NOUN

‘fdlh O;fDr] oLrq] LFkku] xq.k] dk;Z ;k voLFkk dsNoun

uke dks
(laKk) dgk tkrk gSA
’
A noun is a word used as a name of a person, place or thing.
Noun ik¡p izdkj ds gksrs gSa%
1. Proper Noun (O;fDrokpd)
2. Common Noun (tkfrokpd)
3. Collective Noun (lewgokpd)
4. Material Noun (nzO;okpd)
5. Abstract Noun (Hkkookpd)
(1) PROPER NOUN
 Proper noun ls gekjk rkRi;Z fdlh
O;fDr] oLrq rFkk LFkku ds
ls gksrk
uke gSA
tSls%Ram, Delhi, Gita etc.
(a) Ram is my friend.
(b) I live in Delhi.
(2) COMMON NOUN
 ftl Noun (laKk) ls ,d oxZvFkoktkfr ds O;fDr ;k oLrq dk cks/ gks] mls
Common Noun
(tkfrokpd laKk) dgrs gSaA tSls&
King, boy, girl, city etc.
(a) According to the boy, the nearest town is very far.
(b) The boys are going to the nearest village.
(3) COLLECTIVE NOUN
 ftl Noun (laKk) lslewgdk cks/ gks] mls
Collective Noun (lewgokpd laKk)dgrs gSaAtSls%
Team, Committee, Army etc.
lkekU;r%
Collective Noun dk iz;ksxSingular esa gksrk gSA budk iz;ksxesa rHkh fd;k tkrk gS
Plural
tc erHksn
n'kkZ;k tk, ;k fiQj
izR;sd lnL; ds ckjs esa dqN dgk tk,A
(a) The flock of geese spends most of its time in the pasture.

S.V.

(b) The jury 

is deciding the matter.
S.V .

(c) The committee meets


 every week.
S.V.
 Noun

(d) The team are

 divided over the issue of captainship. (erHksn)
P.V.

(e) The audience have

 taken their
 seats. (izR;sd O;fDr)
P.V. P.P.

(4) MATERIAL NOUN

 ftl Noun (laKk) ls ,slsinkFkZ
dk cks/ gks ftlls nwljh oLrq,a cu ldsa] mls Noun (inkFkZokpd laKk)
Material
dgrs gSaA
tSls%Silver, iron, wood etc.
(a) The necklace is made of gold.
(b) She has purchased a tea set of silver.
(c) He got his furniture made of teak wood.
 Material Nouns, Countable ugha gksrs gSa vFkkZr~ budh fxurh ugha dh tk ldrh gSA bUgsa ekik ;k rkSyk tk
gS
AbudslkFk lkekU;r
%Singular verb dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ,oa buds igys
Article dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k
tkrk gSA
(5) ABSTRACT NOUN
 Abstract Noun,,slsxq.k] Hkko] fØ;k ,oa voLFkk
dksO;Dr djrk gS ftUgsa
Nwvk ugha
tk ldrk gS] ns[kk
ugha tk ldrk gS] cfYddsoy eglwl fd;k tk dlrk gSA
tSls%Honesty, bravery (quality), hatred, laughter (action), poverty, youth (state).
 Abstract Noun dk iz;ksx lkekU;r% Singular esa fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls%(a) People respect his sincerity.
(b) Honesty is the best policy.
 Noun d ks (A) Countable ,oa (B) Uncountable esa Hkh ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA
(A) Countable Nouns
 Countable Noun og Noun gksrk gS] ftldh
x.kuk dh tk ld sA
tSls%(a) We bought six tables.
(b) I have a few friends.
(c) She saw many movies last month.
(B) NON-COUNTABLE NOUNS
 Uncountable Noun og Noun gksrk gS] ftldh
x.kuku dh tk lds A
tSls%(a) J. Priestly discovered oxygen.
(b) They decided to sell the furniture.
(c) Much money was wasted on the show.

Countable Noun Uncountable Noun

M oney, time, know ledge
Eg:- Stars, Seconds, R upees etc.
etc.
Singular w ith P lural w ith
Verb- Singular P lural Singular Verb
Noun Noun
M any, few , a number of, the number
Adjective- M uch, little, quantity of
of.
Article - A/An/ the can be used. only 'the' can be used
Noun
IMPORTANT POINTS
RULE 1
 dqNNouns dk iz;ksx ges'kkPlural form esa gh gksrk gSA bu ds vUr esa yxs
Nouns s dks gVkdj] bUgsa
Singular ugha cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ;s fn[kus esa Hkhyxrs gSa] ,oa budk
Plural iz;ksx Hkh
Plural dh rjg
gksrk
gSA ,sls
Nouns fuEu gSa%
Scissors, tongs (fpeVk), pliers, pincers, bellows (iQw¡duh)
, trousers, pants, pajamas,
shorts, gallows (iQk¡lh dk iQank)
, fangs (Mad), spectacles, goggles,binoculars (nwjchu) ,
eyeglasses, Alms ( nku), amends (la'kks/u), archives (,srgkfld nLrkost) , arrears,
auspices, congratulations, embers ( jk[k), fireworks, lodgings, outskirts,
particulars, proceeds, regards, riches, remains, savings, shambles, surroundings,
tidings, troops, tactics, thanks, valuables, wages,belongings etc.
tSls%(a) Where are my pants?
(b) Where are the tongs?
(c) The proceeds were deposited in the bank.
(d) All his assets were seized.
(e) Alms are given to the beggars.
(f) The embers of the fire were still burning.
uksV%
'Wages' dk iz;ksx
singular ,oa plural nksuks
forms esa
fd;k tk ldrk gSA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks ns[ksa&
vFkZ Form Example
etnwjh Plural Wages are paid in cash.
Wages P.v
ifj.kke Singular Wages of hard work is sweet.
S.v

