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EXTENDED WRITING

(Developing ideas into Paragraph)

Paragraphs & Topic Sentences

A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and

are all related to a single topic. Almost every piece of writing you do that is
longer than a few sentences should be organized into paragraphs. This is
because paragraphs show a reader where the subdivisions of an essay begin

and end, and thus help the reader see the organization of the essay and
grasp its main points.

Paragraphs can contain many different kinds of information. A paragraph

could contain a series of brief examples or a single long illustration of a
general point. It might describe a place, character, or process; narrate a
series of events; compare or contrast two or more things; classify items into

categories; or describe causes and effects. Regardless of the kind of

information they contain, all paragraphs share certain characteristics. One

of the most important of these is a topic sentence.

TOPIC SENTENCES

A well-organized paragraph supports or develops a single controlling idea,

which is expressed in a sentence called the topic sentence. A topic sentence

has several important functions: it substantiates or supports an essay’s
thesis statement; it unifies the content of a paragraph and directs the order
of the sentences; and it advises the reader of the subject to be discussed and

how the paragraph will discuss it. Readers generally look to the first few
sentences in a paragraph to determine the subject and perspective of the

paragraph. That’s why it’s often best to put the topic sentence at the very

beginning of the paragraph. In some cases, however, it’s more effective to

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place another sentence before the topic sentence—for example, a sentence

linking the current paragraph to the previous one, or one providing

background information.

Although most paragraphs should have a topic sentence, there are a few
situations when a paragraph might not need a topic sentence. For example,

you might be able to omit a topic sentence in a paragraph that narrates a

series of events, if a paragraph continues developing an idea that you
introduced (with a topic sentence) in the previous paragraph, or if all the
sentences and details in a paragraph clearly refer—perhaps indirectly—to a

main point. The vast majority of your paragraphs, however, should have a
topic sentence.

PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE

Most paragraphs in an essay have a three-part structure—introduction,

body, and conclusion. You can see this structure in paragraphs whether
they are narrating, describing, comparing, contrasting, or analyzing
information. Each part of the paragraph plays an important role in

communicating your meaning to your reader.

Introduction: the first section of a paragraph; should include the topic

sentence and any other sentences at the beginning of the paragraph that

give background information or provide a transition.

Body: follows the introduction; discusses the controlling idea, using facts,

arguments, analysis, examples, and other information.

Conclusion: the final section; summarizes the connections between the

information discussed in the body of the paragraph and the paragraph’s

controlling idea. Extended writings are broadly divided into four categories :
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1. Descriptive Writing

2. Narrative Writing

3. Argumentative Writing

4. Expository Writing

Descriptive Writing:

What is Descriptive Writing?

We can define descriptive writing as a type of writing that gives a clear and

concise description of everything. It includes places, people, object or an

event. The primary objective of descriptive writing is to provide a clear

picture of the place, people or thing in reader’s mind. The writer provides

enough details to evoke the senses. A reader can feel all their senses
working while reading any descriptive writing work.

Descriptive writing is used to draw vivid details in the reader’s mind. The
reader will use sensory details when he/she reads the text. He can feel the
environment of the text through senses like seeing, hearing, smell, taste,
and touch. This form of writing will help the readers to go into a world of the

writer. You can find descriptive writing in almost all forms of writing styles.
These styles include a journal, travel writing, biographies, poetry, diary

writing, nature writing, memoirs, etc.

The purpose of descriptive writing

Being a student you want to understand and know the reason why one
must use descriptive writing. For every student, the end purpose of writing a
descriptive work is the same, which is to describe. You need to give a perfect

description of the topic which you are describing. Your description should

be so realistic that reader can feel it.

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Let’s see first the purposes of descriptive writing for students:

It helps in writing paragraphs and essays in a detailed and structured

manner. You will learn how to describe various small and large things. It
helps you to maintain balance, and you get the idea what should you need
to elaborate and what is not.

Descriptive writing helps in holding the reader for your writing work. By this
I mean your reader will stay attracted towards your text. It will keep your

reader engaged in your work. An engaging work would be the best

compliment for any writer. So if you want to see yourself as an excellent
writer, enhance your skills of descriptive writing.

Are you the one who lacks the vocabulary, or feel difficulty in writing
because of a shortage of new words. It’s time to practice descriptive writing.

Why I am saying this because, it will help you in finding new words and
enhances your vocabulary, when you get the task to write more and more,
you will look out on the internet for various new words. This automatically
enhances your knowledge regarding the new words.

Descriptive writing is a great way if you want to clarify any topic or any
subject. It describes everything. You will see that you have to describe

minute details as well as other details in an elaborative manner. So more

the description, better clarity it will make.

With the help of descriptive writing, you will learn how to present sensory

details. The presentation of sensory details will help in conveying the main

idea. For those who are planning to be a novelist or a writer, descriptive

writing is gold for them.

It may be classified into the following types :

(a) Describing people

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(b) Describing birds and animals

(c) Describing objects

(d) Describing processes

(e) Describing places

(a) DESCRIBING PEOPLE :

Activity 6 : You met some persons at a party. Describe them to

your friend in a letter.
Attabira
25th Dec., 2020

Dear Rakesh,

It was a great opportunity for me to find myself in a party yesterday

evening. It was certainly a memorable day for me, for I had never
experienced such revelry in my life. One could enjoy like anything. The
most attractive feature of the party was music ad dance.

