]{ u/L nufOlbg] / c¿ ^ hgfnfO{
9f8df lrq kg]{ u/L dfnf nufOlbg'xf];\ .
;a} hf]8LnfO{ ld;fOlbg] / ;a} hf]8LnfO{ cfkm\gf] hf]8L lrq vf]Hg nufpg'xf];\ .
o;/L ^ cf]6f hf]8Ls} hf]8f ldn]kl5 csf]{ hf]8L ;d"xnfO{ kfnf] lbg'xf];\ .
;a}n] kfn}kfnf] v]n v]n]kl5 tfnL ahfP/ k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ .

@%= ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t lzIf0fsf nflu :yfgLo

?kdf agfpg ;lsg] s]xL ;fdu|Lx?
ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t lzIf0fsf nflu k|of]u u/Lg] Nof;sf8{, js{l;6, y|l] 8ª af]8,{
cª\s af]8,{ hf]8fkQL cfs[lt / oL ;fdu|L4f/f u/fOg] ljsf;fTds tyf cfwf/e"t
l;sfOsf lj|mofsnfksf af/]df lj:t[t hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 . ljifoj:t'nfO{ s]lGb|t
u/L lrq Nof;sf8{, zAb Nof;sf8{, cIf/ Nof;sf8{ tof/ u/L l;sfpgsf
nflu o;nfO{ k|efjsf/L ;fdu|Lsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 / o;af6 afnaflnsfn] cIf/
zAb lrg]/ pRrf/0f ug{sf ;fy} k"j{ k9fO{ tyf n]vfOsf nflu l;k ljsf; ug{
d2t ub{5 . o; v08df oftfoft ljifoj:t'sf] pbfx/0f lbOPsf] 5 .

58 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 p2]Zo
k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf sIffsf nflu ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t /xL
PsLs[t l;k ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug]{ 5g\ .

@%=! ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t Nof;sf8{

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
rf6{k]k/, ;fOg k]g, kdf{g]G6 dfs{/, l;;fsnd, O/]h/, sn/, km]lasf]n,
sf8{af]8{ .

Tfof/ ug]{ tl/sf

% OGr x % OGr ;fOhsf] rf6{k]k/df s'g} klg pkzLif{sdf cfwfl/t sDtLdf
$ jf % cf]6f lrqx? 5'6\6f5'6\6} agfpg'xf];\ . o;}u/L zAb Nof;sf8{ /
cIf/ Nof;sf8{ agfpg'xf];\ .
o; k':tsdf agfOPsf] gd'gf ljifoj:t'cg';f/sf] rf/ cf]6f lrqdf jf:tljs
/ uf9f /ª eg'{xf];\ .
rf/ cf]6} lrqx?nfO{ s'6, sf8{af]8{df km]lasf]n jf udn] /fd|/L 6fF:g'xf];\ .
6fF;s] f] lrqsf] Nof;sf8{sf] jl/kl/ dfs{/ jf ;fOg k]gn] af]8/{ agfpg'xf];\ .
;DalGwt lrqcg';f/ 7'nf] cIf/df zAb tyf cIf/ n]lvPsf] Nof;sf8{ tof/
ug'{xf];\, -zLif{sut ljifoj:t'_ h:t} M æoftfoftsf lsl;d tyf k|of]uÆ

k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

pkzLif{s -ljifoj:t' lrgf/L_ u/fpgsf nflu afnaflnsfx?nfO{ cw{rGb|fsf/
u/L a:g nufpg'xf];\ .
Nof;sf8{ afnaflnsfnfO{{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
Nof;sf8{df plNnlvt lrq, zAb / cIf/nfO{ b]vfP/ ;f]Wg] / 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
lrqcg';f/sf] jf:tljs jf 7f]; j:t' klg b]vfP/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
oftfoft ljifosf] cIf/nfO{ afnaflnsfx?nfO{ j|]mog /ªn] eg{ nufpg] /
pRrf/0f u/fpg'xf];\ .
o:t} k|sf/n] k|To]s pkzLif{scg';f/ ljifoj:t' tof/ u/L ljifoj:t'sf]
kl/rosf nflu afnaflnsfnfO{{ Nof;sf8{ b]vfO 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 59

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 @%=@ ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t js{l;6

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
rf6{k]k/, ;fOg k]g, kdf{g]G6 dfs{/, l;;fsnd, O/]h/, sn/, km]lasf]n, s}“rL,
sf8{af]8{ .