RULE 2
 dqNNouns fn[kus esa
Plural yxrs gSa ysfdu vFkZ esa gksrs gSA budk
Singular iz;ksxges'kkSingular
esa gh gksrk gSA tSls%Innings, Politics, Summons, Physics, Economics, Ethics,
News,
Mathematics, Mumps, Measles, Rickets,Shingles, Billiards, Athletics etc.
tSls%(a) No news is good news.
(b) Politics is a dirty game.
(c) Economics is an interesting subject.
(d) Ethics demands honesty.
RULE 3
 dqNNouns fn[kus esaSingular yxrs gSa] ysfdu budk iz;ksxPlural
ges'kk esa gksrk gSAcattle,
tSls%
cavalry, infantry, poultry, peasantry, children, gentry, police, people, etc. buds
lkFk dHkh ‘s’
Hkhugha yxk;k tkrk] tSls%
cattles, childrens fy[kuk xyr gSA
tSls%(a) Cattle are grazing in the field.
 Noun
(b) Our infantry have marched forward.
(c) Police have arrested the thieves.
uksV%
'People' dk vFkZ ^yksx*
gS A'Peoples' dk vFkZ 'gS
fofHk ewyoa'k (
different races) ds yksx'A
RULE 4
 dqNNouns dk iz;ksx] dsoy Singular form esa gh fd;k tkrk gSA ;s
Uncountable Nouns gSaA buds
lkFkArticle A/An dk iz;ksx Hkh ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
Scenery, Poetry, Furniture, Advice, Information, Hair, Business, Mischief, Bread,
Stationery, Crockery, Luggage, Baggage, Postage, Knowledge, Wastage,
Jewellery, Breakage, Equipment,Work (Works dk vFkZ gS lkfgR; ys[k )
, Evidence,
Word (tc 'word' dk vFkZ okn] lans'k ;k ifjppkZ gks)],oa Cost.
Fuel,
tSls%(a) The scenery of Kashmir is very charming.
(b) I have no information about her residence.
(c) The mischief committed by him is unpardonable.
(d) His hair is black.
(e) I have bought some equipment that I needed for the project.
(i) bu Nouns dk cgqopu ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA tSls%
Sceneries, informations, furnitures, hairs bR;kfn
fy[kuk xyr gSA
(ii) ;fn mDr Noun dk Singular ;k Plural nksuksa
forms esa vko';drk gksrks] buds lkFk
dqN 'kCntksM
+s
tkrs gaSA
uhps fn, x;s mnkgj.k ns[ksa%
(a) He gave me a piece of information.
(b) All pieces of information given by her were reliable.
(c) Many kinds of furniture are available in that shop.
(d) I want a few articles of jewellery.
(e) He ate two slices of bread.
(f) Please show me some items of office stationery.
(g) The Police have found a strand of hair in the car.
uksV%Money dk plural form 'Monies' gks ldrk gS ftldk vFkZ fudyrk'sums
gS of money'.
tSls%Monies have been collected and handed to the women's welfare society.
RULE 5
 dqNNouns, Plural ,oa Singular nksuksa esa ,d gh :ijgrs
esa gSaA tSls%
deer,sheep, series ,
species, fish, crew, team, jury, aircraft, counsel etc.
tSls%(a) Our team is the best.
(b) Our team are trying their new uniform.
(c) There are two fish in the pond.
(d) There are many fishes in the aquarium.('Fishes' dk vFkZ gS fofHk iztkfr;ksa
fish) ds
Noun
RULE 6
 Hyphenated noun dk iz;ksx dHkhplural Hkh form esaughagksrkA
tSls%(a) He gave me two hundred-rupees notes. ( rupees dksrupee esa ifjofrZr djsa)
(b) He stays in five- stars hotels. ( stars dksstar esa ifjofrZr djsa)
RULE 7
 dqNnouns dk iz;ksx yksx cksy&pky dh Hkk"kk esa djrs gS ysfduiz;ksx
okLro
djuk
esafcydqy
mudkxyr gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k%xyr iz;ksx lgh iz;ksx
1. Cousin brother Cousin
or
Cousin sister
2. Pickpocketer Pickpocket
3. Good name Name
4. Big/small blunder Blunder (Blunder dk vFkZ gksrk gS cM+h HkwyA
big dk iz;ksx
vr%
xyr gSSA
5. Strong breeze Strong wind (Breeze ges'kk
light ,oa gentle gksrk gS)
6. Bad dream Nightmare
 fuEufyf[krnouns esa Hkh gesa
confusion jgrk gS-
1. Floor Ground
iQ'kZ tehu
2. Skill Talent
lh[k dj izkIr djrs gS Inborn(tUe ls gksrk gS)
3. Envy Jealously
bZ";k tks nwljks ds pht+ks dk ns[k dj gks
bZ";k tks viuh pht+ks ds [kksus ds Mj ls gks
RULE 8
 dqNNouns tks vFkZ esa Plural
rks gksrs gSa ysfdu ;fn iwoZ
buds fdlh fuf'pr la[;kRed fo'ks"k.k
(Definite numeral adjective) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks bu dksPluralise ugha fd;k tkrk
Noun
gSA tSlsPair,
% score, gross, stone, hundred, dozen, thousand, million, billion, etc.
tSls%(a) I have two pairs of shoes.
(b) I have two hundred rupees only.
(c) She purchased three dozen pencils.
(d) He has already donated five thousand rupees.
 ysfdu ;fn buds lkFk
Indefinite countable dk iz;ksx gks rksPluralise
bUgsa fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls%
dozens of women, hundreds of people, millions of dollars, scores of shops, many
pairs of shoes etc.
tSls%(a) Hundreds of people came to see the fair.
(b) He donated millions of rupees.
RULE 9
 ;fn fdlh Noun ds ckn Preposition dk iz;ksx gks vkSj fiQj'Noun'
ogha repeat gks rks og
'Noun'
Singular form esa gksuk pkfg,A tSls%
tSls%(a) Town after town was devastated.
(b) Row upon row of marble looks beautiful.
(c) He enquired from door to door.
(d) Ship after ship is arriving.
 Noun
 bl rjg ds okD;ksaTowns
esa after towns, Rows upon rows, doors to doors ;k ships after ships
fy[kuk xyr gSA
RULE 10
 Common Gender Nouns tSls%Teacher, student, child, clerk, advocate, worker,
writer, leader, musician etc. ,sls nouns gSa ftudk iz;ksx