Accompanied by one of my old friends, I arrived at Hotel ‘Ganapati’,

Bargarh. We were warmly received at the entrance. A lot of people
assembled, music and dance was giving a romantic feeling to everyone.
There were chit-chattings and exchange of congratulations. I was extremely
happy to have delicious dishes. Session of music and dances started at
about 10 o’clock. The ‘Soor……Sangeet’ melody had been invited for the
entertainment programme. People with various musical instruments
appeared on the dais. Everyone’s attention centred on the guitarist. He was
a tall, slim, gaudy man with long curly hair and thick moustache. He was
putting on black jean pant and a full-sleeve T-shirt with a black chain
around his neck. He was playing the electric guitar with marvelous rhythm
combinations. He was also singing at the same time with a shrilling voice.

After melody, dance competition started. Mr. and Mrs. Dash

performed dance to the best of their professional ability. They appeared
most admiring particularly in Sambalpuri dance. Mr. Dash was dressed in
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a black suit, white full shirt and a black bow. He was tall, vigorous and
handsome. His black, tidy hair, clean-shaved face and long sharp nose
showed off his manly nature. Mrs. Dash was a good match to her husband.
She was little shorter than him. She was a beautiful lady, well fashioned
and well dressed in a Sambalpuri saree. She had thick, black hair knotted
elegantly at the back. Her eyebrows were alluring. She, too, had a sharp
nose and her facial appearance was really attractive.

The party was over at 12.30 p.m. I enjoyed it very much.

Wish you success.

Yours sincerely,

Dinesh

Activity 7 : THE CLOWN

The clown is popular/famous for his acting out his humorous

role. The dress he wears is funny. He wears a long full-sleeved gown and a

long loose trousers fixed to it. His gown is star-marked having a shining
spot. He has put on a mask on his face which is humorously painted. His

nose looks like a ball. His lips are large painted in red. The two triangular
figures on his face represented his eyes. He wears socks only without any
boots (shoes). He holds a conical hat in his hand. The whole of his

appearance looks ludicrous.

Activity 9 :

a) A stranger visited your house during your father’s absence. You

received him and talked to him. When your father returned he wanted
to know if any visitors had come while he was away. Describe the
visit of the stranger to your father, so that he can identify him.
(Stranger/Acquaintance)
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Ans: The main who came yesterday, was very fair and quite

tall. He wore a white T-shirt and a jeans paint with black shoe. He was tall
and broad shoulder. His nose was unusually long and sharp. He wore a

pair of spectacles and spoke in a commanding voice. He looked like a man

in his early thirties. He was saying, he had met you in your office about a

month ago. He held an executive bag in his hand and came with a Hero
Honda bike. After enquiring about you, he told me that he would call you

up. He noted down our telephone number.

a) Your mother is looking for a bride for your elder brother. You have seen
a girl who, in your opinion, will be ideal for your brother. Describe her to

your mother.

Ans : She is very fair and has eyes shaped like petals of a rose, eyes-lashes

thin and long like leaves of the touch-me-not. Her hair is thick and black,
falling down even below the knees. Her face is spotlessly clean and has a
soft look. She is twenty-four but looks like she is in her teens. There is a
black birth mark on her chin which adds to the beauty of her face. Her
sharp nose and jaw looked as if she is a princess. Her height is about five-
feet and she is slim. I think she will be best fit for my elder brother..

(b) DESCRIBING BIRDS AND ANIMALS : A Cat, Rhinoceros, Tiger,

Giraffe, Elephant etc.

Points to remember :

1. Phy. Appearance

2. Abilities/Hobby/Prey/Species/Speciality

3. Where found ?

4. Others, if any ?

5.
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a) Rhinoceros :

A rhinoceros is a animal which looks frightening because of its

grotesque figure. It possesses a bulky, strong and stout physique. It is
about four feet high and five feet long. It is bigger than a cow or a bull. It
has a long face with its snout protruding forward. It has a large mouth.

The most conspicuous features are two horns raised on its snout. Its legs
are shorter compared to its body. It has three toes on each of its legs. Its
tail is also short and the skin is as thick as that of an elephant.

b) Rocky – My Pet Dog

My father adopted Rocky when he was a little baby. His friend had given

birth to puppies and they decided to put the puppies up for adoption. We
convinced our father to get one for us. Considering they knew our family

well, they immediately agreed. Little did we know that our lives would
change forever after his entrance.
Rocky came in like a blessing for our family. He belongs to the breed
of Labrador. Rocky was black in colour, pure coal black. He came in as a
puppy with his cute little paws and eyes. We couldn’t stop gushing over this
beauty. My siblings used to fight with each other as to who will get the

maximum time to play with Rocky.

As and when Rocky grew up, he learned various tricks. We trained

him to follow our instructions and he even learned a few tricks. We loved
showing him off to our colony friends and relatives. I always took Rocky out

with me as he loved taking a walk on the road.

Furthermore, my siblings and I took on the responsibility of keeping

Rocky clean. Every week, we took turns to bathe him and brush him nicely.