Tfof/ ug]{ tl/sf

*x!! OGr ;fOhsf] rf6{k]k/df oftfoft zLif{sdf cfwfl/t oftfoft;DaGwL
;fwgsf] lrq -/ª nufPsf] / gnufPsf] gd'gf tn lbOPsf] 5_ .
;f]cg';f/sf] sf8{af]8{df rf/ cf]6f lrqdf jf:tljs / uf9f /ª eg'{xf];\ .
rf/cf]6} lrqx?nfO{ s'6, uQf jf sf8{af]8{df km]lasf]n jf udn] /fd|/L
6fF:g'xf];\ .
6fF;]sf] lrqsf] af]8{sf] jl/kl/ dfs{/ jf ;fOg k]gn] af]8{/ agfpg'xf];\ .

k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

oftfoft ljifosf] lrgf/L u/fpgsf nflu afnaflnsfnfO{{ cw{rGb|fsf/ u/L
a:g nufpg'xf];\ .
oftfoftsf] lrqaf8{ afnaflnsfnfO{{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
plNnlvt lrq, zAb / cIf/nfO{ b]vfP/ ;f]Wg] / 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
lrqcg';f/sf] jf:tljs jf 7f]; j:t' klg b]vfP/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
oftfoft ljifosf] lrq af]8{nfO{ afnaflnsfnfO{{ j|]mog /ªn] eg{ nufpg] /
pRrf/0f u/fpg'xf];\ .
o:t} k|sf/n] k|To]s pkzLif{scg';f/ -ljifoj:t' tof/ u/L ljifoj:t'sf] kl/rosf
nflu afnaflnsfnfO{{ lrqaf]8d{ f /ª nufP/ b]vfO{ 5nkmn ug'x{ f];\ .

60 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
@%=# lrq / zAb js{l;6
tnsf lrq lrg / s] sf lrq x'g\ eg . ;fyL;Fu 5nkmn u/ .

xjfO{hxfh a;

/]n ;fO{sn

8'·f 3f]8f

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 61

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 @%=$ cIf/ js{l;6
cIf/df /ª eg'{xf];\ / eGg'xf];\ .

@%=% ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t cª\s af]8{

62 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
rf6{k]k/, ;fOg k]g, kdf{g]G6 dfs{/, l;;fsnd, O/]h/, sn/, km]lasf]n, s}FrL,
sf8{af]8{ .

Tfof/L ug]{ tl/sf

*X!! OGr ;fOhsf] rf6{k]k/df oftfoft zLif{sdf cfwfl/t oftfoft;DaGwL
;fwgsf] lrq -/ª nufPsf] / gnufPsf] gd'gf tn lbOPsf] 5_ .
s'g} klg ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt u/fO{ lrq / cª\s af]8{ tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
lrqdf /ª e/L sf8{af]8{df 6fF:g'xf];\ .
lrqx?nfO{ s'6, sf8{af]8{df km]lasf]n jf udn] /fd|/L 6fF:g'xf];\ .
6fF;]sf] lrqsf] af]8{sf] jl/kl/ dfs{/ jf ;fOg k]gn] af]8{/ agfpg'xf];\ .

k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

afnaflnsfsf] ;fgf] ;d"x agfP/ x]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .
plNnlvt lrq, lrXg / cª\snfO{ b]vfP/ ;f]Wg] / 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
oftfoft ljifosf] cª\s af]8{nfO{ afnaflnsfnfO{{ j|]mog /ªn] eg{ nufpg] /
pRrf/0f u/fpg'xf];\ .
o:t} k|sf/n] k|To]s pkzLif{scg';f/ -ljifoj:t' tof/ u/L ljifoj:t'sf] kl/rosf
nflu afnaflnsfnfO{{ cª\saf]8d{ f /ª nufP/ b]vfO 5nkmn ug'x{ f];\ .
sltcf]6f a;, Toltg} j:t' /fVg'xf];\, /ª eg'{xf];\ / uGg'xf];\ .

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 63

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 @%=^ ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t cfsf/ af]8{

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
rf6{k]k/, ;fOg k]g, kdf{g]G6 dfs{/, l;;fsnd, O/]h/, sn/, km]lasf]n, s}FrL,
sf8{af]8{ / cfsf/sf] lrq .

Tfof/L ug]{ tl/sf

% OGr x % OGr ;fOhsf] rf6{k]k/df cfsf/sf] lrqdf /ª eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lrqdf /ª e/L xf8{af]8{df 6fF:g'xf];\ .
lrqx¿nfO{ s'6, uTtf jf sf8{af]8{df km]lasf]n jf udn] /fd|/L 6fF:g'xf];\ .
cfsf/ lrqsf] -% OGr X % OGr_ af]8{sf] jl/kl/ dfs{/ jf ;fOg k]gn] af]8{/
agfpg'xf];\ .

k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

afnaflnsfsf] ;fgf] ;d"x agfP/ x]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .
plNnlvt lrq, lrXg / cª\snfO{ b]vfP/ ;f]Wg] / 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ j|]mog /ªn] cfsf/df eg{ nufpg] / pRrf/0f u/fpg'xf];\ .

a;sf] agf]6 s'g cfsf/;Fu ldN5, bfFh]/ eGg'xf];\ .

64 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
uf]nfsf/ lqe'h

cfoftfsf/ juf{sf/

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 65

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 @%=& ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t y]|l8ª af]8{

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
rf6{k]k/, ;fOg k]g, kdf{g]G6 dfs{/, l;;fsnd, O/]h/, sn/, km]lasf]n, s}FrL,
sf8{af]8{, s'g} klg ljifosf] lrq, df]6f] sn/ wfuf], Kjfn kfg{sf nflu
@ b]lv # OGrsf] lsnf .

