Defects in Crystals 13 September 2022

Lecture 13
Defects in Crystals
13 September 2022
1
An Illustration of the Edge Dislocation: the slip-based definition
A B
2
An Illustration of the Edge Dislocation: the slip-based definition Extra Half Plane
B A B
A
a Missing half plane

a
3
Definition of a dislocation
Plane B’B represents the slipped area of the

crystal
Plane AA’ represents the unslipped area of the

crystal
B’ B
So that’s the definition of a dislocation A A’
line:
The boundary between the slipped and
unslipped areas of a crystal !!
This dislocation line (edge of the extra

a
half plane) is perpendicular to the plane
of the figure shown.
4
A 3D View of the Edge Dislocation
W. D. Callister, Materials Science & Engg. https://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/dislocations/dislocations_in_3D.php
5
Quantifying the dislocation
The Burgers vector of a
dislocation is a crystal vector, The closure failure
specified by Miller indices, that
quantifies the difference
between the distorted lattice
around the dislocation and the
perfect lattice.
Also, the Burgers vector tells us

the direction and magnitude of
the atomic displacement that
occurs when a dislocation
moves.
For edge dislocations, the

Burgers vector is perpendicular
to the dislocation line.
Adapted from W. D. Callister, Materials Science6 & Engg.
Just to emphasize there is no closure failure in the absence of a dislocation
B A B
A
a a
7
Dislocations in Corn
So, defects do
occur naturally!
In engineering
materials, they
often form
during
solidification or
deformation.
8
The idea of a screw dislocation
• Another way of having a

dislocated crystal.
• Imagine the top and bottom
halves of the crystal being
subjected to shear.
9
Screw dislocations (contd.)
Plan View
AB is the dislocation line.
Again a boundary between slipped
and unslipped areas of the crystal
Atoms in lower half

Atoms in upper half
10
Adapted from W. D. Callister, Materials Science & Engg.
Burgers vector for screw dislocations
Burgers vector is parallel

to the dislocation line
(boundary between
slipped and unslipped
areas)
Adapted from W. D. Callister, Materials Science & Engg. 11

Summary of Edge and Screw Dislocations
Edge Dislocations:
• Burgers Vector perpendicular to
the dislocation line.
Screw Dislocations:
• Burgers Vector parallel to the
dislocation line.
Edge Dislocation
In both cases, the dislocation moves in

a direction perpendicular to the
dislocation line.
Screw Dislocation
12
https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Structure/linear_defects.htm
Importance of dislocations
• Dislocations play a crucial role in the mechanical behaviour of

materials.
• More on dislocations to follow in subsequent lectures
13
Classification of 2D (Surface or Interfacial) Defects
1. Homophase interfaces:
• Grain boundaries (rotation of two crystals)
• Twin boundaries (reflection of two crystals)
• Stacking faults (translation between two crystals).
2. Heterophase interfaces:
• Solid-Solid interfaces: Interphase interfaces
• Solid-Liquid interfaces
• Solid-Gas interfaces (free surface).
• Liquid-liquid interfaces
• Liquid-Gas interfaces.
• No Gas-Gas interfaces, naturally!!

14
2D or Planar Defects
• As the name suggests, these are area defects, characterized by

two dimensions.
• Which one is intuitively most obvious….? The Free Surface!
15
Free surfaces
• Atom A is bonded to four other atoms.

• Whereas atom B is bonded to only two
atoms.
• The free surface has effectively broken a
few bonds. A B
• The energy supplied to create a free

surface stays in the surface atoms – or
the these surface atoms have a higher
energy compared to the interior ones.
• The extra energy of all these surface
atoms adds up to yield a “surface energy”
to the crystal.
16
Correlating surface energy with bond strength
Surface energy ( )
n = atoms/area
Area A
b = number of broken bonds per
atom
E = bond energy per bond.
A = surface area.
17
An example
• Suppose we break a BCC

crystal along its (200) plane.
• Then surface energy
18

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Lecture 13

a Missing half plane

Plane B’B represents the slipped area of the

Plane AA’ represents the unslipped area of the

This dislocation line (edge of the extra

W. D. Callister, Materials Science & Engg. https://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/dislocations/dislocations_in_3D.php

Also, the Burgers vector tells us

For edge dislocations, the

• Another way of having a

Atoms in lower half

Burgers vector is parallel

Adapted from W. D. Callister, Materials Science & Engg. 11

In both cases, the dislocation moves in

• Dislocations play a crucial role in the mechanical behaviour of

• No Gas-Gas interfaces, naturally!!

• As the name suggests, these are area defects, characterized by

• Atom A is bonded to four other atoms.

• The energy supplied to create a free

• Suppose we break a BCC

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