Unik -3 | Ralatin and ibs propedtis gino | Relat : . let A, B Hesets a binary relation from A tp B 164 Subset ag | AKB. Bx A= Tach BP USEF | AxB= JY Cair>, Cas) (2,6) a | Chr, tb89,Cb 0” | (e,7), Co LO TF. | R: feard, Chr), CBE Cos) 4 sa wrclabi on Reare from Ares me Tha sebas © elenients hoiv many Telations ase Here £2010 A lod. aAKA as 1 efomonts arhe 1,235 x fie, 29 : C100 012) C43) @v la? oof av BVED™ So, than a7 af elakion from A SoA x : gelation ore the a phasmelementtbas n aemants how many ae Ai tp 8. 4 qha are men olerants dn Bm elamnonls hence ey A ybilies fom A 40 8- elation Papertis_ ebenuat = ' Reflexive po —_ A gelation R ona et A jpcalted reflexive Y x alee p fr ey elements aeA. 3 tree — ek A is “called synmelbae 36 A elation R OM % ai rderslpan (B, MER We” nove orcerdpaat (60) EC forall be cleginedl 2 Lak wlation ® i iD banksy _synetbie: El ge ta can n be cle ever Ot ba! a etthen (a,b ¢R orb ge a ——--3, pransilwe A polation R ona set A 4 called transitive epesforever (abd Ek and (6 ER Har (AER for all (abi) EA pr considur. the fall. rolabor en af 2.344, age CN 1.042) (3,19 (2,2). J i %=SCr Mle) Cot) 1) BA) ee 2.4). (2,4).4,9 (44) j ScD tas aye f OW ce Rye Teagendesen eed 3) ya (AD asf Hit yh 3,9) 34 )C44) ay f(3.a4. (4,3) (2,4) ¢ Cd ang) Ut AXA “fe 218 soe Wen }- sian bo oar) | eve» Ce 9 (3,4) | B0E® ae a) | ; { Reptesive = Rs KRs psi 2ymmetiic = { Tran sitVE= R51 Symmebnic. = RAK Conbining elation a $239 BA P12445 -p (1,0, 2) carciag Ne ae (2,290.3, 9} and Ra Rum = Snead C9) AO.ONS 3h RORo= Sew} BeRe pln 2), Cy 3), (u ith Be = 5-8.» (3225.Representation of elabon 1, Relation. on Maur det fefa,tao% Lamy 5 fe fb,,b,- jones : 4 element reppectivey 4. Jelvlian fou be eproserted 4 mn hati MP yep a sped ct aux Maj > 1 if 5) ER [Ha] ey je & (4:4 AR Containing mand t-. Ne BP tb the velalion @ R. car te fated, Ofaaedd MLB IS dag a bed aes Ud ‘ ij 25, a i ; 3fo © ° 4e6 5 oo diggs of picture & | yoldtior frm 4 finite. set bo ig. of Ad 1,2 3,44 R= f Cue XCeeOiaA Dp? CAC4y | 3 mies o a. frevow Diagram H pon & wre finite sels and Relation R (2? be represented a 0” ch “a a 3, elation ob a dec! i = elation org is when a R & arene & another wey 1 R 8 relation prom Phe Ae i arrow clianam as, poll’© diagrams: eb Pr Lh ageg A= fa,b,c, AF a = fi a) C% ants ye wb) Ge ED @ oa | ) 4 polationas a tables ° foomPto®telatin | af P and A are ginite. sl and somali R canbe veprosented va Fabular form (ied Cyd,Cr 23,2) | | leet Bead, A> £24, 2 Ky Tey. dL y Zz K | 1 RK x 5 | a # 8 % | 4 x | | | 5, Closwe % alakion : os poid| ay a sine set AB OTT | > or Frans ame pi p such eft v ms a, le Telasion & ona th prapnty Phot vie of caper Bo alin gq sek Ah tier Y Re en ae vdonion 8 7 a ee ad pe Oe op ary se pceke AxA Cordedning, Reult Prperty F.{ | what ib tha Teflexive Closure of the relation Q a Re Fein Jaz F fCma) jae]. Re [lar jased a Finel the reflexive closme of R- tet acfk, LG Ris a relationon 4 depiaed 29 R= Kh KAKA) (Lm) (mk3} b as. ROHL Pedy. em (IAA LemmMIP ny s 9 ad ix Be symmebcc closure oy te lation a. f01)/a ei on the Set o posilure Integers. SE A Symmeluic closure RY the relation QuR ‘Fite, bf >be © fleay #a> 6 2 Plas» Jase) : 4, Consider “the ration Ron b= far, 64} defined Beh, NeooKe RoR’ j eg =F C4sY ED (55) (560(b5) (by mS wien ead Cand Ca) Meet? Papal alan 7 yelation R na set A % called an equivalence rebelioa if ip saty following 2 propertus a 1, Relation RO reflorive he) aka, \aoR. aficn RB Symmebe(-e> aRb> bea 2, ela RG franstive Wey ak, @ bee akeee chi) O43) (9,29 is yo Ro Ga. : (20,4) 3003.2) (42) ‘ aeflonive = £ 0.2 (4.2) (3,348, He 9, symmetsic » (BE payer. ymmeb4c = (pea, & card ef : a Qu ee Relation RY symmebic ushanever Ay ER, BA ee ber acer. ae Junedy @ g, gelato ig dransitie decane (3.19 & ep & = (a9 && Hence, R is a qetalir AE Competes Oh BADE tek & be the g. xolation B drelorod pass ca.0) eA, ae ee ariel £08 finch Hae ewtar aterent beb Av sthak (4, b) eR Beoee We cdenete. He composte op R ord 8 Sok : Be what ip whe compost? et relation Bands, WOH pis athe anetation fc? bof 2, 4 ta Re Liiy Ce OCaR? fey 112,445 ue and 3 & HE petal fr Pinsag eb ed ue 8= $e 10 AP 631,322 joo toe OH): pee he Git sor ¢ od 021% eee no . 