English - Foe Teacher Se

Rwanda S 4 Teacher Guide
Copyright
© 2019 Rwanda Education Board
All rights reserved.
This book is the property of Rwanda Education Board. Credit should
be given to REB when the source of this book is quoted.
Contents
How to use this book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Section A Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Pedagogical approach of the new curriculum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Managing larger classrooms in learner-centred education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Inclusive education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Content map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Lesson plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Section B Teaching guidelines for syllabus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Unit 1 The geography of Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Unit 2 Education and personal development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Unit 3 Ancient Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Unit 4 Ecology and Mathematics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Unit 5 Friendship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Unit 6 Study skills and writing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Unit 7 Leadership and famous people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Unit 8 Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Section C Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Assessment resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
How to use this book
This Teacher’s Guide must be used with the English Learner’s Book for S4 level.
The book follows the Rwanda Education Board Ordinary Level English syllabus
for S4.
The Teacher’s Guide is divided into three sections:

• Section A: Introduction
• Section B: Teaching guidelines
• Section C: Resources
Introduction
This provides a brief overview of some of the key features of the curriculum as
well as information about content, methodology and assessment.
The Content map provides a quick overview of each unit, which is useful for
planning purposes.
A sample of a lesson plan is provided to guide teachers on how to prepare their
own lesson plans.
Teaching guidelines
Lesson guidance, assessment and answers follow, which correspond to the
Learner’s Book pages. In these notes you will find:
• key competences
• learning objectives
• guidelines on how to teach the content
• suggestions on when individual, pair or group work is appropriate
• answers for activities
• assessment guidelines
• suggestions for language support, remedial and extension activities
Resources
• Lesson plan
• Rubrics for assessment
• Recording sheet for notes on each learner
Key for icons
= Individual = Pairs = Group
ii Teaching in Rwanda
SECTION A Introduction
Pedagogical approach of the new curriculum
These notes will help you, the teacher, to familiarise yourself with key elements
of the new curriculum that focuses on learner-centred and active learning
education.
What is learner-centred education?

Learner-centred education is at the heart of the new curriculum. As a teacher,
your role is still teaching, but your focus also needs to be making sure that the
learners in your class are actively learning and not passively receiving facts and
information from their teachers or from a textbook.
Active learning is participative
Learners learn best by doing. They create and understand meaning for
themselves through the participative process of working with ideas and
information. Participative learning allows the learner to be at the centre of their
classroom activities, and so learner-centred education focuses on learners doing
activities and participating in finding answers and solutions.
Some examples of ways learners in a learner-centred classroom construct
meaning include the following activities:
• when they are talking together in a group about a problem
• when they write answers to questions about a lesson you have taught
• when they are labelling a map
• when they are working out and answering Maths questions
• when they are preparing an oral presentation from research
• when they are brainstorming ideas for a role play based on information they
have read.
Active learning is interactive
A key component of learner-centred education is that it is interactive. In the
examples above, you find learners interacting with the teacher, for example
listening, asking questions and answering questions (learner–teacher
interaction), as well as interacting with each other in discussions and
brainstorming (learner–learner interaction).
Active learning is child-centred
Active learner-centred education starts with what the child needs – it is child-
centred. It is about understanding that each child is unique. The teacher needs to
create an environment where children feel confident, and are comfortable
participating in activities. If teachers find out about children’s interests and use
Section A Introduction 1
these interests to plan lessons, children will be more likely to learn. They will be
naturally drawn to take part in activities and classroom processes if they are
interested in what is happening.
It is important to take steps to ensure your classroom is inclusive of all
children – regardless of ethnicity, gender or ability, for example by making sure
girls and boys are equally represented in teaching materials, and that no gender
is represented as less or more important in the texts you read. See the section of
this introduction, entitled ‘Inclusive education’, for further information.
The teacher is mediator
In a learner-centred school, teachers spend less time standing in front of the
class talking or reading, and more time helping learners while they work on
activities, either individually, in pairs or in groups. The process of helping
learners to learn has been called meditating learning. Teachers introduce tasks,
provide resources, ask questions and give suggestions to guide and encourage
the learners.
Mediating learning in this way lets the different learners in the class work at
their own pace towards a common set of learning objectives. This is where
understanding each child’s needs becomes important. In a large, inclusive
classroom, there will be learners with different abilities, and you will need to
include all of them in your teaching approach.
In a learner-centred approach to education, teachers play the critical role of
setting the necessary tasks and activities, and giving individual learners the
support they need to carry out the tasks and activities. Part of this role is making
sure that learners have access to accurate information that is relevant for the
subject. This information can be in a textbook they use, or in information that is
explained to them. The information can be demonstrated to the learners or
presented visually or verbally. It can also be information that learners find out
for themselves by conducting surveys, observing phenomena, or watching
particular activities around them.
The teacher is reflective
Teachers in learner-centred education also have to find ways to assess how well
the learners are learning. In learner-centred education, it is important that
teachers observe learners as they work, and decide whether the learning
experiences have been successful and whether learners have acquired the skills,
knowledge and attitudes that you intended.
As the mediator in the learner-centred classroom, you need to reflect on the
leaners and ask: Can you see this in the work they can now do? If the answer is
‘yes’, you will carry on to the next learning experience. If the answer is ‘no’, you
will think about how to fix this. (You can read more about how to measure
learners’ progress in the ‘Assessment’ section of this introduction.)
2 Section A Introduction
Section A
Teachers also need to reflect on their own style of teaching, to come to an

understanding of how best to help all the learners. It can be helpful to consult
with your colleagues when you reflect on this.
The teacher in learner-centred education

In learner-centred education, the role of the teacher includes:
• Finding out what your learners already know in order to:
• decide on pace
• build on strengths
• create opportunities for development.
• Developing an understanding of each learner’s interests, unique learning style
and ability level, in order to choose activities that will be interesting and
useful for them.
• Working with the learning objectives to understand what the learners in your
class need to know by the end of a specified unit of work.
• Designing and planning tasks and activities for the class that develop core
competencies. There are useful suggestions for implementing the child-
centered and interactive learning approach in the ‘Activities’ and
‘Methodology’ columns of each syllabus document in the new curriculum. As
you teach new concepts, start by linking new information to learners’ prior
knowledge and add new knowledge slowly while also allowing for
consolidation and revision.
• Mediating or facilitating the active learning experiences which can be done
through individual work, pair work or group work activities. Some of these
learning experiences may be outside the classroom, in community or extra-
curricular activities.
• Creating opportunities for learners to show what they can do.
• Observing and assessing learners throughout learning to see if the pace,
sequence and types of activities are appropriate.
• Reflecting on observations and assessments to see what is working and what
is not.
• Feeding your observations and assessments into future planning.
The teacher and the learner-centred learning cycle

The diagram that follows of the learning cycle presents an approach teachers can
apply to learner-centred education:
Work out what your
learners know/don’t
know
Reflect on your Consult the syllabus

observations and and curriculum and
assessments plan activities
Carry out the activity

Observe and assess plan through mediated
learning activities
The learning cycle
The role of the learner in learner-centred education

In learner-centred education, learners need to take responsibility for their own
learning – they need to participate in activities and tasks and be actively
involved in their learning experiences. For this to happen, learners need to feel
able to take risks or make mistakes while they explore ideas. The section,
‘Managing larger classrooms in learner-centred education’, gives some ideas for
personalising learning and making the classroom a place where learners develop
self-esteem and confidence.
Learners have different backgrounds, interests, concerns, talents, experiences,
capabilities and needs. To help your learners to be successful, both inside and
outside of the classroom, you need to take these differences into account and
explore content in ways that engage all learners in the classroom. You need to
make sure that all children know that their participation is valued, regardless of
ability, gender or ethnicity. Treat all children alike; for example, make sure you
address as many questions to girls as you do to boys, include differently abled
learners, and encourage respect and co-operation among the learners.
Accommodating the different ways learners learn best

Learners learn in different ways, with the four main learning styles being:
• Visual – these learners use what they see, including body language and facial
expression and benefit from seeing demonstrations that show them how
something works. Diagrams and instructions help visual learners to keep
information organised. It is useful to keep the environment calm, so that
there is time for visual learners to process and organise information.
• Auditory – these learners learn by talking about things, listening to ideas, and
clarifying written instructions verbally. Again, keep the environment calm to
allow learners to process information.
Section A
• Tactile – these are learners who love practical hands-on activities where they
can do things to help them learn. Experiments, project work, making notes or
even doodling will help these learners focus.
• Kinesthetic – these learners, like tactile learners, find hands-on work most
effective. They may have trouble staying seated for long periods, so will need
to move around or change focus during a lesson.
Providing a range of activities (or allowing learners to engage with the
information in different ways) during a unit of work means that you are able to
cater for different learning styles in any class. You will get to know your learners
(and what works for them) as you observe their participation and interaction
during activities or tasks. In this way, you will discover which types of activities
help individuals to learn best. Reflect on what you observe, and feed this into
your teaching practice so that you develop teaching techniques that benefit all
learners in the class.
In learner-centred teaching, it is also important to remember that learners
have varying abilities. In a class of different-ability learners, you will need to
provide some learners with appropriate learning support through adapted
teaching approaches, providing extra revision and practice activities, providing
extension work, and so on. There are some ideas for assistance from peers and
small-group teaching in the section that follows. Individual or small group
teaching may be necessary in some cases, for establishing new concepts or
difficult concepts.
Always remember to look out for ways to build each child’s self-esteem, as this
will have a direct impact on their confidence and ability to learn. Also encourage
and empower learners to take responsibility for their own learning – by building
practical life skills, such as note-taking, time management, organisational skills
and general coping skills.
Individual work, pair work and group work

Learner-centred education uses a whole-class teaching approach to activity work
or to get feedback from the class. As referenced before, learner-centred teaching
moves away from the traditional view of the teacher as the source of all
information, and the teacher spends less time talking in front of the class.
Within this approach, individual work remains essential. One useful way to
actively involve individual learners during whole-class teaching is to give them
active listening activities that need to be completed while you explain an idea or
read from a textbook. Examples of active involvement include:
• listening carefully to identify particular moments in a story
• completing a map key by identifying the required information as you talk
• writing word definitions based on your words.
Individual homework is also useful, as it allows learners to prepare work that
you can more formally assess to check their understanding of a particular piece
of work.
It is suggested that you vary the kinds of activities you do, and include pair-
work or group-work activities. If you combine a range of whole-class work,
individual work, pair work and group work, most learners respond well to the
variety. When you do group work, use different groups in different activities,
and do different kinds of group activities. You will find guidance about how to
manage group work below.
The following examples show typical group- or pair-work situations:
• discussion
• brainstorming
• sharing experiences
• planning
• identifying problems
• problem solving
• finding solutions.
Research activities are ideal for mixed individual, pair work and group work
where learners discuss an activity requiring research, divide the tasks up,
undertake different sections of work individually and then report back to the
group. They then work together on the presentation. This develops responsibility
and planning skills.
For pair work, you can pair up learners with similar abilities or mixed abilities.
Learners work well in pairs, as it is easier to concentrate than working in bigger
groups. In mixed-ability pairs, learners who understand the work more quickly
can help to explain concepts to another child. Peer learning develops social
skills, makes learning enjoyable and children usually enjoy working together in
this way.
It is important to assess individual contributions to pair work and group work
as well the way that a pair of learners or a group of learners work together to
make sure that everyone is actively participating in all activities. There is more
about this in the ‘Assessment’ section below.
Mixed-ability and same-ability groups
You should make use of mixed-ability groups and same-ability groups at
different times.
• In many situations, it works well to place learners in groups where there is a
mix of ability levels. Learners with greater ability can assist with facilitating the
activity if they take the lead with some aspects of the work, for example, by
reading out tasks, keeping the group focused, sharing ideas or explaining
concepts, commenting on suggestions and helping the group decide how to
prepare feedback. It is important, however, that these learners do not dominate
Section A
the groups and that they understand that everyone has a role to play in group
work. There is more about this in the ‘Group roles’ section below.
• At other times, you may want to split up learners into same-ability groups.
For example, you might want to give learners who have mastered a concept
time to extend their knowledge further through research or more complex
activities. You can use the extension activities in this book, or plan your own.
While the more able learners work independently on an additional task you
have explained, you can work with a group of learners who need more time
to understand the basics of a task or activity. See the section, ‘Removing
barriers to learning’, for more guidance on supporting learners who need
additional guidance.
Group roles
In a group, every member has a role – that is, they all need to take part actively
in the task they are working on. It is useful to introduce your class to the idea
that it helps if some individuals take on specific roles within the group, for
example:
• someone to read out the activity
• someone to check that everything has been done
• someone to take notes
• someone to research a particular topic
• someone to report back to the class.
You might want to appoint a group leader, or someone to ensure that everyone
works peacefully and respectfully – a harmoniser, who is appointed to manage
disagreements and report to you if the group needs help. Establish the above
roles with learners when appropriate.
The value of group work
The following points identify why group work can be of value in a learner-
centred classroom.
• Group work prevents learners from being passive as they are put in a
situation where they need to actively engage in what is happening.
• Group work allows for a great variety of activities, and in that way meets the
needs of different learning styles and ability levels in the classroom.
• It allows learners to interact with others so that learners have the chance to
learn key social skills and interpersonal skills such as participation, sharing
ideas and communicating respectfully.
• It allows learners to understand how to work with a range of different
learners and manage differences of opinion.
• Shy children often find it easier to talk in a small group than in front of the
whole class.
• Group work allows children to work out things for themselves, without being
dominated by the teacher’s ideas.
• Group work also creates opportunities for the teacher to observe learners as
they interact in different ways and it creates opportunities for you to interact
with more learners – helping you to understand the learners better.
• Letting children move around and interact as they move into groups
energises learning both physically and psychologically.
• Group work allows learners to share resources, which is useful if there is a
shortage of any particular items in the classroom.
When learners undertake group work, it is important to stress life skills such as
good communication, honesty and responsibility to the learners as they
undertake any pair work or group work. The skills the learners acquire at school
will benefit them at home and in the community and help them to become
responsible citizens.
A practical approach to group work
The following hints and tips will help you when the learners do group work.
• Explain the activity clearly, and support your verbal instructions with written
instructions for them to refer to. The instructions can either be written on
chalk board or be found in a textbook.
• Break down long activities into short sections and let the learners work
through one section at a time.
• Decide beforehand if there will be a formal output of the activity – for
example, a poster, diagram, a piece of writing, role play or oral report – or
whether you will get quick verbal feedback by going around all the groups in
the class for a minute or two at the end of the lesson or task.
• Plan whether you want mixed-ability groups or same-ability groups and what
the group roles are.
• Tell the learners which groups they will be working in and give them
instructions on how to physically move into the group work space. This will
avoid confusion and allow learners to settle quickly into their groups.
• As the learners work, you need to actively facilitate what they are doing.
• Walk around and listen to what is happening. Use questions to encourage
learners to explain what they are doing and promote thinking about how
to solve problems that they encounter.
• Model ways for learners to participate in groups; for example, give
examples of questions they can ask each other, or give a few suggestions if
they are brainstorming ideas, then ask for more.
• Make links between what they already know and what they are now
exploring. Activating prior learning in this way will give the learners
confidence and encourage them all to participate in the group work.
Section A
• Make sure the learners know how they will be presenting their group work to
the class or to you. (Note that, whether learners work in groups or on their
own, they need to develop skills to present their work to the class or their
peers – for example, formal presentations, posters, role plays or in answers to
direct questions from the teacher.)
• While the learners work, and after presentations, ask them questions to help
them think about why they did what they did. Ask questions related to
methodology and process such as:
• What techniques did you use to do that sum?
• How did you decide how to divide up work?
• Was the reading list helpful?
• Why did you decide to ask that person for help?
• To build self-esteem, look out for ways to praise learners for their
presentations.
• Where you want learners to look at alternative ways to do things, do this
tactfully – in other words, give them constructive feedback (feedback that
helps them to solve the problem) on their work, both during and after the
group activity.
The section below, ‘Managing larger classrooms in learner-centred education’,
gives some ideas for managing group work effectively.
The core competencies of the new curriculum

The new curriculum focuses on competencies. Competencies are things learners
need to be able to do. You will find that, for learners to develop the core
competencies, they need to do activities where they work out meaning together,
that is, participatory and interactively. Core competencies and examples of
developing them:
• To develop critical thinking and problem solving skills, learners will need to
actively participate in tasks and activities where they use existing knowledge
and skills to, for example:
• solve problems
• explain what is right or wrong about an idea.
An example of developing critical thinking and problem solving skills would be
when learners use figures about average monthly rainfall to work out when to
plant crops and explain when it is right or wrong to plant crops.
• To develop creativity and innovation, learners need to, for example:
• generate ideas
• make things
• explain how to do things differently.
An example of developing creativity and innovation would be when learners
read case studies about how several communities have responded to frequent
flooding caused by global warming, and then brainstorm new ways to prevent
loss of crops.
• To learn to do research, learners need to do activities where they:
• use resources to find out information for themselves
• use research to answer a question that you, or they, have decided on.
An example of developing research skills would be when learners talk to
members of the community about traditions relating to marriage, and then use
the information to make a poster about it.
• To develop the competency of communication in official languages, learners
need to:
• actively participate in listening, reading and writing activities
• talk to peers as part of pair work and group work
• ask and answer questions in class
• present orals and provide feedback on their work.
• To develop co-operation, interpersonal management and life skills, learners
need to work on activities or projects that involve co-operation with others,
and also other activities and projects that require independence – in other
words, they will need to do activities requiring different kinds of interaction,
as individuals, in pairs, in groups and as a class.
Different cognitive levels in the curriculum

Bloom’s taxonomy is one of several systems that can be used to evaluate the level
of learners’ thinking (cognition). The different levels of thinking can be assessed
by different types of questions and activities. In Bloom’s taxonomy, all thinking
skills are assigned to higher and lower levels, using a classification system. (See
the diagram below. The classification was established in 1956 by an American
committee of educationalists, led by Dr Benjamin Bloom.)
It is useful for teachers to be able to set questions and activities, and analyse
answers to these questions and activities, using Bloom’s
taxonomy. Many of the core competencies rely on the types
of activities that rate high on Bloom’s taxonomy of thinking
skills. Creating
Lower-level activities are also very important, as these Evaluating
help the learners to develop a core of skills, concepts
and knowledge that they can build on as they tackle Analysing
the higher levels of competency. The curriculum is Applying
designed to encourage the development of both
Understanding
lower- and higher-order thinking skills.
Learners are expected to move from the Remembering
bottom of the triangle to the top as they A representation of the revised version of Bloom’s
master and develop their skills. taxonomy
Section A
Before you ask higher-level questions that require learners to apply, analyse
evaluate (compare), or before you ask them to create something new (requiring
synthesis, or open-ended critical thinking or problem solving), make sure that
learners remember and understand the basic information and facts they need to
apply for higher-level work. If learners are confident about their knowledge and
understanding, they are more able to succeed at the higher-level activities.
Assess the learners’ understanding of the core knowledge they need through
comprehension questions, short tests and simple practical exercises that test
their skills and knowledge. Here are some useful practices for developing the
higher level skills of application, analysis, evaluation or creativity:
1. Ensure that the basic reading, writing, research and communication skills are
in place – including visual literacy.
2. When you introduce new concepts, skills or knowledge, start by finding out
what learners already know.
• Ask questions that have correct and incorrect answers (use the question
words what, who, when and where).
• Set activities that learners know how to do or can already answer.
3. Then spend time helping learners to grasp the basics of new skills,
knowledge and concepts. As you teach, stop and ask quick recall questions,
or give quick written activities to check that the learners understand the
facts. Make sure you provide opportunities for learners to practise and
consolidate each time they engage with new skills, knowledge and content.
4. To encourage critical thinking, prompt the learners to think for themselves,
using questions to point them towards the answers to activities they do.
5. Open up the learners to the idea that there is a variety of knowledge and
voices in the world, and encourage them to use research as a tool for
learning.
6. Allow time for interactive work. As learners work in groups, allow them to
ask you questions or make comments, and stop the process to talk as a class
when needed.
7. Encourage discussion and debate, as these will both help learners engage
more deeply with topics and teach learners about tolerance of different
opinions.
8. Encourage learners to think about how and what they are learning. If they are
faced with a difficult concept, be honest and tell them that it is challenging, and
ask them to let you know if they need help while they are working.
9. Before you set tasks or projects, make sure you have a clear sense of what you
are asking learners to achieve. Aim to challenge learners a little, but not to
frustrate them. Always grade the activities according to how complex they
are.
10. Be aware that learners have varying abilities and consider this in your
teaching approach. Make sure you have planned how to both support and
extend learners, drawing on your own ideas. (One suggestion is to use
same-level groups or individual work for remedial and extension activities.)
Managing larger classrooms in learner-centred education

This section looks at some of the classroom management practices that will help
you to develop learner-centered education in your classroom. These practices
are useful for large classes where teachers need to be particularly skilled and
focused on classroom management. If you are dealing with larger numbers in
your class, you will have less time to think on the spot, so careful planning will
make all the difference to successful learning.
Managing the classroom environment