male ,oa female nksuksa ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA bUgsa
Dual Gender Hkh dgk tkrk gSA tc bl rjg Noun
ds dk iz;ksxSingular esa fd;k tkrk
gS rks
lkekU;r%he/his/him dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
(1) Every leader should perform his duty.
(2) A teacher should perform his duty sincerely.
;gk¡ fookn dk fo"k; ;g gS fd ge Masculine Gender (He/His etc.) dk gh iz;ksx D;ksa djsa\
 bl lEcU/ esa ;fnmatter legal gksDENOTING
WORDS rks
his ;k her tks Hkh vko';d gks mls Li"V dj nsuk pkfg;sA
GROUPS
1. A band of musicians. 19. A curriculum of studies.
20. A flight of steps, stairs.
2. A board of directors, etc.
21. A fleet of ships or motorcars.
3. A bevy of girls, women, officers etc.
22. A flock of geese, sheep and birds.
4. A bunch of grapes, keys, etc.
23. A gang of robbers, labourers.
5. A bundle of sticks and hay. 24. A garland/bunch/bouquet of flowers.
6. A caravan of Merchants, pilgrims, 25. A heap of ruins, sand, stones.
travellers. 26. A herd of cattle.
7. A chain/range of mountains or hills. 27. A litter of puppies.
8. A choir of singers. 28. A pack of hounds, cards.
9. A class of students. 29. A pair of shoes, scissors, compasses,
10. A retinue of servants/ attendants. trousers.
11. A clump/grove of trees. 30. A series of events.
12. A code of laws. 31. A sheaf of corn, arrows.
13. A cluster / constellation/ galaxy of stars. 32. A swarm of ants, bees or flies.
14. A company/regiment/army of soldiers. 33. A train of carriages, followers etc.
15. A convoy of ships, cars etc.moving 34. A troop of horses (cavalry) scouts; etc.
under an escort. 35. A volley of shots, bullets
16. A course or series of lectures. 36. A forum of people (discussing issues)
17. A crew of sailors. 37. A congregation of people (discussing
18. A crowd/mob of people. religious issues)
NOUN-GENDER
Gender dks pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS%
(1) Masculine Gender (iqfYayx)% ,sls Noun tks male sex dksO;Dr djrs gSa]
Masculine Gender
dgykrs gSaA Tiger,
tSls% Power, Violence, Father, Sun, Summer, Time, Thunder etc.
(2) Feminine Gender (L=khfyax)%
,sls Noun tksFemale sex dks O;Dr djrs]gSa
Feminine Gender dgykrs
gSaA ,sls%
Tigress, Woman, Lioness, Mother, Sister, Peace, Nature, Earth, Goddess etc.
(3) Common Gender (mHk; fyax) ,sls Noun tks L=kh ,oa iq#"k nksuksa ds fy, iz;qDr
]SaCommon
gksrs g
Gender dgykrs gSaA tSls%
Child, Baby, Teacher, Servant, Student, Cousin, Infant,
Thief, Neighbour etc.
(4) Neuter Gender (uiqald fyax)% ,sls Noun tks mufuthZo oLrqvksa
dks O;Dr djrs gSa tks u gSa vkSj
male
female Neuter Gender Copy, Book, Room, Paper, T.V., Box, etc.
Noun
RULES FOR CHANGING MASCULINE NOUN TO FEMININE NOUN
RULE 1 Masculine Feminine
 dqNcases esaMasculine Noun ds ckn Emperor(jktk) Empress
‘ess’ yxkus lsFeminine Noun cuk;k tk Governor Governess
ldrk gSA tSls% Duke Duchess
Masculine Feminine God Goddess
Author (ys[kd) Authoress Master Mistress
Host (estcku) Hostess Sorcerer (tknwxj) Sorceress
Jew Jewess
RULE 4
Mayor Mayoress
Poet (dfo) Poetess  dqNcases esaCompound Masculine Noun
Tutor Tutoress dsfirst vFkoksecond 'kCn esa dqN
ifjorZufd; s
Shepherd(xM+sfM+;k) Shepherdess tkrk gSA tSls%
Giant (nkuo) Giantess Masculine Feminine
Heir (mÙkjkf/dkjh) Heiress Man-servant Maid - servant
Lion Lioness Washerman Washerwoman
Priest(iqtkjh) Priestess Buck-rabbit Doe-Rabbit
Tailor (nthZ) Tailoress Brother-in law Sister-in-law
He-bear She-bear
RULE 2 Bull-calf Cow-calf
 dqNcases esaMasculine Noun ds vfUre Jack-ass Jenny-ass
vowel ,oa mlds igys vkus okys
consonant Headmaster Headmistress
Milkman Milkmaid
dks gVkdj‘ess’ tksM+us ls Feminine
Hkh Postmaster Postmistress
Noun cu tkrk gSA tSls% Peacock Peahen
Masculine Feminine Landlord Landlady
Actor Actress Father-in-law Mother-in-law
Benefactor(midkj djus okyk)Benefactress Step-Father Step-Mother
Hunter (f'kdkjh) Huntress He-goat She-goat
Cock-sparrow Hen-sparrow
Prince (jktdqekj) Princess
Dog-wolf Bitch-wolf
Waiter Waitress Stepbrother Stepsister
Ambassador Ambassadress Grandson Granddaughter
Director Directress
RULE 5
Negro Negress
Tiger Tigress  Foreign words ,oa vU; fofo/ 'kCnksa ds
Masculine ,oa Feminine gender uhps
RULE 3 fn;s x;s gSaA
budks fdlh fo'ks"k fu;e ds rgr
ifjofrZr ugha djrs gSa
As:
 dqNcases esaMasculine Noun ds 'kCnksa esa
Masculine Feminine
dqNchange fd;k tkrk gS ,oa vUr esa
‘ess’ Administrator Administratrix
yxkus ij Hkh
Feminine Noun cu tkrk gSA Executor ( dk;kZfUor djus okyk)
Executrix
Lad(yM+dk) Lass
tSls%
 Noun
Prosecutor Proscutrix Czar Czarina
Sultan Sultana Hero Heroine
Boar (cuSyk lwvj) Sow Testator(olh;rdrkZ) Testatrix
Brother Sister Bachelor Maid
Colt(cNM+k) Filly Boy Girl
Dog Bitch Cock Hen
Buck (e`x) Doe Drake (cÙkd) Duck
Earl Countess Drone (uj eD[kh) Bee
Monk Nun Bull Cow
Gander(gal) Goose Father Mother
Hart (fgj.k) Roe Bridegroom Bride
Horse Mare Gentleman Lady
King Queen He She
Man Woman Husband Wife
Mr. Miss Lord Lady
Sheep Ewe Male Female
Son Daughter Nephew (Hkrhtk) Niece
Uncle Aunt Sir Madam/ Dame
Fox Vixen Widower (fo|qj) Widow
Ox Cow Wizard (tknwxj) Witch