I remember I even got a bow for him from my pocket money. Rocky loved it
and wagged his tail in excitement. Rocky has been with us through thick

and thin and we will forever be indebted to him for his loyalty.
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c) A Giraffe :

A giraffe is one of the rare species, originally found in the African

continent. It is the tallest mammal ever seen. The most conspicuous
feature of its physical construction is its long neck that protrudes out
angularly from its body. It is about 6 feet to 7 feet tall. Like leopards, it has

black spots spread all over its body, but it is heavier than them. It lives on
the leaves of plants. Its tall height helps it collect its food at ease. It has
long strides. For this reason it can walk and run quickly. It becomes
difficult for the preying animals to catch it. Sometimes it fights other

giraffes and enemies for self-protection. It makes a peculiar shrilling sound.

d) A Tiger :

A tiger is a ferocious animal. It belongs to the cat family. It is found

in dense forests and zoos. Its height is about 70 cm. It has a length of 2.5
mts. It is known to all as a man-eater. It creates terror wherever it lives. It
is a powerful flesh-eating animal. It attacks wild as well as domestic
animals, kills them and eats their flesh and blood. It bears a fierce visage.

Its sharp teeth, covetous tongue, long pointed whiskers and gleaming eyes
have the qualities to make anyone terrified. There are stripes in different

colours on its body. It is found mostly in Asia. The life span of a tiger is 17
years. Tiger cubs look like domestic cats with shining eyes.

e) The Elephant :

The elephant is the largest wild animal on land. It is nearly two and a

half metre tall. It weighs more than 7467 kilos. The elephant is grey in
colour. There are white elephants also. Its legs are short and thick. Its

ears are as large as winnows but eyes are very small and the tail is very

short. The male elephant has tusks. Tusks are used as weapons of defence.
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The elephant’s trunk is an important limb of its body. It does the

work of hands, nose and lips. It carries its food to its mouth. It drinks
water, lifts heavy logs of wood and picks up things with the help of its trunk.

It can also pick up a small needle with the tip of its trunk.

The elephant cannot see well. It finds food by smelling. It is a big

eater. It can eat 90 kilos of grass or 217 kilos of leaves. It drinks nearly 80
litres of water. It can carry five or six people on its broad back at a time.
Besides, it is worshipped by Hindus as Ganesh or stead of Laxmi.

f) A Peacock :

Peacocks live in India and Ceylon(Nepal), but they are found in zoos

and parks all over the world. peacocks have magnificent fan – like tail. It is
actually the feathers called the tail-coverts of the male bird which is so

wonderful. When the peacock wishes to show off to the peahen or when it
senses on coming of rain, it raises up its tail and spreads it out in an
enormous for quivering every feather. The peacock has also a crest of
feathers on its head. The head and neck are bright blue, the back is green

marked with black and the wings are reddish cream. The skin of the face is
bare and white. The peahen is a much more dull-coloured bird. Inspite of

long trains, peacocks can fly quite well.

g) A Cat
People keep cats as pets. Cats are pretty animals, covered with soft

fur. They are of different colours. Some are black, some white, some grey,

some brown. Kittens, or young cats, are very playful. They will play for

hours with little balls, fallen leaves, or bits of string. The chief use of cats is
to catch mice and rats. Like their big

cousins, lions and tigers, cats can see in the dark. They hunt for mice at
night. Mice are a great pest in a house. A cat will soon kill them, or drive
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them away. Cats have been tamed for thousands of years. They were kept as

pets in ancient Egypt. Cats are very different from dogs. Dogs love persons,
but cats love places. A dog will follow his master anywhere. But a cat loves

the comfort of the house, and stays at home. Their love is what we call
"cupboard love".

DESCRIBING OBJECTS :

A football, A ripe mango, A pressure cooker, A bicycle, A tea pot, Gold,

The Computer, The Telephone, A Refrigerator, T.V., A fountain/ballpoint pen

etc.

(a) A Football :

A football is a spherical object used to be played between two teams.

It is made of leather. It is painted with white and black colour or many
colours and designs. There is a bladder inside it which is inflated by air in
order to make it round shaped. The leather is smooth and soft, but it

becomes hard when exposed to warmer conditions. It becomes rough due to

frequent use. It is light when it is inflated and bounces upward to a height

of 10 to 20 feet depending on the type of kick given and the air inflated.

(b) A Ripe Mango :

A mango turns ripe at its matured state. It is found in most tropical

and sub-tropical countries. It its appearance, a ripe mango is very

attractive. It varies in size, shape, colour, quality and smell. Some are oval

in shape and some are flat. A ripe mango looks yellow, orange or red. It

smells sweet. It is soft and smooth to touch. When it is pressed hard, its
pulp gets cracked and the juice comes out of it. It is very sweet when

tasted. There are also sour mangoes. But demands of sweet mango is

more.
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(c) A pressure cooker

A pressure cooker is vessel in which food is cooked in steam under

pressure. It consists of a very strong vessel, made of aluminum alloy with a
lid that fits tightly on the top. The lid can be sealed on to the vessel by
means of a rubber ring. At the centre of the lid there is a vent or hole

through which steam can escape. The food to be cooked is placed in a

smaller vessel inside the cooker and a little water is poured into the outer
vessel. Water boils in the vessel and steam begins to escape through the
vent. Then we stop the steam by placing a weight on the vent. Steam

pressure inside increases and the temperature rises. So the food gets cooked
at a higher temperature. This takes only one-third of the time taken by the
ordinary method.