Think about how you use the teaching space that you have – your classroom,
other teaching areas, and the grounds of the school.
• There needs to be sitting space and surfaces for working with books, as well
as some storage space for items that are not used regularly. Request that
furniture that is not needed, that is too large or takes up space, is removed.
Think creatively about how to use what spaces you have – in hot weather for
example, it might be cooler and calmer for learners to work outside under a
tree. This kind of environment would be well-suited to oral work.
• Arrange the furniture in the classroom to create pathways for learners to
move in and out of the class easily and quickly, as well as pathways for you to
move around and interact with the learners. In large classrooms in particular,
it is important that you are able to move around and talk to different learners
as they do their work.
• For group work, you could ask learners to group chairs around one or two
desks or sit outside in a circle on the ground. You want to encourage learners
to talk, so make sure groups are seated so they are close enough to hear each
other without having to talk loudly. Letting learners work outside can give
them the space they need to focus and work quietly.
• Think creatively about ways to display posters and work, for example,
hanging work on string with a paper clip next to the board or using the wall
outside the classroom door as a display space.
• Plan to make children with special needs feel comfortable in your classroom.
See ‘Inclusive education’ below for more about this.
Managing the social dynamics of the classroom

The social dynamics that you create in your classroom are very important. Make
your classroom a place where learners feel they are safe and accepted and feel
they have a place and have a role to play. The following ideas suggest how this
can be done.
Section A
• Build a community in your classroom by establishing rules for reasonable

behaviour at the start of the year. This will help you to manage the classroom
better and allow you to benefit from the maximum teaching and learning
time in each lesson. You can revisit or relax rules once they are established or
once learners understand the reason for the rules.
• Make sure you learn the names of class members as soon as possible. This will
help the learners to feel accepted and part of the class community. Use
whatever techniques work for you, for example, ask learners to introduce
themselves, take roll call every day, have name cards on desks for large
classes, or memorise a row of names and faces at a time.
• Some teachers like to break up large classes for the first few weeks, working
only with a small group of learners at a time to begin with. This is a helpful
technique because it allows you to understand how each learner learns best.
You will need to ensure that the other learners have tasks that they can get on
with while you work with individual groups.
• Positively encourage talking and self-expression in the first few weeks of a
new year to break the ice and help learners become confident enough to
speak. The success of a learner-centred approach to teaching requires all
learners to participate in their learning. Observe and assess that all learners
are participating actively and encourage shy or quiet learners to contribute.
• During the first few weeks of the first term, include activities that require
learners to tell you and each other about themselves, their interests and their
abilities.
• Make yourself accessible before and after lessons so learners can talk to you if
they need to. If you notice that some shy or quiet learners are not
participating in group work or whole-class work, try to spend some time with
them before or after class and find ways to encourage them to take part in
discussions.
• If possible, always make sure you are in the classroom a few minutes before
the lesson starts, as this will help you ease calmly into the lesson, and will
encourage learners to get there early themselves.
• Set up a system for using learners as classroom assistants for a week or two at
a time. They can help you take in books, hand out equipment, set up
apparatus, etc. Use this time to get to know those learners better, finding out
about their personal interests and backgrounds.
• Ask learners to let you know when classroom conditions are making it
difficult to concentrate and learn, for example when it is too hot, or noisy, or
they are feeling sleepy because they have sat for too long. Very simple
stretching exercises or a walk outside in the school grounds for just a minute
or two can help learners to refocus their attention on tasks and activities.
Planning ahead
Planning is the key to a successful lesson and to achieve the most out of
activities and tasks that you set for the learners. The following hints may be
helpful.
• Plan ahead of each lesson so that you can bring in resources (and assistants)
wherever necessary; for example, you may need to approach and recruit
parents, retired teachers, graduates, or skilled member of the community to
present and participate in the classroom activities when the syllabus or
specific tasks require it. (Be sure to check with the head teacher before you
ask anyone to come into the class.)
• Read up on the work you are presenting, so that you know it well.
• Prepare a formal lesson plan, including the objectives for the lesson. Use this
to organise yourself before the lesson, and then again after the lesson to
review what was achieved during the learning experiences.
• Plan one or two learning activities that you can present in a logical and
orderly manner per lesson. Make sure there is an activity where learners
apply what they have learnt in the lesson, and that there is a way to establish
whether learners have understood the work, for example, a quick quiz, a
report back discussion, or self- or peer marking of work. As part of your
lesson plan, identify what you will set as homework or an assessment
assignment to be completed at the end of the lesson.
• Plan in advance whether you will be using mixed-ability or same-ability
groups in the lesson, as well as where you can create opportunities for
extension or remedial activities.
• Decide how to present the instruction to the class, if and how to break up
classes into groups, how to hand out resources (including remedial and
extension activities) and how to manage any presentations or feedbacks. If
you work out in advance how to manage these details, you will benefit from
gaining as much teaching and learning time as possible during the lessons.
• You will need to pay particular attention to strategies for observing and
assessing each individual, as well as providing activities that support or
extend learners.
• Plan how to collect specific materials for particular lessons, tasks or projects.
Think of creative ways to find the materials you need, whether they be library
books, textbooks, poster-making material or equipment for practical
activities. If you plan in advance and let parents or the community know
what is needed, you will encourage parents to become more involved in their
children’s education; for example, they can help their children to bring in
resources from home for making crafts or doing a recycling project.
Section A
• Plan to make use of resources in the community and school in order to get
learners out of the classroom when appropriate; for example, visits to
libraries, places of work, collections of art, etc.
Managing the learners during the lesson

In a large class, it is particularly important to get your learners’ attention at the
beginning of the lesson, so that they settle down immediately and pay attention.
You will find some tips below about how to keep the learners focused during
the lesson:
• If you are teaching or reading from a textbook to teach new information,
break this up with activities that encourage active learning, for example, short
comprehension activities, quizzes, report-back answers, etc.
• Encourage questions and comments while the lesson is happening and allow
time for these in your lesson plan.
• Acknowledge when work is difficult, and ask the learners to concentrate
particularly hard and respect their classmates if they need more time to
understand difficult concepts. Encourage the learners to speak up when they
do not understand something or if they need you to repeat something.
• Learners in large classrooms will have a lot of distraction to contend with.
Present important information at the beginning of the lesson and then repeat
it during the lesson. Draw attention to core information by telling learners
that it is important information. Repeat key information at the end of each
lesson, saying something like, ‘so the most important things to remember
from today’s lesson are …’.
• Use times when learners are handing out materials or moving around into
groups as an opportunity to establish a sense of commitment to getting the
job done quickly and quietly. Encourage learners to apply themselves to their
work with a sense of purpose.
Inclusive education
The new curriculum states that all Rwandans have the right to access education
regardless of their different needs. What this means is that all children should
benefit from the education that is available. The inclusive approach means that
children with special education needs should be accommodated, as far as
possible, within mainstream schools.
There are many benefits to bringing learners with special education needs into
the mainstream classroom. Learners with special education needs are hugely
enabled by being included in mainstream education, as they are stimulated to
learn and interact by seeing what other children are doing. Learners with special
education needs feel respected and acknowledged when they are included in
mainstream education, and other children learn to respect and understand that
there are people with different needs. Ideally, children learn to respect and
embrace difference, rather than fear difference. They learn that there are
different approaches to doing things, and that we all contribute in different ways.
In this way, diversity is seen as a positive strength, rather than a problem.
Special education needs can be emotional, physical, sensory and intellectual
learning challenges. There is a wide range of special education needs and they
affect different learners in different ways. Teachers now need to consider these
special needs while developing lesson plans and teaching strategies. If children
with special needs are in the class, their needs must be met, to the best ability of
the teacher and school.
These needs will obviously differ from learner to learner and class to class, but
it is important that teachers know that they are able to draw on the support of
communities, other teachers, heads of school and the education officials, to
come up with strategies to include children with special needs in the
mainstream education system. As a teacher, it is important to assess whether you
are able to provide for the learners’ needs in your classroom on your own, or
whether you need classroom assistance with learners who need more dedicated
attention. Remedial education specialists will be able to assist your school in
making decisions, based on professional assessments of the learners concerned.
The guidelines below are very broad, and you will need to take time to
acquaint yourself with current approaches to the special needs of the children
you are actually working with.
Removing barriers to learning

With the support of people dedicated to creating an inclusive learning
environment, you will need to think creatively about what may hinder learning
for learners with special education needs, and work with this when you prepare
your lesson plans. The following barriers to learning must all be considered:
• sight impediments
• hearing problems
• underdeveloped reading skills
• underdeveloped writing skills
• poor speech
• poor communication skills
• mobility impairments
• lack of good nutrition
• poor parental support.
Practical tips for overcoming barriers to learning
The following hints and tips may help you to overcome barriers to learning:
• When you can overcome a barrier (for example, by adapting an activity so
that the child with the physical disability can complete it), you have removed
the barrier and given the learner an equal chance to benefit from an activity.
Section A
• Adapting the classroom so that a learner can move in a wheelchair or creating

space for an assistant could remove the barrier.
• Explain the concept of removing a barrier to learning to the class, so that they
understand that sometimes there are simple solutions to inclusive education.
Encourage them to share suggestions to help their classmate participate fully
in each activity. In particular, ask the affected children and their parents to
make suggestions to you.
• Removing a barrier may mean finding specialised equipment. It could mean
that a sight- or hearing-impaired learner sits at the front of the class, or it
could mean printing out text in a bigger or clearer font so that a learner with
visual problems can read more easily.
• You can create an emotionally supportive environment for a child with
special education needs by placing him or her in a group of generous learners
who work well and are patient and co-operative. Involve the learners in these
groups in overcoming the social and emotional barriers by explaining to
them how they can help.
• Some barriers to learning may come from the learner’s home environment,
for example, lack of parental support for homework and other school
activities, alcohol abuse in the home, violence and abuse, parental illness or
absence. Getting to know about the circumstances of each learners will help
you to help the learner manage the home environment better. Where possible
and appropriate, bring such barriers to the attention of special support groups
that can offer the child more support outside of school hours.
• Some learners with special education needs may find the ordinary pace of
teaching a barrier to learning. Some suggesting for adapting teaching
strategies are given below.
Adapting your teaching strategies for learners with special education
needs
Learning activities and assessment strategies will have to be adapted for learners
who find the ordinary pace of teaching too demanding. In addition, you may
need to give some learners greater individual attention, more time to complete
tasks, or you may need different resources. The notes below provide further
details on how to adapt teaching strategies for learners with special education
needs.
Allowing more time for learners with special education needs
Learners with special education needs often require more time to complete a
task. They will be assessed against the same learning objective as the other
learners, so a key challenge will be working out how they can spend longer on
the work they do. You will have to carefully select and adapt tasks so that these
learners are still given the opportunity to develop the same knowledge, skills and
attitudes as the other learners in the class.
Building self-esteem in children with special education needs
A child with special education needs who has good self-esteem will do better
than a child with special education needs who has low self-esteem. Here are
some practical ways to build self-esteem in all learners:
• Get to know what they do well by asking parents for advice and information
about their child’s interests and abilities.
• Point out their talents and abilities to them and raise this in class when it is
appropriate.
• Mention specific examples of things that they did well when you praise,
rather than generalising. For example, rather than saying, ‘Good work!’, say
instead, ‘Your handwriting was very neat and your vocabulary was good.’
• Encourage them to make a habit of praising themselves when they get small
things right. Teach them to celebrate their strengths and build on them.
• Like other learners, children with special education needs benefit from
knowing when the work they are doing is particularly hard or challenging,
and from having work broken down into small steps. It is also reassuring for
them to know that others also struggle with difficult work.
• Encourage them to make an effort to overcome challenges and frustrations.
Give them regular feedback so that they know you are concerned and
interested in how they are doing.
• Keep learning stimulating and active. Children with special education needs
will enjoy outings and activities that take them out to explore the wider
environment.
Identifying learners with a learning difficulty or learning disability
Learners with a learning difficulty or learning disability have the same
intellectual ability to understand content as other children in the class, but they
are not always able to express this ability as academic achievement because they
have difficulties in one or more of the following areas:
• reading
• comprehension
• listening
• spelling
• oral and written expression
• mathematical calculation
• reasoning.
These are some things you may notice in a learner with a learning difficulty or
disability:
• The learner gets frustrated easily.
Section A
• He or she gets confused easily.

• The learner cannot focus for a long time.
• He or she has a poor concept of how long things take.
• The learner finds it difficult to control emotions.
• He or she has self-esteem problems.
• The learner finds it difficult to work with others.
• He or she has fixed ideas.
• The learner has problems with basic skills such as reading and writing.
• He or she does not manage change very well.
• The learner cannot follow complicated instructions.
• He or she cannot remember written or oral instructions.
The challenge in dealing with a child that has a learning difficulty or learning
disability is to find out how to create an appropriate learning environment for
each learner so that they can develop their full capabilities. Ideas for this are
provided below:
• Plan for the learners to work more slowly or individually with others
(yourself, an assistant, another learner) when appropriate.
• Use remedial activities that you develop yourself for the particular child. If
possible, consult a specialist to help you develop additional remedial
activities.
• Supply instructions in the most helpful way for that learner, for example
verbal, visual or written.
• Break down complicated long tasks into shorter ones with clear instructions.
• Give learners immediate and specific feedback on progress so they are
confident to continue with the task or activity they are completing.
• Follow the tips below on building self-esteem in children with special
education needs.
Dyslexia is probably one of the most well-known learning disabilities that affects
children who find it difficult to spell, read and write. A professional evaluation
will be very helpful if you suspect dyslexia, as these learners will benefit from
specialised support, in addition to the support you can give them.
It is important to note that some learners are severely intellectually disabled
and will not usually be able to manage in a mainstream classroom. It is necessary
to call on the expertise of trained psychologist to help determine if a child in
your class needs a specialised education environment.
Creating extension opportunities for learners with higher

ability
Another category of learners with focused education needs are students with
higher academic abilities who will benefit from being extended in the classroom
environment. Learners with higher academic abilities are the students who:
• are curious and imaginative
• remember information well
• finish activities early
• can focus for longer
• extend their own work in creative ways
• are organised
• can work independently
• enjoy the challenge of complex tasks
• understand concepts quickly and thoroughly.
If you have learners with higher academic ability in your class, you will need to
prepare and provide extension activities for them. Put these learners together in
same-level ability groups for some activities, so that they can challenge each
other to go further. Other strategies for meeting their needs include the
following:
• Encourage them to do additional reading and to use the library and read
newspapers.
• Encourage participation in appropriate extra-murals such as discussion
forums, current affairs societies, chess club, and so on.
• Give these learners open-ended extension activities that allow for problem
solving, and creative thinking, for example, ask them to research topics
further, work out how to apply something to their community, etc.
• Create opportunities for them to take on leadership roles, where appropriate.
• Watch out for social problems that may impact on the overall development of
these learners, for example, shyness, anxiety or feeling ‘different’.
• Create opportunities for the learners themselves to decide what they want to
learn about (beyond the curriculum), or what projects they would like to do.
• Do not typecast such learners, for example as ‘serious’ or ‘non-sporty’, and
give them opportunities to develop all facets of themselves.
It is critical to remember that inclusivity also includes being inclusive of gender
and ethnicity. Every child must feel equally valued, must be given an equal
chance to participate in education and must be given the same amount of
attention in class. Teaching materials need to be unbiased, and no gender or
ethnic group should be represented as less or more equal or able than another.
Teaching should encourage learners to feel that they all have potential and that it
will be recognised and developed to the best of the learners’ abilities.
Assessment
Assessment is used for several purposes in this curriculum for learner-based
education.
• Teachers observe and assess learners to see if they are achieving outcomes. (If
learners are successful in achieving outcomes, then the teaching strategies are
also successful.)
Section A
• Results of assessment can be used to help teachers plan future teaching

strategies.
• Results of assessment can be used to provide feedback to learners and parents
about learners’ progress.
• Results can be used for a formal report on whether the learner has achieved
the outcomes for a term or year.
Assessments are based on observations and results (data) collected by teachers.
Assessment and the collection of data can be formal (marks from activities, tests
and/or exams) or they can be informal (notes or daily observations that are used
to form a decision). Two of the most import types of assessment are formative
assessment and summative assessment.
Formative assessment
Formative assessment is used to give both the learner and the teacher quick
feedback on how the learning process is going. This kind of assessment happens
at the time that learning is happening so that, if the process is not successful, the
teacher can then adapt learning activities and processes to address the problem.
Often, formative assessments are not graded, but simply give a sense of success
levels to help teachers make further decisions.
Different examples of formative assessment include:
• activities where groups provide feedback in class on what they are doing
• informal quizzes based on new content of knowledge
• checking how learners complete homework
• learners’ responses to your questions in class
• the type and level of questions learners ask you
• self-assessment or peer-assessment questions that ask learners to reflect on
what they have achieved at the end of a unit of work
• your observations of role plays, posters or demonstrations of new work
• your observations of pair work and group processes
• one-on-one meetings with learners where you discuss their work.
Recording formative assessment
Formative assessment is usually continuous because it happens on an ongoing
basis – every week, and after or during most activities. You will need to have a
system for recording your formative assessments of learners, especially in large
classes, as this is very useful information that you will want to be able to draw on
in your planning. You may want to keep dated notes on each learner, or use
recording sheets for keeping a record of your assessment of particular activities.
These are for your own use. See the recording sheet in the ‘Resources’ section for
an example.
Summative assessment
You use summative assessment once you feel that the learners have been given
sufficient opportunity to achieve an outcome, a skill or particular knowledge and
understanding. You then use summative assessment to formally evaluate the
level of the learner’s achievement. Summative assessments are scored in some
way and they are used as the basis for reporting back to the learners, parents,
school and department on learner achievement.
Rubrics are often used for summative assessment in a learner-centred system.
Rubrics contain graded statements about levels of learner achievement that you
can use as the criteria for assessment. They are often used for project work,
assignments, creative work, presentations, etc. Sharing the assessment rubric
with learners at the start of the assessment process ensures that assessment is
transparent and learners know how they are being assessed. It also means that
learners know what they are expected to do and can work towards it. Checklists
are another useful assessment tool. Examples of rubrics are provided in the
‘Resources’ section of this Teacher’s Guide.
End-of-term or end-of-year exams and tests are forms of summative
assessment, but summative assessment of particular outcomes can also take
place during the term, perhaps at the end of a unit of work. Summative
assessments therefore could include:
• tests and exams
• project work
• completed pieces of work (artwork, performances, demonstrations, creative
writing)
• term papers
• assignments that cover selected outcomes.
Summative assessments can also be used for formative assessment purposes, for
example when a learner’s marks in a mid-year exam suggest that they need to do
more revision before the end-of-year exam. Use suitable recording sheets for
collecting and reporting on results of summative assessment. See the examples
of recording sheets in the ‘Resources’ section.
Self-assessment and peer assessment in learner-centered

education
Teaching learners self-assessment and peer-assessment techniques encourages
them to reflect on their own learning, and is a useful classroom management
technique in large classes. Getting learners to quickly mark or assess each other’s
work or their own understanding of something, will help to save time in the
classroom and encourage learners to engage actively in all parts of their learning
experience. Explain what rubrics and checklists are and how to fill them out.
Make a point of explaining to learners that they must provide constructive
Section A
criticism to their classmates so that their feedback will help their classmates
improve their skills. Feedback must always encourage further participation and
excellence in learning.
There is a generic template for a rubric that can be used for peer or teacher
assessment of group work in the ‘Resources’ section. Note that, if you use this
template, you will need to fill in the criteria for the particular activity you are doing.
Content map
UNIT 1
PAGES 1-20
THE GEOGRAPHY OF RWANDA
Number of periods 15 periods
Introduction Class discussion, use of opening picture, classroom display.
Classroom Class, groups, pairs and individual.
organisation
• Teacher’s Guide
• Learner’s Book
• maps
• diagrams
Equipment • photographs
required • pictures
• national flag
• dictionaries
• Internet access
• school or public library access
• Discussion in groups about the province using a map.
• Reading texts about the geography of Rwanda.
• Demonstrating understanding of paragraphs, headings and
numbering.
• Interpreting a graph of temperature and rainfall.
Activities
• Writing about temperature and rainfall.
• Reading about agriculture in Rwanda.
• Discussing in groups about agriculture, paying attention to the
passive.
• Writing sentences about agriculture, paying attention to the passive.
• Listening to texts about population in Rwanda, focussing on
‘since’, with the present perfect.
• Writing sentences about population paying attention to ‘since’
with the present perfect.
• Read about Rwandan trade, focussing on the passive.
Activities
• Writing about trade in Rwanda paying attention to the passive voice.
(continued)
• Planning texts about geography in Rwanda, with several sections.
• Writing and evaluating texts about geography, climate, agriculture
and population in Rwanda: showing paragraphs, headings and
numbering and paying attention to the present perfect tense and
the passive voice.
literacy, entrepreneurship and business development, critical
Competencies
thinking, lifelong learning, creativity and innovation, communication
practised
skills, co-operation
• Describing our province.
• Describing geography.
• Describing the climate.
Language practice
• Describing livestock, agriculture and fishery.
• Describing the population.
• Describing trade.
Recognise the use of the present perfect tense, passive and active
English voice with ‘since’.
Identify present simple), the use of paragraphs, headings and numbering.
Vocabulary Words about: physical geography, population, farming, trade, etc.
acquisition
• Reading and understanding texts.
• Researching information.
Study skills
• Reading and interpreting graphs.
• Designing a leaflet.
Revision Revises prior knowledge
Assessments Activities, leaflet design, homework, formal assessment activity.
• Understand and describe the geography of the local province and
of Rwanda.
Learning • Describe the climate and population of Rwanda.
outcomes • Write a one page text about aspects of geographical features in
Rwanda climate, population, trade, showing textual organisation.
• Use the vocabulary of physical geography, population, farming, trade.
UNIT 2
EDUCATION AND PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

Class discussion, use of opening picture, display of further education
Introduction
leaflets in classroom.
organisation
• photographs
• pictures
Equipment
• leaflets on further education establishments
required
• job advertisements
• dictionaries
• Internet access
Section A
• Discussion in groups about ability in subjects.

