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French-Tutorial Module

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
21 views

French-Tutorial Module

Uploaded by

howard.rarangol
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

BASIC PHRASES / LES EXPRESSIONS DE BASE

Bonne nuit
Bonjour Bonsoir
Good night (only said when
Hello / Good day / Good morning Good evening
going to bed)

Salut Au revoir S'il vous plaît / S'il te plaît


Hi / Bye Goodbye Please (formal / informal)

Je vous en prie.
Merci (beaucoup) De rien.
You're welcome. (formal) /
Thank you (very much) You're welcome.
Go ahead.

Bienvenu(e) Allons-y! A tout à l'heure


Welcome (also You're welcome in Quebec) Let's go! See you in a little while

A plus tard A bientôt A demain


See you later See you soon See you tomorrow

Pardon ! Excusez-moi !
Je suis désolé(e) Excuse me! (pushing Excuse me! (getting
I'm sorry through a crowd) / Sorry! someone's attention) / I'm
(stepped on someone's foot) sorry! (more formal apology)

Comment allez-vous ? Je vais bien Très bien / mal / pas mal


How are you? (formal) I'm fine. Very good /bad /not bad

Ça va.
Ça va ? Oui / non
I'm fine. (informal response
How are you? (informal) Yes / no
to Ça va ?)
Tu t'appelles comment ?
Comment vous appelez-vous ? Je m'appelle...
What's your name?
What's your name? (formal) My name is...
(informal)

Monsieur, Madame,
Enchanté(e) Mesdames et Messieurs
Mademoiselle
Nice to meet you. Ladies and gentlemen
Mister, Misses, Miss

Tu es d'où ? / Tu viens d'où


Vous êtes d'où ? / Vous venez d'où ? ? Je suis de... / Je viens de...
Where are you from? (formal) Where are you from? I am from...
(informal)

Tu habites où ?
Où habitez-vous ? J'habite à...
Where do you live?
Where do you live? (formal) I live in...
(informal)

Quel âge avez-vous ? Tu as quel âge ? J'ai ____ ans.


How old are you? (formal) How old are you? (informal) I am ____ years old.

Parlez-vous français ? / Tu parles


anglais ? Je parle allemand. Je ne parle pas espagnol.
Do you speak French? (formal) / Do you I speak German. I don't speak Spanish.
speak English? (informal)

Comprenez-vous? / Tu comprends? Je comprends Je ne comprends pas


Do you understand? (formal / informal) I understand I don't understand
Pouvez-vous m'aider ? / Tu peux Bien sûr. Comment ?
m'aider ? Of course. What? Pardon?
Can you help me? (formal / informal)

Tenez / Tiens Je sais Je ne sais pas


Hey / Here (formal / informal) I know I don't know

Il y a ... / Il y avait...
Où est ... / Où sont ... ? Voici / Voilà
There is / are... / There was /
Where is ... / Where are ... ? Here is/are... / There it is.
were...

Comment dit-on ____ en français ? Qu'est-ce que c'est que ça ? Qu'est-ce qu'il y a ?
How do you say ____ in French? What is that? What's the matter?

Ça ne fait rien. Qu'est-ce qui se passe ? Je n'ai aucune idée.


It doesn't matter. What's happening? I have no idea.

Je suis fatigué(e) / Je suis malade. J'ai faim / J'ai soif. J'ai chaud / J'ai froid.
I'm tired / I'm sick. I'm hungry / I'm thirsty. I'm hot / I'm cold.

Ça m'est égal. / Je m'en Ne vous en faites pas. / Ne


Je m'ennuie. fiche. t'en fais pas.
I'm bored. It's the same to me / I don't Don't worry (formal /
care. (informal) informal)

Ce n'est pas grave. J'ai oublié. Je dois y aller.


It's no problem. / It's alright. I forgot. I must go.
A vos souhaits ! / A tes souhaits ! Félicitations ! Bonne chance !
Bless you! (formal / informal) Congratulations! Good luck!

Taisez-vous ! / Tais-toi ! Je vous aime / Je t'aime


C'est à vous ! / C'est à toi !
Shut up! / Be quiet! (formal / I love you (formal & plural /
It's your turn! (formal / informal)
informal) informal)

Tu me manques. Quoi de neuf ? Pas grand-chose.