(d) A Bicycle :

A bicycle is a mode of transport. It was first manufactured by

Blonchord, the French aeronaut in 1779. Since than it has passed through
many forms and stages. It is one of the cheapest and the simplest form of

transport on wheels. The most important part of a bicycle is its frame which
is triangular in shape. It has two wheels. The rim of each wheel is held in

proper shape by a number of spokes which are joined at the centre of the
wheel. The wheels are fitted with tyres. Inside each tyre, there is a rubber
tube. This tube has a valve through which air pumped into it.

Besides wheels, a bicycle has a chain and a pair pedals. When force

is applied on either side by propelling the pedals by feet, the connected

chain moves the bicycle. There is a handle of the front part of the bicycle
which helps to control its movement. The handle is also attached with

brake levers for each of the two wheels. The bicycle has a seat for the rider
and a stand which helps to keep the bicycle in a standing position when it is
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not used. Besides this, there are mud-guards for both the wheels. The

bicycle is provided with a bell, fitted on the handle which acts like the horn.

Bicycles are used as means of transport, sports, recreation or sight-

seeing. It is a good means of transport and communication for poor men.

(e) A Tea Pot

A tea pot is a vessel used to store or keep tea. It can be of various

shapes and sizes but most often it is cylindrical in shape with a hollow

inside. It is open at one end and this top end has a lid which can be closed
or opened as required. The lid is attached to the body of the tea-pot. The
tea-pot also has a snout with an opening in it from which brewed tea is

poured. In tea-pots of other kinds, instead of snout there is a long neck with
a mouth at one from which the tea is to be poured. The tea-pot can be made

of various materials like clay, bone-china, wood, steel or copper.

(f) A Ballpoint Pen :

A ballpoint pen is an instrument used for writing. It has two parts the
upper part and the lower part. the upper part is called cap which is used to
cover the nib and protect it from getting dusty. A hook is fixed to the cap on
top of it which helps us hang it from the fringe of our pocket. The lower part

has a metallic tip which is used for writing. It has a ink reservoir linked to
the ball through a narrow tube (called refill). The ball is fitted into a socket.

As the ball turns it rolls across the paper carrying ink from the tube. The

pen depends on gravity to pull the ink to the ball. The ink used is thick ad

sticky, otherwise it would leak around the ball.

(g) A Fountain Pen

A fountain pen has two parts. A hollow cylindrical lower part two

inches in diameter and a nib holder that is screwed onto it. Besides this, it
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has a cap with which to cover the nib and protect the ink from spreading.

The lower cylindrical half of the pen is filled with ink. This ink passes to the
nib which has a sharp pointed end to which it drips. It is with this pointed

end of the nib that one writes.

(h) Gold/ A Gold Necklace :

Gold is a precious metal. Its ore is found in river-beds and mines

either in the form of minute particles or in lumps. It is yellow and shines

brightly when polished. Gold is used to make many ornaments out of which
necklace is one. The goldsmith artistically makes it. It is of different sizes
and designs. Each gold necklace has a beauty of its own. It is studded with

rare stones and diamonds. This necklace is made by hand as well by

machine.

The richest gold fields are found in Australia, South Africa and
California. However, it is available in small quantities in almost all
countries.

Gold never gets discoloured. It is a malleable chemical element.

For this reason, it can easily be beaten to any shape and size. Its intrinsic
value is not lost if hoarded for a long time. It is costly. In the past, it was

used as a form of currency. It is a valuable medium and world exchange.

i) A Refrigerator

A refrigerator is a common household electrically powered

equipment/appliance that is used to chill or freeze food items for

preservation. It consists of an outer metal cabinet or box, rectangular in

shape and an inner polyurethane foam lining (puf) to ensure zero gap,

insulation and provide no space for insects to breed. It is found in different

sizes. It maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of

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water. Optimum temperature range for perishable food storage is 3 to 5 °C

(37 to 41 °F). The cabinet contains a separate freezer compartment in which

ice can be formed and food kept frozen. The freezer also has ice trays with

which ice cubes are made. Below it is the chill tray which is used to store
soft drinks as well as milk jackets for quick cooling. Besides, the cabinet

may have adjustable shelves, which are found mostly in domestic

refrigerators, in which vessels of different sizes can be accommodated to

store cooked food, jellies, pies etc. The refrigerator allows the modern
household to keep food fresh for longer than before. Freezers allow people to
buy food in bulk and eat it at leisure, and bulk purchases save money.

j) A screw driver

A screw driver is a common tool used for turning screws. It consists

of a metal rod that is fixed in a wooden, plastic or rubber groove that has
been moulded into a handle grip. The rod is chiselled in the front to facilitate
its getting into the groove of the screw. The rod varies in length and
diameter.

k) A Motor Cycle

Motor cycle is one of the most popular means of conveyance. Now

different brands are manufactured by different companies. Each of them has

a distinctive feature. Motor cycle consists of various parts, such as, handle,
brake, fuel tank, silencer pipe, engine (two stroke/four-stroke) carburetor,

clutch lever, speedometer, two tyres, indicator (front and rear), battery

compartment. These parts are systematically set in the bike comfortable

seat, head light, shock-absorber and so on. Four-stroke motor-bike is

superior to two-stroke one, because the former has smooth pick-up.