Tfof/ ug]{ tl/sf

!) OGr X !) OGr ;fOhsf] rf6{kk] /df cfsf/sf] lrqdf /ª eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lrqx?nfO{ s'6, uTtf jf sf8{af]8{df km]lasf]n jf udn] /fd|/L 6fF:g'xf];\ .
lrqsf] j/Lk/L @ OGrsf] b'/Ldf lsnfn] Kjfn agfpg'xf];\ .
lrqsf] ;fOhcg';f/sf] wfuf]sf] b'j} 6'Kkfdf df]d kufn]/ ltvf] agfpg'xf];\ .

k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

o:tf w]/} k|sf/sf lrq ePsf] y|]l8ª af]8{ tof/ ug]{ / afnaflnsfsf] ;fgf]
;d"x agfP/ x]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .

y]|l8ª af]8{ -!)X!) OGr_

66 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
@%=* ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t hf]8fkQL cfs[lt

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu 67

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
 cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
rf6{k]k/, ;fOg k]g, kdf{g]G6 dfs{/, l;;fsnd, O/]h/, sn/, km]lasf]n, s}FrL,
sf8{af]8{, s'g} klg ljifosf] lrq .

Tfof/L ug]{ tl/sf

% OGr X % OGr ;fOhsf] rf6{k]k/df cfsf/sf] lrqdf /ª eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lrqx?nfO{ s'6, sf8{af]8{df km]lasf]n jf udn] /fd|/L 6fF:g'xf];\ .
tn lbOPsf] ;+s]tcg';f/ lrq sf6\g'xf];\ .

k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf

o:tf] w]/} k|sf/sf lrq ePsf] lrqsf8{x? tof/ ug]{ / afnaflnsfsf] ;fgf]
;d"x agfP/ x]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .
hf]8f ldnfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
k|To]s afnaflnsfn] hf]8f ldnfPsf] cfs[ltnfO{ b]vfO 5nkmn u/fpg] / Tof]
oftfoft ;fwgsf] gfd eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
oftfoft ;fwgsf] cfsf/ k|sf/ eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
rSsf uGg nufpg'xf];\ .
s] af6 rN5 eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
6«flkms lgod ;f]Wg nufpg'xf];\ .

gf]6 M pko'{St ;a} lj|mofsnfk u/fp“bf jf afnaflnsfn] lh1f;f /fVbf afnaflnsfnfO{{ :ofaf;,
xf};nf jf yk8L ahfP/ k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ .

68 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu

:yfgLo l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
;fdu|Lsf] gfd, ljifoj:t'cg';f/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] ljifoIf]qx? / xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] l;kx?
;fdu|L k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] ljifoIf]q xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] l;kx?
lrqkQL, cIf/kQL, lrq jf cIf/ d / d]/f] kl/jf/ M d / d]/f] zf/Ll/s l;k, ;+j]ufTds
rf6{ / 8fO;, xfd|f] l6eL, a|f];/ z/L/, d / d]/f] ;fyL, d / d]/f] l;k, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts
sf8{, sljtf uLtkQL, vfB kl/jf/, d]/f] afn ljsf; s]Gb| / g}lts l;k, af}l4s tyf
z[ª\vnf rf6{, yf]Kn] lrq sf8{, dfgl;s l;k, :jf:Yo,
sfuhsf] l;Gsf, lrq khn, d]/f] 7fp“ M d]/f] 3/, ljleGg kf]if0f, ;'/Iff / jftfj/0f l;k,
kk]6, 8f]ldgf], afn'jfsf] gS;f, k|sf/sf 3/x?, d]/f l5d]sL, l;h{gfTds l;k, eflifs l;k,
xfd|f] j]ife"iff af]8{, ;do / ljleGg k];f, d]/f] 7fpFsf] ljz]iftf k"j{ul0ftLo l;k, b[Zosnf,
sfdsf] rf6{, hGd lbgsf] rf6{, sfo{tl/sf / l;h{gzLntf,
emG8f agfpg, hf]8L ldnfO{ xfd|f] rf8kj{ M d]/f] 3/df dgfOg] jftfj/0f lj1fg
v]n, 38L, rf8jf8 af]8{, rª\uf, rf8kj{x?, ;fyL÷l5d]sLsf] 3/df
z'esfdgf sf8{, hf]8fkQL, dgfOg] rf8kj{x?, xfdLn] dg
y]|l8ª af]8{, cfsf/ af]8{, lrq k/fpg] kj{x?, ljleGg rf8kj{ /
zAb Nof;sf8{, :yfgLo /fli6«o kj{
9'ª\ufsf] uf]6L, oftfoftsf
;fwg, kk]6 M l;Gs] lrq kk]6, xfd|f] jftfj/0f M xfjf, kfgL /
xft] kk]6, ljifoj:t'cg';f/sf] df6f, af]6la?jf / kmnkm"n,
xft] kk]6, cf}+n] kk]6, wfuf] hgfj/, kG5L / ls/fkm6\of+uf| ,
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