I miss you. (informal) What's new? Not a whole lot.

Notice that French has informal and formal ways of saying things.

2. ALPHABET / L'ALPHABET

a /a/ j /ʒi/ s /ɛs/

b /be/ k /ka/ t /te/

c /se/ l /ɛl/ u /y/

d /de/ m /ɛm/ v /ve/

e /ə/ n /ɛn/ w /dubləve/

f /ɛf/ o /o/ x /iks/

g /ʒɜ/ p /pe/ y /igrɛk/

h /aʃ/ q /ky/ z /zɛd/

i /i/ r /ɛʀ/
3. NOUNS, ARTICLES & DEMONSTRATIVES / LES NOMS, LES ARTICLES & LES DEMONSTRATIFS
All nouns in French have a gender, either masculine or feminine. For the most part, you must memorize the gender, but
there are some endings of words that will help you decide which gender a noun is. Nouns ending in -age and -ment are
usually masculine, as are nouns ending with a consonant. Nouns ending in -ure, -sion, -tion, -ence, -ance, -té, and -ette
are usually feminine.
Articles and adjectives must agree in number and gender with the nouns they modify. And articles have to be
expressed even though they aren't always in English; and you may have to repeat the article in some cases.
Demonstratives are like strong definite articles.

Definite Articles (The)


Masculine Feminine Before Vowel Plural
le lit la pomme l'oiseau les gants
/lə li/ /la pɔm/ /lwazo/ /le ɡɑ̃/
the bed the apple the bird the gloves

Indefinite Articles (A, An, Some)


Masculine Feminine Plural
un lit une pomme des gants
/œ̃ li/ / yn pɔm/ /de ɡɑ̃/
a bed an apple some gloves

Demonstrative Adjectives (This, That, These, Those)


Masc. Masc, Before Vowel Fem. Plural
ce lit cet oiseau cette pomme ces gants
/sə li/ /sɛ twazo/ /sɛt pɔm/ /se ɡɑ̃/
this/that bed this/that bird this/that apple these/those gloves

If you need to distinguish between this or that and these or those, you can add -ci to the end of the noun for this and
these, and -là to the end of the noun for that and those. For example, ce lit-ci is this bed, while ce lit-là is that bed.
4. USEFUL WORDS / LES MOTS UTILES
It's / That's c'est /sɛ/ There is/are il y a /il i a/
There is/are voilà /vwala/ Here is/are voici /vwasi/
and et /e/ always toujours /tuʒuʀ/
but mais /mɛ/ often souvent /suvɑ̃/
now maintenant /mɛt̃ nɑ̃/ sometimes quelquefois /kɛlkəfwa/
especially surtout /syʀtu/ usually d'habitude /dabityd/
except sauf /sof/ also, too aussi /osi/
of course bien sûr /bjɛ̃ syʀ/ again encore /ɑ̃kɔʀ/
so so comme ci, comme ça /kɔm si, kɔm sa/ Late en retard /ɑ̃ʀətaʀ/
not bad pas mal /pa mal/ almost presque /pʀɛsk/
book le livre /lə livʀ/ friend (fem) une amie /y nami/
pencil le crayon /lə kʀɛjɔ̃/ friend (masc) un ami /œ̃ nami/
pen le stylo /lə stilo/ woman une femme /yn fam/
paper le papier /lə papje/ man un homme /œ̃ nɔm/
dog le chien /lə ʃjɛ/̃ Girl une fille /yn fij/
cat le chat /lə ʃa/ Boy un garçon /œ̃ gaʀsɔ/̃
money l'argent (m) /laʀʒɑ̃/ job / work le travail /lə tʀavaj/

The expression il y a is reduced to y a in everyday speech. When il y a is followed by a number, it means ago. Il y a
cinq minutes means five minutes ago. Some common slang words for money include: le fric, le pèze, le pognon, des
sous and for job/work: le boulot.
5. SUBJECT PRONOUNS / LES PRONOMS SUJETS

Subject Pronouns

je /ʒə/ I nous /nu/ We

tu /ty/ You (informal) vous /vu/ You (formal and plural)


il /il/ He
ils /il/ They (masc.)
elle /ɛl/ She
elles /ɛl/ They (fem.)
on /ɔ̃/ One

Il and elle can also mean it when they replace a noun (il replaces masculine nouns, and elle replaces feminine nouns)
instead of a person's name. Ils and elles can replace plural nouns as well in the same way. Notice there are two ways
to say you. Tu is used when speaking to children, animals, or close friends and relatives. Vous is used when speaking
to more than one person, or to someone you don't know or who is older. On can be translated into English as one, the
people, we, they, or you.
Tutoyer and vouvoyer are two verbs that have no direct translation into English. Tutoyer means to use tu or be
informal with someone, while vouvoyer means to use vous or be formal with someone.