• Listening to a dialogue about educational ambitions and career
opportunities, focussing on ‘I’d like’, ‘I’m interested in’, if-sentences
with ‘you have to’.
• Discussion in groups about educational ambitions and career
Activities
opportunities, paying attention to ‘I’d like’, ‘I’m interested in’,
if-sentences with ‘you have to’.
• Writing sentences about educational ambitions and career
opportunities, paying attention to ‘I’d like’, ‘I’m interested in’,
if-sentences with ‘you have to’.
• Reading job advertisements and find out about qualifications,
experience and earnings.
• Finding out what people earn in different jobs, make a table.
• Discussing and writing about the table.
• Listening to texts by a person describing her educational and job
Activities or career.
(continued) • Reading texts about a young person speculating about jobs,
focussing on the second conditional and ‘could’.
• Discussing in groups and speculate about jobs, paying attention to the
second conditional and ‘could’, with support, e.g. sentence starters.
• Writing about own educational and job aspirations, paying
attention to the second conditional and ‘could’.
Competencies
practised
skills, co-operation
• Describing ability at school.
• Describing educational ambitions.
Language practice • Discussing career opportunities.
• Describing career development.
• Discussing job possibilities.
• Identify the use of the first conditional, second conditional and ‘could’.
English
• List the vocabulary of work and jobs.
Vocabulary • Work: experience, study, skills, earn, profession, skilled, etc.
acquisition • Jobs: manager, journalist, accountant, teacher, etc.
Study skills • Interpreting and comparing data.
• Report writing.
• Understanding and completing case studies.
Assessments Activities, case studies, homework, formal assessment activity.
• Describe educational ambitions and discuss job opportunities in
speech and writing.
Learning
outcomes
• Read and listen to texts about educational ambitions and job
opportunities, educational and job or career opportunities.
• Write about own educational and job aspirations.
UNIT 3
ANCIENT EGYPT
Introduction Class discussion, use of opening picture.
organisation
• pictures
Equipment • diagrams
required • photographs
• dictionaries
• Internet access
• Reading texts about the achievements of the Egyptians.
• Discussion in groups about the achievements of the Egyptians.
• Reading texts about Egyptians in prehistory, focussing on the past
perfect tense.
• Writing sentences focussing on the past perfect tense.
• Listening to texts about how the pyramids were built, with
Activities
diagrams, focussing on the past simple passive.
• Writing texts about a process paying attention to the past simple
passive.
• Reading texts about the knowledge and abilities of the Egyptians,
focussing on ‘could’ and on abstract nouns with ‘allowed them to’,
‘enabled them to’ and the third conditional.
• Discussing in groups the knowledge of the Egyptians, paying
attention to the third conditional.
• Writing a short text in the past tense about knowledge and its
Activities
advantages, paying attention to ‘could’ and to abstract nouns with
(continued)
‘allowed to’, ‘enabled to’.
• Writing a short text about hypothetical situations in the past
paying attention to the third conditional.
literacy, numeracy, science and technology, critical thinking, lifelong
Competencies
learning, creativity and innovation, communication skills, co-
practised
operation
• Describing Ancient Egypt.
• Using the habitual past with ‘used to’.
Language practice • Describing processes in the past.
• Describing ability in the past.
• Describing hypothetical situations in the past.
• Use the past simple, past perfect tenses, the passive voice.
English • State the vocabulary related to historical Ancient Egypt, prehistoric
Egypt the pyramids and expertise.
Section A
• Ancient Egypt: pyramid, scientific, rule, civilisation, etc.

Vocabulary • Prehistoric Egypt: herd, too, stone, pot, etc.
acquisition • The pyramids: level, block, quarry, drag, etc.
• Expertise: engineering, astronomy, literacy, etc.
Study skills • Interpreting and drawing diagrams.
• Writing a compostion.
• Writing reports.
Assessments Activities, composition, report, homework, formal assessment
• Describe the achievements of the Egyptians in speech and writing.
• Describe a construction process in the past in writing.
• Describe the relationship between knowledge and achievement in
Learning the past.
outcomes • Read and listen to texts about the achievements of the Egyptians,
about how the pyramids were built, or about the knowledge the
Egyptians possessed.
• Write texts about hypothetical situations in the past.
UNIT 4
ECOLOGY AND MATHEMATICS

Classroom Class, groups, pairs and individual, outdoors work.
organisation
• pictures
• diagrams
required • colouring pencils
• paper
• string
• book identifying different species of plants in Rwanda
• dictionaries
• Discussion in groups about a diagram of the soil.
• Reading texts about soil, focussing on the passive, and label a diagram.
• Writing a description of soil and its components and contents,
using gap- filling.
• Sequence pictures about soil erosion and match them with
sentences.
Activities • Sequencing sentences.
• Discussion in groups about soil erosion.
• Reading texts about plants, focussing on the use of abstract nouns
to describe function, and label a diagram.
• Matching sentence beginnings and endings to describe function.
• Listening to texts classifying plants describing the characteristics
of each class; make notes in a table.
• Discussion about notes, and how to make simple notes, with a
group, the teacher.
• Discussion in groups, classifying a number of plants and justify the
classification.
Activities • Classifying a number of plants and justify the classification in
(continued) writing.
• Going into the school grounds, bring in a plant, draw it and label it.
• Conducting a survey of an area of vegetation and compiling a
table of the classes and species of plants seen.
• Talking and writing about the survey using percentages.
literacy, mathematics, critical thinking, lifelong learning, creativity
Competencies
and innovation, communication skills, co-operation, science and
practised
technology
• Describing soil components and contents.
• Describing soil erosion.
Language practice • Describing plants.
• Talking about plant types.
• Conducting a plant survey.
• Use abstract nouns, the passive voice (present simple) and
English countable and uncountable nouns.
• State the vocabulary of plant types and parts of plants.
• Soil erosion: carry away, moving, topsoil, deposit, etc.
Vocabulary • Percentages and fractions: percent, two thirds, average, etc.
acquisition • Plant types: herb, tree, grass, shrub, etc.
• Plant parts: stem, leaf, root, flower, etc.
• Conducting scientific research.
Study skills • Labelling diagrams.
• Analysing information.
• Labelling, interpreting and drawing diagram.
• Indentifying parts of a plant.
Section A
Activities, conduct a survey and write a report, homework, formal

Assessments
assessment
• Read about and describe soil components and contents and soil
erosion, in speech and writing.
• Read about and describe the parts of a plant and their functions in
Learning
speech and writing.
outcomes
• Read about and classify plants in speech and writing.
• Listen to texts and make notes.
• Write about a survey of plants.
UNIT 5
FRIENDSHIP
organisation
Equipment
• pictures
required
• photographs
• dictionaries
• Listening to someone talking about a friend and making notes
about the person.
• Discussion in groups about friends, using a photo, and describing
them, using categories, of age, name, height, etc.
• Writing a description of a friend.
• Reading some reported speech and analysing in groups how the
grammar of reporting works.
• Writing a report of some direct speech.
Activities • Listening to someone talking about a planned event and reporting
their conversation in speech and writing.
• Listening to a dialogue between friends focusing on politeness,
offers, requests.
• Role play a dialogue with a friend being polite, making offers and
requests.
• Discussing in groups about what is good or not good in
relationships between the sexes.
• Writing a short text about relationships between the sexes.
literacy, science and technology (biology), critical thinking, lifelong
Competencies
learning, creativity and innovation, communication skills,
practised
cooperation
• Describing friends.
• Recounting activities.
• Reporting speech.
Language practice
• Getting on with people
• Making offers and requests.
• Talking about boy- and girlfriends and safe sex.
• Use formal and informal language.
English
• State the vocabulary of politeness: describing people, safe sex.
• Politeness: may, can, could, kind, sure, etc.
Vocabulary
• Describing people: honest, funny, tall, good at, etc.
acquisition
• Safe sex: respect, attractive, condom, safe sex, faithful, etc.
Study skills • Describing.
• Social skills.
• Making a plan.
Revision • Revises prior knowledge.
Activities, plan an outing, write a report, homework, formal
Assessments
assessment
• Describe friends and friendship in speech and writing.
• Use reported speech in speech and writing.
• Express politeness, offers and requests in speech.
Learning
• Read texts about safe sex.
outcomes
• Listen to texts about safe sex.
• Write about relationships between the sexes and about safe sex.
UNIT 6
STUDY SKILLS AND WRITING

organisation
Equipment
• pictures
required
• photographs
• dictionaries
Section A
• Reading an extract from a simplified work of literature.

• Reading texts and selecting the main points; comparing them with
others.
• Writing headings and numbers and writing notes under them.
Comparing them with others.
• Writing a short summary and give it to others to evaluate.
• Working in groups, choosing a group leader, keeping time,
Activities reporting, etc.
• Planning to write using notes.
• Evaluating one’s own and others’ writing from the viewpoint of
punctuation, grammar, etc.
• Reading short texts showing the key features of a few common
school language functions.
• Practising writing short texts using a few common language
functions.
literacy, critical thinking, lifelong learning, creativity and innovation,
Competencies
communication skills, co-operation, science and technology
practised
(biology), life skills (cookery and study methods)
• Instructions for working in class.
• Reading extracts from literature.
• Writing compositions.
• Making notes.
• Writing a summary.
Language practice • Recounting.
• Explaining.
• Defining.
• Giving examples.
• Contrasting.
• Listing.
• Plan and evaluate writing, make notes and write a summary, use
English connectors in key language functions.
• List the vocabulary of key school language functions.
Vocabulary • Working in class: group, pair, report, chairperson, etc.
acquisition • Making notes and writing summaries: select, points.
Study skills • Summaries, making notes and explaining.
• Working in groups.
• Following instructions.
Revision • Revises prior knowledge.
Assessments Activities, composition, homework, formal assessment
• Read an extract from a simplified work of literature.
• Work in groups and organise the work of the group.
• Plan a short text using notes.
• Write a short text and evaluate it from the viewpoint of grammar,
Learning
punctuation, spelling.
outcomes
• Listen to and read a short text exemplifying a common school
language function.
• Write a short text demonstrating the use of a common school
language function.
UNIT 7
LEADERSHIP AND FAMOUS PEOPLE

Introduction Class discussion, use of opening picture, pictures of famous people.
organisation
• pictures
required • dictionaries
• magazines
• Internet access
• Reading texts about a famous Rwandan leader.
• Discussion in groups about a famous Rwandan leader.
• Writing about him/her.
• Drawing a timeline of his/her life.
• Listening to dialogues talking about leadership styles.
• Discussion in groups about leadership styles and giving examples
Activities of leaders and what they did which exemplifies their style.
• Writing own opinion about leadership styles and giving examples
of what they did which exemplifies their style.
• Reading about a famous person in Rwanda, focusing on when-
and because-clauses.
• Making notes about own life story and comparing notes with other
learners.
• Discussion in groups about another famous person in Rwanda,
describing their life story, paying attention to when- and because-
clauses.
Activities
• Writing a plan of texts about a famous person, dividing the text
(continued)
into paragraphs.
• Writing and evaluating the text, paying attention to the past
simple tense and to when- and because-clauses.
Section A

Competencies
practised
skills, cooperation
• Talking about a famous Rwandan leader.
• Talking about leadership styles.
Language practice • Giving opinion about leaders.
• Talking about a famous person in modern Rwanda.
• Talking about famous people.
• Identify when the use of the past simple tense, and clauses.
English
• State the vocabulary of leadership styles, character.
Vocabulary • Leadership styles: tolerant, authoritarian, violent, democratic, etc.
acquisition • Character: simple, unpretentious, good-natured, reserved, etc.
Study skills • Debating.
• Writing and comprehension.
• Group discussions.
Assessments Activities, composition, homework, formal assessment
• Describe a famous Rwandan leader in speech and writing.
• Describe leadership styles and exemplify them in speech and
writing.
• Describe the life story of a famous person in Rwanda in speech and
Learning writing.
outcomes • Read and listen to texts about a famous leader in Rwanda, about
leadership styles, or about a famous person in Rwanda.
• Make notes on a written text.
• Plan, write and evaluate texts.
• Write the life story of a famous person.
UNIT 8
BUSINESS
organisation
• resource person
• pictures
Equipment
• photographs
required
• dictionaries
• examples of advertisements cut from magazines
• Internet access
• Reading texts about entrepreneurship and make notes; comparing
notes with others.
• Discussion in groups about entrepreneurship, paying attention to
sentences with ‘if’... ‘not’, ‘unless’.
• Completing sentences with ‘if’ ... ‘not’, ‘unless’.
• Reading texts about running a business.
Activities
• Talking about the text in groups and look for all the terms which
explain and define (e.g. ‘are defined as’, ‘involves’, etc.)
• Listening to a business person talking about aspects of running a
business.
• Reading about a small business in Rwanda and make notes.
Compare your notes with others.
• Writing a short summary of the text.
• Reading an interview with a businessperson, focusing on the third
conditional.
Activities • Writing sentences about a business, paying attention to the third
(continued) conditional, with support, e.g. match main and subordinate
clauses.
• Writing about a time or incident in the past and speculate, paying
attention to the third conditional.
Competencies
practised
skills, co-operation, mathematics
• Describing entrepreneurship, a business, production, marketing.
• Defining costs.
Language practice
• Making a business plan.
• Recounting the development of a business.
• Recognise the use of ‘if’, ‘unless’, ‘need to’, ‘be able to’, ‘have to’,
‘must’, the third conditional.
English
• List the vocabulary of entrepreneurship, costs, production,
marketing, defining.
• Entrepreneurship: risk, communicate, control, innovator, etc.
• Costs: utilities, rent, overheads, sale, etc.
Vocabulary
• Production: schedule, supply, chain, production, etc.
acquisition
• Marketing: brand, advertise, sponsor, online, etc.
• Defining: refers to, means, is defined as, involves, explains, etc.
• Reading and completing case studies.
Study skills • Comprehension.
• Calculating and analysing financial costs.
• Drawing up a business plan.
• Group discussions.
Section A

Assessments Activities, comprehension, homework, formal assessment
• Describe entrepreneurship orally.
• Define business terms in speech and writing.
• Read texts, make notes and make a summary.
Learning • Read and listen to texts about entrepreneurship, running a
outcomes business, a small business in Rwanda, or an interview with a
business person.
• Write hypothetically about a time or incident in the past and
discuss, outcomes.
Lesson plan
School Name: Teacher’s name:
LESSON CLASS
TERM DATE SUBJECT CLASS UNIT NO DURATION
NO SIZE
…… /……/ 20…… ….. …. …. … 1…. 40 mins ….
Type of Special Educational Needs and To be filled in by the teacher
number of learners
Topic area: Oral and written communication
Sub-topic area: N/A
Unit title Unit 1 Geography of Rwanda
Key Unit Competence: To use language in the context of geography of Rwanda
Title of the lesson Describing our province
Learning Objectives:
• Knowledge and .
Recognise the use of the present perfect tense passive
understanding: Appreciate and locate own community and province
Describe the geography of the local province and of Rwanda,
• Skills :
the climate and population of Rwanda.
• Attitude and values: Appreciate the beauty and physical features of Rwanda.
Plan for this Class Inside: allow for pairs and group work
(location: in / outside)
Learning Materials (for • Learner’s Book
all learners) • Dictionaries
• Dictionary
• Map of Rwanda
References • Maps
• Diagrams
• Photographs
• Pictures
• Picture of national flag
Section A
DESCRIPTION OF TEACHING AND

LEARNING ACTIVITY
By doing/observing/reading/listening/
discussing the physical geography of COMPETENCES
Rwanda, the learners will learn how Rwanda AND CROSS-
STEPS AND TIMING is affected by its geography and will notice CUTTING ISSUES
that Rwanda has a natural beauty and TO BE ADDRESSED
natural resources
TEACHER’S LEARNERS’
ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES
INTRODUCTION: Ask questions about Learners respond to Knowledge:
Use the introductory the pictures for questions by talking
Skills:
pictures on page 1 in learners to identify about the pictures.
Communication
the Learner’s Book to specific features.
delete Literacy,
introduce the lesson.
citizenship and
Find your province Look at the map of Learners ask each national identity,
and your town on Rwanda on page 2. other to describe critical thinking,
the map of Rwanda. Ask learners to work their location. They lifelong learning,
in groups and find must describe the creativity and
their province on the area in which they innovation
map. Ask learners to live.
talk about their Attitudes and
province and values: Patriotism.
describe its location. Appreciate the
environment.
In this lesson we will 1. Clarify for learners Ask learners to
be talking about the that this lesson will verbally share
geography of be abut Rwanda experiences of
Rwanda. and express different places in
Name the main enthusiasm for the Rwanda.
provincial towns of natural beauty of
the province that you Rwanda.
live in. 2. State the objective
In groups, learners of learning to use
must discuss the the present
differents provinces perfect tense
and share what they when speaking.
know about them.
(5 min)
Write the objectives Learners must look
on the board. at the pictures and
Display a map of understand the
Rwanda on the objective of the
classroom walls. lesson.
DEVELOPMENT OF Discuss the main Learners complete Knowledge:
THE LESSON features of your activities 1 and 2 Geography,
(30 mins) province with from the Learner’s language structure
learners and use the Book. They must use
Skills:
board to a main heading and
communication,
demonstrate how to paragraphs in activity
literacy and
lay out a description 2. They must make
numeracy, identify
with headings and sure that they include
paragraphs. Leave the names of the Attitudes and
the plan on the province, the main values:
board to guide provincial town, the Appreciate Rwanda,
learners whilst they neighbouring be aware of its
undertake the provinces and any geography,
activity. mountains, lakes or application of verbal
rivers. skills.
Talk about using the Use the Learner’s Read about the
present perfect and Book page 3 to physical features of
complete an exercise explain the present Rwanda on pages
perfect tense to 3–4 and discuss in
learners. Give extra groups
examples to any
Explain activity 3 to
learners who
learners.
struggle with this
Set activity 3 for
tense.
homework
Read the text pages
3–4 with learners.
Conclusion (5 min) Summary Knowledge:
Give the opportunity Learners to use the Use of the present
for learners to ask grammar structures perfect tense and
questions. they have learned by the active vice.
Ask them to look at talking about various
Skills: Discover, talk,
the map again and pictures of Rwanda
identify,
find various towns. that the teacher has
communicate
Learners should be placed round the
able to locate walls. Attitudes and
regions on the map Learners to construct Values: appreciate,
and use the present quiz questions about be aware of, national
perfect tense. Rwanda to ask each pride
other.
Allow time for
learners to look at the
pictures on the walls.
Section A
Conclusion (5 min) Assessment Knowledge:

(continued) Verify using different Play a guessing Present perfect
methods the level of game asking learners tense. Identify
attainment of the to locate various locations on a map.
learning outcomes. towns on the map.
Skills: application,
Ask questions using
analysis
the present perfect
tense. Attitudes and
Values: Being task
oriented, lifelong
learning
Knowledge:
Reset the initial Rearrange the desks Skills: Management
sitting of the class if they have been and maintenance
moved for group skills
work.
Attitudes and
Values:
accountability,
responsibility
Next lesson Learners must think Skills: Critical
Explain to leaners about what jobs they thinking, analysis,
that in the next would like to do research
lesson you will be when they leave
talking about school and what
education. Ask them skills they will need.
to collect information
on different training
courses.
Teacher self- Check for understanding and prepare extra work for learners in
evaluation need of remedial or extension work.
SECTION B Teaching guidelines for syllabus
UNIT 1 The geography of Rwanda

Suggested teaching time: 15 lessons
Key unit To use language in the context of geography of Rwanda
competency
At the end of this unit, learners should be able to:
• Describe the geography of the local province and of Rwanda.
Assessment
• Describe the climate and population of Rwanda.
criteria/
• Write a one-page text about aspects of geographical features in
Rwanda climate, population, trade, showing textual organisation.
learning
• Recognise the use of the present perfect tense, passive and active
outcomes
voice with since.
• Identify present simple), the use of paragraphs, headings and numbering.
• List the vocabulary of physical geography, population, farming, trade.
Physical geography: grassland, savannah, mountainous
Key Population: rise, fall, birth, increase
vocabulary Farming: rear, grow, grasslands
Trade: export, account for, machinery
literacy, citizenship and national identity, entrepreneurship and business
Competencies
development, critical thinking, lifelong learning, creativity and
practised
innovation, communication skills, co-operation
Crosscutting Environmental issues, Geography, Mathematics (graph reading),
issues Economics
Classroom Learners will need to be able to work in groups as well as in pairs.
organisation
• maps
Teaching • diagrams
materials • photographs
• national flag
• dictionaries
• Internet or school or public library access
Before starting this unit, you will have to prepare by assembling pictures,
maps, photographs and tourism leaflets that learners can use for
information. Make sure you are familiar with the geography and
infrastructure of the area in which you teach. Use the unit to foster national
Background
pride in learners and also an awareness of Rwanda, its location in Africa and
notes
its natural resources. Environmental awareness is an important cross-
cutting issue emphasised in this unit. Learners will also think about the
problems of over-population and make a link between standards of living
and mortality rates.
40 Section B Teaching guidelines for syllabus

Section B
Lesson outlines: Unit 1

Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5
• Introduce the • Discuss the • Complete • Read about • Read about
lesson, read present Activity 3 on the the climate of
about the perfect tense. the present population of Rwanda.
location of • Read about perfect tense Rwanda. • Explain how to
Rwanda. the physical and talk about • Complete use a graph
• Complete features of using the Activity 4. and complete
Activities 1 Rwanda. present perfect Activity 5.
and 2. • Use the maps tence with
• Use the map to find the ‘since’.
to locate main rivers
Rwanda in and
Africa. mountains.
• Talk about the • Complete • Read about • Talk and read • Complete
passive voice Activity 6. agriculture in about Activity 9.
and read Rwanda. tourism in
about trade in • Complete Rwanda.
Rwanda. Activity 7. • Complete
Activity 8.
• Revise • Talk about • Discuss the • Continue • Assessment.
vocabulary how to create importance of with
and complete a leaflet and environmental Lesson 13
Activity 10. complete awareness. and complete
Activity 11. Activity 12.
Homework: Complete all unfinished work, revise the readings individually and
research ecotourism.
Section B Unit 1: The geography of Rwanda 41

Introduce the unit
Put pictures depicting the natural beauty of Rwanda and the Rwandan flag on
the walls. Use the opening pictures to encourage a discussion about the
geography of Rwanda. Encourage learners to talk about the location of Rwanda
and its natural assets.
Activity 1: Discuss the location of Rwanda LB page 2

Before learners start on the activity, look at the map of Rwanda with them and identify
your province and main provincial town.
Answers
1. Learners must look at the map and find the province that they live in.
2. Learners must name the main provincial town of the province that they live in.
3. In groups, learners must discuss the different provinces and share what they know
about them.
Activity 2: Write about your province LB page 2

Discuss the main features of your province with learners. On the board, demonstrate how
to lay out a description with headings and paragraphs. Leave your plan on the board to
guide learners whilst they undertake the activity.
Answers
Learners must write a description of their province. They must use a main heading and
paragraphs. They must make sure that they include the names of the province, the main
provincial town, the neighbouring provinces and any mountains, lakes or rivers.
Activity 3: Use the present perfect tense LB page 4

Use the Learner’s Book examples to explain the present perfect tense to learners. Give
extra examples to any learners who struggle with this tense.
Answers
Learners must fill in the blanks in the sentences, using the present perfect tense.
1. Have you been to see the gorillas?
2. My cousin from America has visited Rwanda.
3. I have walked around Lake Kivu.
4. I have not yet visited Lake Rweru and Lake Ihema.
5. Sentwali thinks that he has taken/ has had a picture of the Karisimbi volcano.