NOUN-NUMBER (SINGULAR-PLURAL)
Singular Noun: blls ,d O;fDr] ,d LFkku ;k Tax Taxes Dish Dishes
,d oLrq dk cks/ gksrk gSA Boy,
tSls%Girl, Box Boxes Coach Coaches
Table.
 blds dqNExceptions Hkh gSaA tSls%
Plural Noun: blls
,d ls vf/d O;fDr] LFkku ;k
oLrqvksa
dk cks/ gksrk gS tSls%
Cities, Boys, Singular Plural Singular Plural
Girls. Stomach Stomachs Radius Radii
Changing Singular to Plural: Locus Loci Ox Oxen
Some Rules RULE 3
RULE 1
 dqNNoun ds vUr esa
‘o’ vkrk gS ,oa mlls
iwoZ
 dqNNoun ds vUr esa's' yxkus ls ogPlural cu dksbZ
O;atu(consonant) gksrks] mldkPlural
tkrk gSA tSls%
Boy, Girl, Kite, Telephone etc. cukus ds fy,Noun ds vUr esa'es' yxkrs gSaA
RULE 2 tSls%
Singular Plural Singular Plural
 ftu Noun ds vUr esa s, ss, ch, sh, z ;k x
vkrk gS mudk
Plural cukus ds fy, vUr esa
es tksM+Hero Heroes Potato Potatoes
fn;k tkrk gSA tSls% Mosquito Mosquitoes Mango Mangoes
Singular Plural Singular Plural Cargo Cargoes Echo Echoes
Bus Buses Fox Foxes  blls dqNExceptions Hkh gSaA tSls%
Watch Watches Switch Switches Singular Plural Singular Plural
Ass Asses Canvas Canvases Dynamo Dynamos Memento Mementos
Fix Fixes Class Classes Ratio Ratios Piano Pianos
Church Churches Quiz Quizes Solo Solos Photo Photos
Noun
RULE 4  blds dqNExceptions Hkh gSaA tSls%
 ;fn fdlh Noun ds vUr esadouble vowel Singular Plural Singular Plural
yxs gq, gksa rks mldk
Plural cukus ds fy, mlds Belief Beliefs Chief Chiefs
vUr esas yxk fn;k tkrk gS tSls% Cliff Cliffs Dwarf Dwarfs
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Grief Griefs Gulf Gulfs
Bee Bees Tree Trees
Zoo Zoos Radio Radios Proof Proofs Roof Roofs
Woe Woes Portfolio Portfolios Safe Safes Scarf Scarfs
Turf Turfs Brief Briefs
RULE 5
RULE 8
 ;fn Noun ds vUr esa'y' vk;s ,oa'y' ls iwoZ
dksbZ
O;atu(consonant) vkrk gS rks 'y' dh txg  Compound noun esaeq[; 'kCnds lkFk‘s’
'ies' yxkus ls mldkplural cu tkrk gSA tSls% yxkus ij mldkPlural cu tkrk gSA tSls%
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Cry cries Country countries Brother-in-law Brothers-in-law
Family families Pony ponies Bed-room Bed-rooms
City cities Dictionary dictionaries Commander-in- Commanders-in-
Lorry lorries Reply replies chief chief
RULE 6 Step-daughter Step-daughters
 ;fn Noun ds vUr esa
'y' vk;s ,oa'y' ls iwoZ
dksbZMaid-servant Maid-servants
Vowel vkrk gks rks
's' yxkus ls mldkPlural Pea-hen Pea-hens
cu tkrk gSA tSls% Peacock Peacocks
Singular Plural Singular Plural Mother-in-law Mothers-in-law
Key Keys Donkey Donkeys
Sister-in-law Sisters-in-law
Ray Rays Monkey Monkeys
Member of Members of
Way Ways Valley Valleys
Parliament Parliament
Toy Toys Storey Storeys
Man hater Man haters
RULE 7
Woman lover Woman lovers
 ;fn Noun ds vUr esa 'f' ;k 'fe' vk;s rks
Plural Man lover Man lovers
cukus ds fy,'f' ;k 'fe' dks gVkdj'ves' yxkrs RULE 9
gSaA tSls%
 fuEuNouns ,sls gSa ftudkPlural cukus ds
Singular Plural Singular Plural
fy, Inside Vowels esaifjorZu djrs gSaA
Calf Calves Half Halves
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Wife Wives Thief Thieves Man Men Woman Women
Wolf Wolves Life Lives Foot Feet Tooth Teeth
Leaf Leaves Knife Knives Mouse Mice Louse (tw~a)Lice
Shelf Shelves Loaf Loaves Goose Geese Oasis Oases
 Noun
RULE 10 IMPORTANT
 fuEufyf[krNouns ,sls gSa ftudk
Plural cukus  Latin ds fuEu 'kCnksa ij è;ku nsa% bu 'kCnksa ds ihNs
ds fy, 'en' tksM+rs
gSaA tSls% ‘um’ vkrk gS] ysfdu buds Plural cukus gsrq
Singular Plural Singular Plural
ihNs‘s’ yxk;k tkrk gSA
Child Children Ox Oxen
Singular Plural
RULE 11
Asylum Asylums
 dqNNouns ds nks rjg dsPlural curs gSaMuseum Museums
ftudk vFkZ Hkh vyx gksrk gSA tSls% Premium Premiums
(1) Brother Forum Forums
Brothers - Sons of the same Pendulum Pendulums
parents.
(B) dqNLatin words ds vUr esa 'us' vkrk gSA
Brethren - Members of a society,
community or a budk Plural ‘us’ dks ‘i’ ds cnydj cuk;k
religious group. tkrk gSA tSls%
(2) Cloth Singular Plural Singular Plural
Cloths - Unstitched cloth. Radius radii Syllabus syllabi
Clothes - Stit ched clothes
(Garments) (C) dqNGreek 'kCnksa ds vUr ‘is’esa
vkrk gS budk