6. TO BE & TO HAVE / ETRE & AVOIR

Present tense of être /ɛtʀ/ - to be

I am je suis /ʒə sɥi/ We are nous sommes /nu sɔm/

You are tu es /ty ɛ/ You are vous êtes /vu zɛt/

He is il est /il ɛ/
They are ils sont /il sɔ̃/
She is elle est /ɛl ɛ/
They are elles sont /ɛl sɔ/̃
One is on est /ɔ̃ nɛ/
Past tense of être - to be
I was j'étais /ʒetɛ/ We were nous étions /nu zetjɔ̃/
You were tu étais /tu etɛ/ You were vous étiez /vu zetje/
He was il était /il etɛ/
They were ils étaient /il zetɛ/
She was elle était /ɛl etɛ/
They were elles étaient /ɛl zetɛ/
One was on était /ɔ̃ netɛ/
Je and any verb form that starts with a vowel (or silent h) combine together for ease of pronunciation.
Future Tense of être - to be
I will be je serai /ʒə səʀe/ We will be nous serons /nu səʀɔ̃/
You will be tu seras /ty səʀa/ You will be vous serez /vu səʀe/
He will be il sera /il səʀa/
They will be ils seront /il səʀɔ/̃
She will be elle sera /ɛl səʀa/
They will be elles seront /ɛl səʀɔ/̃
One will be on sera /ɔ̃ səʀa/

Present tense of avoir /avwaʀ/ - to have

I have j'ai /ʒe/ We have nous avons /nu zavɔ̃/

You have tu as /ty ɑ/ You have vous avez /vu zave/

He has il a /il ɑ/
They have ils ont /il zɔ̃/
She has elle a /ɛl ɑ/
They have elles ont /ɛl zɔ̃/
One has on a /ɔ̃ nɑ/
Past tense of avoir - to have
I had j'avais /ʒavɛ/ We had nous avions /nu zavjɔ̃/
You had tu avais /ty avɛ/ You had vous aviez /vu zavje/
He had il avait /il avɛ/
ils avaient /il zavɛ/
She had elle avait /ɛl avɛ/ They had
elles avaient /ɛl zavɛ/
One had on avait /ɔ̃ navɛ/
Future tense of avoir - to have
I will have j'aurai /ʒoʀe/ We will have nous aurons /nu zoʀɔ/̃
You will have tu auras /ty oʀɑ/ You will have vous aurez /vu zoʀe/
He will have il aura /il oʀa/
They will have ils auront /il zoʀɔ̃/
She will have elle aura /ɛl oʀa/
They will have elles auront /ɛl zoʀɔ̃/
One will have on aura /ɔ̃ noʀa/

In spoken French, the tu forms of verbs that begin with a vowel contract with the pronoun: tu es = t'es /tɛ/, tu as
= t'as /tɑ/, etc. In addition, it is very common to use on (plus 3rd person singular conjugation) to mean we instead of
nous.