Section B
Activity 4: Use the present perfect tense with ‘since’ LB page 5

Explain to learners how using the word ‘since’ helps to specify a period of time. Ask
learners to volunteer example sentences.
Answers
1. Learners must write down two present perfect sentences from the passage in their
books that use ‘since’. Answers will vary. Example: Since 2002, the population
increased by 2% per annum.
2. Learners must write a sentence about the birth rate and death rate in Rwanda using
the present perfect tense with ‘since.’ Answers will vary. Example: Since the death rate
in Rwanda is lower than the birth rate, the population is increasing.
3. Learners must complete the sentences with their own words. Answers will vary. A
suggested answer is given below:
a) Since the population has become a united homogenous group, a group of
people with socio-cultural pride and self-esteem has been created.
b) The population of Rwanda has grown by 1.5 million since 2010.
4. Learners must write sentences of their own about the population of Rwanda using
‘since’ with the present perfect.
Activity 5: Interpret a graph LB page 6

Remind learners that they have encountered graphs in Mathematics and other subjects.
Revise the importance of graphs for giving information about topics such as weather and
population.
Answers
1. 20.5 °C
2. August
3. April
4. Months of the year
5. ‘Average temperature in °C’ and ‘Average precipitation in mm’
6. Learners must write a short paragraph about rainfall and temperature patterns at
Kigali. They should notice that there are two rainy seasons, in April and November,
and that the temperature is fairly constant all year round, with a slight decrease
between April and July.
Activity 6: Use the passive voice LB page 7

Discuss the use of the passive voice with learners before attempting the exercise. Ask
learners to volunteer examples.
Answers
1. Food products are imported into Rwanda.
2. Traditional farming methods are still used in Rwanda.
3. Some minerals, such as tin, are mined in Rwanda.
4. Rwanda has a small industrial sector.
5. Few natural resources are contained in Rwanda.

Activity 7: Identify the passive voice LB page 8
Answers
1. Coffee and tea are grown in the highlands.
Cattle are reared in the grasslands and fish are caught in Lake Kivu.
2. Learners must discuss the importance of agriculture in Rwanda, using the passive
voice. Answers will vary; examples include:
Many jobs are provided by agriculture.
Food for people to eat is provided through agriculture.
Activity 8: Practise using the passive voice LB page 8

Answers
Learners must write four sentences about agriculture or tourism in Rwanda, using the
passive voice in their sentences. Answers will vary. For example:
The gorillas are visited by many international tourists.
Activity 9: Read and understand LB page 9

Direct learners to reread the article on the economy of Rwanda, (Learner’s Book pages
7–8), and then complete the activity on their own. The first question has been done as an
example. This activity can be used towards assessment marks.
Answers
1. What is the main heading of the text? Read about the economy of Rwanda
2. Write out the subheadings of the text. Trade in Rwanda
Agriculture in Rwanda
Tourism in Rwanda
3. Identify the following information a) Mining is minimal.
about trade in Rwanda: b) Tin, tantalum and tungsten are mined.
a) The extent of natural resources in
Rwanda
b) The minerals mined in Rwanda.
4. Identify the following information a) Rwanda is a rural country with about
about agriculture in Rwanda: 90% of the population engaged in
a) The percentage of the population agriculture.
engaged in agriculture b) Coffee and tea.
b) The main cash crops exported c) Cattle are reared in the grasslands.
c) The main animals reared on the Other agricultural animals include goats,
grasslands sheep, pigs, chickens and rabbits.
d) Where fish are caught. d) Fish are caught in Lake Kivu.

Section B
5. Identify the following information a) gorillas

about tourism in Rwanda: b) two of: volcanoes, waterfalls,
a) Name one of the animals that rainforests, lakes
tourists come to see.
b) Give two examples of natural
beauty that attract tourists.
Activity 10: Match words and their meanings LB page 9

Learners must use their dictionaries to look up the words in the left-hand column of the
table, and then match them to the correct description in the right hand column. They
must make sure that they can pronounce the words correctly.
Answers
landlocked surrounded by other countries with no access to the sea
ample plenty
diverse varied
cash crops crops raised to sell
minimal least amount
subsistence farming crops raised for personal consumption
homogeneity the state of being alike or the same
socio-cultural combining social and cultural factors
fertility rate the number of births per adult female of the population
Activity 11: Write a leaflet for tourists LB page 10

Answers
Learners must prepare a tourism leaflet for tourists on the geographical features of
Rwanda. Encourage them to reread all the information and study all the maps in the unit.
They can also draw on knowledge from other subjects. The information must be well
organised, using headings, paragraphs and numbering. Sentences should be in the
present perfect tense and passive voice.
Use this activity for assessment marks. Suggested mark allocation: 20.
NEAT BUT WITH EXCELLENTLY

POORLY DONE
ERRORS COMPLETED
Content 1–4 5–7 8–10
Layout and design 1–2 3–4 5
Spelling and grammar 1–2 3–4 5
Total marks 20

Activity 12: Environmental awareness in Rwanda LB page 11
You will need to use a map of Rwanda to locate the park.
Answers
1. In their groups, learners must find the NNP on a map, in the southwest corner.
2. Learners must see how many other Rwandan national parks they can find and name.
Examples are: Akagera National Park, Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, and
Volcanoes National Park.
3. Learners should be able to explain that funds generated through ecotourism benefit
the environment.
4. Encourage the learners to realise that ecotourism provides revenue that helps to
maintain wilderness areas. Learners must recognise that the money earned from
ecotourism helps to support conservation efforts and protect wildlife. It also provides
jobs in areas where there is often a high level of unemployment.
5. Learners must research and find out how ecotourism helps both the national
economy and local communities. Learners must recognise that the money earned
from ecotourism helps to support conservation efforts and protect wildlife. It also
provides jobs in areas where there are often high levels of unemployment. Tourists
spend money in Rwanda buying gifts and using hotels and other facilities.
Assessment LB page 12
Answers
1. Learners must choose the correct option to complete the sentences in the present
perfect tense.
a) He has passed his exam.
b) He hasn’t studied for the test. (2 × 1 = 2 marks)
2. Learners must fill in the missing word:
a) Carene has been a professional singer since 1989.
b) Joseph has been a learner here since March. (2 × 1 = 2 marks)
3. Learners must rewrite the sentences using the passive voice.
a) The table was set by us.
b) The letter is not written by you.
c) Is the thief caught by the police officer?
d) The door is opened by him. (4 × 1 = 4 marks)
4. Learners must rewrite the following using paragraphs, a main heading and subheadings.
Tours to Rwanda (main heading) ✓
The land of 1000 hills and home of the mountain gorillas. We offer the following three
tours to Rwanda’s national parks, where you can see Rwanda’s primates.
Mountain Gorilla Safari – 4 Days (subheading) ✓
This is our shortest safari and captures the essence of Rwanda. It includes a visit to the
mountain gorillas in Volcanoes National Park in northern Rwanda.
Rwanda Primate Explorer – 7 Days (subheading) ✓
This safari is a safari where you trek to the various primates found in Rwanda. You will
see the mighty mountain gorilla, chimpanzees, the golden monkeys and the colobus,
and there is a chance you will see even more species.
Rwanda Discoverer – 7 Days (subheading) ✓

Section B
This safari includes both a visit to the gorillas and the chimps, as well as a visit to the
savannahs of Akagera National Park in eastern Rwanda, where a large variety of
animals and birds are found.
(Plus 2 marks for paragraphs written correctly under each subheading.) (6 marks)
5. Learners must write a brief description of the beauty of Rwanda. Make sure they
describe its physical features. (6 marks)
Suggested mark allocation:
DESCRIPTION
SPELLING GRAMMAR TOTAL
COMPLETED
2 2 2 6
Total (20)

Education and personal
UNIT 2
development
To use language learnt in the context of education and personal

Key unit competency
development.
• Identify the use of the first conditional, second conditional and
could.
• List the vocabulary of work and jobs.
• Describe educational ambitions and discuss job opportunities
in speech and writing.
Assessment criteria/ • Speculate about job possibilities in speech and writing.
learning outcomes • Read texts about educational ambitions and job opportunities,
an educational and job career or a discussion of job
opportunities.
• Listen to texts about educational ambitions and job
opportunities, an educational and job career or a discussion of
job opportunities.
• Write about own educational and job aspirations.
Work: experience, study, skills, earn, profession, skilled, etc.
Key vocabulary
Jobs: manager, journalist, accountant, teacher, etc.
Competencies
thinking, lifelong learning, creativity and innovation,
practised
communication skills, co-operation
Crosscutting issues gender, financial education, and inclusive education
organisation
• photographs
• pictures
Teaching materials • leaflets on further education establishments
• job advertisements
• dictionaries
• Internet access

Section B
Before commencing this lesson, try to get hold of leaflets about

different further education opportunities in your district, and also
leaflets about different careers. If possible, invite a speaker to talk
to learners about career choices. It is important to make learners
Background notes
aware of the need to match career choices with their personality
and interests. They should also realise that there are other
options besides universities, and that skilled tradespeople and
craftspeople are in short supply in Rwanda.

• Introduce the • Read about • Explain use of • Read about • Read about
lesson and skills and the first leaving job
careers. talents. conditional school. opportunities.
• Read about • Discuss the with ‘if’. • Discuss • Complete the
educational qualifications • Complete ambition and case study.
ambitions. needed for Activity 3. complete
• Discuss the different Activity 4.
meaning of careers.
ambition. • Complete
• Complete Activity 2.
Activity 1.
• Complete • Read about • Read a • Explain the • Read about
Activity 5. salaries. conversation second applying for
• Complete about conditional jobs and
Activity 6. education. with ‘if’. examine
• Complete the • Complete newspaper
comprehen- Activity 8 advertisements
sion – – using ‘if’ for jobs.
Activity 7. sentences.
• Read and • Revise • Write a report • Talk about • Assessment.
compete the vocabulary – Activity 11. gender and
case study. and complete human rights
• Read about Activity 10. and complete
personal Activity 12.
development.
• Complete
Activity 9.
Homework: Complete activities, revise the readings individually, research job

opportunities and salaries.
Section B Unit 2: Education and personal development 49

Introduce the unit
Talk to learners about the opening pictures in the Learner’s Book for this unit
and ask them to talk about what they would like to do when they leave school.
Activity 1: What are your favourite subjects? LB page 14

Discuss with the learners the link between being good at a subject and enjoying a job
that is linked to that subject.
Answers
Divide learners into pairs. In pairs, learners must talk about their favourite school subjects.
Learners’ conversations will vary; however, they should resemble the one in their Learner’s
Book.
Activity 2: Compare your subjects and career fields LB page16

Before you start, make a list of school subjects on the board and ask learners to suggest
careers that might develop from these subjects. Write their suggestions on the board
with arrows to the different subjects.
Answers
Learners must think the subjects they perform best in, and the subjects they enjoy the
most. They must make a list of these subjects and then compare their subjects to the
table in their books, to get ideas of the careers and career fields that might suit them.
Activity 3: Write conditional sentences LB page 16

Explain the use of ‘if’ clauses and the first conditional, and practise with these learners.
Answers
Answers will vary. Examples of possible solutions:
1. If you work hard, you will do well at school.
2. If you invite her, she will come.
3. If I am late, I will apologise.
4. If I win first prize, I will be very happy.
5. If you need me, you can call me on the telephone.
Activity 4: Describe your ambitions LB page 17

Talk about ambition and encourage learners to think about having career ambitions.
Some learners may have problems because their expectations may be low.
Answers
Divide learners into groups and then get them to answer the questions. Allow time for
each group to complete the activity and then give feedback to the class.

Section B
1. In groups, learners must talk about their educational ambitions and career
opportunities. They must use the phrases ‘I’d like’, ‘I’m interested in’ and ‘If you want
to be a __________, you have to __________’.
2. Learners must write three sentences about their educational ambitions, using an ‘if’
clause. This can be done as an individual activity.
Activity 5: Write about technical skills LB page 18

Answers
Learners must write sentences about technical skills. Answers will vary.
Activity 6: Do research about careers LB page 19

Learners can make use of leaflets that you have bought into the classroom, the Internet if
available, and parents and relatives. This is a good time for a speaker, if one is available.
You may need to help them with the average earnings for each career.
Answers
1. Learners must research and find out what people earn in the following occupations:
teacher, farmer, shop assistant, dentist.
2. Learners must make a table similar to the one in their books and fill it in with their
findings.
3. Learners must discuss different career options amongst themselves. Encourage them
to think creatively.
Activity 7: Answer comprehension questions LB page 20

Read through the conversation with learners and then allow them to complete the
comprehension on their own.
Answers
1. Extra activities are those activities that fall outside the realm of the normal curriculum.
2. Because they are not normal activities that are part of the syllabus and learners can
usually chose whether to take part in them or not.
3. Teaching new technologies has encroached on extra curricula time.
4. Because her parents persuaded her not to be.
5. Home management
6. Entrepreneurs are job creators. Technical and entrepreneurship skills are needed to be
a job creator.
7. Joan.
8. He means that they have very busy schedules and have to manage their time.

Activity 8: Practise using ‘if’ clauses LB page 21
Talk about the second conditional with learners and give examples of some hypothetical
sentences – learners may need extra explanation of what is meant by ‘hypothetical’. Ask
them to make up some sentences for themselves.
Answers
Answers will vary. Suggested answers below:
1. If I got a pay rise, I would be very happy.
2. If you left your job, you would miss it.
3. If you were nicer to him, you would be happier.
4. If we had gone out earlier, we would have missed the rain.
5. If I had revised, I would have done better in the test.
Activity 9: Work with job advertisements LB page 24

Before commencing this activity, show learners some job advertisements from local or
national newspapers. You can make a career board using job advertisements and leaflets
about training that you have collected.
Answers
1. Answers may vary but most learners will agree that Nadege is suitably qualified.
2. Answers will vary. The job description should include the tasks that the teacher will
undertake, the subject to be taught and any extra-mural activities. The job
specification should include the qualifications required and number of years of
experience.

Learners must use their dictionary to look up the words in the left hand column of the
table, and then match them to the correct description in the right hand column. Make
sure that they can pronounce the words correctly.
Answers
interest having a curiosity or a concern about something, or giving attention
to something
ability being able to do something; having a natural or acquired talent
botany the scientific study of plants
horticulture the science and art of growing fruit, vegetables and other plants
apiculture the science of beekeeping
floriculture the study of growing flowering plants
floral design the art of arranging flowers – a florist
vocational training directed at a particular occupation and its skills

Section B
enterprise a business
artisan a skilled craftsman
enhance to improve or enlarge
Activity 11: Write a report LB page 26

Learners must write a report about their ambitions and how they plan to further their
education.
Answers
Answers will vary. This activity can form part of assessment marks. Suggested mark
allocation: 20.
POORLY DONE
WITH LITTLE
ERRORS COMPLETED
THOUGHT
Content well 1–4 5–7 8–10
written and well
planned
Use of sentences 1–2 3–4 5
and paragraphs
Spelling and 1–2 3–4 5
grammar
Total marks 20
Activity 12: Discuss women’s roles in Rwanda LB page 26

Answers
Learners may need help finding the information. Discuss with them the Millennium
Development Goals and explain their significance. You can find further information on
www.un.org/millenniumgoals/. Divide learners into groups. In their groups, learners
must answer the questions.
1. The eight Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations are:
To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
To achieve universal primary education
To promote gender equality
To reduce child mortality
To improve maternal health
To combat HIV/AIDS and other diseases
To ensure environmental sustainability
To develop a global partnership for development.

2. Learners must discuss the business world in their district. Learners must try to think of
as many women entrepreneurs as they can.
3. Answers will vary, but the common thread should be that women were confined to
the home, cooking, cleaning, motherhood, etc.
Answers
1. Learners must complete the sentences, using the correct modal verb.
a) If I get home late tonight, I will not eat.
b) If Jan could run 100 metres in 10 seconds, he would be an athlete.
c) If Simon catches a fish today, we will eat it.
d) She would buy a new car if she won the lottery.
e) If it rained in the Sahara Desert, everyone would be very surprised.
f) If it rains tonight, we can go to the cinema.
g) If your dog spoke, you should sell it to the circus.
h) If we play football on Saturday, I will be tired on Sunday.
i) You will become fat if you eat too much.
j) If I were you, I wouldn’t accept that job. It sounds terrible! (10 × 1 = 10 marks)
2. If you have to train for longer, then you will normally command a higher salary.✓ This
is partly because you have had to spend money on training and not earn money from
a job whilst undergoing training.✓✓ Some skills are in short supply, therefore people
with those skills can ask for more money. ✓ Some jobs are dangerous and therefore
people who are willing to do them get paid more. ✓ (5 marks)
3. Answers will vary. Learners should analyse their skills, ✓ and natural talents think
about their academic potential ✓ and also their interests. ✓ They should then suggest
suitable options. ✓ ✓
(5 marks)
Total (20)

Section B
UNIT 3 Ancient Egypt

Key unit competency To use language in the context of ancient Egypt.

• Recognise the use of the past simple, past perfect tenses, and
the passive voice.
• State the vocabulary related to historical ancient Egypt,
prehistoric Egypt the pyramids and expertise.
• Describe the achievements of the Egyptians in speech and
writing.
Assessment criteria/ • Describe a construction process in the past in writing
learning outcomes • Describe the relationship between knowledge and
achievement in the past.
• Read texts about the achievements of the Egyptians, about
how the pyramids were built, or about the knowledge the
• Listen to texts about the achievements of the Egyptians, about
how the pyramids were built, or about the knowledge the
• Write texts about hypothetical situations in the past.
Ancient Egypt: pyramid, scientific, rule, civilisation, etc.
Prehistoric Egypt: herd, tool, stone, pot, etc.
Key vocabulary
The pyramids: level, block, quarry, drag, etc.
Expertise: engineering, astronomy, literacy, etc.
literacy, numeracy, science and technology, critical thinking,
Competencies
lifelong learning, creativity and innovation, communication skills,
practised
co-operation
environment and sustainability
Crosscutting issues
peace and values
organisation
• pictures
• diagrams
Teaching materials
• photographs
• dictionaries
• Internet access
Section B Unit 3: Ancient Egypt 55

You will need to find as many pictures as you can of Ancient
Egypt, showing different aspects of life. This is a fascinating part
of history and learners will be curious about a civilization that
was very different to their own. Geographically, Egypt is not far
from Rwanda, being at the top of the African continent, so you
Background notes can make climate comparisons. A suggestion would be to
decorate the classroom walls with an Ancient Egypt theme whilst
working through Unit 3. You can also encourage learners to find
out as much as they can for themselves and share with the rest of
the class.

