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    of 2

    Wave Optics

    Wavefront and Huygens' Principle

    Wavefront: A locus of points oscillating in same phase in the path of light is called a wavefront.
    Types of wavefront: spherical wavefront , cylindrical wavefront and plane wavefront Spherical
    wavefront is produced by a point source. Cylindrical wavefront is produced by linear light source.
    A small part of a spherical or a cylindrical wavefront originating from a distant source of light can
    be considered as a plane wavefront.

    Huygens’ principle, also called Huygens-Fresnel principle, a statement that all points of a wave
    front of sound in a transmitting medium or of light in a vacuum or transparent medium may be
    regarded as new sources of wavelets that expand in every direction at a rate depending on their
    velocities. Proposed by the Dutch mathematician, physicist, and astronomer Christiaan Huygens in
    1690, it is a powerful method for studying various optical phenomena.

    PROOF LAWS OF REFLECTION OF LIGHT BY HUYGEN’S PRINCIPLE

    Here BC = v𝝉 where v = speed of wave and 𝝉 = time taken by the incident wavefront from B to C.
    From the diagram, we get AE = BC = v𝜏
    Triangle EAC and triangle BAC are congruent.
    So angles i and r are equal.
    From the figure, we find that the incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal lie on the same
    plane.
    Thus, laws of reflection of light are proved.
    :
    Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves

    Coherent sources: Sources emitting light waves of same frequency or wavelength having either a
    zero or a constant phase difference are called coherent sources. Interference of light: The
    phenomenon of redistribution of light energy in a medium due to superposition of light waves from
    two coherent sources is called interference. Conditions for stable interference pattern

    i. Two sources of light should produce waves of same wavelength.


    ii. Two sources should be coherent.
    iii. Amplitudes of two waves should be either equal or nearly equal for good contrast.

    Formulae for wave optics

    Path difference between two waves = n𝜆 where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,...


    Conditions for constructive interference

    Phase difference between two waves = 2n𝜋 where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,...


    Conditions for destructive interference

    1
    Path difference between two waves = (𝑛 + )𝜆 where n= 0,1,2,3,…
    2
    1
    Phase difference between two waves = (𝑛 + )2𝜋 where n= 0, 1, 2, 3,…
    2
    𝜙 𝜙
    Resultant displacement due to superposition of two waves = y = 2a cos ( ) cos(𝜔𝑡 + )
    2 2
    𝜙
    2
    Here a= amplitude of each wave and 𝜙 = phase difference between two waves
    Amplitude of resultant displacement due to superposition of two waves = 2a cos( )

    𝜙
    2
    Intensity at the point of interference = I = 4 I0 cos2( )
    Here I0 = a2 and a = amplitude of each wave.

    Interference of Light Waves and Young's Experiment

    Young’s double slit experiment:


    This is an experiment conducted to produce interference pattern on a screen.
    Fringe width Separation between the centres two consecutive maxima or minima is called fringe
    width.
    Diffraction of light: The phenomenon of bending of light around the corners of an obstacle or
    aperture is called diffraction.
    In diffraction of light at a single slit, we get a central maximum and secondary maxima around it of
    rapidly falling intensities. In between the maxima, we get the secondary minima.

    𝐷𝜆
    Fringe width in interference = 𝛽 =
    𝑑
    Where D = distance between screen and slits, 𝜆 = wavelength of monochromatic light and d =
    distance of separation between two slits.
    :

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