COMMON EXPRESSIONS WITH AVOIR AND ETRE

Avoir and être are used in many common and idiomatic expressions that should be memorized:
avoir chaud /avwaʀ ʃo/ to be hot être de retour /ɛtʀ də ʀətuʀ/ to be back
avoir froid /avwaʀ fʀwa/ to be cold être en retard /ɛtʀ ɑ̃ ʀətaʀ/ to be late
avoir peur /avwaʀ pœʀ/ to be afraid être en avance /ɛtʀ ɑ̃ navɑ̃s/ to be early
avoir raison /avwaʀ ʀɛzɔ̃/ to be right être d'accord /ɛtʀ dakɔʀ/ to be in agreement
avoir tort /avwaʀ tɔʀ/ to be wrong être sur le point de /ɛtʀ syʀ lə pwɛ̃ to be about to
də/
avoir faim /avwaʀ fɛ/̃ to be hungry être en train de /ɛtʀ ɑ̃ tʀɛ̃ də/ to be in the act of
avoir soif /avwaʀ swaf/ to be thirsty être enrhumée /ɛtʀ ɑ̃ʀyme/ to have a cold
avoir sommeil /avwaʀ sɔmɛj/ to be sleepy nous + être (un jour) /ɛtʀ œ̃̃ ʒuʀ/ to be (a day)
avoir honte /avwaʀ ʽɔt̃ / to be ashamed
avoir besoin de /avwaʀ bəzwɛ̃ də/ to need
avoir l'air de /avwaʀ ɛʀ də/ to look like, seem
avoir l'intention de /avwaʀ ɛt̃ ɑ̃sjɔ̃/ to intend to
avoir envie de /avwaʀ ɑ̃vi də/ to feel like
avoir de la chance /avwaʀ də la ʃɑ̃s/ to be lucky
J'ai froid. I'm cold. Je suis en retard! I'm late!
Tu avais raison. You were right. Tu étais en avance. You were early.
Il aura sommeil ce soir. He will be tired tonight. Elle sera d'accord. She will agree.
Elle a de la chance ! She's lucky! Nous sommes lundi. It is Monday.
Nous aurons faim plus tard. We will be hungry Vous étiez enrhumé. You had a cold.
later. Ils seront en train d'étudier. They will be (in the act of)
Vous aviez tort. You were wrong. studying.
Ils ont chaud. They are hot. Elles étaient sur le point de partir. They were about to leave.
Elles avaient peur hier. They were afraid yesterday. On est de retour. We/you/they/the people are back.
7. QUESTION WORDS / LES INTERROGATIFS
Who Qui /ki/
What Quoi /kwa/
Why Pourquoi /puʀkwa/
When Quand /kɑ̃/
Where Où /u/
How Comment /kɔmɑ̃/
How much / many Combien /kɔ̃bjɛ/̃
Which / what Quel(le) /kɛl/

8. CARDINAL NUMBERS / LES NOMBRES CARDINAUX


Zero Zéro /zeʀo/
One Un /œ̃̃ /
Two Deux /dø/
Three Trois /tʀwɑ/
Four Quatre /katʀ/
Five Cinq /sɛk̃ /
Six Six /sis/
Seven Sept /sɛt/
Eight Huit /ʽɥit/
Nine Neuf /nœf/
Ten Dix /dis/
Eleven Onze /ɔ̃z/
Twelve Douze /duz/
Thirteen Treize /tʀɛz/
Fourteen Quatorze /katɔʀz/
Fifteen Quinze /kɛz̃ /
Sixteen Seize /sɛz/
Seventeen Dix-sept /disɛt/
Eighteen Dix-huit /dizɥit/
Nineteen Dix-neuf /diznœf/
Twenty Vingt /vɛ/̃
Twenty-one Vingt et un /vɛt̃ e œ̃̃ /
Twenty-two Vingt-deux /vɛ̃ dø/
Twenty-three Vingt-trois /vɛ̃ tʀwɑ/
Thirty Trente /tʀɑ̃t/
Thirty-one Trente et un /tʀɑ̃t e œ̃ /̃/
Thirty-two Trente-deux /tʀɑ̃t dø/
Forty Quarante /kaʀɑ̃t/
Fifty Cinquante /sɛk̃ ɑ̃t/
Sixty Soixante /swasɑ̃t/
Seventy Soixante-dix /swasɑ̃tdis/
(Belgium & Switzerland) Septante /sɛptɑ̃t/
Seventy-one Soixante et onze /swasɑ̃t e ɔ̃z/
Seventy-two Soixante-douze /swasɑ̃t duz/
Eighty Quatre-vingts /katʀəvɛ/̃
(Belgium & Switzerland) Octante /ɔktɑ̃t/
Eighty-one Quatre-vingt-un /katʀəvɛ̃ tœ̃ /
Eighty-two Quatre-vingt-deux /katʀəvɛ̃ dø/
Ninety Quatre-vingt-dix /katʀəvɛ̃ dis/
(Belgium & Switzerland) Nonante /nɔnɑ̃t/
Ninety-one Quatre-vingt-onze /katʀəvɛ̃ ɔ̃z/
Ninety-two Quatre-vingt-douze /katʀəvɛ̃ duz/
One Hundred Cent /sɑ̃/
One Hundred One Cent un /sɑ̃ tœ̃ /
Two Hundred Deux cents /dø sɑ̃/
Two Hundred One Deux cent un /dø sɑ̃ tœ̃ /
Thousand Mille /mil/
Two Thousand Deux mille /dø mil/
Million Un million /õ miljɔ̃/
Billion Un milliard /õ miljaʀ/