(3) Die Plural ‘is’ dks 'es' esa cnydj cuk;k tkrk gSA
Dies - Stamps used for Singular Plural
printing and coining. Analysis Analyses
Dice - Small cubes used in
Crisis Crises
games.
(4) Index Hypothesis Hypotheses
Indexes - tables of contents in a Basis Bases
book. Thesis Theses
Indices - Signs used in algebra. (D) dqNGreek 'kCnksa ds vUr esavkrk gS budk
‘on’
Plural ‘on’ dks‘a’ esa cnyusls curk gSA tSls%
SOME TYPICAL PLURAL NOUNS (NUMBER) Singular Plural
(A) Latin words: Latin ds dqN 'kCn] ftuds
vUr Phenomenon Phenomena
esa
'um' vkrk gS]
,dopu gksrs gSaAPlural
budks Criterion criteria
cukus ds fy,'um' gVkdj ‘a’ yxk;k tkrk gSA(E) vU; dbZNouns ds Plural fuEu izdkjcurs gSa%
tSls% Singular Plural Singular Plural
Singular Plural If Ifs I I’s
Datum Data 5 5s P P’s
Ovum Ova BA BAs ATM ATMs
Agendum Agenda
But Buts T T’s
Dictum Dicta
Memorandum Memoranda 10 10s MP MPs
Stratum Strata MA MAs UPC UPCs
Noun
(F) dqNNouns ds Singular ,oa]Plural forms dsvFkZ iw.kZar;k
vyx gksrs gS] vr% budk
iz;ksx lko/kuhiwoZd
djuk pkfg,A
tSls%Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
Air (gok) Airs (fn[kkoVh O;ogkj)
Return (okilh) Returns (vk; dk fglkc)
Iron (yksgk) Irons (tathjsa)
Sand (jsr) Sands (jsfxLrku)
Wood (ydM+h) Woods (taxy)
Abuse (nq#i;ksx) Abuses (dqjhfr;k¡)
Good(adj) (vPNk) Goods (lkeku)
Water (ikuh) Waters (leqnz)
Work (dke) Works (lkfgR; ys[k)
Fruit (iQy tSls lsc bR;kfn) Fruits (urhtk (esgur bR;kn dk))
Wit (okd~iVqrk) Wits (cqf¼erk)
(G) dqNNouns dk Singular form esa ,d vFkZ gksrk gS ijUrq
Plural Form esa ,d ls vf/d A
Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
Custom fjokT+k Customs fjokT+k] lhek 'kqYd
Manner rjhdk Manners rjhds] f'k"Vkpkj
Pain nnZ Pains nnZ,vFkd iz;kl
Quarter ,d&pkSFkkbZ Quarters ,d&pkSFkkbZ] vkokl
Letter v{kj] fpV~Bh Letters v{kj] fpV~Bh] lkfgR;
NOUN ds lkFkOF/ APOSTROPHE dk iz;ksx
(A) Apostrophe dk iz;ksx
Possessive case ds fy, fuEu fLFkfr esa djuk gh mfpr gSA tSls%
(1) thfor oLrq
tSls%(a) Mohan’s book (b) a cow’s horn (c) a woman’s purse
(2) tc fdlh fuftZo dk ekuoh;dj.k (Personification) fd;k tk,A
tSls%(a) Sun's fury (b) Nature's love
(3) le;] Hkkj ,oa txg lacaf/r Nouns ds lkFkA
tSls%(a) a day’s leave. (b) arm’s length. (c) a pound’s weight.
(4) dqN lEekutud Nouns ds lkFkA
tSls%(a) court’s orders (b) at duty’s call
(5) dqNPhrases ds lkFkA
tSls%(a) at one’s wit’s end. (b) at a stone’s throw
(6) HkkSxksfyd fi.M ds lkFk
tSls%(a) Earth's atmosphere.
 Noun
(B) ;fn Plural 'kCn dk vfUre v{kj‘s’ gS rks
apostrophe dk iz;ksx djrs le; ‘s’ ugha yxkrs gSa] dsoy
apostrophe (*) dk gh iz;ksx djrs gSaA
tSls%(a) Boys’ college (b) Girls’ school (c) Working women's hostel
(C) tc Noun flLdkj èofu (hissing sound) ls [kRe gks esa Hkh
‘s' ugha
yxrk gSA
for peace’ sake, for conscience’ sake, for goodness’ sake, for Jesus’ sake, Ganesh'
book.
uksV%God's sake.
(D) Possessive Pronoun ( his, hers, yours, ours, theirs) ds lkFkapostrophe ugha yxkrs gSaA
tSls%Yours faithfully, Yours truly.
(E) fuEutitles ds lkFkapostrophe vfUre 'kCn ds lkFk gh yxkrs gSaA
tSls%(a) Commander-in-chief’s orders.
(b) My son-in-law’s sister.
(F) futhZo oLrq ds lkFk
's dk iz;ksx ugha djrs'Of'
gS dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
tSls%Table's leg ds LFkku Leg
ij of table dk iz;ksx djsaA
(G) ‘Double apostrophe’ dk iz;ksx u djsa
tSls%(a) My wife’s secretary’s mother has expired. ( ×)
bldh txg gesa fy[kuk pkfg;sA
The mother of my wife’s secretary has expired.
(b) Mrs. Sharma the society’s chairman's proposal was rejected by the members of the
society. ( ×)
The proposal of Mrs. Sharma, the chairperson of society, was rejected by the
members of the society. ()
(H) anybody/ Nobody/ Everybody/ Somebody/ Anyone/Someone/No one/Everyone
ds lkFk's dk iz;ksxfd;k tk ldrk gSA
tSls%(a) Everyone’s concern is no one’s concern.
(b) Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.
 ;fn buds cknelse dk iz;ksx gksapostrophe
rks dks else ds lkFk yxkrsgSaa
tSls%(a) I can rely on your words, not somebody else’s.
(b) I obey your orders and nobody else’s.
(;gk¡Somebody’s else ;k Nobody’s else fy[kuk xyr gksxkA)