• Introduce the • Explain the • Read about • Explain the • Read about
topic, use past simple the past perfect the pharaohs.
pictures for tense. beginnings of tense. • Complete
extra interest. • Complete the Egyptian • Complete Activity 4.
• Read about Activity 2. civilisation. Activity 3.
prehistoric • Use the map
Egypt and to locate main
complete historic sites
Activity 1. on the Nile.
• Read about • Read about • Explain the • Read about • Read about
the economy the religious use of the building the the
of Ancient beliefs of the passive voice. pyramids. achievements
Egypt. Ancient • Complete • Complete of the
• Talk about Egyptians. Activity 6. Activity 7. Egyptians.
ways to care • Complete
for the Activity 5.
environment.
• Explain the • Write an essay • Revise • Discuss • Assessment.
use of the – Activity 9. vocabulary religious
third and complete tolerance and
conditional. Activity 10. complete
• Complete • Write about Activity 12.
Activity 8. life in Ancient
Egypt –
Activity 11.
Homework: Complete activities, complete essays, revise the readings, research

the Ancient Egyptians. Research religious tolerance.

Section B
Introduce the unit

Look at the opening picture with learners and find out how much they know
about Ancient Egypt. Talk about what is now the Sahara Desert and explain that
7000 years ago it was a rich savannah or grassland, but that climate change
occurred and the area began to dry out. You can use this information to link to
modern climate change.
Explain to learners that the Egyptian civilisation began slowly; talk about the
early beginning of pre-historic Egypt.
Activity 1: Debate about climate change LB page 30

Learners must hold a debate about the statement: Climate change was an important
factor in the development of Ancient Egypt. Elect two teams, one to argue for the
statement, and one to argue against the statement.
Answers
Learners should be able to understand that changes in climate cause changes in food
availability, and that this drove the people who became the Egyptians into the Nile Valley
and encouraged them to settle. Before this time, they had been nomadic. Make sure
learners understand what is meant by a nomadic lifestyle.
Activity 2: Practise the simple past tense LB page 31

Answers
1. We talked on the phone yesterday.
2. The two boys did not (didn’t) eat the cake.
3. They were very hungry by lunchtime.
4. He walked all the way home alone.
5. She did her homework on Tuesday.
Activity 3: Use the past perfect tense LB page 32

Answers
1. I got home very late last night. Everyone had gone to bed.
2. Before coming to Rwanda, I had never seen gorillas.
3. As soon as he had done his homework, he went to bed.
4. The film was not very good, but I didn’t want to leave until it had finished.
5. She had just got into the bath when the doorbell rang.
6. Learners must reread the first paragraph about prehistoric Egypt and see how many
past perfect sentences they can find:
• After the tribes had settled in the Nile Valley and had begun to live in small
communities, they came into conflict with each other.
• The two countries were united under one ruler by Pharaoh Menes.

Activity 4: Answer comprehension questions on Egypt LB page 33
Examine the map of Egypt with learners and make sure that they understand which was
Upper Egypt and which was Lower Egypt.
Answers
1. Learners must look at the map of Egypt and name one city in Upper Egypt and one
city in Lower Egypt. For example, Aswan in Upper Egypt and Cairo or Alexandria in
Lower Egypt.
2. The history of Ancient Egypt is divided into three main periods: the Old Kingdom
(about 3100–2180 B.C.), the Middle Kingdom (2050–1650 B.C.), and the New Kingdom
(about 1150–1069 B.C.).
3. a line of hereditary rulers of a country
4. The pharaohs were the god kings of Ancient Egypt, who ruled between 3150 B.C. and
30 B.C. The pharaoh was the political and religious leader of the Egyptian people,
holding the titles of Lord of the Two Lands and High Priest of Every Temple. As Lord of
the Two Lands, the pharaoh was the ruler of Upper and Lower Egypt. The pharaoh was
not only the political ruler, but also seen as a god.
5. The pharaohs became less powerful, Greek and Roman ideas were introduced and
eventually Egypt came under Roman rule. Christianity became more popular and the
ancient religions fell away.
Activity 5: Write sentences in the past perfect tense LB page 35

Read the passages about the religious beliefs of the Ancient Egyptians and also revise the
past perfect tense.
Answers
Learners must use the information on the religious beliefs of the Ancient Egyptians to
write five sentences about their beliefs, using the past perfect tense. Answers will vary,
examples include:
• When the Pharaoh died, it was believed he had become Osiris.
• The temples were looked after by the priests, who had a lot of power.
Activity 6: Change the active voice to the passive voice LB page 36

Explain what is meant by the passive voice to learners. Go through the examples in the
Learner’s Book and ask them to make up their own examples.
Answers
1. A letter is being written by Jean-Marc.
2. A cake is being baked by my mother.
3. The bicycle tyre is being mended by my friend.
4. A birthday party is being held on Saturday for my friend.
5. A large rat was caught by our cat.

Section B
Activity 7: Write a report about the building of the pyramids LB page 38

Answers
Learners must research and write a short report of under 200 words about the pyramids.
Their report should explain when the pyramids were built, whom they were built for, and
how they were built. Learners should include diagrams wherever possible. Learners must
make sure that they use the past simple passive wherever possible.
Activity 8: Discuss the achievements of the

Ancient Egyptians LB page 40
Read through the section with learners and discuss the diagram of a pyramid. If you can
find more pictures, use these as well to demonstrate the pyramids. Impress on learners
just how difficult it must have been to build such large structures with very little
equipment.
Answers
1. Learners must discuss the achievements of the Ancient Egyptians. Examples include
writing in hieroglyphics, making paper (papyrus), engineering, inventing the
Nileometer, astronomy, etc.
2. Knowledge and achievement go together. Often, new knowledge is found when
trying to do something, such as finding a way to pump water.
3. Learners must try to use the third conditional in their discussions with each other.
Activity 9: Write about the achievements of the

Ancient Egyptians LB page 40
Recap with learners the many achievements of the Ancient Egyptians.
Answers
Learners must write a paragraph about the achievements of the Ancient Egyptians,
making use of abstract nouns with ‘allowed to’ and ‘enabled to’, as well as ‘could’. This
activity can be used as part of assessment marks. Suggested mark allocation: 20.

POORLY DONE
ERRORS COMPLETED
Content 1–4 5–7 8–10
Use of ‘allowed to’, 1–2 3–4 5
‘enabled to’ and
‘could’
grammar
Total marks 20

Activity 10: Use your dictionary LB page 41
Go through the words with learners and check their pronunciation.
Answers
Learner must use their dictionary to look up the words the words below and write them
in their exercise books with an explanation.
Civilisation – the process by which a society or place reaches an advanced stage of social
development and organisation.
Pyramid – a structure with a square or triangular base and sloping sides that meet in a
point at the top, especially one built of stone as a royal tomb in ancient Egypt.
Rule – control of, or dominion over, an area or people.
Scientific – based on the methods and principles of science.
Herd – a large group of animals, especially hoofed mammals, which lives together or is
kept together as livestock.
Stone – hard, solid, non-metallic mineral matter of which rock is made, especially used as
a building material.
Pot – a rounded or cylindrical container, typically of metal, used for cooking.
Level – flat or horizontal.
Block – a large solid piece of hard material, usually rock, stone, or wood, typically with flat
surfaces on each side.
Nomadic – a group of people who have no fixed home and move according to the
seasons from place to place in search of food, water and grazing land.
Quarry – a place, usually a large, deep pit, from which stone or other materials are, or have
been extracted.
Drag – pull (someone or something) along forcefully, roughly, or with difficulty.
Engineering - the branch of science and technology concerned with the design, building,
and use of engines, machines, and structures.
Astronomy – the study of the Sun, Moon, stars, planets, comets, gas, galaxies, gas, dust
and other non-Earthly bodies.
Literacy – the ability to read and write.
Savannah – a grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions, with few trees.
Bartered – exchange (goods or services) for other goods or services without using money.
Limestone – a hard sedimentary rock, composed mainly of calcium carbonate or
dolomite, used as building material and in the making of cement.
Polytheistic – the belief in many gods
Inscribed – written or carved (words or symbols) on something, especially as a formal or
permanent record.
Monotheistic - the belief in a single all-powerful god,
Activity 11: Write about life in Ancient Egypt LB page 41

Answers
Learners must write a short essay of about 200 words entitled ‘If I had lived in Ancient
Egypt …’. Use for assessment purposes. Suggested mark allocation: 30.

Section B

POORLY DONE
ERRORS COMPLETED
Content 1–4 5–7 8–10
Planning and 1–4 5–7 8–10
layout
Spelling and 1–4 5–7 8–10
grammar
Total marks 30
Activity 12: Discuss religious tolerance LB page 41

Answers
Divide the learners into groups and get them to answer the questions.
1. In their groups, learners must brainstorm and list all the different forms and places of
worship in your district that they can think of.
2. Answers will vary. However, learners should agree on the following: Understanding
people’s beliefs will allow us as human beings, to communicate and share ideas with
each other. If we respect other people, we will gain respect back. Because the world is
caught up in stereotypes, we assume wrong things all the time. If we really to the time
to understand and respect, we might make a better world.
Answers
1. Learners must choose the correct words/phrase to complete each sentence:
a) I need to get good grades in science so that I will be able to study medicine.
b) My friend asked if she could come to the cinema with us.
c) The annual flooding of the Nile enabled the Egyptians to grow crops.
d) Smoking cigarettes can lead to lung cancer.
e) I do not know if my parents will allow me to go out tonight. (5 × 1 = 5 marks)
2.
barter to swop one good for another
level to make flat
savannah an area of grassland
literate able to read
inscribed written upon
(5 × 1 = 5 marks)
3. a) They walked to the shops yesterday.
b) He told me that he did not use your bicycle without asking.
c) The sunset was beautiful last night. (3 × 1 = 3 marks)
4. a) I did not have any money because I had left my wallet at home.
b) Eugenie had wanted a guitar, but she received a book.
c) My father had owned this house for ten years before he sold it. (3 × 1 = 3 marks)
5. a) At dinner six mangoes were eaten by Harry.

b) The mountainous highlands of Rwanda are roamed by magnificent gorillas.
c) The novel was read by my mom in one day.
d) By whom was riding a bike taught to you? (4 × 1 = 4 marks)
Total (20)

Section B
UNIT 4 Ecology and Mathematics

Key unit To use language in the context of Science and Mathematics.

competency
• Recognise when to use abstract nouns, the passive voice (present
simple) and countable and uncountable nouns.
• State the vocabulary of plant types and parts of plants.
• Describe soil components and contents and soil erosion, in
speech and writing.
• Describe the parts of a plant and their functions in speech and
Assessment
writing.
criteria/learning
• Classify plants in speech and writing.
outcomes
• Read texts about the components and contents of soil, about the
parts and functions of plants or about the classification of plants.
• Listen to texts about the components and contents of soil, about
the parts and functions of plants or about the classification of
plants.
• Listen to texts and make notes.
• Write about a survey of plants.
Soil erosion: carry away, moving, topsoil, deposit, etc.
Percentages and fractions: percent, two-thirds, average, etc.
Key vocabulary
Plant types: herb, tree, grass, shrub, etc.
Plant parts: stem, leaf, root, flower, etc.
literacy, mathematics, critical thinking, lifelong learning, creativity
Competencies
and innovation, communication skills, co-operation, science and
practised
technology
Crosscutting issues environmental issues
organisation They will also need to be outdoors for some activities.
• pictures
• diagrams
• photographs
Teaching materials
• colouring pencils
• paper
• string
• book identifying different species of plants in Rwanda
• dictionaries
Section B Unit 4: Ecology and Mathematics 63

This unit links Science, Mathematics and literacy, as well as helping
to creating environmental awareness in learners. Before you start
the lesson, spend some time researching environmental projects in
Rwanda and try to get hold of leaflets and pictures to display. It is
important that learners gain an understanding of the need to
Background notes
protect the environment for future generations. The following
websites are useful for research:
www.rema.gov.rw
www.unpei.org/what-we-do/pei-countries/rwanda
allafrica.com/stories/201408070737.html

• Introduce the • Read about • Read about • Explain the • Read about
topic. the the passive voice. soil erosion.
• Read about composition composition • Complete • Discuss the
the contents of soil. of soil. Activity 4. problems
and • Discuss how • Revise pie caused by
composition to label a graphs. erosion.
of soil. diagram. • Complete • Complete
• Complete • Complete Activity 3. Activity 5.
• Read about • Complete • Read about • Discuss the • Identify the
the effects of Activity 7. the environment. passive voice.
soil erosion. • Read about importance of • Complete • Complete
• Complete the parts of a plants. Activity 10. Activity 11.
Activity 6. plant. • Complete
Activity 8.
• Explain • Talk about • Complete • Outdoor • Assessment.
countable and how to make Activity 13. Activity
uncountable notes. • Explain about – complete
nouns. • Complete plant Activity 15.
• Read about Activity 12. classifications
types of • Revise and complete
plants. vocabulary Activity 14.
and complete
Activity 16.
Homework: Complete activities, complete survey, write essay, revise readings

and learn vocabulary.

Section B
Introduce the unit

Use the picture in the Learner’s Book to introduce the topic and ask learners
what they think the word ‘interdependent’ means. Talk about human beings
being interdependent in families and communities, and then introduce the topic
of species being interdependent.
Activity 1: Change adjectives to abstract nouns LB page 44

Revise nouns with learners, and then explain abstract nouns. Ask learners to suggest
examples.
Answers
1. He is a man of courage.
2. The people in this part of the country live in poverty.
3. Cruelty to animals is a punishable offence.
4. The man showed great strength of character.
5. I have great pleasure in welcoming you.
Activity 2: Label a diagram LB page 45

Read the section on the composition of soil and discuss the diagram with learners.
Explain to them that a diagram needs labels and point out how the diagram is labelled.
Answers
Divide learners into groups. Make sure learners understand that, when we draw a
diagram to explain something, we must make sure that the diagram is easy to
understand. Using labels helps the reader to identify the different parts of the diagram.
1. In their groups, learners must use the diagram to discuss the composition of the
Earth’s surface.
2. Working alone, learners must do research and draw a diagram to show the different
parts of the Earth’s crust. Their diagrams should show and be labelled with at least
topsoil, subsoil and bedrock.
3. Learners must label their diagram. Labels should include arrows and neat writing.
Activity 3: Understand the composition of soil LB page 46

Examine the pie graph with learners and make sure they understand how to read off
amounts.
Answers
Learners must look at the graph in their books and then list the components of soil in
order, from the largest to the smallest. Minerals 45%, Air 25%, Water 25%, Organic
matter 5%.

Activity 4: Write a description of the composition of soil LB page 46
Go through the activity paragraph with learners. Make sure they understand what must
be done.
Answers
Plants obtain nutrients from the soil. Soil is the outer, loose layer that covers the surface
of the Earth. Soil quality depends not only on the chemical composition of the soil, but
also on the topography (regional surface features) and the presence of living organisms.
The four major components of soil are inorganic mineral matter, organic matter, water
and air. Soil is the base of life on Earth because it has most of the important matter/
nutrients in which plants need to grow. Those plants in turn feed animals and birds. Soil
is also where much of our fresh water is stored. Fresh water travels through the soil being
purified/filtered as it goes. It often ends up in underground lakes called aquifers, where
we can get it when we need it.
Activity 5: Describe the process of soil erosion LB page 47

Soil erosion is a very serious problem in many areas of the world. Explain to learners how
it happens and what the effects are.
Answers
Learners must organise their sentences in the right order. Learners must recognise that,
when soil is eroded, it affects the ecology of the area where erosion has occurred. Plants
use soil, not only for nutrients, but also to anchor themselves in the ground using their
roots. Many animals, fungi and bacteria rely on soil as a place to live.
Activity 6: Identify the stages of soil erosion LB page 49

Learners to identify the stages of soil erosion.
Answers
Learners must look at the pictures in their books and then match each one to the correct
sentence.
1. Forest: The soil is fertile and lots of plants grow in it.
2. Pasture (cattle): Cattle are grazed and the smaller plants are eaten.
3. Pasture (sheep): When the land cannot sustain the cattle, sheep and goats are grazed
there instead.
4. Desert: All the vegetation has been eaten, the land is overgrazed and there is nothing
to stop soil erosion. The land becomes a desert.

Section B
Activity 7: Identify the ratio of plants to other species on Earth

LB page 49
Point out to learners that plants and bacteria represent the largest groups of living
organisms.
Answers
1. Plants: 74%
2. Fungi: 2%.
3. Animals: 9%
4. Animals
Activity 8: Label a plant LB page 51

This is an outdoor activity. First talk about the diagram of the main parts of plants.
Learners will need paper and pencils or colouring pencils.
Answers
Learners must go into the school grounds or surrounding area, and pick a small plant.
They must bring it back into the classroom, draw it and label it. They must make sure that
they include the functions of each part of the plant.
Activity 9: Ask and answer questions LB page 52

Read the passage with learners before beginning the activity.
Answers
Learners must take turns to ask each other the following questions and supply the correct
responses.
Q. What are the functions of the roots of a plant?
A. The functions of the roots are to absorb water and to anchor the plant.
Q. What is the function of the stem of a plant?
A. The function of the stem is to provide support for the leaves and flowers.
Q. What is the function of the leaves of a plant?
A. The function of the leaves is to produce food through photosynthesis.
Q. What is the function of the flower of a plant?
A. The function of the flower is reproduction by producing fruits and seeds.

Activity 10: Explore your environment LB page 52
This is an outdoor activity. Allow time for learners to be able to compare answers at the
end of the lesson.
Answers
Learners must reread the texts about plants and their importance to humans.
1. Learners must make a list of plants in their environment at school.
2. We need plants for many different reasons: plants provide us with food and materials
for clothing, furniture and roofing, as well as for many different things that we do not
think about, such as paper and books. Plants provide food and shelter for our
domesticated animals and also, through the process of photosynthesis, the oxygen
that we breathe. (Learners may add more to their answers.)
3. Plants can be harmful to humans. Some plants should not be eaten because they are
poisonous.
4. Plants provide the link between the soil and the Sun through the process of
photosynthesis. They also biodegrade and add nutrients to the soil when they die.
Plants are a living home to many insects, microbes and animals. Plants hold the soil
together with their roots and prevent erosion. (Learners may add more to their
answers.)
5. Learners must compare their answers with those of their friends. They must discuss
their answers with the rest of the class.
Activity 11: Identify sentences in the passive voice LB page 52

Revise the use of the passive voice with learners before beginning the activity.
Answers
Answers will vary, for example:
6. Transpiration of water and nutrients from the roots is done by the stem.
7. The quality of water is affected because the soil helps to filter and clean our water.
8. Soil erosion can be caused by human activities such as over-farming and overgrazing.
Activity 12: Make notes LB page 54

Learners must reread the passage ‘Read about types of plants’ and make notes on the
most important information. They must include any mathematical information that is
relevant.
Answers
Notes should include the relevant mathematical data. This activity can be used for
assessment purposes. Suggested mark allocation: 20.

Section B

POORLY DONE
ERRORS COMPLETED
Content in note 1–3 4–7 8–10
form
Mathematical data 1–2 3–4 5
included
grammar
Total marks 20
Activity 13: Discuss plants that are useful to humans LB page 55

Divide the learners into groups. In their groups, learners must discuss the different plants
that are useful to humans. They must see if they can group them into trees, shrubs,
flowers, grasses and herbs.
Answers
Learners should be able to identify examples of plants that are useful as food, for
clothing, for medicines, for thatching, etc.
Activity 14: Classify plant types LB page 55

Answers
Learners must look at the pictures in their books and then answer the questions.
1. Sweet potato – a flowering plant; mango – a tree; corn – a grass; sunflower – a
flowering plant.
2. Learners must match the names of the plants with the correct description.
mango grows as a fruit on a tree

sweet potato a tuber that grows underground and is a staple food
corn a type of grass that can be made into a flour
sunflower provides oil for cooking

Activity 15: Conduct a survey LB page 56
This is an outdoors activity. Learners will need a measure, string, paper and pencils.
Encourage learners to find out the answers using a book on the vegetation in Rwanda.
Answers
Answers will vary according to the district that you are in and the amount of vegetation
around your school. In order to do this activity, they will need to complete the following
steps:
1. Choose an area of your neighbourhood in which to conduct the survey.
2. Mark out the area to be surveyed using the string. An area of 2 m by 2 m is sufficient.
3. In their notebooks, learners must write down the names of all the different types of
plants in their survey area. They must count how many of each species there are, and
make a note of their findings.
4. Learners must add up the total number of plants and then calculate each type of plant
as a percentage of the total. Learners must calculate the average number of each
plant type. They must draw a table showing the different classes and species of plants
found.
5. In class, learners must discuss their findings and describe any interesting facts that
emerged from their survey. Talk about what types of plants that they saw and also
what they did not see. Learners must use ‘why’ questions to get answers from each
other.

Learners must look up the following words in their dictionary. They must write the word
and its meaning in their exercise books. They must practise saying the words with a
partner or in a group.
Answers
Organism – an individual animal, plant or single-celled life form.
Decayed – cause to rot or decompose.
Topography – the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area.
Inorganic – not consisting of or deriving from living matter.
Nutrient – a substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life
and for growth.
Erosion – the process of being worn away by wind, water, or other natural agents.
Habitat – the natural home or environment of an animal, plant or other organism.
Susceptible – liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing.
Humus – the organic component of soil, formed by the decomposition of leaves and
other plant material by soil microorganisms.
Transpiration – the process whereby plants absorb water through the roots and then give
off water vapour through pores in their leaves.
Photosynthesis – the process by which green plants and some other organisms use
sunlight to synthesise nutrients from carbon dioxide and water.
Reproduction – the production of offspring by a sexual or asexual process.
To harbour – give a home or shelter to.

Section B
Multicellular – (of an organism or part) consisting of many cells.

Pollination – the carrying of pollen grains (the male sex cells in plants) to the female sex
cells for fertilisation.
Answers
1. Answers will vary for example: cultivation (from the verb ‘cultivate’) and importance
(from the adjective ‘important’). (5 × 1 = 5 marks)
2. a) cultivate – to grow plants
b) root crops – underground stems
c) harbour – shelter (3 × 1 = 3 marks)
3. Humans can destroy the soil and cause the extinction of plants ✓ or they can look after
the soil and cultivate plants and take care of them. ✓(2)
4. Learners should use a diagram as part of their explanation. (10)
POORLY DONE
ERRORS COMPLETED
Content 1–2 3–4 5
Diagram included 1 2 3
Spelling and 0 1 2
grammar
Total marks 10
Total [20]

UNIT 5 Friendship
Key unit competency To use language learnt in the context of friendship.

• Recognise when to use formal and informal language
• State the vocabulary of politeness: describing people, safe sex
Assessment criteria/ • Describe friends and friendship in speech and writing
learning outcomes • Use reported speech in speech and writing
• Express politeness, offers and requests in speech
• Read texts about safe sex
• Listen to texts about safe sex
• Write about relationships between the sexes and about safe
sex.
Politeness: may, can, could, kind, sure, etc.
Key vocabulary Describing people: honest, funny, tall, good at, etc.
Safe sex: respect, attractive, condom, safe sex, faithful, etc.
literacy, science and technology (biology), critical thinking,
Competencies
lifelong learning, creativity and innovation, communication skills,
practised
cooperation
Crosscutting issues gender issues, comprehensive sexuality, peace and values
organisation
Teaching materials • pictures
• photographs
• dictionaries
Use this topic to introduce the subject of diversity, peace and
tolerance, as well as safe sex and monogamy. You can use the
issue of genocide to emphasise the importance of treating all
cultural groups with respect and tolerance. Research and find out
about the results of lack of tolerance. The 2015 migrant/refugee
Background notes
influx to Europe is a good example of the results of conflict. The
issue of safe sex needs to be handled carefully because some of
your learners may already be sexually active. Be careful to handle
the topic in a neutral way, stating the dangers of early sexual
activity without passing judgement.

Section B

• Introduce • Talk about • Activity 3: • Activity 5: • Explain how
topic and read how to write Describe each describe your to recount
about what a good other using friends. events and
we mean by description. photos. • Activity 6: stories.
friendship. • Complete • Read a write about • Complete
• Complete Activity 2. description of another Activity 7.
Activity 1. a friend. person.
• Complete
Activity 4.
• Listen to the • Explain how • Explain how to • Explain direct • Discuss how
story about to use make offers speech. to plan an
the warthog. reported and requests. • Complete outing.
• Complete speech. • Complete Activity 12. • Complete
Activity 8. • Complete Activity 11. • Discuss Activity 14.
Activity 9. formal and • Complete
• Complete informal ways Activity 15.
Activity 10. of asking and
offering.
• Complete
Activity 13.
• Read about • Read about • Activity 19: • Revise • Assessment.
romantic being ready Write about vocabulary.
relationships. for sex. romantic • Complete
• Complete • Complete relationships. Activity 21.
Activity 16. Activity 18. • Complete
Activity 17.
Homework: Complete activities, complete essay, revise vocabulary.
Section B Unit 5: Friendship 73

Introduce the unit
Ask learners to think about how many friends they have and what friendship is
all about. You can use the opening picture as a stimulus or find pictures from
magazines. Throughout this unit, you will need to be sensitive regarding learners
who may have relationship issues. Make sure that your classroom is a safe
environment in which learners can discuss issues that may be important to
them, without feeling criticised or judged.
Before commencing this lesson, ask learners to bring in a photo of themselves
for use in Activity 3.
Activity 1: Describe being a good friend LB page 60

This activity is designed to make learners think about the meaning of friendship and to
realise that friendship is a two-way activity. Learners should understand that you cannot
expect people to be your friends if you treat them badly.
Answers
1. Learners should discuss the statement. Answers will vary.
2. Learners must write their own list of ways to treat a friend in their exercise books.
Activity 2: Describe a face LB page 60

When we look at someone’s face, we often get an instinctive feel for the character of the
person. There is a saying that the eyes are the windows of the souls. You can ask learners
their opinions about this.
Answers
Learners must look at the picture of an elderly woman in their books. They must make a
list of all the words they think describe her. Learners should think positively and come up
with words such as kind, caring, thoughtful, pensive, etc. They may also interpret her face
as severe and strict or cross. No answer is incorrect.
Activity 3: Describe someone using a photo LB page 60

Learners will need to bring a photo of themselves to school in order to do this activity.
Divide learners into groups. In their groups, learners must look at photos of each other.
They must take turns in describing each other from the photos. They must try to describe
as many aspects as they can, such as age, height, appearance, etc.
Answers
This activity is designed to encourage learners to make use of descriptive words. You can
listen to their responses and write down good vocabulary on the board for them.

Section B
Activity 4: Use words to describe appearance LB page 61

This activity is designed to make learners think about descriptive words and find
alternatives.
Answers
1. Learners must write down all the words used to describe Anitha’s appearance: small,
slim, oval face, dark brown eyes, a big mouth, long black wavy hair, ponytail, beautiful.
2. Learners must write down as many similar words to the ones used above as possible.
For example another word for ‘slim’ may be ‘thin’; ‘petite’ may be used for ‘small’.
Activity 5: Describe your friends LB page 61

This activity is designed to encourage conversation and also to practise note-taking.
Answers
1. Learners should think before they start, and talk for about a minute.
2. Learners should make notes of the main points made – they should write down the
words used to describe the person, but not use sentences.
Activity 6: Write about another person LB page 62

Learners must write a description of a friend. They should use about 200–250 words.
Answers
Answers will vary. This activity can be used for assessment purposes. Suggested mark
allocation: 20.
Activity 7: Recount an activity at school LB page 62

Learners must recount an activity. Use the Learner’s Book to explain how to recount and
give extra examples if needed. Learners can recount out loud something that has
happened in the past week.
Answers
Learners must write a paragraph recounting something that has happened at school in
the past week. Answers will vary. Suggested mark allocation: 10.
Activity 8: Recount a story to another person LB page 63

Read the story of the warthog with learners. Learners must recount the story of Warthog
and Lion to each other and then check to see if they got the events in the right order.
Answers
Learners should check each other for correct order.

Activity 9: Change from direct to reported speech LB page 64
Explain to learners the difference between direct and indirect speech. Use the examples
in the Learner’s Book and ask learners to make up more examples.
Answers
1. John said that he could ride a horse.
2. John said that his mother did the cleaning.
3. He said that he was going to the cinema.
4. She said that her name was Lela.
5. She asked what they should learn today.
Activity 10: Practise using reported speech LB page 64

Learners must rewrite the paragraph as reported speech.
Answers
He asked why Charlotte had done that for him. He said that he did not deserve it because
he had never done anything for her. She replied that he had been her friend and that was
a tremendous thing in itself.
Activity 11: Role play being polite LB page 66

Divide the learners into groups. In their groups, learners must make up a role play about a
situation where they use polite offers and requests, for example dinner with their family.
Answers
Groups will come up with different role plays. Allow time for the class to listen to each
other’s role play. The emphasis should be on polite conversation.
Activity 12: Practise direct speech LB page 66

Explain to learners that we use quotation marks for direct speech.
Answers
Answers may vary slightly. The following are some examples:
1. He/she asked, “Would you like a cup of tea?”
2. Jean said to Mary, “May I serve you some fruit?”
3. My friend’s father asked me, “Could I give you one of my beautiful suits?”
4. My mother laughed and said, “Would I serve hot milk and bread for dinner?”

Section B
Activity 13: Make informal requests LB page 67

Explain the difference between formal and informal speech to learners.
Answers
Answers may vary slightly. The following are some examples:
1. Will you pass me a cup of tea, please?
2. Can you help me with my homework?
3. Will you tidy the house for me?
4. Will you like a banana?
5. Will you come to the cinema with me?
Activity 14: Plan an outing LB page 67

Learners must plan an outing and write down their plan. They must then write a report as
though the outing has happened.
Answers
This is a substantial activity and can be used for assessment purposes. Suggested mark
allocation: 20.
POORLY DONE
ERRORS COMPLETED
Report written 1–3 4–7 8–10
Outing planned 1–2 3–4 5
Plan written down 1–2 3–4 5
Total marks 20
Activity 15: Read a dialogue LB page 67

Learners should read the dialogue to each other, taking turns in each part.
Answers
Encourage the learners to read with expression, emphasising a polite tone of voice.
Activity 16: Comprehension LB page 69

Read the section in the Learner’s Book with learners, explain any words that learners do
not understand and then set them the comprehension as an individual activity.
Answers
Suggested mark allocation: 10
1. Answers will vary. Learners should understand that, when people feel close to
others, they are happier and even healthier. Love helps us feel important, understood
and secure. (2)

2. It is the love we feel for a boyfriend or girlfriend. (2)
3. Attraction is the ‘chemistry’ part of love. It’s all about the physical – even sexual –
interest that two people have in each other. Attraction is responsible for the desire we
feel to kiss and hold the object of our affection. Attraction is also responsible for the
flushed, nervous-but-excited way we feel when that person is near. (4)
4. Commitment is the promise or decision to stick by the other person through the ups
and downs of the relationship. (2)
Activity 17: Talk about relationships LB page 69

Divide learners into groups. In their group, learners must discuss what is good or not
good in relationships between the sexes.
Answers
This activity is designed to help learners to see that healthy relationships support us and
help us to become better people. In a healthy relationship, we can grow and develop to
our full potential.
Activity 18: Give advice to friends LB page 70

This activity is designed to make learners aware of the negative effects of underage sex
and to encourage them to make good choices.
Answers
1. In their groups, learners must discuss the risks of having sex before they are
emotionally and physically ready. They must talk about the consequences of teenage
pregnancies.
2. Learners must write David and Rosine a letter, explaining the risks of having sex
before they are emotionally and physically ready. They must also explain the
consequences and implications of teenage pregnancy for David and Rosine, as well as
for a baby.

Section B
Activity 19: Write about romantic relationships LB page 70

Learners must write a short text (250–300 words) about relationships between the sexes.
Answers
This activity can be used for assessment purposes. Suggested mark allocation: 20.

POORLY DONE
ERRORS COMPLETED
Content 1–3 4–7 8–10
Logically 1–2 3–4 5
presented
grammar
Total marks 20
Activity 20: Share your HIV/Aids knowledge LB page 71

Answers
1. Learners must discuss the ways that HIV/Aids can be contracted. Learners need to
understand that the HI virus is passed from one person to another through contact
with the blood or body fluids of an infected person. The main ways in which people
contract HIV are:
• drug users sharing dirty needles
• having unprotected sex with an infected person
• babies drinking the breast milk of an infected person
• infected blood transfusions
• infection passed on from mother to foetus during pregnancy
• multiple partners, e.g. polygamy can spread the disease.
2. Learners should understand that, either not having sex until they are married, or using
condoms are sensible choices. Monogamous relationships still carry the danger of
contracting HIV.
3. HIV/Aids impacts families, communities and the country as a whole. Within families, it
places a financial and emotional burden on the family, especially if both parents die
and the children become orphans. This means that grandparents have the burden of
bringing up grandchildren. Often, the oldest child must leave school early to support
the family. Community structures break down and communities have the burden of
helping orphans. The economy suffers because firms have to deal with sick employees
who either cannot work or who are often off work sick. Productivity is lower and
health costs rise.

Answers
Learners must look up the words in the left-hand column and then match them to the
correct meaning in the right hand column.
unconditional with no limitations

recount to tell or relate a story
respect to admire someone
obligation an action that you have a duty to complete
politeness showing good manners towards others
condom protection worn during sexual intercourse as a contraceptive or
against infection
attractive pleasing or appealing to the senses
faithful to be loyal and steadfast
safe sex sexual activities in which precautions have been taken against
infection
monogamous having a single sexual partner during a period of time
Answers
1. a) She told the boys that they should not waste their money.
b) She asked him what he had decided to do.
c) He said that he always woke up early.
d) He advised the students to revise their lessons.
e) He wanted to know where I had been. (5 × 1 = 5 marks)
2. a) “I might come,” said Carene.
b) “I could fail,” said Jean-Paul.
c) “David, you should stay in bed,” Olive said.
d) “I used to have a car,” said Thierry.
e) “I wish we were in South Africa,” said Josiane. (5 × 1 = 5 marks)
3. a) May I speak to Mr. Mugabo, please?
b) Would you open the window, please? It’s hot in here.
c) Would you mind if I did not come to your party?
d) Would you mind if I borrowed your dictionary for an hour or so?
e) Could I stay here for a while? Yes, you may. (5 × 1 = 5 marks)
4. Learners must write a short report explaining the dangers of teenage sex. Allow one
mark for each of five facts. (5 marks)
Total (20)

Section B
UNIT 6 Study skills and writing

Key unit competency To use language learnt in the context of study skills and writing.
• Recognise how to work in groups, plan and evaluate writing,
make notes and write a summary, use connectors in key
language functions.
• List the vocabulary of key school language functions.
• Read an extract from a simplified work of literature.
Assessment criteria/ • Work in groups and organise the work of the group.
learning outcomes • Plan a short text using notes.
• Write a short text and evaluate it from the viewpoint of
grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
• Listen to a short text exemplifying a common school language
function.
• Read a short text exemplifying a common school language
function.
• Write a short text demonstrating the use of a common school
language function.
Working in class: group, pair, report, chairperson, etc.
Key vocabulary
Making notes and writing summaries: select, points
literacy, critical thinking, lifelong learning, creativity and
Competencies
innovation, communication skills, co-operation, science and
practised
technology (biology), life skills (cookery and study methods)
Crosscutting issues peace and values education
organisation
Teaching materials • pictures
• photographs
• dictionaries
This lesson deals with study methods and therefore is of great
value in teaching learners correct study methods. The
information used in this unit can be used in other subjects. If you
can get hold of extra information on study methods, you can
make it available for learners. If you are aware that some learners
Background notes
have problems with their study technique, use this series of
lessons to help them. The cookery recipes are fun and you can
encourage learners to make up their own recipes.
All of the activities in this unit are designed to help learners with
study and examination techniques.
Section B Unit 6: Study skills and writing 81


• Introduce the • Read about • Revise how to • Revise how to • Discuss the
topic and talk storks. write a write notes. importance of
about the • Complete composition. • Complete working in
importance of Activity 1. • Complete Activity 3. groups.
having good Activity 2. • Discuss • Read about
study skills. Charles wanting to be
Dickens and head girl.
the value of • Complete
classical Activity 4.
literature.
• Talk about • Complete • Explain • Discuss how • Talk about
using Activity 6. recounting. to define giving
headings and Complete something. examples.
numbers. Activity 7. • Complete • Complete
• Read about • Discuss Activity 9. Activity 10.
frogs. explaining.
• Complete • Complete

• Explain • Explain how • Talk about • Revise • Assessment.
contrasting. to make a list. school vocabulary.
• Complete • Complete language • Complete
Activity 11. Activity 12. functions. Activity 15.
• Complete
Activity 13.
• Complete
Activity 14.
Homework: Complete activities, research study skills, revise vocabulary, revise

readings.

Section B
Introduce the unit

Introduce the lesson by asking learners how they prepare for exams and talk
about study methods. You can use the opening picture as a stimulus. Point out to
learners that we still make use of study methods when we have left school and
that we encounter note-taking in a variety of situations.
Activity 1: Write a summary LB page 76

Talk to learners about why we need to make summaries and explain the grammar focus
to them. Use board work to demonstrate the key points in making summaries: no full
sentences and using point form.
Answers
1. Learners should notice that this is a dialogue.
2. Storks are big white birds that have yellow bills and long legs. They nest on roofs and
make a clapping sound with their beaks. They eat frogs and small fish and are thought
to bring good luck.
3. a) Lina: Is diligent and has done her homework.
b) Jella: Likes to shoot things with his catapult.
c) Pier and Dirk: Are twins.
d) Eelka: Does not know much about storks and would like to know more.
4. Learners must write a summary of less than 50 words.
5. Learners must evaluate each other’s summaries. This is a good exercise because it
encourages them to be objective.
Activity 2: Write a short composition LB page 77

Learners must write a short composition on a subject of their choice, using both direct
and indirect speech. Writing a well-constructed composition is an important skill. Explain
to learners the need for an introduction and conclusion.
Answers
This activity can be used for assessment purposes.
Learners must compare their work with that of a classmate to see who has used
punctuation and grammar correctly. Suggested mark allocation: 25.
POORLY DONE
ERRORS COMPLETED
Introduction 1–2 3–4 5
Conclusion 1–2 3–4 5
Main body: 1–3 4–7 8–10
spelling and
grammar
Contents: ideas 1–2 3–4 5
well constructed
Total marks 25

Activity 3: Make notes on an extract from classical literature LB page 79
Talk to learners about classical literature and briefly explain who Charles Dickens was.
Explain to them that the language he used is very different to that used nowadays. You
may also need to explain to learners that the ‘great iron’ on the man’s leg was a calliper,
used to support a leg that had been damaged in some way. Explain to learners that
making notes is very helpful when studying for an examination.
Answers
1. a) The countryside where Pip met the man: learners should notice that the
countryside was bleak, overgrown marshland.
b) The appearance of the fearful man: a frightening-looking man with a calliper on
his leg and wearing ragged clothes. He was covered in cuts and bruises.
c) How Pip felt when he met the fearful man: he was very frightened.
Activity 4: Follow instructions LB page 81

This activity contains several different exercises. Not only must learners find the answers
to questions, but they must also learn to work as a team, to time-keep, elect a leader and
report back on their findings. Be aware of any groups that are struggling to work as a
team. Teamwork and working with others are essential skills.
Answers
4. a) Answers will vary; however, learners should recognise that, when you are always
punctual, never miss any lessons, wear your school uniform and respect teachers,
you are regarded as a model student.
b) Learners should notice that Penny would be a good head girl as, amongst other
things, she helps other learners.
c) Learners must try to identify some words or phrases that Penny uses which are
also common in their school environment. Examples may include suspended,
prefect, school, rules, etc.
d) Learners must write down some of their own school rules and regulations and
explain why they are important.
Activity 5: Make notes on frogs LB page 83

Before completing this activity, read through the section on using headings and
subheadings. Use the recipe as an example of how subheadings help us to navigate text.
Using headings and subheadings is important when answering examination questions
because it makes it easier to write down facts in a logical order.
Answers
1. Heading: Read about frogs.
Subheadings: What are frogs? How big is the biggest and how small is the smallest?
Where do frogs live?
2. Learners must make notes of the important information under each subheading.
Learners must try to use numbers or point form.
3. Learners must compare their notes with the rest of the class.

Section B
Activity 6: Use numbers to put facts in order LB page 84

Remind learners of the use of point form to give instructions.
Answers
1. Heat coals or gas grill for direct heat.
2. Spray two 30 × 45 cm sheets of heavy-duty foil with cooking spray.
3. Brush beef patties with steak sauce.
4. Place the onions in the centre of each foil piece. Fold foil over onions so that the edges
meet, and place on the coals.
5. Grill the onion packets and beef patties for 10 to 15 minutes, turning the patties and
rotating packets once or twice.
6. Cut the bread rolls in half and place the patties on the rolls with the onions on top.
Activity 7: Recount an event that happened last week LB page 85

Talk to learners about how to recount an activity and also the need to put thoughts into a
logical order before beginning. Learners can give their own short sentences about
something that has happened to them before undertaking the activity.
Answers
Learners must write four lines recounting an event that happened last week.
Activity 8: Explain how to play a sport LB page 85

This activity is designed to help learners to practise recounting in a logical order and to
sort information mentally before recounting.
Answers
Divide learners into pairs. In pairs, learners must take turns to explain to each other how
to play their favourite sport. They should tell each other whether their explanation was
easy or difficult to understand.
Activity 9: Practise definitions LB page 86

Learners need to be able to explain and substantiate statements that they write during an
examination. This activity is designed to help learners to understand how to explain and
define.
Answers
1. Amphibians are cold-blooded animals. This means that their body temperature is the
same as the surrounding temperature. Their skin absorbs water into their body so
they do not have to drink water to survive.
2. Vertebrates are animals with backbones.
3. Answers will vary. A defining moment is usually seen as a point at which the essential
nature or character of a person is revealed or identified.

Activity 10: Give examples LB page 86
Giving examples helps us to prove to an examiner that we understand what we are
writing about. It also helps people to understand what we are talking about in
conversations.
Answers
1. Rwanda has many mountains, one example of which is Mount Gahinga.
2. Examples of foods eaten in Rwanda are ugali and matoke.
3. An example of a team sport is soccer.
4. There are many birds in Rwanda; two examples are ducks and bush shrikes.
5. I have many friends, for example Lulu and Ben.
Activity 11: Make contrasting sentences LB page 87

Explain the use of ‘although’, ‘yet’, ’even though’ or ’while’ to make contrasting sentences.
Answers
1. The summer season is wet and hot, but/while the winter season is cold and dry.
2. Some dogs are well behaved, but/while others drag their owners down the block,
yapping all the way.
3. Although/Though the boy was injured, he didn’t give up.
4. There was little chance of success, but/yet we didn’t give up.
5. He is overweight, yet/but he still runs very fast.
Activity 12: Make lists LB page 88

This activity helps learners to practise the technique of listing.
Answers
Answers may vary. Some examples are:
1. First, I grabbed a spoon, then I ate the cereal. Next, I drank the milk and lastly, I
tossed the bowl in the sink.
2. We learn, firstly, how to cook and secondly, how to clean.
3. How to become a political leader: First, you need to become a leader of a political
party. Secondly, you need to win a seat in Parliament. Thirdly, your party must have a
majority of seats.
4. Buying organic fruit and vegetables is a better choice. Firstly, they are less
contaminated by chemical pesticides. Also, they are not genetically modified. Lastly,
they are allowed to mature or ripen fully.
5. Soil has three main layers. Firstly, there is the surface layer. Next, there is the topsoil.
Lastly, there is the subsoil.

Section B
Activity 13: Practise common school language LB page 89

Ask learners to suggest phrases and words they hear all the time at school.
Answers
Learners must write down other phrases and sentences that they normally use or hear
their teachers use. Learners must then try to relate them to their functions (when and
where they are used) and report back to the class on their findings.

Refer learners back to the text ‘Read about wanting to be head girl’ and then to complete
the comprehension on their own.
Answers
1. “M … m … ma ... may I come in, Sir?”
2. “Oh, Penny, come in, please. Have a seat.”
3. Answers will vary. One example could be: “Good morning, class.”
4. Answers will vary. One example could be: “Excuse me.”
5. Answers will vary. One example could be: “Hello. My name is ...”
Activity 15: Use the glossary LB page 89

Learners must use their dictionaries or the glossary in their Learner’s Books.
Answers
Evaluate – judge the quality or value of; assess.
Summary – a brief statement or account of the main points of something.
Abbreviation – a shortened form of a word or phrase.
Assumptions – things that are accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof.
Fictional – made up; the class of literature comprising works of imaginative narration.
Chronological – (of a record of events) following the order in which they occurred.
Answers
1. There are good reasons why some people feel the need to make significant changes
in their lives from time to time. Firstly, any new situation that a person encounters
can be an opportunity to learn and grow as a person. A new job, for instance, might
present challenges that push the person to adapt, acquire new knowledge, or add to
his or her skill set. Secondly, a change can represent a break with the past and an old
routine, which has become boring and predictable. Thirdly/lastly, as well as making
life more fun and interesting, new experiences can be good for our physical and
mental health. (3 × 1 = 3 marks)
2. Learners must make eight sentences demonstrating the following eight study skills:
listing, describing, recounting, examples, notes, and instructions, contrasting and
defining. Answers will vary. (8 × 1 = 8 marks)

3. You can share the work, ✓ you can share knowledge, ✓ and you can help each other
to learn. ✓ (3 × 1 = 3 marks)
4. Too ✓ many learners look at studying as something that they have to do, ✓ not as an
enjoyment or opportunity to learn. ✓ That’s ✓ fine but researchers have found that
how you approach something matters almost as much as what you do. ✓ Being in the
right mindset is important in order to study smarter. ✓ (6 × 1 = 6 marks)
Total (20)

Section B
UNIT 7 Leadership and famous people

To use language learnt in the context of leadership and famous

Key unit competency
people
• Identify when the use of the past simple tense, and clauses.
• State the vocabulary of leadership styles, character.
• Describe a famous Rwandan leader in speech and writing.
• Describe leadership styles and exemplify them in speech and
writing.
• Write texts containing examples.
Assessment criteria/ • Describe the life story of a famous person in Rwanda in speech
learning outcomes and writing.
• Read texts about a famous leader in Rwanda, about leadership
styles, or about a famous person in Rwanda.
• Listen to texts about a famous leader in Rwanda, about
leadership styles, or about a famous person in Rwanda.
• Make notes on a written text.
• Plan, write and evaluate texts.
• Write the life story of a famous person.
Leadership styles: tolerant, authoritarian, violent, democratic,
Key vocabulary etc.
Character: simple, unpretentious, good-natured, reserved, etc.
Competencies
practised
communication skills, cooperation
Crosscutting issues gender, standardisation culture, peace and values
organisation
• pictures
• photographs
Teaching materials
• dictionaries
• magazines
• Internet access
Section B Unit 7: Leadership and famous people 89

Leadership and moral values are very important topics. Globally,
there are many current examples of bad leadership, both in
politics and in business. Learners should be encouraged to think
about the responsibilities of leaders, and also the need for good
role models. You can also use this lesson to discuss the issue of
Background notes
genocide and the impact leaders have on behaviour. You will
need to get hold of recent magazines, especially financial ones,
to use with learners. If you can source pictures of famous leaders,
both past and present, you can make a display of them on the
walls.

• Introduce the • Activity 2. • Explain the • Complete • Read about
topic and talk • Write a past simple Activity 5. styles of
about team definition of a tense. • Read about leadership.
leaders. leader. • Complete why • Complete
• Read about • Read about Activity 4. leadership is Activity 7.
leadership. leadership in important.
• Complete traditional • Revise note
Activity 1. Rwanda. taking.
• Complete • Complete
• Case study: • Read and • Read about • Read about • Talk about
identifying a discuss the famous Rwandan using
leadership poem. people. entertainers. conjunctions.
style. • Complete • Complete • Complete • Complete
• Complete Activity 9. Activity 10. Activity 11 Activity 13.
Activity 8. and
Activity 12.
• Read about • Complete • Explain the • Revise • Assessment.
women of Activity 16. problem of vocabulary
influence in corruption. and complete
Rwanda. • Complete Activity 18.
Activities 14
and 15.
Homework: Complete activities, research leaders in Rwanda, research women

leaders, find out about corruption, revise readings.

Section B
Introduce the unit

Show learners pictures of famous leaders and film stars and talk about what
qualities we expect in a leader and also in a role model. Ask learners to think
about well-known Rwandans that they consider good leaders. You can also
discuss leadership within your school.
Activity 1: Identify the qualities of a good leader LB page 92

Read through the quotations in the Learner’s Book and brainstorm qualities of good
leaders with learners. Write their suggestions on the board.
Answers
1. Learners must decide which of the following qualities of leadership match each of the
quotations in the text in their books.
Leaders have qualities that inspire people to follow them. This matches the quote:
“Become the kind of leader that people would follow voluntarily, even if you had no
title or position.” – Brian Tracy
Leaders inspire people to do more and be more. This matches the quote: “My job is
not to be easy on people. My job is to take these great people we have, and to push
them and make them even better.” – Steve Jobs
Leaders have vision. This matches the quote: “The very essence of leadership is that
you have to have vision. You can’t blow an uncertain trumpet.” – Father Theodore M.
Hesburgh
Leaders are active. This matches the quote: “Leadership is an action, not a position.” –
Donald McGannon
People want to follow leaders. This matches the quote: “People buy into the leader
before they buy into the vision.” – John Maxwell
2. Answers will vary. Examples may include words like brave, loyal, trustworthy, clever,
etc.
3. Learners must report their findings to the rest of the class in the form of a dialogue.
For example: When we talked about the qualities for a good leader, Sonia said: “I think
a good leader inspires people.” Rebecca disagreed and said, “I disagree. I think a good
leader just tells people what to do.”
Activity 2: Write a definition of leadership LB page 93

Recap the quotations and ask learners to look at the words on the board and then write
their own definition of a leader.
Answers
Answers will vary because learners must explain what being a leader means to them in
their own words. Encourage all learners to express an opinion.

Activity 3: Find the meaning of words LB page 95
King Rwabugiri is an example of an autocratic leader. His style of leadership was suitable
for the times.
Answers
1. Decades-long process: a process that takes place over many decades, with a decade
being ten years.
2. Autonomous: (of a country or region) having the freedom to govern itself or control its
own affairs.
3. Centralised: concentrated (control of an activity or organisation) under a single
authority.
4. Incursions: invasions or attacks, especially sudden or brief ones.
5. Semi-divine being: a being that is somewhat more than mortal but less than divine.
6. Ornate: elaborately or highly decorated.
7. Frontier: a line or border separating two countries.
8. Harmony and cohesion: agreement and the action or fact of forming a united whole.
Activity 4: Practise the past simple tense LB page 95

Revise the past simple tense with learners, referring to Unit 3 if necessary.
Answers
Answers may vary. Suggested solutions below:
1. We watched a good film last week.
2. Last Wednesday, I was in Kigali.
3. She finished her homework by seven o’clock.
4. I walked to the soccer match last Saturday.
5. My uncle came to visit last week.
Activity 5: Write about the leadership of King Rwabugiri LB page 95

Answers
Using the past simple tense, learners must describe King Kigeri IV Rwabugiri’s
achievements in not more than 120 words.
Activity 6: Discuss the qualities of a good leader LB page 97

This is an oral activity. Allow time for discussion. Listen to the discussions in the different
groups and allow time for groups to share their answers.
Answers
1. Learners should understand how these qualities can be applied, both on a small and
on a large scale. Encourage them to understand that we all need to be leaders in our
own way. Learners may agree or disagree that these are qualities needed in a leader.

Section B
2. In their groups, learners must choose one person in their school or community whom
they regard as being a good, strong leader. They must write down four things that
they think make this person a strong leader.
3. Learners must discuss their findings with the rest of the class. (Hint: they will need to
elect a leader for their group to read the presentation.)
4. Working individually, learners must make a list of the leadership characteristics
mentioned by each group.
Activity 7: Write about styles of leadership LB page 98

Discuss the two different styles of leadership mentioned in the Learner’s Book and make
sure learners can differentiate between them. Ask them which style they prefer.
Answers
Learners must choose any business, sporting or political leader and write a short report
on what they think their leadership style is.
This activity can be used for assessment purposes. Suggested mark allocation: 20
POORLY DONE
ERRORS COMPLETED
Report written 1–3 4–7 8–10
Arguments 1–2 3–4 5
presented
grammar
Total marks 20
Activity 8: Comprehension – Identify a leadership style LB page 98

Read the passage with learners, then ask them to complete the activity in pairs. They can
write the answers in their exercise books.
Answers
1. Authoritarian, because he keeps a close eye on the staff, etc.
2. Learners should recognise that this is not a desirable leadership style, because he is
not involving his staff in the decision-making processes.
3. Answer will vary. Possible answers include involving his staff in the decision-making
process, incentivising staff, etc.
Activity 9: Read and understand a poem LB page 99

Read the poem through with learners and explain any words or sentences they may not
understand, then ask them to read the poem again on their own.
Answers
1. Patient, ready to meet challenges, easy going, strong beliefs, not afraid, has foresight, etc.

Activity 9: Read and understand a poem LB page 99
2. All leaders have hard jobs to do, but these jobs are easier when they have these
qualities.
3. Answers will vary, but learners should understand that a leader should do the right
thing even if it is not the easy thing to do.
4. Hindsight can help us not to repeat the mistakes of the past; therefore, it is not a
waste of time.
Activity 10: Debate the responsibilities of famous people LB page 100

Learners must be prepared to take both sides of the debate.
Answers
Divide the learners into groups. Learners must divide their group into two teams and
debate for and against the following statement: Famous people have a responsibility to be
role models and set a good example for other people to follow.
Learners may have mixed opinions on whether famous people should behave in specific
ways. They can use famous film stars and sports people as examples.
Activity 11: Discuss Rwandan entertainers LB page 101

Learners must work in groups to identify famous Rwandan entertainers (include sports
people). They must classify them into types of entertainers and talk about which types of
media they use to follow these famous people.
Answers
1. Learners must quickly list all the famous Rwandan entertainers that they can think of.
Encourage learners to just list the names that come into their heads without thinking
too much about it.
2. Ask the different groups to share with the class the types of media that are most used.
Use this information to create a table on the chalkboard.
3. Modern famous people tend to lead by example. King Rwabugiri was authoritarian
and led by being in a position of power and being able to force people to obey him.
Extension activity
If time permits, use the information gathered in question 3 of Activity 11 for learners to
make a graph, showing different forms of media used by teenagers.
Activity 12: Make notes about the life story of a famous Rwandan
person and compare your notes with other learners LB page 102
Encourage learners to make use of the Internet and other sources of information. You
may need to bring newspapers and magazines into the classroom for learners who
cannot source them.
Answers
Answers should be in note form with side headings and brief phrases. This activity
reinforces work completed in Unit 6. If learners have difficulty, revise Unit 6.

Section B
Activity 13: Join clauses using ‘when’ or ‘because’ LB page 102

Explain to learners how to use conjunctions to join phrases and make better sentences.
Answers
1. When the goalkeeper was a child he dreamed of becoming a professional footballer.
2. The guitarist is well liked within the music industry because he is always polite and
courteous.
3. Some people are infamous because they behave very badly.
4. The singer has become very successful because he has worked very hard to become a
good musician.
5. A leader is very important because a football team wants to win matches.
Activity 14: Research some well-known women in Rwanda LB page 104

Learners must answer the questions, based on the reading about women of influence in
Rwanda.
Answers
1. Explain to learners that this saying means that mothers have a great deal of influence
on the development of their children, and that good parenting is very important. This
could be used as a topic for debate.
2. Learners must choose one of the girls in their school or community that they consider
to be a person of influence and write a brief paragraph describing why she deserves
to be considered as such.

POORLY DONE
ERRORS COMPLETED
Research 1–3 4–7 8–10
completed
Report written 1–2 3–4 5
using ‘when’ and
‘because’
Report written 1–2 3–4 5
with attention to
punctuation and
grammar
Content 1–3 4–7 8–10
Total marks 30

Activity 15: Research some well-known women in Rwanda LB page 105
This activity is important because it encourages learners not to be gender biased.
Encourage learners to see that women are very effective in leadership roles and also that
they are active in business.
Learners must write and evaluate their text, paying attention to the past simple tense and
to clauses that use ‘when’ or ‘because’.
This activity can be used for assessment purposes. Suggested mark allocation: 30.
Activity 16: Talk about famous people LB page 105

This is an oral activity. Encourage learners to research and find out as much as they can
about a famous Rwandan. Encourage use of the Internet if available. Learners can
research using their mobile phones to go online.
Answers
Allow time to share discussions.
Activity 17: Talk about corruption LB page 106

Corruption is a global problem. Discuss the meaning and significance of corruption and
then explain its harmful effects.
Answers
1. No. Corruption happens at many different levels.
2. Answers will vary. One possible example might be a teacher accepting a bribe to pass
a learner who failed a test.
3. Answers will vary. Examples may include being honest and fair in dealings with other
people, reporting corruption if you are aware of it.
Activity 18: Improve your vocabulary LB page 106

Learners must use their dictionary to find the meanings of the following words about
authority. They can add to their list any other words that they can think of.
Answers
1. Authoritarian: favouring complete obedience or subjection to authority.
Charismatic: full of life and inspiring people to follow.
Democratic: a system of government in which power is vested in the people, who rule
either directly or through freely elected representatives.
Inspiring: to fill with a positive influence.
Tolerant: showing willingness to allow the existence of opinions or behaviour that one
does not necessarily agree with.
Violent: using or involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or
something.
Visionary: thinking about or planning the future with imagination or wisdom.

Section B
Activity 18: Improve your vocabulary LB page 106

2. Simple: easily understood or done.
Unpretentious: not attempting to impress others with an appearance of greater
importance, talent, or culture.
Good-natured: kind, friendly, and patient.
Reserved: slow to reveal emotion or opinions.
Extrovert: an outgoing, socially confident person.
Self-centred: preoccupied with oneself and one’s affairs.
Dynamic: positive in attitude and full of energy and new ideas.
Unique: being the only one of its kind.
Answers
1. Learners must write a short paragraph explaining the qualities of a good leader. One
mark for each quality given. (4 × 1 = 4 marks)
2. a) I am going to walk because I can’t wait for the bus.
b) I am going to buy that book because it is a best-seller.
c) There will be a big fanfare of drums when the president arrives.
d) No one wanted to eat the hamburger because Eric sneezed all over it.
e) The meal has burned because I left the pot on the stove. (5 × 1 = 5 marks)
3. Learners must write a paragraph describing a famous person that they admire, and
explaining their character. One mark for choice of person and four marks for four
characteristics and reasons. (5)
4. a) She went to the cinema with me.
b) Jean-Paul passed his examination.
c) My mother made a cake for my birthday.
d) The king completed a modernisation of the army. (4 × 1 = 4 marks))
5. Answers will vary. Leaders who use authoritarian decision making make all of the
major decisions and demand compliance from the group members. Authoritarian
leaders typically make decisions on their own and tell other group members what to
do and how to do it. Leaders who use democratic decision making encourage
group discussion and believe in decision making through consensus. Democratic
leaders still make the final decision, but do so only after carefully considering what
other group members have said. (2 × 1 = 2 marks)
Total (20)

UNIT 8 Business
Key unit competency To use language learnt in the context of business.

• Recognise the use of if, unless, need to, be able to, have to,
must, the third conditional.
• List the vocabulary of entrepreneurship, costs, production,
marketing
• Describe entrepreneurship orally.
• Define business terms in speech and writing.
Assessment criteria/
• Read texts, make notes and make a summary.
learning outcomes
• Read texts about entrepreneurship, running a business, a small
business in Rwanda, or an interview with a businessperson.
• Listen to texts about entrepreneurship, running a business, a
small business in Rwanda, or an interview with a
businessperson.
• Write hypothetically about a time or incident in the past and
discuss on outcomes.
Entrepreneurship: risk, communicate, control, innovator, etc.
Costs: utilities, rent, overheads, sale, etc.
Key vocabulary Production: schedule, supply, chain, production, etc.
Marketing: brand, advertise, sponsor, online, etc.
Defining: refers to, means, is defined as, involves, explains, etc.
Competencies
practised
communication skills, co-operation, mathematics
Crosscutting issues financial education, gender studies, standardisation
organisation
• local businessperson to give a talk
• pictures
Teaching materials • photographs
• dictionaries
• examples of advertisements cut from magazines
• Internet access

Section B
Businesses are very important because they drive the economy

of a country. Before commencing this unit acquaint yourself with
the business world of Rwanda. Try to find out information about
international corporations that operate in Rwanda as well as local
formal and informal businesses. If you can find pictures of
Background notes successful local entrepreneurs, put these on the wall with case
studies about them. This will encourage learners to think
positively about what they will do after school and to value the
hard work of local entrepreneurs.
Try to find a local businessperson to come and talk to learners
about how they run their business.

• Use the • Read the case • Explain • Read about • Read about
picture to study. conditional the the costs.
introduce the • Complete clauses. characteristics • Complete
lesson. Activity 1. • Complete of an Activity 5.
• Read about Activity 2. entrepreneur.
entrepreneurs • Complete
and discuss. Activities 3
and 4.
• Complete • Read about • Read about • Read about • Revise the
Activity 6 drawing up a the marketing. third
– essay. business plan. production • Complete conditional
• Complete process. Activity 9. clause.
Activity 7. • Complete • Complete
• Read about a • Complete • Complete • Revise • Assessment.
successful Activity 12. Activity 13. vocabulary.
entrepreneur. • Read about a • Read about • Complete
• Complete business that CSR. Activity 15.
Activity 11. succeeded • Complete
and a Activity 14.
business that
failed.
Homework: Complete activities, research Rwandan entrepreneurs, complete

poster, revise readings.
Section B Unit 8: Business 99

Introduce the unit
Ask learners to name some local businesses in your community and also to
think what it would be like to live without shops, banks etc. Use the picture of
Kigali at the beginning of the unit as a stimulus.

Read the case study with learners and then answer the questions.
Answers
1. Because the firm he worked for closed down and he had no job and a family to feed.
2. He worked very long hours and didn’t see his family a lot.
3. His family would have had no money.
4. Because it saved him money as he didn’t have to pay for it.
Activity 2: Complete conditional clauses LB page 111

Explain conditional clauses and the use of if’, ‘unless’, ‘need to’, ‘be able to’, ‘have to’ and
‘must’.
Answers
1. If you come this way, the principal will see you now.
2. I will be back tomorrow unless my car breaks down.
3. If I were a rich man, I would buy a new house.
4. I need to use my bike to take the produce to market.
5. If you want to go to university, you must pass your exams.
Activity 3: Describe an entrepreneur, using the third conditional

LB page 112
Read the passage on entrepreneurs and then ask learners to complete Activity 3.
Answers
2. Answers will vary; the following are examples:
• If something needs to be done, an entrepreneur knows they must do it
themselves.
• If they are not competitive entrepreneurs may not succeed.
• An entrepreneur must try and try again to be able to succeed.
• The entrepreneur must have excellent communication skills to be able to sell the
product and motivate employees.
• If an entrepreneur wants to succeed he/she needs to have a strong work ethic.

