Molarity definition
Molarity (M) is the amount of a substance in a certain volume of solution.
Molarity is defined as the moles of a solute per liters of a solution. Molarity is
also known as the molar concentration of a solution.
Molarity formula and units
The units of molarity are M or mol/L. A 1 M solution is said to be “one molar.”
Molarity equation
M = moles solute / liters solution
Molality definition
Molality (m), or molal concentration, is the amount of a substance dissolved in
a certain mass of solvent. It is defined as the moles of a solute per kilograms
of a solvent.
Molality formula and units
The units of molality are m or mol/kg.
Molality equation
m = moles solute / kilograms solvent
Normality:
The normality definition is the number of equivalents of a solute divided by the volume of the
solution in liters. Normality is also known as equivalent concentration.
Calculate the normality of a 600mL solution that contains 1.5 equivalents of solute.
Thus, the normality of the solution is 2.5 normal.
PERCENTAGE CONCENTRATION:
Percentage Calculation:
1 - percent by weight (weight/weight percent): number of grams of solute per 100g of
solution.
For example, a 0.9% solution of NaCl means that there is a ratio of 0.9g of NaCl per 100g of
solution.
2- percent by volume (volume/volume percent): number of volumes of the solute in 100
volume of solution.
It can be used when the solute is another liquid.
For example, a 20% solution of alcohol means that there is 20 ml of alcohol in 100 ml of solution.
3- weight/volume percent: number of grams of solute in 100 ml of solution.
For example in this case, a 0.9% solution of NaCl means that there is a ratio of 0.9g of NaCl per
100 ml of solution.
Exercise for Molarity
etermine the molarity for each of the following solutions:
a. 0.444 mol of CoCl2 in 0.654 L of solution. 0.67
b. 98.0 g of phosphoric acid, H3PO4, in 1.00 L of solution 1M
c. 0.2074 g of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, in 40.00 mL of solution 0.0699
d. 10.5 kg of Na2SO4·10H2O in 18.60 L of solution 1.75 M
e. 7.0 × 10−3 mol of I2 in 100.0 mL of solution 0.07 M
f. 1.8 × 104 mg of HCl in 0.075 L of solution 6.6 M
Calculate the number of moles and the mass of the solute in each of the following
solutions:
(a) 2.00 L of 18.5 M H2SO4, concentrated sulfuric acid
(b) 100.0 mL of 3.8 × 10 M NaCN, the minimum lethal concentration of sodium
−5
cyanide in blood serum
(c) 5.50 L of 13.3 M H2CO, the formaldehyde used to “fix” tissue samples
(d) 325 mL of 1.8 × 10−6 M FeSO4, the minimum concentration of iron sulfate
detectable by taste in drinking water
3.63 × 103 g H2SO4
1.9 × 10−4 g NaCN
2.20 kg H2CO
8.9 × 10−5 g FeSO4
Calculate the normality of a 600mL solution that contains 1.5 equivalents of solute.
Molality Examples
Question: Calculate the molality of a solution where 0.5 grams of toluene (C7H8) is dissolved in 225
grams of Benzene (C6H6).
Solution:
Calculate the moles of the given solute.
Toluene – Molecular weight
=�7�8=7×12×+1×8=92�����/����
Using the formula:
Moles of toluene
=������������������������ℎ�
= 0.054 mole.
So, the mole of toluene is 0.054 mole.
Now, calculate the kilogram of solvent.
225��������������1000
= 0.225 kilogram
As the final step, calculate the molality using the formula.
Molality (m)
=����������������������������������
=0.054�����0.225��
Molality = 0.24 m
What is the molality if there are 3 moles in 0.5 kg of solvent?