Besides, it doesn't produce defeaning sound. On the other hand, the motor-
bike having a two-stroke engine doesn't have that smooth pick-up. It
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produces sound. Fuel consumption of four-stroke engine is better than that

of the two-stroke engine. The former is economical. Replacement of engine

oil at the scheduled time is of great importance. Now wherever we notice, we

see varieties of wonderful bikes playing on the road.

(d) DESCRIBING PROCESSESS :

 How to make a glass of lassi.

 How to make a booking for a berth in a reserved compartment (on

a train).

 How to clean and polish your shoes.

 How to cook rise.

 How to send a letter by registered past.

 How to plant a tree.

(i) How to make a glass of lassi :

(1) First take required amount of curd and milk.

(2) Pour them into the jar of the grinder.

(3) Add some ice and sugar to it taking the amount of curd and
milk into consideration.

(4) After that, grind the mixture till it turns foamy/mixed up.

(5) Then pour it back into a glass.

(6) Garnish it on the top with cherry, chocolate, powder, grated

coconut, cashew-nut and dried grapes.

(7) The lassi is now ready.

(ii) How to cook rice :

(1) First bring required amount of rice.

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(2) See that the rice is properly cleaned off stones, chaff and other
materials.

(3) Then clean it with water.

(4) Take some water in a cooking pot, twice the volume of rice.

(5) Put the pot on the stove containing water and keep it boiling.

(6) Pour rice into the boiling water and allow it to boil for some
more time till the rice turns soft.

(7) Then drain off the water from the pot.

(8) Now the rice is ready to serve.

(iii) How to make a booking for a berth in a reserved compartment (on

a train) :

(1) Take a reservation form from the reservation counter at the

railway station.

(2) Fill in the form giving all details about the train, you want to
travel, the class, the date of your journey, your name, sex, age
etc.

(3) Verify it again. It you have any doubt, ask any person there
engaged in the same work.

(4) Then give this reservation form to the concerned clerk sitting at
the counter.

(5) The clerk will seek information from the computer whether a
berth is available on train on that date.

(6) If available, he will ask you to pay the required amount of fee
and then he will give you the computerized ticket.
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(7) If the berth is not available, he will advise you to have other
options. If you agree, then you have to apply again stating all
details as before.

(iv) How to send a letter by registered post :

(1) First of all, bring an envelope of the required size (from any
stationary shop or bookstore).

(2) Put your letter inside it and seal it properly with gum.

(3) Write the name and address of the person you want to send the
letter to on the right hand side of the envelope and write your
name and address on its left hand side.

(4) Go to a post office and hand it to the clerk authorized to do the

registration work. He will tell you how much stamp it requires.

(5) Buy the required amount of stamp (s) from his and paste it
(them) on the envelope.

(6) Then, hand it back to the clerk. He will do his own official work
and after that, he well give you a receipt.

(7) The registration work is completed.

(v) How to clean and polish your shoes :

(1) First bring a polishing cream choosing the colour of your choice.

(2) Clean the dust from your shoes using a soft polishing brush.

(3) Apply the cream (cherry blossom) on the brush.

(4) Then polish the shoes for some time till it shines.

(5) Then apply the cream for a better glaze.

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(vi) How to plant a tree :

(1) First dig a hole in the ground.

(2) Take the loose soil out of the hole.

(3) Mix some fertilizer with the soil.

(4) Fill the hole to the brim with the soil mixed with fertilizers.

(5) Then plant the sapling in the hole.

(6) Put the roots into the soil.

(7) Put soil around the root.

(8) Press the soil.

(9) Water it. This will help the soil settle.

(10) Lastly put a fence around it. Make sure it is not destroyed.

DESCRIBING PLACES :

 Your home town or village

 An important place you have visited

 Your college

a) Your Home Town or Village

The name of my village is Rampur. It is the biggest village in our district.
There are about 150 houses in my village. Its population is about 2500. The
chief occupation is agriculture. A pucca road passes through our village.

Morning and evening, people are always busy in fields, preparing the lands,
manuring it, feeding the cattle and harvesting. Some of them take weaving

and spinning. Some are engaged in cottage industries. Some of the houses
are pucca but most of the houses are built of mud. There is an intermediate
college and a Junior High School in the village. There are two temples in it.

There are two ponds adjacent to the temples. Middle class families lives
here. The villagers have love for education. But a very few boys read there.
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Instead of reading, they work in their fields. There is a small dispensary in

our village. There is also a post office in my village.

My people lead a simple and happy life. They enjoy a good health. Real

life is there in them. They are honest. My village is making progress. I like it.
I pray to God to give them moral courage so that they may lead a happy life.

b) An important place you have visited.

