French-Tutorial Module
French-Tutorial Module
Bonne nuit
Bonjour Bonsoir
Good night (only said when
Hello / Good day / Good morning Good evening
going to bed)
Je vous en prie.
Merci (beaucoup) De rien.
You're welcome. (formal) /
Thank you (very much) You're welcome.
Go ahead.
Pardon ! Excusez-moi !
Je suis désolé(e) Excuse me! (pushing Excuse me! (getting
I'm sorry through a crowd) / Sorry! someone's attention) / I'm
(stepped on someone's foot) sorry! (more formal apology)
Ça va.
Ça va ? Oui / non
I'm fine. (informal response
How are you? (informal) Yes / no
to Ça va ?)
Tu t'appelles comment ?
Comment vous appelez-vous ? Je m'appelle...
What's your name?
What's your name? (formal) My name is...
(informal)
Monsieur, Madame,
Enchanté(e) Mesdames et Messieurs
Mademoiselle
Nice to meet you. Ladies and gentlemen
Mister, Misses, Miss
Tu habites où ?
Où habitez-vous ? J'habite à...
Where do you live?
Where do you live? (formal) I live in...
(informal)
Il y a ... / Il y avait...
Où est ... / Où sont ... ? Voici / Voilà
There is / are... / There was /
Where is ... / Where are ... ? Here is/are... / There it is.
were...
Comment dit-on ____ en français ? Qu'est-ce que c'est que ça ? Qu'est-ce qu'il y a ?
How do you say ____ in French? What is that? What's the matter?
Je suis fatigué(e) / Je suis malade. J'ai faim / J'ai soif. J'ai chaud / J'ai froid.
I'm tired / I'm sick. I'm hungry / I'm thirsty. I'm hot / I'm cold.
Notice that French has informal and formal ways of saying things.
2. ALPHABET / L'ALPHABET
i /i/ r /ɛʀ/
3. NOUNS, ARTICLES & DEMONSTRATIVES / LES NOMS, LES ARTICLES & LES DEMONSTRATIFS
All nouns in French have a gender, either masculine or feminine. For the most part, you must memorize the gender, but
there are some endings of words that will help you decide which gender a noun is. Nouns ending in -age and -ment are
usually masculine, as are nouns ending with a consonant. Nouns ending in -ure, -sion, -tion, -ence, -ance, -té, and -ette
are usually feminine.
Articles and adjectives must agree in number and gender with the nouns they modify. And articles have to be
expressed even though they aren't always in English; and you may have to repeat the article in some cases.
Demonstratives are like strong definite articles.
If you need to distinguish between this or that and these or those, you can add -ci to the end of the noun for this and
these, and -là to the end of the noun for that and those. For example, ce lit-ci is this bed, while ce lit-là is that bed.
4. USEFUL WORDS / LES MOTS UTILES
It's / That's c'est /sɛ/ There is/are il y a /il i a/
There is/are voilà /vwala/ Here is/are voici /vwasi/
and et /e/ always toujours /tuʒuʀ/
but mais /mɛ/ often souvent /suvɑ̃/
now maintenant /mɛt̃ nɑ̃/ sometimes quelquefois /kɛlkəfwa/
especially surtout /syʀtu/ usually d'habitude /dabityd/
except sauf /sof/ also, too aussi /osi/
of course bien sûr /bjɛ̃ syʀ/ again encore /ɑ̃kɔʀ/
so so comme ci, comme ça /kɔm si, kɔm sa/ Late en retard /ɑ̃ʀətaʀ/
not bad pas mal /pa mal/ almost presque /pʀɛsk/
book le livre /lə livʀ/ friend (fem) une amie /y nami/
pencil le crayon /lə kʀɛjɔ̃/ friend (masc) un ami /œ̃ nami/
pen le stylo /lə stilo/ woman une femme /yn fam/
paper le papier /lə papje/ man un homme /œ̃ nɔm/
dog le chien /lə ʃjɛ/̃ Girl une fille /yn fij/
cat le chat /lə ʃa/ Boy un garçon /œ̃ gaʀsɔ/̃
money l'argent (m) /laʀʒɑ̃/ job / work le travail /lə tʀavaj/
The expression il y a is reduced to y a in everyday speech. When il y a is followed by a number, it means ago. Il y a
cinq minutes means five minutes ago. Some common slang words for money include: le fric, le pèze, le pognon, des
sous and for job/work: le boulot.
5. SUBJECT PRONOUNS / LES PRONOMS SUJETS
Subject Pronouns
Il and elle can also mean it when they replace a noun (il replaces masculine nouns, and elle replaces feminine nouns)
instead of a person's name. Ils and elles can replace plural nouns as well in the same way. Notice there are two ways
to say you. Tu is used when speaking to children, animals, or close friends and relatives. Vous is used when speaking
to more than one person, or to someone you don't know or who is older. On can be translated into English as one, the
people, we, they, or you.