3 ° EP! =(3,)FRB oP ict pied Jet R be a seleition’ ase, Te power Rone.h2 ano defined Yegressively by ReR and qe Rok 7 = Ror ee ° : AA R= ue (20 Bx» (4,309 find the power of ® pS PRR Q 964d (30 (44 Re- Pork . Pema neurcand q RteRor R -fl 11902, 0682 C404 Sd element? aand p thot ane elated. 6] 2% eyeivatence relation 3 calle equiva TE poketign Asbo efor axed gard b ve equuetlort Ae lathe elemunt wih articular equivalence relator. al numbers Aud ‘hak sid co) pymmedir hak ab, thea d 2, b= (beaeZ Bade.ae wence bRa it follous Ahok Vis gemelse. wo Transitive Ye akp ACh. Ca-6 pence ake nus R anc bRey thea a-bez and b-céez ) b--) EZ us tapsitive. Deg Equivalence clas ese Ona a awisible ym heme = O-' . ‘ ‘ pence aeamedm) bo congruence mooulo m # seep ledive- Gd Syinmebaic Shes ep that ab Cmodin Ber ab is cliuisiole by " aobe Kms ufone KEL 2 able (Om(b- = (Kem ed be \ Transit Suppose that a=b Cmedm) a-b and a-b= b-c= IM3@ a- Bib a-C= aac Thurofose, the congmencé moolulo what axe modulo for if the epi Eo Cmod4.). Th tence , the The thok CE2(med4) remainder % a wr velaliar #4 Hente, pre Congruence modulo: ™ o a Cmodm) : symm Ve and b= Cmodm) , then mdivides b-e km 20 sia iat lian coe ke lm (er) Cimodm) Gp a equivalence relation, e eguaualence clars of 18 and 2 foo conpiliial 4 jabenie clas ap 0, contains al WAGES a Buch Bid, Class one Vase divisible by4.) i yelalion £ fof = 2f'5-40) 49 er je Integos nthe naetelas of 0 forft equ $2 be equivelance clan feotains 2 quiine “integels & 2 uke aia{ 6) z7 10% 622 (modq) SLbepe olds). The wale lor ‘ “codaio all he. o hon dywsdle a. +t clo» a4, 2 ye ae Pose 1518 aN 2 acode) (-3 - g Com 4) “functions = - pet and B te we non empty wom APB 6 O% asignnurt of exattty ¢ elements y bre epoca elem F A the wl element’ % P syed : BR b es qu! ne wale 400 ae . et spots a punction € ch elem & sae C4 BO punto one fp one Bont funciin = —Ae onto _ft notion a purction 4 from A to I ee Y anol ee ip pr ew a€ wih fl) = bot gel £4 B balled onto function ae chomont 6B ARAL B ON dlom, a “— Litis Bijective- C ~The. puncte b ‘ one to one cornsporete we a byecton dal weabo Say y ee oe bijective both one. one..anclonto ~ Tinronse, fynsbor : Lek geen one fo, one a _coneipenl. 70m fhasetA B. Thetnvertse qunchion od ge the abon that assign fo an e A ae Bea) = b. The invers eB that wuque element ain ae deg hence besa when ¢la)=b. f presporciene ip oer ynvextabk. became oe c pot verti ble A oneto one © inverse oy thes ~ cortespo. Hon: A pooienr a leneefic. HOSE ak a jin - bonto Nob l-1 ¢, t+) & onto a a. as a7 | mi tS b 2 bSa b A) ic Sp A >4 a Bis a 34 d peter |=" e, Nota pundlion y Hovonto ce AY Vp aN4 a Phot 4c fundiongrom {4 8» determine viata func. wi fedeq , {OF flOr=| and p(dd=2 fy, one doone- ted ane dg. BP 2,845} “Me fesncion ee, D(a & becamerdaes an Fh: values bath b athe wobue 1 its domain: i s pe Let p be te function froma, bc a} tof 12,5 Sheet ‘ota= 3, ACB) 2, geo! and $(d)-3 & gon on-toguncin on a! 2 tan the Co-domalt- ae pecause ul g elements i ts an domaun images Of elomen 2 foo the set the sat fen 2 CD fet Noo P| ye iN faye0 for The func. {:49Z orn 2 not me foore because toede= al my, but ai equall-to -/ : ointegert X wilh. Cen | Fe