Section B
Activity 4: Discuss the characteristics of an entrepreneur LB page 112

Read the case study with learners and remind them of the characteristics of an
entrepreneur.
Answers
1. Answers will vary; however, most learners will probably agree that determination was
the most important.
2. Answers will vary. The following list is an example.
They need to be self-starters.
They need to be competitive.
They need to be determined.
They need to have good people skills.
They need to have a strong work ethic.
3. Learners must compare their lists with the rest of the class.
Activity 5: Calculate profit and loss LB page 114

Learners should understand the concept of profits and losses and the basics of
calculating a selling price.
Answers
1. RWF25
2. He would make a loss.
3. Answers will vary. Possible answers may be: The farmer can stay in business if he
brings his costs down; or the farmer cannot stay in business if he continues to sell his
fruit at a lower price that his cost price.
Activity 6: Write an essay explaining production costs LB page 114

Learners must write a short composition of about a page, explaining what production
costs are, and why it is important to be able to calculate them.
Answers
Answers will vary; this composition can be used for assessment purposes. Learners must
clearly explain fixed and variable costs, total costs, profit/loss and selling price. Suggested
mark allocation: 20.
POORLY DONE
ERRORS COMPLETED
Composition 1–3 4–7 8–10
written
Terms properly 1–2 3–4 5
explained
Use of introduction 1–2 3–4 5
and conclusion
Total marks 20

Activity 7: Summarise a business plan LB page 115
Answers
Learners must write a summary of the contents of a business plan, explaining why each
part is important. This activity revises previous work on writing a summary.
A business plan includes the following sections:
1. Cover page – Gives the name of the proposed business
2. Table of contents – states the different pages that the different sections are on
3. Description of the product – Brief overview of the product
4. Goals of the business – States the businesses goals
5. Description of who owns the business
6. Production plan
7. Marketing plan
8. Financial plan
9. Description of how the business will operate
10. Conclusion
Activity 8: Describe the production process of a baker LB page 117

Use the example of a baker to talk about production processes and then also discuss
large enterprises and explain that their production processes will be very complex.
Answers
1. Answers will vary, but the general consensus should be several hours before
breakfast.
2. There will be many different ingredients depending on the type of bread made.
Ingredients could include flour, water, eggs, milk, etc.
3. 3.00 a.m. – heat up ovens, prepare dough
3.30 a.m. – make loaves and leave to rise
4.00 a.m. – put loaves in oven and bake
5.00 a.m. – remove baked loaves from oven and leave to cool.
5.30 a.m. – load loaves into van and deliver to shops.
4. Learners must compare their timeline with the rest of the class.
5. Answers will vary, examples include:
If the baker does not get up on time, his loaves will be late in the shops; if the baker
forgets to buy enough flour and yeast he will not be able to bake bread.
Activity 9: Design a poster for a product LB page 118

Show examples of adverts to learners and analyse their effectiveness. Talk to learners
about design and wording. Learners should understand that too many words are
confusing and that catchy phrases work well.
Answers
This is a fun activity. Encourage learners to think objectively about what makes a good
advertisement. This activity can be used for assessment purposes. Suggested mark
allocation: 20.

Section B

POORLY DONE
ERRORS COMPLETED
Poster completed 1–3 4–7 8–10
neatly
Design 1–2 3–4 5
Use of good 1–2 3–4 5
wording
Total marks 20
Activity 10: Use third conditional clauses LB page 119

Revise conditional clauses with learners.
Answers
1. If I had not been sick, I would have gone to the party.
2. If it had not been raining, we could have had a picnic.
3. If I had watched the weather forecast, I would have known it was going to rain.
4. If she had not been rude, she would have said hello.
5. They would have accepted your ideas if you had explained more clearly.
Activity 11: Summarise Richard Branson’s achievements LB page 120

Learners must find out as much as they can about Richard Branson and summarise his
achievements in their exercise book. You may need to provide information if learners do
not have access to the Internet or a library.
Answers
A possible answer could be: Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson, was born 18 July 1950
and is an English businessman and investor. He is best known as the founder of the Virgin
Group, which comprises more than 400 companies. At the age of sixteen, his first
business venture was a magazine called Student. In 1970, he set up a mail-order record
business. In 1972, he opened a chain of record stores, Virgin Records, later known as
Virgin Megastores. Branson’s Virgin brand grew rapidly during the 1980s, as he set up
Virgin Atlantic Airlines and expanded the Virgin Records music label. Branson has an
estimated net worth of US $4.9 billion.
Source: Wikipedia.org

Activity 12: Talk about a Rwandan business LB page 120
Learners can use the Internet or question a local businessman/woman in their
community.
Answers
Learners must write a report of their findings to share with the rest of the class. Learners
must make use of the conditional wherever possible. Allow time to share findings with the
class.
Activity 13: Discuss the success and failure of businesses LB page 121
Learners need to be aware that becoming an entrepreneur is risky and that not all
businesses are successful. Many fail.
Answers
Learners must say why they think the one business succeeded while the other one failed.
Learners should show that they understand that Seth’s father kept a tight control on
expenditure and that without this the business failed.
Activity 14: Talking about CSR in your area LB page 122

Corporate social responsibility forms an important part of business. It is no longer
acceptable for businesses to make large profits and give nothing back to the community
in which they are situated.
Answers
This is a valuable project for learners to undertake.
1. Learners must suggest CSR projects in their area that would improve the lives of
people in their community. Suggestions could include things like helping the hungry,
helping the poor, collecting books for children to read, etc.
2. Learners must propose CSR projects that would help to protect the environment, such
as setting up a recycling project or planting more trees.
3. Allow time for learners to report their findings to the rest of the class.

Section B

Answers
Learners must use their dictionary to look up the words in the left-hand column and
match each word to its meaning in the right-hand column.
overheads ongoing business costs or fixed costs

utilities electricity, water and gas
innovator a person who introduces new methods, ideas or products
rent money paid to the owner of a building for its use
schedule a plan for carrying out a process or action
wealth valuable possessions or money
entrepreneur a person who starts a business and is willing to risk loss in order
to make money
media forms of mass communication
Answers
1. a) Production: Production is the process by which inputs (raw materials and semi-
finished products) are made into finished goods that can be bought.
b) Marketing: Marketing is about telling the public about your product, attracting
potential customers to your product, and keeping these customers as your
customer base.
c) Business plan: A business plan is a formal statement of business goals and how the
entrepreneur plans to reach these goals. (3 × 1 = 3 marks)
2. Learners must write three sentences about business using either ‘if’, ‘unless’, ‘need to’,
‘be able to’, ‘have to’ or ‘must’ sentences. Answers will vary. (3 × 1 = 3 marks)
3. a) If you had spent more time on the project, you would have made fewer mistakes.
b) If I had seen him in the office, I would have told him to call you. (4 × 1 = 4 marks)
4. Learners must briefly explain why we need entrepreneurs in Rwanda. Answers will
vary but the important thing is that learners recognise that entrepreneurs create
employment. Five sentences for one mark each. (5 × 1 = 5 marks)
5. Learners must discuss how using the characteristics of an entrepreneur could help
them in their daily life. Answers will vary but learners should recognise that
entrepreneurs share certain characteristics like determination, innovation, problem
solving, good work ethic etc. that can help them in their daily life. (5 × 1 = 5 marks)
Total (20)

SECTION C Resources
ASSESSMENT RESOURCES
TEACHER ASSESSMENT OF SPECIFIC LEARNER TASKS
Learning objectives:
Task description:
Date:
Name of learner Met Exceeded Not Comments
met
106 Section C Resources

Section C
TEACHER ASSESSMENT OF GROUP PROJECT
Project description:
Date: Met Exceeded Not met
All group members Group members all Very little interaction

participated. played a role and or group
tasks were shared. participation.
Good presentation. Excellent Incomplete work.
presentation.
Interesting work. Original and very Basic work.
interesting work.
Group members:
Group members:
Group members:
Section C Resources 107

SELF-ASSESSMENT OF GROUP WORK
Task/Project:
Group members:
Date:
Yes Yes, we did No Comment on how you could
very well improve your work.
All group members
participated in the
task/project.
All group members

were co-operative.
All group members

were respectful and
helpful.
We discussed and
negotiated
differences of
opinion.
We were democratic
in our decision-
making.

Section C
SELF- OR PEER ASSESSMENT OF GROUP WORK
Task/Project:
Group members:
Date:
Yes Yes, we did No Comment on how you could
very well improve your work.
Criterion 1
Criterion 2
Criterion 3
Criterion 4
Criterion 5
Note: Either enter the criteria in Column 1, or write in where all learners can
refer to them.

SELF-ASSESSMENT OF INDIVIDUAL TASKS
Task description:
Name of learner: Date:
I could do the task by myself and I finished quickly.
I could do the task by myself but it was difficult.
I needed a bit of help with the task.
I found this task very difficult.

Section C
COMBINED SELF-, PEER AND TEACHER ASSESSMENT OF GROUP WORK
Task description:
Group members:
Date: Name of learner:
Self-assessment
Checklist Rating
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Comment on own work:
Assessment by peers (group members)
Write names and comment on his/her work on this project in the space below.
Name:
Name:
Name:
Name:
Name:
Teacher assessment
Met: Comments
Exceeded:
Not met:

Formative assessment sheet for individual learners
Copy one of these for each learner (or create in your notebook). You can use it
to make notes when you observe something you want to remember and use the
information to guide formative assessment.
Learner __________________________________________
Date Task Comment

Glossary
A briars thorns
abbreviations shortened form of words burrowers animals that dig holes
or phrases
abundance plenty C
career an occupation or job needing
aforesaid previously mentioned
special training
afterlife life after death
career ladder job promotion
agriculture the practice of farming
cash crops crops grown for sale
allied joined to or related to
celebrities famous people, especially in
ambitions the desire and determination entertainment or sport
to achieve success in a career or activity
centralised concentrated under a single
ample plenty authority
annual happening every year charismatic having a compelling charm

that inspires devotion in others
apiculture the science of beekeeping
chronological in order of time
app software for use on a computer for a
particular purpose civilisation a society or culture living for a
particular length of time
artisans skilled people who work with
their hands closeness a feeling of shared thoughts
and ideas built on trust
assumptions things we believe without
proving commitment the promise or decision to
stick by the other person through the ups
astronomers people who study the stars and downs of the relationship
atmosphere a thin layer of gases that concise short and to the point
surrounds the Earth
condom a thin rubber sheath worn on a
attraction the physical interest that two man’s penis during sexual intercourse as a
people have in each other contraceptive or as a protection against
infection
authoritarian enforcing strict obedience
conflict fighting
B consolidation bringing separate parts
bartered goods exchanged for other into a single whole
goods and not for money
contaminate make impure
bleak charmless and inhospitable
corporations groups of companies
botany the scientific study of plants

cost of production the total amount it ecosystems relationships among living
costs to produce an item, including both organisms
fixed and variable costs
ecotourism tourism that is directed
towards encouraging people to visit exotic
D natural environments
decayed decomposed
engineering branch of science and
decline loss of strength or value technology concerned with the design,
building, and use of engines, machines
democratic an attitude or system that and structures
treats everyone equally
enhance to improve the quality of
deteriorates becomes worse something
detriment loss or damage enterprises businesses
developing countries countries that still entrepreneur a person who is willing to
need to advance economically help launch a new venture or enterprise
and accept full responsibility for the
dialogue conversation
outcome
dikes ditches or water canals
erosion gradual wearing away
dispersal the process of spreading things
essential absolutely necessary
over a wide area
evaluate to judge the quality of
distinctive a special or unique
characteristic expenditure the amount of money spent
distribution chain the sequence of experience skill gained by doing
processes involved in the distribution of a something
product
exports goods or services sold in other
diverse varied countries
duties chores that we have to do
F
E fertile able to produce a great deal
eco-friendly not harmful to the fertility rate the number of births per
environment adult female of the population
ecology the branch of biology that deals fictional made up
with the relations of organisms to one
another and to their physical surroundings field an area of expertise or study
economic related to the economy fixed costs costs that do not vary, e.g.
rent
economy to do with the production of
goods and services flints sharp stones

floral design the art of arranging flowers incursions sudden attacks or invasions
– a florist
infamous well known for a bad quality or
floriculture the study of growing action
flowering plants
informal businesses that are not
formal business that are registered registered
innovator person who comes up with

G new ideas
greenhouse gases gases like carbon
dioxide that contribute to global warming inorganic not coming from animal or
plant matter e.g. minerals
H inputs materials used in manufacturing
habitat the natural home of an animal or
inscribed written, or carved into stone
other organism
integrity honour, being morally strong
harvests periods of gathering in crops
intensive highly concentrated
herded kept or looked after livestock,
such as sheep or goats interdependent when two or more
organisms or people are dependent on
hieroglyphics picture-writing used by
each other
the Ancient Egyptians
interests activities that we like to pay
hind back
attention to
homogeneity an identical group of
inventing creating or designing
people or objects
something that did not exist before
horticulture the science and art of
growing fruit, vegetables and other plants J
humus dark-brown or black organic job description a description of the job
substance made up of decayed plant or itself, the duties and responsibilities that
animal matter the person will carry out
hypothetical based on a theory job specification a description of what is

required of the person who does the job
(qualifications, personal qualities and work
I experience)
ICT information and communications
technology L
immense very large or great lair hiding place
imports goods or services bought into a lamed unable to walk easily

country from abroad
landlocked completely surrounded by
income money received from selling land
goods or services

larvae the immature form of an insect, mwami traditional Rwandan name for a
e.g. a caterpillar king
lateral roots roots that extend out from

the main root of a plant
N
nomadic living by travelling from place to
leaden dull grey, the colour of lead place
legacy an inheritance nutrient a substance that provides
nourishment
levelled made flat
levers system of bars and pulleys used to O

move heavy loads
obligation a duty
lifelong learning learning all through
organisms any life forms
your life
linen a cloth made from flax P

literate able to read and write papyrus paper made from the papyrus
plant
M parchment paper made from papyrus
majority women representation more
per annum each year
women have been elected to parliament
than men personal qualities our own individual
qualities
manufacturing producing or making
pharaoh title of Egyptian king
marshes waterlogged land
photosynthesis the process by which
media newspapers, radio, television and
green plants use sunlight to create
magazines
nutrients from carbon dioxide and water
migration movement from one area to
polar extreme northerly and southerly
another
areas of the Earth i.e. the North or South
minimal very little Pole
moderate not too hot and not too cold politely showing good manners
monogamous having only one partner at pollination the transfer of pollen from a
a time stamen to a pistil of a flower
monotheism believing in one god polytheistic believing in many gods
motivate provide someone with a reason potential customers people who could
for doing something possibly buy your product or service
multicellular having many cells pots containers used to store food or

water
precipitation rainfall

precisely exactly respectfully with politeness and courtesy
preserving preventing decay responsibilities things we have to do,

usually as part of a job
proactive creating or controlling a
situation rather than just responding to it role models people that are looked up to
after it has happened as examples
probable something that could happen root hairs hair-like growths out of plant
but is not a definite outcome roots that absorb water and minerals
producers businesses that make, grow or rotating changing or turning

supply goods for sale
profit the difference between income
S
(money received) and expenditure (money savage very fierce, wild
paid out)
savannah open flat grasslands
prosperous doing well financially
schedule plan
pyramids large tombs built of stone, with
triangular-shaped sides scholars people who study
scientific based on the principles and

Q methods of science
qualifications accomplishments that
sector part of the economy
make a person suitable for a particular job
or task secure safe
quarries places, usually pits, from which skills abilities to do something well
stone is dug
socio-cultural a combination of social
and cultural factors
R startled surprised
ramps slopes or walkways joining two stealthily done secretly

levels
strategies plans of action
ravenously greedily
subsistence farming farming just to feed
regulated controlled the family
reign length of time that a king rules summary a brief statement of the
meaning of something
remains things left behind
supply chain the sequence of processes
rendering giving a service involved in the production of a product
replenish replace surly bad-tempered
reproduction the process by which susceptible likely to be affected by
organisms create new individuals something

system a set of actions needed to carry volcano a mountain from which molten
out a process lava, rock fragments, ashes, dust, and
gases from below the earth’s surface are
T ejected
tactics planned ways of doing something

W
talents natural aptitudes or skills wealth valuable possessions and money
tap root the main root of a plant
technique a way of carrying out a task or

skill
traditional the way it has been done for a

long time
training teaching of a particular skill
transmit to send from one place to

person to another
transpiration the process where plants

absorb water through the roots and then
give off water vapour through pores in
their leaves
tropical very hot and humid
U
unconditional something that does not
have conditions under which it will change
underworld a place where souls go after

death, according to the Ancient Egyptians
undignified unbecoming or unworthy
V
variable costs costs that increase or
decrease depending on the number of
items that are produced
visionary thinking about or planning the

future with imagination or wisdom
vocational education or training relating

to a particular practical job

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Rwanda S 4 Teacher Guide

Section B Teaching guidelines for syllabus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Section C Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

The Teacher’s Guide is divided into three sections:

Key for icons

= Individual = Pairs = Group

What is learner-centred education?

Teachers also need to reflect on their own style of teaching, to come to an

The teacher in learner-centred education

The teacher and the learner-centred learning cycle

Reflect on your Consult the syllabus

Carry out the activity

The learning cycle

The role of the learner in learner-centred education

Accommodating the different ways learners learn best

Individual work, pair work and group work

The core competencies of the new curriculum

Different cognitive levels in the curriculum

Managing larger classrooms in learner-centred education

Managing the classroom environment

Managing the social dynamics of the classroom

• Build a community in your classroom by establishing rules for reasonable

Managing the learners during the lesson

Removing barriers to learning

• Adapting the classroom so that a learner can move in a wheelchair or creating

• He or she gets confused easily.

Creating extension opportunities for learners with higher

• Results of assessment can be used to help teachers plan future teaching

Self-assessment and peer assessment in learner-centered

EDUCATION AND PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

• Discussion in groups about ability in subjects.

• Ancient Egypt: pyramid, scientific, rule, civilisation, etc.

ECOLOGY AND MATHEMATICS

Activities, conduct a survey and write a report, homework, formal

STUDY SKILLS AND WRITING

• Reading an extract from a simplified work of literature.

LEADERSHIP AND FAMOUS PEOPLE

literacy, entrepreneurship and business development, critical

Revision Revises prior knowledge

School Name: Teacher’s name: 

DESCRIPTION OF TEACHING AND

Conclusion (5 min) Assessment Knowledge:

UNIT 1 The geography of Rwanda

40 Section B Teaching guidelines for syllabus

Lesson outlines: Unit 1

Section B Unit 1: The geography of Rwanda 41

Activity 1: Discuss the location of Rwanda LB page 2

Activity 2: Write about your province  LB page 2

Activity 3: Use the present perfect tense  LB page 4

42 Section B Teaching guidelines for syllabus

Activity 4: Use the present perfect tense with ‘since’  LB page 5

Activity 5: Interpret a graph  LB page 6

Activity 6: Use the passive voice  LB page 7

Section B Unit 1: The geography of Rwanda 43

Activity 8: Practise using the passive voice  LB page 8

Activity 9: Read and understand  LB page 9

44 Section B Teaching guidelines for syllabus

School Name: Teacher’s name:

Activity 1: Discuss the location of Rwanda LB page 2

Activity 2: Write about your province LB page 2

Activity 3: Use the present perfect tense LB page 4

Activity 4: Use the present perfect tense with ‘since’ LB page 5

Activity 5: Interpret a graph LB page 6

Activity 6: Use the passive voice LB page 7

Activity 8: Practise using the passive voice LB page 8

Activity 9: Read and understand LB page 9

Activity 10: Match words and their meanings LB page 9

Activity 11: Write a leaflet for tourists LB page 10

Activity 1: What are your favourite subjects? LB page 14

Activity 2: Compare your subjects and career fields LB page16

Activity 3: Write conditional sentences LB page 16

Activity 4: Describe your ambitions LB page 17

Activity 5: Write about technical skills LB page 18

Activity 6: Do research about careers LB page 19

Activity 7: Answer comprehension questions LB page 20

Activity 9: Work with job advertisements LB page 24

Activity 10: Match words and their meanings LB page 25

Activity 10: Match words and their meanings LB page 25

Activity 11: Write a report LB page 26

Activity 12: Discuss women’s roles in Rwanda LB page 26

Activity 1: Debate about climate change LB page 30

Activity 2: Practise the simple past tense LB page 31

Activity 3: Use the past perfect tense LB page 32

Activity 5: Write sentences in the past perfect tense LB page 35

Activity 6: Change the active voice to the passive voice LB page 36

Activity 7: Write a report about the building of the pyramids LB page 38

Activity 8: Discuss the achievements of the

Activity 9: Write about the achievements of the

Activity 11: Write about life in Ancient Egypt LB page 41

Activity 12: Discuss religious tolerance LB page 41

Activity 1: Change adjectives to abstract nouns LB page 44

Activity 2: Label a diagram LB page 45

Activity 3: Understand the composition of soil LB page 46

Activity 5: Describe the process of soil erosion LB page 47