Last month I visited to one of the greatest historical place in Odisha,

the The sun temple of Konark. I went there with my mom and dad. It is the
crowning piece of Orissan architecture and sculpture, built in the 13th
century A.D., the golden era of Orissa art. This temple was constructed on
the bank of river Chandrabhaga where the river met the sea. It is believed
that it took 12 years of time, during the reign of Narasingha Dev -I. The
main tample was 230 feet or 70 mts high. The crownless Mukhasala, which
is in ruins, is 130 feet or 40 mts high.

The temple represents the engineering ability of that time. Figures of

gods and goddessess, men and women, birds and animals, flowers and

creepers (plants), scenes of love and war, teaching of sages etc. attract the
attention of the people from India and abroad. And above all, the twenty-
four giant wheels of this temple chariot, symbolising the divisions of time

with their intricate carvings on the spokes and the axle heads. The seven
caparisoned horses representing seven colours of the sun. In fact, it was

built to look like a chariot of the sun. Beautiful images of the Sun God were
placed on the body of the temple. They represent the Morning Sun, the Mid-

day Sun and the Evening Sun. Konark is a many splendoured gem of
Orissan art. Its beauty is not for description in words. It is to be seen,
enjoyed and savoured, not once but again and again, for it is truly a thing of
beauty, a joy for ever.
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The Hirakud Dam :

The Hirakud Dam, the largest earthen dam in the world stands in its
long majesty across the great river Mahanadi. It is only 16 kms north of
Sambalpur, from horizon to horizon the reservoir forms the largest artificial
lake in Asia with an area of 746 sq. kms and a share line over 640 kms. A

21 km drive on the dyke offers a unique experience. There are two minarate
(minars) called “Gandhi Minar” on the northern side and “Jawahar Minar”
on the southern side of the dam. The top is revolving cabin with glasses
fitted. You can enjoy the scenic beauty all around. There is the small town

of Burla down below the Jawahar Minar and the Industrial town of Hirakud
lies near Gandhi Minar.

In ancient times, people collected diamonds from the

Mahanadi’s bed. So the name Hirakud. The dam was built out of the blood
and sweat of ordinary workers. Jawaharhal Nehru, the first Prime Minister
of India, dedicated the dam to the nation in 1957.

There is a beautiful park near/down below the reservoir named after

Jawaharlal Nehru. The dam was built for a variety of purposes for power
generation, irrigation, flood control, fishing, tourist place and a place of

amusement..

Its beauty is not for description in words. It is to be seen, enjoyed and

savoured, not once but again and again, for it is truly a thing of beauty, a

joy forever.

c) Your College

My college is my pride. It is situated on the National Highway 53

between Bargarh and Sambalpur. It has a beautiful entrance gate on which

the name of our college is written. It is constructed only on an acre of land

22

which has boundary walls on all sides, RMC on one side and a Kalyan

Mandap on the other side of the wall. The gate has a gravel path which leads
to the portico of the college building.

Immediately after the portico are steps which lead to the principal's
office. On the right of the principal's office is the staff common room, while

to its left is the Administrative office of the college. All the three are housed
in single rooms. Beyond the staff common-room and the administrative
office on both sides are the stores, the right one storing sports equipment
while the left one has a canteen. Next to it are the classrooms. There are 10

classrooms in all for both arts and science students.

The college has many enlightened teachers who impart to me the light
of knowledge and thus illumine my world which would remain dark. I also

meet my friends in the form of our classmates who make my world colourful
and vibrant with their friendship and cooperation.

At College I get the exposure to participate in various academic, co-

curricular and extra-curricular activities which hone my personality. I get all

round training at college. My time just flies at college. The college years pass
at a fast pace doing meaningful and skill development activities.

My collegel has reputation as one of the most premier educational

institutes in the area. I feel proud of its various achievements.

In conclusion I can say that my college indeed is my pride where I spend

maximum of my time in the company of parents-like teachers and siblings-

like peers. I just love my college.

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2. Narrative Writing : To tell an event, incident, or experience in the

chronological order.

Activity :

Write short accounts of the following imaginary incidents :

(i) You saw a man trying to steal someone's wallet (purse) and
caught hold of him.

Ans : I was standing in the queue casually at the Sambalpur railway station

like the rest of the others, waiting for my turn at the booking counter. It was

around 10 o' clock in the morning. The heat and sweat was making everyone
restless. Some persons in the queue were having unnecessary arguments

with those trying to bypass the queue and go to the counter. I was watching
my watch, noting how much time each person's booking was taking and
calculating roughly how much time it would take for my turn to come.

Just then a man handsomely dressed arrived and went straight

to the counter. He then asked something to the clerk and stood there.
Watching his behavior, I did not like to ask him to move from the place and
take his place in the queue. Instead I was admiring his moustache jeans. It
looked smart on him. Suddenly I saw him reach for the wallet in the back

pocket of the person, first in the queue. He picked it up and turned back.

Spontaneously I shouted out, thief and embraced him in a hug. He threw it

on the floor and pretended ignorance about it. However, everyone had seen

him throw it and so he was caught red-handed. Meanwhile, hearing the

turmoil the railway police arrived and arrested him.

(ii) A road accident you witnessed.

Ans : Once I was on my way back home from festive shopping when I

witnessed a road accident. I was with my sister and it was around 6 o’ clock
24

in the evening. In the middle of the road, we saw a crowd surrounding

something. We weren’t quite sure what was happening as the first thought
that came to our mind was that it was probably a quarrel between two men.