French switches the use of commas and periods. 1,00 would be 1.00 in English. Belgian and Swiss French
useseptante and nonante in place of the standard French words for 70 and 90 (though some parts of Switzerland
usehuitante for 80 and octante is barely used anymore). Also, when the numbers 5, 6, 8, and 10 are used before a
word beginning with a consonant, their final consonants are not pronounced. Phone numbers in France are ten digits,
beginning with 01, 02, 03, 04, or 05 depending on the geographical region, or 06 and 07 for cell phones. They are
written two digits at a time, and pronounced thus: 01 36 55 89 28 = zéro un, trente-six, cinquante-cinq, quatre-vingt-
neuf, vingt-huit.
ORDINAL NUMBERS / LES NOMBRES ORDINAUX
first premier / première
second deuxième / second
third Troisième
fourth Quatrième
fifth Cinquième
sixth Sixième
seventh Septième
eighth Huitième
ninth Neuvième
tenth Dixième
eleventh Onzième
twelfth Douzième
twentieth Vingtième
twenty-first vingt et unième
thirtieth Trentième
The majority of numbers become ordinals by adding -ième. But if a number ends in an e, you must drop it before
adding the -ième. After a q, you must add a u before the -ième. And an f becomes a v before the -ième.

Listen to the la téléphone : un message mp3 and try the cloze (fill-in-the-blank) exercise from French Listening
Resources.
9. DAYS OF THE WEEK / LES JOURS DE LA SEMAINE
Monday lundi /lœ̃di/
Tuesday mardi /maʀdi/
Wednesday mercredi /mɛʀkʀədi/
Thursday jeudi /ʒødi/
Friday vendredi /vɑ̃dʀədi/
Saturday samedi /samdi/
Sunday dimanche /dimɑ̃ʃ/
day le jour /lə ʒuʀ/
week la semaine /la s(ə)mɛn/
today aujourd'hui /oʒuʀdɥi/
yesterday hier /jɛʀ/
tomorrow demain /dəmɛ/̃
next prochain / prochaine /pʀɔʃɛ/̃ /pʀɔʃɛn/
last dernier / dernière /dɛʀnje/ /dɛʀnjɛʀ/
day before yesterday avant-hier /avɑ̃tjɛʀ/
day after tomorrow après-demain /apʀɛdmɛ/̃
the following day le lendemain /lə lɑ̃dəmɛ/̃
the day before la veille /la vɛj/
Articles are not used before days, except to express something that happens habitually on a certain day, such
as le lundi= on Mondays. Days of the week are all masculine in gender and they are not capitalized in writing.

Listen to the l'heure & la date : l'emploi du temps mp3 and try the cloze (fill-in-the-blank) exercise from French
Listening Resources.
10. MONTHS OF THE YEAR / LES MOIS DE L'ANNEE
January janvier /ʒɑ̃vje/
February février /fevʀije/
March mars /maʀs/
April avril /avʀil/
May mai /mɛ/
June juin /ʒɥɛ/̃
July juillet /ʒɥijɛ/
August août /u(t)/
September septembre /sɛptɑ̃bʀ/
October octobre /ɔktɔbʀ/
November novembre /nɔvɑ̃bʀ/
December décembre /desɑ̃bʀ/
month le mois /lə mwa/
year l'an / l'année /lɑ̃/ /lane/
decade la décennie /deseni/
century le siècle /lə sjɛkl/
millennium le millénaire /milenɛʀ/
To express in a certain month, such as in May, use en before the month as in "en mai." With dates, the ordinal
numbers are not used, except for the first of the month: le premier mai but le deux juin. Also note that months are all
masculine and not capitalized in French (same as days of the week).
11. SEASONS / LES SAISONS