SPOTTING THE ERROR

1. (a) My sister / (b) has read / (c) pages after pages of the Bible./ (d) No error
2. (a) I went to the temple / (b) with my parents, aunts / (c) and cousin sisters. / (d) No
error
3. (a) He / (b) takes pain / (c) over his work./ (d) No error
4. (a) The Manager put forward / (b) a number of criterions / (c) for the post./ (d) No
error
5. (a) I like / (b) the poetries / (c) of Byron and Shelley./ (d) No error
Noun
6. (a) The beautiful / (b) surrounding of the place / (c) enchanted me./ (d) No error
7. (a) No Porter being available/ (b) he carried / (c) all his luggages himself./ (d) No
error
8. (a) The table’s legs / (b) have been / (c) elaborately carved./ (d) No error
9. (a) The sceneries / (b) of Kashmir / (c) is very charming./ (d) No error
10. (a) The driver showed / (b) great talent in keeping / (c) the damaged car under
control./ (d) No error
11. (a) When I entered the bedroom / (b) I saw a snake crawling / (c) on the ground./ (d)
No error
12. (a) Alms / (b) are given/ (c) to the poors./ (d) No error
13. (a) Lasers are / (b) indispensable tools / (c) for the delicate eyes surgery./ (d) No
error
14. (a) If you have a way with words / (b) a good sense of design and administration
ability / (c) you may enjoy working in high pressure world of advertising./ (d) No
error
15. (a) Last week’s sharp hike in the wholesale price of beef / (b) is a strong indication
for / (c) higher meat costs to come./ (d) No error
16. (a) Whenever he goes to Mumbai / (b) he stays in/ (c) five-stars hotels./ (d) No error
17. (a) The company has ordered / (b) some / (c) new equipments./ (d) No error
18. (a) A strong breeze / (b) blew his / (c) cap off./ (d) No error.
19. (a) One of her firmest belief among the Hindus is that/ (b) Karma affects their / (c)
life and also the life after death./ (d) No error
20. (a) He was advised to take/ (b) two spoonsful of / (c) medicine times a day./ (d) No
error
21. (a) It is a big blunder/(b) but we had /(c) to ignore it/(d)No error
22. (A) The police have received / (b) two important informations / (c) that can help
them solve the triple murder case (E) No error
23. (a) The sheafs / (b) of the wheat plants were too heavy / (c) for the weak farmer to
carry them on his head./ (d) No error
24. (a) The population of India /(b) is divided into two classes- / (c) Haves and Haves
not./ (d) No error
25. (a) All his sister-in laws /(b) are extremely co- operative / (c) and she doesn’t miss
her real sisters at all./ (d) No error
26. (a) Envy strikes a woman / (b)when she sees her husband / (c) talking to another
woman./ (d) No error
27. (a) Two summons have been issued by the court / (b) but he has not / (c) yet
appeared before the court./ (d) No error
28. (a) The Vaidya's / (b) have been living here / (c) for about a decade./ (d) No error.
29. (a) You are among those/ (b) man who earned name and fame not by / (c) chance
but by hard work ./ (d) No error
30. (a) Children are playing / (b) and making mischiefs/ (c) as their holidays have
started./ (d) No error.
 Noun
31. (a) Sheeps are economically useful/ (b) and so they are reared/ (c) for wool and meat./
(d) No error.
32. (a) I read the letter/ (b) and made him aware/ (c) of its content./ (d) No error.
33. (a) I shall not go to party tonight/ (b) since I have many works to complete/ (c)
before I give presentation tomorrow./ (d) No error.
34. (a) One must be always/ (b) true to one's words/ (c) if one wants to get respect from
everyone./ (d) No error.
35. (a) Even after the enactment of several Acts and Provisions /(b) we can see five
years old boys/ (c) working in hazardous factories./ (d) No error.
36. (a) The fan’s blade / (b) has broken/ (c) and we must buy a new fan before disposing it
of./ (d) No error.
37. (a) She wears spectacle/ (b) and so she was unable to see the gansgter/ (c) that
attacked her last night./ (d) No error.
38. (a) All the furnitures have been/ (b) sold for a song/ (c) as we were in a hurry to
leave the town./ (d) No error.
39. (a) The angry mob/ (b) attacked the police officers/ (c) when they came to raze the
illegal construction./ (d) No error.
40. (a) They left/ (b) their luggages/ (c) at home by mistake and went to the railway
station./ (d) No error.
41. (a) The car could not/ (b) ascend the steep hill/ (c) because it was in the wrong
gears./ (d) No error.
42. (a) The ticket window/ (b) remained closed / (c)throughout the day./ (d) No error.
43. (a) Satyajit Ray, who conceived, co-authored / (b) and directed a number of good
films, was/ (c) one of India’s most talented film maker./ (d) No error.
44. (a) I think this/ (b) is not your book. / (c) It is some body’s else./ (d) No error.
45. (a) You should not put/ (b) your sign on any paper / (c) that you haven’t read./ (d) No
error.
46. (a) Towns after towns were/ (b) conquered / (c) by him but he found no peace./ (d)
No error.
47. (a) When we reached the fair/ (b) we found that there / (c) was no place to stand./
(d) No error.
48. (a) All the evidences were/ (b) against him and he was / (c) held guilty./ (d) No
error.
49. (a) My cousin brother is a cheater/ (b) and he / (c) cheats his family members and
friends too./ (d) No error.
50. (a) The committee/ (b) could not come to/ (c) a final conclusion./ (d) No error.
51. (a) The cattle in the meadow/ (b) was terrified to hear/ (c) the roar of a lion which
appeared to be wild with anger./ (d) No error.
52. (a) There should be/ (b) no furnitures/ (c) in my room./ (d) No error.
53. (a) That house/ (b) is built of/ (c) stones./ (d) No error.
54. (a) Santosh lives/ (b) by the principals/ (c) he professes./ (d) No error.
55. (a) The astronomer/ (b) who predicts the future/ (c) has arrived./ (d) No error.
56. (a) He told me that/ (b) it was/ (c) his friend’s Sankar’s house./ (d) No error.
Noun