Tutoyer and vouvoyer are two verbs that have no direct translation into English. Tutoyer means to use tu or be
informal with someone, while vouvoyer means to use vous or be formal with someone.
He is il est /il ɛ/
They are ils sont /il sɔ̃/
She is elle est /ɛl ɛ/
They are elles sont /ɛl sɔ/̃
One is on est /ɔ̃ nɛ/
Past tense of être - to be
I was j'étais /ʒetɛ/ We were nous étions /nu zetjɔ̃/
You were tu étais /tu etɛ/ You were vous étiez /vu zetje/
He was il était /il etɛ/
They were ils étaient /il zetɛ/
She was elle était /ɛl etɛ/
They were elles étaient /ɛl zetɛ/
One was on était /ɔ̃ netɛ/
Je and any verb form that starts with a vowel (or silent h) combine together for ease of pronunciation.
Future Tense of être - to be
I will be je serai /ʒə səʀe/ We will be nous serons /nu səʀɔ̃/
You will be tu seras /ty səʀa/ You will be vous serez /vu səʀe/
He will be il sera /il səʀa/
They will be ils seront /il səʀɔ/̃
She will be elle sera /ɛl səʀa/
They will be elles seront /ɛl səʀɔ/̃
One will be on sera /ɔ̃ səʀa/
He has il a /il ɑ/
They have ils ont /il zɔ̃/
She has elle a /ɛl ɑ/
They have elles ont /ɛl zɔ̃/
One has on a /ɔ̃ nɑ/
Past tense of avoir - to have
I had j'avais /ʒavɛ/ We had nous avions /nu zavjɔ̃/
You had tu avais /ty avɛ/ You had vous aviez /vu zavje/
He had il avait /il avɛ/
ils avaient /il zavɛ/
She had elle avait /ɛl avɛ/ They had
elles avaient /ɛl zavɛ/
One had on avait /ɔ̃ navɛ/
Future tense of avoir - to have
I will have j'aurai /ʒoʀe/ We will have nous aurons /nu zoʀɔ/̃
You will have tu auras /ty oʀɑ/ You will have vous aurez /vu zoʀe/
He will have il aura /il oʀa/
They will have ils auront /il zoʀɔ̃/
She will have elle aura /ɛl oʀa/
They will have elles auront /ɛl zoʀɔ̃/
One will have on aura /ɔ̃ noʀa/
In spoken French, the tu forms of verbs that begin with a vowel contract with the pronoun: tu es = t'es /tɛ/, tu as
= t'as /tɑ/, etc. In addition, it is very common to use on (plus 3rd person singular conjugation) to mean we instead of
nous.
Avoir and être are used in many common and idiomatic expressions that should be memorized:
avoir chaud /avwaʀ ʃo/ to be hot être de retour /ɛtʀ də ʀətuʀ/ to be back
avoir froid /avwaʀ fʀwa/ to be cold être en retard /ɛtʀ ɑ̃ ʀətaʀ/ to be late
avoir peur /avwaʀ pœʀ/ to be afraid être en avance /ɛtʀ ɑ̃ navɑ̃s/ to be early
avoir raison /avwaʀ ʀɛzɔ̃/ to be right être d'accord /ɛtʀ dakɔʀ/ to be in agreement
avoir tort /avwaʀ tɔʀ/ to be wrong être sur le point de /ɛtʀ syʀ lə pwɛ̃ to be about to
də/
avoir faim /avwaʀ fɛ/̃ to be hungry être en train de /ɛtʀ ɑ̃ tʀɛ̃ də/ to be in the act of
avoir soif /avwaʀ swaf/ to be thirsty être enrhumée /ɛtʀ ɑ̃ʀyme/ to have a cold
avoir sommeil /avwaʀ sɔmɛj/ to be sleepy nous + être (un jour) /ɛtʀ œ̃̃ ʒuʀ/ to be (a day)
avoir honte /avwaʀ ʽɔt̃ / to be ashamed
avoir besoin de /avwaʀ bəzwɛ̃ də/ to need
avoir l'air de /avwaʀ ɛʀ də/ to look like, seem
avoir l'intention de /avwaʀ ɛt̃ ɑ̃sjɔ̃/ to intend to
avoir envie de /avwaʀ ɑ̃vi də/ to feel like
avoir de la chance /avwaʀ də la ʃɑ̃s/ to be lucky
J'ai froid. I'm cold. Je suis en retard! I'm late!
Tu avais raison. You were right. Tu étais en avance. You were early.
Il aura sommeil ce soir. He will be tired tonight. Elle sera d'accord. She will agree.
Elle a de la chance ! She's lucky! Nous sommes lundi. It is Monday.
Nous aurons faim plus tard. We will be hungry Vous étiez enrhumé. You had a cold.
later. Ils seront en train d'étudier. They will be (in the act of)
Vous aviez tort. You were wrong. studying.
Ils ont chaud. They are hot. Elles étaient sur le point de partir. They were about to leave.
Elles avaient peur hier. They were afraid yesterday. On est de retour. We/you/they/the people are back.
7. QUESTION WORDS / LES INTERROGATIFS
Who Qui /ki/
What Quoi /kwa/
Why Pourquoi /puʀkwa/
When Quand /kɑ̃/
Where Où /u/
How Comment /kɔmɑ̃/
How much / many Combien /kɔ̃bjɛ/̃
Which / what Quel(le) /kɛl/
French switches the use of commas and periods. 1,00 would be 1.00 in English. Belgian and Swiss French
useseptante and nonante in place of the standard French words for 70 and 90 (though some parts of Switzerland
usehuitante for 80 and octante is barely used anymore). Also, when the numbers 5, 6, 8, and 10 are used before a
word beginning with a consonant, their final consonants are not pronounced. Phone numbers in France are ten digits,
beginning with 01, 02, 03, 04, or 05 depending on the geographical region, or 06 and 07 for cell phones. They are
written two digits at a time, and pronounced thus: 01 36 55 89 28 = zéro un, trente-six, cinquante-cinq, quatre-vingt-
neuf, vingt-huit.
ORDINAL NUMBERS / LES NOMBRES ORDINAUX
first premier / première
second deuxième / second
third Troisième
fourth Quatrième
fifth Cinquième
sixth Sixième
seventh Septième
eighth Huitième
ninth Neuvième
tenth Dixième
eleventh Onzième
twelfth Douzième
twentieth Vingtième
twenty-first vingt et unième
thirtieth Trentième
The majority of numbers become ordinals by adding -ième. But if a number ends in an e, you must drop it before
adding the -ième. After a q, you must add a u before the -ième. And an f becomes a v before the -ième.
Listen to the la téléphone : un message mp3 and try the cloze (fill-in-the-blank) exercise from French Listening
Resources.
9. DAYS OF THE WEEK / LES JOURS DE LA SEMAINE
Monday lundi /lœ̃di/
Tuesday mardi /maʀdi/
Wednesday mercredi /mɛʀkʀədi/
Thursday jeudi /ʒødi/
Friday vendredi /vɑ̃dʀədi/
Saturday samedi /samdi/
Sunday dimanche /dimɑ̃ʃ/
day le jour /lə ʒuʀ/
week la semaine /la s(ə)mɛn/
today aujourd'hui /oʒuʀdɥi/
yesterday hier /jɛʀ/
tomorrow demain /dəmɛ/̃
next prochain / prochaine /pʀɔʃɛ/̃ /pʀɔʃɛn/
last dernier / dernière /dɛʀnje/ /dɛʀnjɛʀ/
day before yesterday avant-hier /avɑ̃tjɛʀ/
day after tomorrow après-demain /apʀɛdmɛ/̃
the following day le lendemain /lə lɑ̃dəmɛ/̃
the day before la veille /la vɛj/
Articles are not used before days, except to express something that happens habitually on a certain day, such
as le lundi= on Mondays. Days of the week are all masculine in gender and they are not capitalized in writing.
Listen to the l'heure & la date : l'emploi du temps mp3 and try the cloze (fill-in-the-blank) exercise from French
Listening Resources.
10. MONTHS OF THE YEAR / LES MOIS DE L'ANNEE
January janvier /ʒɑ̃vje/
February février /fevʀije/
March mars /maʀs/
April avril /avʀil/
May mai /mɛ/
June juin /ʒɥɛ/̃
July juillet /ʒɥijɛ/
August août /u(t)/
September septembre /sɛptɑ̃bʀ/
October octobre /ɔktɔbʀ/
November novembre /nɔvɑ̃bʀ/
December décembre /desɑ̃bʀ/
month le mois /lə mwa/
year l'an / l'année /lɑ̃/ /lane/
decade la décennie /deseni/
century le siècle /lə sjɛkl/
millennium le millénaire /milenɛʀ/
To express in a certain month, such as in May, use en before the month as in "en mai." With dates, the ordinal
numbers are not used, except for the first of the month: le premier mai but le deux juin. Also note that months are all
masculine and not capitalized in French (same as days of the week).
11. SEASONS / LES SAISONS
Listen to the l'heure & la date : l'emploi du temps mp3 and try the cloze (fill-in-the-blank) exercise from French
Listening Resources.
Listen to the animaux : chien ou chat ? mp3 and try the cloze (fill-in-the-blank) exercise from French Listening
Resources.
Exceptions: festival, carnaval, bal, pneu, bleu, landau, détail, chandail all add -s. There are only seven nouns
ending in -ou that add -x instead of -s: bijou, caillou, chou, genou, pou, joujou, hibou. There are, of course, some
irregular exceptions: un œil (eye) - des yeux (eyes); le ciel (sky) - les cieux (skies); and un jeune homme (a young
man) - des jeunes gens (young men).
Notice that the only time the pronunciation will change in the plural form is for masculine nouns that change -al or -ail to
-aux and for the irregular forms. All other nouns are pronounced the same in the singular and the plural - it is only
the article that changes pronunciation (le, la, l' to les).