Summer l'été /lete/ in the summer en été /ɑ̃ nete/


Fall l'automne /lotɔn/ in the fall en automne /ɑ̃ notɔn/
Winter l'hiver /livɛʀ/ in the winter en hiver /ɑ̃ nivɛʀ/
Spring le printemps /lə pʀɛt̃ ɑ̃/ in the spring au printemps /o prɛt̃ ɑ̃/

12. DIRECTIONS / LES DIRECTIONS


on the left à gauche /a goʃ/
on the right à droite /a dʀwɑt/
straight ahead tout droit /tu dʀwɑ/

North le nord /lə nɔʀ/ Northeast le nord-est /lə nɔʀ(d)ɛst/


South le sud /lə syd/ Northwest le nord-ouest /lə nɔʀ(d)wɛst/
East l'est /lɛst/ Southeast le sud-est /sydɛst/
West l'ouest /lwɛst/ Southwest le sud-ouest /sydwɛst/

13. COLORS & SHAPES / LES COULEURS & LES FORMES


Red rouge /ʀuʒ/ square le carré /kaʀe/
Orange orange /ɔʀɑ̃ʒ/ circle le cercle /sɛʀkl/
Yellow jaune /ʒon/ triangle le triangle /tʀijɑ̃gl/
Green vert / verte /vɛʀ/ /vɛʀt/ rectangle le rectangle /ʀɛktɑ̃gl/
Blue bleu / bleue /blø/ oval l'ovale /ɔval/
Purple violet / violette /vjɔlɛ/ /vjɔlɛt/ cube le cube /kyb/
White blanc / blanche /blɑ̃/ /blɑ̃ʃ/ sphere la sphère /sfɛʀ/
brun / brune /bʀõ/ /bʀyn/
Brown cylinder le cylindre /silɛd̃ ʀ/
marron /maʀɔ/̃
Black noir / noire /nwaʀ/ cone le cône /kon/
Pink rose /ʀoz/ octagon l'octogone /ɔktogɔn/
Gold doré / dorée /dɔʀe/ box la boîte /bwat/
Silver argenté / argentée /aʀʒɑ̃te/ light clair / claire /klɛʀ/
Gray gris / grise /gʀi/ /gʀiz/ dark foncé / foncée /fɔs̃ e/
Some adjectives of color do not change to agree with gender or number, such as adjectives that also exist as
nouns:orange, marron, rose; and compound adjectives: bleu clair, noir foncé remain masculine even if they describe
a feminine noun. Remember to place the color adjective after the noun.

14. WEATHER / LE TEMPS QU'IL FAIT


What's the weather like? Quel temps fait-il ? /kɛl tɑ̃ fɛ til/
It's nice Il fait bon /il fɛ bɔ̃/
bad Il fait mauvais /il fɛ mɔve/
cool Il fait frais /il fɛ fʀɛ/
cold Il fait froid /il fɛ fʀwɑ/
warm, hot Il fait chaud /il fɛ ʃo/
cloudy Il fait nuageux /il fɛ nyaʒ/
beautiful Il fait beau /il fɛ bo/
mild Il fait doux /il fɛ du/
stormy Il fait orageux /il fɛ ɔʀaʒ/
sunny Il fait soleil /il fɛ sɔlɛj/
humid Il fait humide /il fɛ ymid/
muggy Il fait lourd /il fɛ luʀ/
windy Il fait du vent /il fɛ dy vɑ̃/
foggy Il fait du brouillard /il fɛ dy bʀujaʀ/
snowing Il neige /il nɛʒ/
raining Il pleut /il plø/
freezing Il gèle /il ʒɛl/
hailing Il grêle /il gʀɛl/
It is ____ degrees. Il fait ____ degrés. /il fɛ __ dəgʀe/
Il pleut des cordes /il plø de koʀd/ is a common expression meaning it's pouring. Il caille /il kaj/ or ça caille /sa kaj/ is
slang for it's freezing. And remember that France uses Celcius degrees.
Listen to the le climat: le temps dans les Alpes mp3 and try the cloze (fill-in-the-blank) exercise from French
Listening Resources.

15. TIME / LE TEMPS QUI PASSE


What time is it? Quelle heure est-il ? /kɛl œʀ ɛ til/
It is... Il est... /il ɛ/
one o'clock une heure /yn œʀ/
two o'clock deux heures /dø zœʀ/
noon Midi /midi/
midnight Minuit /minɥi/
a quarter after three trois heures et quart /tʀwɑ zœʀ e kaʀ/
one o'clock sharp une heure precise /yn œʀ pʀesiz/
four o'clock sharp quatre heures précises /katʀœʀ pʀesiz/
twelve thirty midi (minuit) et demi /midi (minɥi) e dəmi/
six thirty six heures et demie /si zœʀ e dəmi/
a quarter to seven sept heures moins le quart /sɛt œʀ mwɛ̃ lə kaʀ/
five twenty cinq heures vingt /sɛk̃ œʀ vɛ/̃
ten fifty onze heures moins dix /ɔ̃z œʀ mwɛ̃ dis/
in the morning/AM du matin /dy matɛ/̃
in the afternoon/PM de l'après-midi /də lapʀɛmidi/
in the evening/PM du soir /dy swaʀ/
Official French time is expressed as military time (24 hour clock.) You can only use regular numbers, and not demi,
quart, etc. when reporting time with the 24 hour system. For example, if it is 18h30, you must say dix-huit heures
trente. The word pile /pil/ is also a more informal way of saying précise (exactly, sharp).

Listen to the l'heure & la date : l'emploi du temps mp3 and try the cloze (fill-in-the-blank) exercise from French
Listening Resources.

16. FAMILY & ANIMALS / LA FAMILLE & LES ANIMAUX


Family la famille /famij/ Niece la niece /njɛs/
Relatives des parents /paʀɑ̃/ Nephew le neveu /n(ə)vœ/
Parents les parents /paʀɑ̃/ Grandchildren les petits-enfants /p(ə)tizɑ̃fɑ̃/
Grandparents les grands-parents /gʀɑ̃paʀɑ̃/ Granddaughter la petite-fille /p(ə)tit fij/
Mom la mère / maman /mɛʀ/ /mɑmɑ̃/ Grandson le petit-fils /p(ə)tifis/
Stepmother/Mother-in-Law la belle-mère /bɛlmɛʀ/ Godfather le parrain /paʀɛ/̃
Dad le père / papa /pɛʀ/ /papa/ Godmother la marraine /maʀɛn/
Stepfather/Father-in-Law le beau-père /bopɛʀ/ Godson le filleul /fijœl/
Daughter la fille /fij/ Goddaughter la filleule /fijœl/
Son le fils /fis/ Distant Relatives des parents éloignés /paʀɑ̃ elwaɲe/
Sister la sœur /sœʀ/ Single célibataire /selibatɛʀ/
Half/Step Sister la demi-sœur /dəmi sœʀ/ Married marié(e) /maʀje/
Sister-in-Law la belle-sœur /bɛlsœʀ/ Separated séparé(e) /sepaʀe/
Stepdaughter/Daughter-in-Law la belle-fille /bɛl fij/ Divorced divorcé(e) /divɔʀse/
Brother le frère /fʀɛʀ/ Widower Veuf /vœf/
Half/Step Brother le demi-frère /dəmi fʀɛʀ/ Widow Veuve /vœv/
Brother-in-Law le beau-frère /bo fʀɛʀ/
Stepson/Son-in-Law le beau-fils /bo fis/ Dog le chien / la chienne (m) / (f) /ʃjɛ/̃ /ʃjɛn/
Twins (m) les jumeaux /ʒymo/ Cat le chat / la chatte (m) / (f) /ʃa/ /ʃat/
Twins (f) les jumelles /ʒymɛl/ Puppy le chiot /ʃjo/
Uncle l'oncle /ɔk̃ l/ Kitten le chaton /ʃatɔ̃/
Aunt la tante /tɑ̃t/ Pig le cochon /kɔʃɔ/̃
Grandmother la grand-mère /gʀɑ̃mɛʀ/ Rooster le coq /kɔk/
Grandfather le grand-père /gʀɑ̃pɛʀ/ Rabbit le lapin /lapɛ̃/
Cousin (f) la cousine /kuzin/ Cow la vache /vaʃ/
Cousin (m) le cousin /kuzɛ/̃ Horse le cheval /ʃ(ə)val/
Wife la femme /fam/ Duck le canard /kanaʀ/
Husband le mari /maʀi/ Goat la chèvre /ʃɛvʀ/
Woman la femme /fam/ Goose l'oie /wa/
Man l'homme /ɔm/ Sheep le mouton /mutɔ̃/
Child (m) / (f) un enfant / une enfant /ɑ̃fɑ̃/ Lamb l'agneau /aɲo/
Girl la fille /fij/ Donkey l'âne /ɑn/
Boy le garçon /gaʀsɔ/̃ Mouse la souris /suʀi/
Le gendre /ʒɑ̃dʀ/ is another word for son-in-law.
Listen to the la famille : ma famille mp3 and try the cloze (fill-in-the-blank) exercise from French Listening Resources.