Answers with explanation

1. (c) 'Page after page' dk iz;ksx lgh gksxkA vxj preposition
fdlh ds igys vkSj ds ckn
same noun
dk iz;ksx gksrk gS noun rksdk iz;ksx 'singular form' esa djsaA
2. (c) 'Cousin sisters' dguk xyr gksrk gSA Cousins dk iz;ksx djsaA
3. (b) takes pains dk iz;ksx djsaAphrase bl dk vFkZ gS ^dkiQh iz;kl djuk*A
4. (b) 'Criterion' dk plural form 'Criteria' gSA
5. (b) 'Poetry' uncountable noun gSA bldk cgqopu ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA
6. (b) 'Surroundings' dk iz;ksx djsa ftldk vFkZ gS vkl&ikl dh'Surrounding' txgA surround
(verb) dk 'ing' form gSA
7. (c) 'Luggage' dk iz;ksx djsaA 'Luggage' uncountable noun gS vkSj bldk dksbZ plural form ugha gSA
8. (a) table's legs ds LFkku'Legs ij of table' dk iz;ksx djsaA lkekU;r% futhZo oLrq s dkds
iz;ksx
lkFkugha
gksrkA
9. (a) 'Scenery' dk iz;ksx djsaA 'Scenery' uncountable noun gSA
10. (b) 'talent' ds LFkku 'skill'
ij dk iz;ksx djsaA
Talent dk vFkZ natural
gS ability to do something.
'Skill' dk vFkZ'type
gS of activity that requires special training and knowledge'.Driving
skill dk iz;ksx lgh gksrk gSA
11. (c) Ground dk vFkZ'edku gS ds ckgj dh/jrh dk mijh lrg 'AGround ds LFkku'floor' ij dk iz;ksx djsaA
floor dk vFkZ 'edku ds vanj dkiQ'kZ* gksrk gSA
12. (c) 'the poors' ds LFkku'the ij poor' dk iz;ksx djsaA 'The poor' dk vFkZ gS xjhc'Poor'
oxZAadjective
gSA bl esa's' dk iz;ksx u djsaA'The poor' plural common noun gSA
13. (c) 'eyes surgery' ds LFkku 'eye ij surgery' dk iz;ksx djsaA 'Eyes' noun gS ijUrq ;gk¡ 'eyes'
surgery dh fo'ks"krk crk jgk gS ,oa
adjective dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA vxjnoun adjective dk dk;Z
djsa rks og singular form esa gksrk gSA vr%ugha
'eyes' 'eye' dk iz;ksx gksxkA
14. (b) 'administration' noun gSA ;gk¡ 'ability' gesa dh fo'ks"krk crkus'adjective'
okys dk iz;ksx djuk
pkfg,Aadministration dk adjective form 'administrative' dk iz;ksx djsaA
15. (c) 'Costs' ds LFkku'Cost'
ij dk iz;ksx djsaA
Noun ds :i esa'Cost' uncountable noun gS vkSj bldk
cgqopu ugha gks ldrkA
16. (c) 'five-stars' hyphenated noun gS tks dHkhplural Hkh form esa ugha gksrkA'five star' dk iz;ksx
djsaA
17. (c) 'Equipment' uncountable noun gS ftldkplural form ugha gksrkA
18. (a) 'breeze' ges 'kkgentle gksrk gSA rst+ k dsgo
fy, 'Strong wind' 'kCn dk iz;ksx djsA
19. (a) 'One of the' ds ckn vkus okyk 'noun plural form esa gksrk gSA vr%
'One of the firmest beliefs'
dk iz;ksx djsaA
20. (b) 'Spoonsful' ugha 'Spoonfuls' dk iz;ksx djsaA
 Noun
21. (a) 'blunder' dk vFkZ gksrk'biggS
mistake.' vr%blunder ds lkFk 'big' dk iz;ksx xyr gksxkA
22. (b) 'Information' uncountable noun gSA bldk plural cukus ds fy,
'pieces of information'
dk iz;ksx djsaA
23. (a) 'Sheaf' dk plural form 'Sheaves' gksrk gS u 'Sheafs'
fd A
24. (c) 'Have nots' dk iz;ksx djsa ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS jfgr oxZA
25. (a) 'Sisters-in-law' dk iz;ksx djsaA
'Sister-in-law' dk cgqopu'Sisters-in-law' gksrk gSA
26. (a) tks gekjk gS vkSj mls [kkus ds Mj ls gesa bZ";k gksrhdk
Jealousy gSiz;ksx
rks fd;k tkrk gSA tc ml oLrq
ds fy, bZ";k gks tks gekjk ugha
envyrks