However, when we reached the spot, we found out an accident had taken
place.

After that, we got to know the whole story. A man was crossing the
road when a truck hit him leaving him severely injured. The man was lying

on the ground bleeding profusely and people were calling for an ambulance.
We instantly called up the ambulance but time was running out. Therefore,
an auto driver took the man in his auto and rushed to the hospital.
Subsequently, the police arrived as the people had caught the driver and
were beating him up. After the police came, they caught hold of the driver
and asked about the incident. Later, we came to know that the driver was
drunk. The police detained him and went to the hospital for a statement.

Fortunately, the driver was declared out of danger. The doctors dressed his
wounds and informed that he was still in shock.

That incident made me realize how precious our lives are. In addition,
as to how we take it for granted. We must all be very careful when on road,
on foot or by a car that does not matter. We can adopt measures that will

prevent road accidents.

iii) Complete the following story.

There was a king, who was very lazy. He did not like to do anything. He

waited for his attendants to serve him every moment. He used to lie on his

bed always….(Complete it)

Ans : A time came when he really became inactive. Only eating and sleeping
made him fat and lazy. He became so fat that he could not move around. He

felt sick, doctors were called in to treat him. Nothing could help him to
25

become fit and fine. All his subjects were sorry to learn about the fact that

their king was unwell.

One day the minister met a holy man (Sadhu) on the outskirts of the

city. While conversing with each other, the Sadhu came to know the fact
that the king was unwell. He told the minister that he could cure the king.

Hearing this, the minister’s face brightened. He arranged immediately for a

meeting of the Sadhu and the king.

The Sadhu had a talk with the king for a while and then said that
nothing serious had happened and that the king would be alright. From the
next day the treatment would start. He asked the king to come to his hut
which was at a distance from the palace. The king had to come on foot to
the hut. The king agreed, after many years the king had come outside to
walk on the road. By the time he reached the Sadhu’s hut, he was
breathless and started sweating. The Sadhu came out of the hut. He gave an

iron ball to the king and asked him to roll the ball in the palace grounds
every morning and evening. The king thanked the Sadhu and left. After 15

days the Sadhu came to the palace to meet the king. The king had lost a
considerable amount of weight. He was feeling much better and was active.
All his sickness had disappeared.

3. Argumentative Writing : To argue for or against a view in order

to influence the reader’s opinion.

Girls should not marry before they are twenty, boys before they are
twenty-five.

For

(1) Girls become highly educated.

(2) They get a chance to fulfill their dreams.

26

(3) They enjoy empowerment.

(4) They become independent and are free from the drudgery of household
work.

(5) They become ideal mothers and wife.

(6) Boys are no different.

(7) They want higher education.

(8) They become independent.

Against

(1) They should be educated.

(2) Marriage before 20 makes them typical house-wives.

(3) They are immature to understand the ways of the world.

(4) They go astray.

(5) They are deprived of enjoying empowerment.

(6) Boys cannot be highly educated.

(7) They cannot be independent to the core.

Girls should be highly educated in word and spirit. Very few

girls continue their studies after their marriage. They try their best to fulfill
their dreams and achieve their goals. Today we see many a woman enjoy

empowerment. They have become high-profile entrepreneurs, bureaucrats

and academicians. They are now successful political leaders. They brim with

confidence. They become independent by earning their livelihood. Educated

wives get a respite from the monotony of their household works.
27

Education makes them conscious of their duties to their

husbands and children. They never become a burden on society. Boys are
no different from the girls. A certain age is indispensable for building their

career, but marriage before 25 puts bars in fulfilling the dreams, hopes and
aspiration. Failures to achieve their goals drive them to a state of

frustration. As a result of higher education, they earn handsome income and

become assets to their families.

On the other hand, if the girls marry before twenty, they cannot
enjoy the things they want. They become neither highly educated nor enjoy

real empowerment. They become typical house-wives and don't get a chance
to experience what is happening in the external world. Frustration grips
them. They don't understand the language of independence. They often go

astray and as a result, bring disgrace to society. Boys suffer the same fate.
Their marriage before twenty-five seldom allow them to go for higher

education according to their will. They soothe with frustration for not
achieving their goals. They fail to rise to the expectations of their parents.

They are shorn of confidence. They can't be fiercely independent. Therefore,

girls should not marry before they are twenty, boys before they are twenty-
four.

b) Online Classes Vs Offline/Traditional Classes

Many private and government schools have started online education due to
the school being closed during the lockdown. Before Covid pandemic

situations it was a big challenge. But now as the situation arises it has

always been a big-time debate regarding which is better: Online classes or

traditional classrooms, there are many point of views regarding the same,

positive as well as negative.

So let us check out the pros and cons of Online Classes.
28

Advantages of Online Classes Over Traditional Classes

1. Time Management: In online classes you can finish your classes in
about one-third of the time it takes you on campus. Whereas in traditional

classes every process has to be detailed which takes time.

2. Tools of learning: Online learning provides many channels

through which students and instructors interact with each other, including
email, online chat, and video conferences. Whereas in classrooms there is

only one way of teaching i.e. is one to all learning method.

3. Feedback: The quality of feedback or answer tends to be more

detailed and focused in an online class than in the classroom setting, as a
child gets comparatively more time to phrase an answer. Where the child
has a fraction of seconds to answer a question where he is not able to deeply
analyse the topic.
4. Flexibility: Online classes offer a lot of flexibility regarding many

things like time, recording lectures as well as personal space. In online

classes the student has to be in strict discipline, to maintain which there are
a lot of restrictions.
5. Concentration : Group contact tends to be continually
maintained in online classes and the main focus is always studies and no

extra activities, whereas students in class always find a way to gossip and
distract the class.

Advantages of Traditional Classes Over Online Classes

1. Collaborative learning: The classroom environment has always

proved to be essential to promote and stimulate collaborative learning.

Collaborative learning increases a student's self-awareness about how other

students learn and enables them to learn more easily and effectively,
transforming them into keen learners inside and beyond classroom.
29

2. Social Interaction : In classrooms, it makes it possible for

students to have direct engagements with instructors and students. With

this mode of learning, students are capable of having detailed discussions,

asking lots of questions and covering many concepts in one topic. That will,
in the long run, improve student performance and competence in the field of

specialization.
3. Practical Learning : Practical learning apart from Computer

science is only possible in traditional classes. For Example all the science

practicals, Art classes etc. are not possible in Online Classes.

4. Networking challenges : On campus, students are surrounded
by people who are enthusiastic about your field. They can introduce yourself
to and chat with professors (even if you’re not in their class) and faculty,
fellow students, guest lecturers and so on. And they can get involved in on-
campus professional organizations that connect them with real-life

professionals. Online students don’t have the same opportunities to make

connections.
5. Technical Issues : In classrooms there is no fear of technical
issues, the class goes on smoothly, on the other hand, new learners and
students who have not studied online before face a lot of issues technically.

4. Expository Writing : To explain an idea, instrument, or

problem.

a) Write a short paragraph beginning with the sentence :

"I had a very happy childhood."

The best years of one’s life are the childhood days. I had a very happy

childhood. Father, Mother, Grandpa and Grandma, all of us lived together.

Every morning, Grandma would play with and tell me tales. In the evenings

Grandpa would take me on walk and in the nights I used to huddle in my

mother's lap and sleep. Those days were wonderful. It was all play and no
30

work, no worries, no fears, only love. And every summer we went off to Puri

to visit the Lord Jagannath temple and enjoy at the beach. I wasn't afraid of
the sea. Daddy put me on this shoulders and walked into the sea. The smell

of the surf, the thundering of the waves excited me then as it excites me

now. Truly I can never forget the joys of my childhood days.

c) Coronavirus Outbreak: Things We Have Learned From The COVID-

19 Pandemic
Ans: The year 2020 started with the world learning about the new virus
called novel coronavirus or SARS-COV2, when China raised an alarm about
a contagious disease being caused by a new strain of Coronavirus. What
started back in December in just one region – Wuhan in China with mere
few cases has today spread to more than 213 countries and territories
around the world and has infected over 33.1 million people. India, which is

the second worst-hit country after the United States, has so far reported
more than 6.07 million coronavirus cases, according to the data by the

health ministry.
COVID-19 is a mega-pandemic, which most people in the world have
never seen in their lifetime. No other outbreak, even if it was called a

pandemic by the World Health Organization, has affected as many people

and as many countries as this one has, since the 1918 Flu pandemic.

While the world continues to learn more and more about this new
Coronavirus with each passing day, here are the things this pandemic has

taught us so far:
Maintaining A Good Hygiene Is Crucial: The reaffirmation of the
importance of hand washing is one of the biggest takeaways of the covid-19
crisis. From the very beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak, the one measure

which the world knows of as an effective preventive measure for this highly
31

contagious disease, is washing hands regularly with soap or sanitiser and

water.
Lockdown And Social Distancing Is Important: Explaining the impact of

the virus and why lockdown or social distancing at this crucial time has
become the only survival option, an expert from Indian Council of Medical

Research (ICMR) said, Highlighting the importance of social distancing and

that people should learn to live with these new ways for longer duration of

time.
Importance of Coexisting With Planet Earth: If there is one lesson that is
staring human race in the face it is the fact that human beings have really
destroyed the equilibrium of planet earth. Climate experts have been
warning about the threats of threat to the environment and climate change
for some time but they have largely been ignored. When the lockdown took
place, and immediately the positive signs of reduced human activity

manifested itself in clean blue skies, the fresher air and cleaner water in
rivers, resurfacing of dolphins from areas they had disappeared from, and

even rapid healing of the depleting ozone layer. It was a sign of how much
damage man was doing to life on earth.

India’s Nutrition Problem Is Huge And There Is An Urgent Need To

Tackle It: The 1.3 billion people of India are currently fighting the dual
battle – one against coronavirus pandemic and second against hunger and

undernutrition. Experts believe that the pandemic has worsened the

situation for India when it comes to nutrition and now it is no more just a

fight against coronavirus but also a crisis in terms of undernutrition and

malnutrition.
These are some great lesson to learn. If we forget it in a short period,
we will be suffering again.