Slang words for people and pets:


The entire family toute la smala /tut la smala/ Sister la frangine /fʀɑ̃ʒin/
Grandma mémé / mamie /meme/ /mami/ Brother le frangin /fʀɑ̃ʒɛ/̃
Grandpa pépé / papi /pepe/ /papi/ Son le fiston /fistɔ/̃
Children des gosses /gɔs/ Aunt tata / tatie /tata/ /tati/
Kid un gamin / une gamine /gamɛ/̃ /gamin/ Uncle Tonton /tɔ̃tɔ̃/
Woman une nana /nana/ Dog le cabot / clébard /kabo/ /klebaʀ/
Man un mec / type / gars /mɛk/ /tip/ /gaʀ/ Cat le minou /minu/

Listen to the animaux : chien ou chat ? mp3 and try the cloze (fill-in-the-blank) exercise from French Listening
Resources.

17. FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS / LA FORMATION DES NOMS PLURIELS

To make a noun plural, you usually add an -s (which is not pronounced).


Sing. Plural
But there are some exceptions:
If a noun already ends in an -s, add nothing. bus(es) le bus les bus
If a noun ends in -eu or -eau, add an x. boat(s) le bateau les bateaux
If a masculine noun ends in -al or -ail, change it to -aux. horse(s) le cheval les chevaux
Some nouns ending in -ou add an -x instead of -s. knee(s) le genou les genoux

Exceptions: festival, carnaval, bal, pneu, bleu, landau, détail, chandail all add -s. There are only seven nouns
ending in -ou that add -x instead of -s: bijou, caillou, chou, genou, pou, joujou, hibou. There are, of course, some
irregular exceptions: un œil (eye) - des yeux (eyes); le ciel (sky) - les cieux (skies); and un jeune homme (a young
man) - des jeunes gens (young men).
Notice that the only time the pronunciation will change in the plural form is for masculine nouns that change -al or -ail to
-aux and for the irregular forms. All other nouns are pronounced the same in the singular and the plural - it is only
the article that changes pronunciation (le, la, l' to les).

18. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES / LES ADJECTIFS POSSESSIFS


Masc. Fem. Plural
My mon /mɔ̃/ ma /ma/ mes /mɛ/
Your ton /tɔ/̃ ta /ta/ tes /tɛ/
His/Her/Its son /sɔ/̃ sa /sa/ ses /sɛ/
Our notre /nɔtʀ/ notre /nɔtʀ/ nos /no/
Your votre /vɔtʀ/ votre /vɔtʀ/ vos /vo/
Their leur /lœʀ/ leur /lœʀ/ leurs /lœʀ/
Possessive pronouns go before the noun. When a feminine noun begins with a vowel, you must use the masculine
form of the pronoun for ease of pronunciation. Ma amie is incorrect and must be mon amie, even though amie is
feminine. Remember that adjectives agree with the noun in gender and number, not the possessor! Sa mère can mean
his mother or her mother even though sa is the feminine form, because it agrees with mère and not the possessor (his
or her).
C'est ma mère et mon père. This is my mother and my father.
Ce sont vos petits-enfants ? These are your grandchildren?
Mes parents sont divorcés. My parents are divorced.
Sa grand-mère est veuve. His grandmother is a widow.
Notre frère est marié, mais notre sœur est célibataire. Our brother is married, but our sister is single.
Ton oncle est architecte, n'est-ce pas ? Your uncle is an architect, isn't he?
Leurs cousines sont néerlandaises. Their cousins are Dutch.

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