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
27. (a) 'Summons' ,d Countable noun gS vkSj Singular gSA bldkplural summonses gksrk gSA
vr%'two summonses' dk iz;ksx djsaA
28. (a) Vaidyas dk iz;ksx djsaA
apostrophe (') gVk nsaA
29. (b) 'men' dk iz;ksx gksxkA
'Those' ds lkFk plural countable noun dk iz;ksx gksxkA
30. (b) 'Mischief' uncountable noun gSA bldk plural form ugha gks ldrk gSA
31. (a) 'Sheep' dk singular rFkk plural form 'sheep' gh gksrk 'Sheeps'
gSA ds LFkku Sheep
ij dk
iz;ksx djsaA
32. (c) Content ds LFkku 'Contents'
ij dk iz;ksx djsaA
'Contents' dk vFkZ'things
gS contained in
something'.
33. (b) 'work' uncountable noun gSA
'Many pieces of work' dk iz;ksx djsaA
34. (b) 'true to one's word' dk iz;ksx djsa ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS ^tqcku dk iDdk*A
35. (b) 'five year old boys' dk iz;ksx djsaA ;gk¡
five year adjective dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA vr%plural
;g form
esa ugha gksxkA
36. (a) fan futhZo gSA 's'vr% dk iz;ksx
'fan' ds lkFk u djsaA
'The blade of fan' dk iz;ksx djuk lgh gksxkA
37. (a) 'Spectacles' dk iz;ksx djsaA
38. (a) 'furniture' dk iz;ksx djsaA lkFk gh è;ku j[ksa fd singular noun gS vr%
'furniture' singular
verb 'has' dk iz;ksx gksxkA
39. (a) 'angry mob dk iz;ksx xyr gSA 'Mob' dk iz;ksx djsaA D;ksafd
Mob dk vFkZ gksrk gS& mxz HkhM+A
Angry
ds lkFkmob dk iz;ksxsuperfluous gksxkA
40. (b) 'luggage' dk iz;ksxluggages ds LFkku ij djsaA
41. (c) 'wrong gear' dk iz;ksx djsaA Car ,d le; esa ,d gh gear esa gks ldrh gSA
42. (a) 'ticket window' ds LFkku 'ticket
ij counter' dk iz;ksx djsaA
43. (c) 'One of' ds ckn vkus okyk noun plural form esa gksuk pkfg,A'One vr%of' ds lkFk'film
makers' gksxk u fd 'film maker'
44. (c) 'Somebody else's' lgh iz;ksx gSA
45. (b) 'Sign' verb gSA your ds cknnoun dk iz;ksx gksxksignature
;kfu dk
46. (a) 'Town after town' dk iz;ksx djsaA vxj fdlh preposition ds igys vkSj cknsame
esa noun dk
iz;ksx gksnoun
rks singular form esa gksuk pkfg,A
Noun
47. (c) 'no place' ds LFkku 'noij room' dk iz;ksx djsaA 'Room' dk noun ds vFkZ 'enough empty
space for people or things to be fitted in' Hkh gksrk gSA
48. (a) 'evidence' uncountable noun gS vr% bldk dksbZ plural form (evidences) ugha gks ldrkA
lkFk gh singular verb 'was' dk iz;ksx djsaA
49. (a) 'Cousin brother' ,oa'Cheater' nksuksa gh ,sls gS tks yksx cksy&pky dh Hkk"kk esa vDlj iz;ksx
nouns
djrs gS ijUrq ,slk djuk xyr gksrk gSA ,oaCheat dk iz;ksx djsaA
Cousin
50. (c) 'final' 'kCn gVk nsaA
Conclusion lnk final gksrk gSA
51. (b) 'Cattle' plural noun gSA vr% 'was' ugha'were' dk iz;ksx djsaA
52. (b) 'furniture' ds lkFk's' dk iz;ksx ugha gks ldrk gSA
53. (c) 'stones' dks'stone' esa ifjofrZr djsaA ;gk¡ ls gekjk rkRi;Z ml
'Stone' material ls gS ftlls house dk
fuekZ.k gqvk gSA
54. (b) 'principals' (iz/kukpk;Z) dks 'principles' (fl¼kUr) esa ifjofrZr djsaA
55. (a) 'Astronomer' dks'astrologer' esa ifjofrZr djsaA 'furure predict' djus okys dks 'astrologer
dgrs gSaA
56. (c) 'friend's' dks'friend' esa ifjofrZr djsaA ,d lkFk
'double apostrophe' dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA