Light 6

CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
REFLECTION OF LIGHT

Regular Reflection Laws of reflection Irregular Reflection

Incident ray Formation Nature Position of Size of Lateral Magnifi

of Image of the Image the Image the image inversion cation
Point of
incidence
reflection
Real image Virtual image
Normal
to |Plane mirrors Uses Spherical mirrors
related
Reflected ray Image formation by two
inclined mirrors
Terms Concave Convex
Angle of mirrors mirrors
Image formation by two
incidence parallel mirrors pettsmiL
0
Centre of curvature
Angle of Image formation by two Radius of curvature
reflection perpendicular mirrors
Pole

Plane of Aperture
incidence
Principal axis
Plane of Focus
reflection
New cartesian sign convention for reflection

Key Equations or Formulae

R 1 1 3. m =
1. f= 2. +
f
2

Light 3
 DEFINITIONS
AND
IMPORTANT TERMS
Light lhe objects of this colourful or light world
which cnables us to see
I. Light is a formn of encrpy. of sight.
2. Luminouscnergy,
lom of
bodieswhich
are those the sensation
cusesbodies which emit their own light, C.g. suD, a burning candle Iluorescen

tube, clecre bulb. but become

bodies which do not emit their own light Visible by ligh
J. Non-luminous bodies are those C.g, a table, the moon, the carth, ctc.
objects on them,
incident from somc luminous can pass wholly or parually.
the substance througb which light
Optical medium is
4.
medium is un optieal edium which has a unitorm composition lhroughout
Homogeneous
S.
opt ical medium which has different composition al differenl points,
0. Heterogeneous medium is an
to pass through it Irccly, c.g. air, elass.o
7. Transparent nediun is that medium which allows the light
pass Ihrough it, c.g. buter
8. Translucent nedium is that medium which allows only a part of ight to
paper, ground glaSS, greascd/oily paper, paraffin wax, etc.
light to pass through it and thbrouok
9. Opaque medium is that medium which does not allow any
which othing can be seen, c.g. stone, metal, wood, etc.
placing a screen with apinhole in front
10. Point souree of light is the source of light which is obtained by
or by placing a lighted bulb inside a box having a pinhole in one of its faces, The
of alighted bulb of a pinhcad.
pinhole behaves as a point source of light. In other words, it is a source of light of the size
I. Extended souree of light is the source of light, which is sufficiently bigger than the point source of
light, e.g. abulb fluorescent tube, etc.
12. A ray of light is the path along which light ravels in a straight line outward from the source in a
given direction, the direction of travelling of light is represented by an arrow on it.
13. A beam of light (or a pencil of rays) is a group of adjacent light rays obtained from a source. he
beum of light () from adistant source such as sun is a parallel beam, (iü) from apoint source Sd
divergent beam, and (ii) coming towards a point is a convergent bcam.

Ray Parallel Divergent

beam beam
Convergent
bean
A
14. The rectilinear
careful propagation
observation of light
reveals that that the
meansbends
the light lightedges
at the travels in anobject.
of the approximate straight lineispath.
This phenomenon known
as diffraction. It is explaincd by considering the light as a wave. This effect is appreciable, ifthe size
of the obstacle in the path of light is of the order of 10 m or less than it.

Reflection of Light
mcdum.
I5. Reflection is the phenomenon of returning of light incident on a shiny surface into the Same
Relection is of two types: () Tegular reflection, and (ii) irregular
reflection. rellected
" Regular reflection: When a beam of light strikes on any polished or gets
uonlv one direction. ThS plhenonmenon is smooth surface, It
known as regular reflection.
 reflection: When a
. Irregular beam of light strikes on any surtace, it gets scattered
back in
different directions. This uneven
phenomenon known as irregular reflection.
is

Plane surface Rough surface

Regular reflection
Irregular reflection

16.
() Mirror: A highly polished, smooth reflecting surface is called mirror.
() The point of incidence is the point at which a ray of light strikes at reflecting surface.
iY An incident ray is the ray of light striking the reflecting surface.
la) Areflected ray is the ray of light returned after the reflection from a shiny surtace.
(r) Normal is the perpendicular drawn on the reflecting surface at the point of incidence.
(i) The angle of incidence is the angle, which the incident ray makes with the normal.
(v) The angle of reflection is the angle, which the reflected ray makes with the normal.
17. Laws of Reflection
(i) The incident ray, the normal at the point of incidence and the reflected ray all lie in the same
plane.
(ü) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, i.e. Zi= Zr.
N
Normal B
Cted
raw

Heflecte

7TTITIT M'
M77771TTIIIT
Point of
incidence

18. Plane mirror is a plane reflecting surface.

19. Lateral inversion is the effect noticed as the interchange of the left and right sides in the object and
the image i.e. left part of the image is formed from the right part of the object.

JAAITAJ
LATERAL \MOiaRVMI
INVERSION

M
 0 Characteristics of the Imoges Eormed by a Pair of Plane Mirrors
(a) The image is formed by a plane mirror is:
() upright, (ii) virtual,
(i) same size as the object, (iv) laterally inverted, and
(V) at the Same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of the
(b)
mirror.
When an object is placed between the two plane mirror lying parallel to each
number of images formed is infinite. other then th:
(c) When an object is placed between thetwo plane mirrors lying perpendicular to each
the number of images formed is three.
(d) If the mirror is rotated through an angle 0. the reflected ray turns through an angle
other, then
mirrors are inclined at an angle 0 with each other, the number of images formed 29. li to
or
360 will be
A )whichever is giving the odd value.
For a person, to see his full image in a mirror, the required length of the plane
half of his own height. mirror should be
21. Uses of Plane Mirror:
(a) Solar cooker,
(b) Scientific instruments,
(c) Cameras, and
(d) Constructing periscope.
Spherical Mirrors
22. A spherical mirror is a reflecting portion cut from a
polished. hollow glass sphere whose one surface is
These are of two types:
() concave mirror, and (ü) convex mirror.
" In a concave mirror, the reflection of light
takes place at bent in', concave side surface.
Concave mirror converges the light rays incident on it after
The image formed by concave mirror is real as well as
reflection.
of object at or beyond focus, i.e. u >f and virtual for virtual. The image is real for all positios
the position of the object between tocus alu
pole, i.e. for u<f.
The image formed by concave mirror can be
be diminished u> R. magnified for u<R. be of same size for u = Ade
. In a convex mirror, the
reflection of light takes place at the 'bulging out', convex side
Convex mirror diverges the light rays incident on it after surta
The image formed by convex mirror is reflection.
The image is diminished for all
always virtual for all positions of object in front O
positions of the object in front of convex mirror.
Incident ray M
Reflecting
surface

X Centre of ---X
curvature Centre of
Curvature
Incident ray
(a)
Concave mirror (b)
Convex mirror
 Apertureis Lhe surface (MN) of the mirror from
which reflection takes place.
Poleisthe mid-point Pof the mirror.
4
25. CentreofCurvature (C) is the
centre of the sphere of which the mirror is part and the radius
of
this sphere (PC) is called radius of the pa
curvature (R).
M

(a)
(b)
Principal axis is the Iine (PC) joining the pole P and the centre of curvature C.
27. Focus and Focal Length
(a) The rays of light incident parallel and close to the principal axis on a concave
mirror, arter
reflection, converge to a point F on the principal axis or appear to diverge from point F on
the principal axiS on a convex mirror. This point F is called the focus of the spherical mirror.
In case of concave (or converging) mirror it is real focus, while in case of convex (or
diverging)
mirror it is virtual focus.
(b) The distance between focus F and the pole P is called focal length represented by ).
28. Focal plane is the plane passing through its principal focus and normal to the principal axis.
29. A real image is formed by actual intersection of reflected rays. It can be obtained on the screen.
30. Avirtual image is formed by apparent intersection of reflected rays when their directions have been
produced backward. It cannot be obtained on the screen. It can be only seen, e.g. a plane mirror and
a convexX mirror form virtual images.
M

Object Object Image

Image

Real image Virtual image

L For aspherical mirror of small aperture, the focal length (f) of aRspherical mirror (concave or convex) is
half of the radius of curvature (R) of the same mirror, i.e. f = 2
dé Rules for Obtaining Images formed by Spherical (Concave or Convex) Mirrors
When an object is placed in front of a (concave or convex) mirror, the image is formed. This image
Sformed at that point where at least two reflected rays actually intersect (or appear to intersect). On
the mirror infinite rays are falling and getting reflected, but for our convenience we shall use only two
tays of light to locate the images formed by spherical mirrors. These are called rules or principles for
Obtaining images formed by spherical mirrors.
 Position and nature of image formed by a concave mirror for different positions of object.
4.
Pasition of Position of Size and nature of Ray diagram
SNo. the object the image the image
At infinity At focus (F) Diminished to a
1
point
Real and inverted

At infinity
M
2
Beyond Cor Between F Diminished
between o and C Real and inverted A
and C

M
3. At C At C Same size
A
Real and inverted

B
CB

4. Between F Beyond C or Enlarged

and C between o Real and inverted
and C

B
P

N
 M
5. At F At infinity Highly enlarged
Real and inverted

At infinity

M
6. Between F Behind the Enlarged A
and pole P mirror Virtual and erect

F B B

different positions of object.

34. Position and nature of image formed by a convex mirror for
Position of Position of Size and nature of Ray diagram
S.No. the image the image
the object
1 At infinity At F, behind Highly diminished.
A
the mirror. point-sized
Virtual and erect

B
At
infinity

Between
Between P and Diminished M
2
infinity and F, behind the Virtual and erect.
A
the pole P of mirror.
the mirror.

B BF

Sign Convention ^ Above XX

35. New Cartesian
Direction of M +vedistance
positions alongincidentlig"
have already read that image is formed at different incident light
+ vedistance
We of the mirror and sometimes behind it
Sometimes in front
positions of the object. Therefore, we need
depending uponthe sign convention to specify the position X BelowXX
-vedistance
point and
a reference
Object on

size of the object and the image and focal length of the the left
and shall follow new Cartesian sign
mirror. Here we
spherical is as
follows: Direction opposite to
convention which Y
incident light
 (i) Light incident on the mirror from the left hand side of
the mirror.
i) AlI distances are measured from the pole of the mirror taken as
origin and ax1s of Ie m
(Principal axis) lies along XX".
i ) The distances, measured in the direction of the incident light. are
taken as positive.
w) The distances, measured in adirection opposite to the incident light, arc
taken as negatve*
() Heights or distances measured upward and normal to the principal axis are taken as positive,
while downward distances are taken as negative.
#. Mirror formula for concave mirror gives the relationship between the image distance (v) from the
pole; the object distance (u) from the pole and the focal length () of a spherical mirror, i.e.
1 1 1 1 1 2
+ or ...(i)
R

When an object is placed in front of a concave mirror, its image real or virtual is formed depending
upon the position of the object.
When the object is held in front of the concave mirror between the pole P and principal
focus F of the concave mirror, the image formed is virtual, erect and magnified as shown in
figure 6of point 33. Here the relation between u, v and f will remain the same. Similarly,
for a convex mirror, the ray diagram will be as shown in figure of point 34 but the relation
(i) will be valid,
37. Linear or transverse magnification (m) is defined as the ratio of the size (or height) of the image (/)
formed by the mirror to the size (or height) of the object (0), i.e.
size of the image
Linear magnification (m) = size of the object

m =

where v = distance of the image from the mirror, and

u =distance of the object from the mirror.
object
38. According to sign convention, distance of the object from the pole will be taken negative as the
lies on the left hand side of the mirror, distance of a real image formed by a mirror is negative, while
negative,
that of a virtual image is positive. For an erect object, the size of a real, inverted image is
while that of a virtual, erect image is positive.
while the convex mirror
39. The focal length and radius of curvature of a concave mirror will be negative,
a virtual image, it will
will be positive. The magnification for a real image will be negative and for
is always
be positive. In case of a convex mirror, image formed is always virtual, hence magnification
positive.
40. Concave mirror is used:
) as a shaving mirror,
region on the table,
() in the table lamp shades to converge the light in a small
(n) by a dentist and ENT specialist, and
searchlights. For this.
(iv) as a reflector in the headlights of motor cars, railway engines, steamers and light.
the bulb is placed at the focus of the concave reflector to obtain the parallel beam of

Lighr 139
 SOLVED QUESTIONS
this colourful world or light is aform
Q1. What doyou mean by light? the objects of
which cnables us to see
Ans. Light is a form of ennergy, sight.
causes the sensation of
of energy. which cold? Electric bulb is
some light sources hot and others
the source of light. termed as a hot
Q2. Why are
light is produced in due to heating of the
filament up to a
Ans. It depends upon the way thethe heat and light are produced thermo-nuclear reactions, comes
source of light, because in it energy released
in relesed
in the sun, stars,
etc., the reactions is
high temperature and light, energy of some chemicai
light. In cold sources of
Out both as heat and etc.
light, firefly,
light only, e.g. fluorescent tube under a tree during daytime?
of light seen
Q3. Why are circular
patches
there are always small spaces, which act like pinholes. Thns
leaves of a tree, obtained due to large number
Ans. In between overlapping the sun on the ground. The images,
cach pinhole forms the image of images, which appear as oval patches of light.
and form blurred
of pinholes, overlap why?
look at the sun or solar eclipse directly with the naked eye? If not,
Q4. Can we
very strong even in an eclipse, which can damage our eves.
Ans. No. the rays coming from the sun are of the
we should use plane black glass to see the sun or the image of the sun. The image
Therefore,
pinhole.
sun can be obtained on the wall by the means of a
pinhole?
Q5. What will be the effect on the image due to a wide
hole produces its OWn image
Ans. A wide pinhole is equivalent to a large number of small holes, each small
at aslightly different place. The images overlap and result a blurred image.
Q6. What do you mean by reflection of light?
Ans. When light strikes on asmooth or polished surface, it gets reflected back in the same med1um. Ths
process is known as reflection of light.
07. What is the relation between angle of incidence and angle of reflection according to second av
reflection?

Ans. Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection.

 When is a spherical mirror said to be a concave mirror?
bent in
concave mirror is that spherical mirror, in which the reflcction of light takes place at the
A
surface.
When is a spherical mirror said to be a convex mirror?
( bulging
AConvCx
mirrOr is that spherical mirror, in which the
reflection of light takes place at the
oul surface,
Define centre of curvature of a spherical mirror.
mnirror
Ans.
The centre of curvature of aspherical mirror is the centre of the hollow sphere of which the
is a part.
Define radius of curvature of a spherical mirror.
QI1. mirror
Ans. The
radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is the radius of the hollow sphere of which the
is a part.
mirror.
012, Define pole of spherical
The centre (or middle point) of a spherical mirror is called its pole.
013, Define principal axis of a spherical mirror.
ins. The straight line passing through the centre of curvature and pole of a spherical mirror is called its
principal axis.
014. Define aperture of a spherical mirror.
Áns. The portion of a mirror from which the reflection of light actually takes place is called the aperture
of the mirror.
Q15. Define principal focus of a spherical mirror.
Ans. The principal focus of a spherical mirror is a point on its principal axis to which all the light rays
which are parallel and close to the axis converge after reflection from the concave mirror and diverge
after being reflected from the convex mirror.
Q16. Write the relation between the radius of curvature and focal length of a spherical mirror.
Radius of curvature of spherical mirror (R)
Ans. Focal length of aspherical mirror ()
Ql7. Define real image and virtual image.
Ans. The image formed by actual intersection of reflected light rays is called a real image.
The image formed byapparent intersection of reflected light rays is called a virtual image.
Q18. Write one difference between a real image and a virtual image.
AS. Real image can be obtained on the screen.
Virtual image can be seen only by looking into a mirror but cannot be received on the screen.
Q19, Name the spherical mirror which has (a) real principal focus and (b) virtual principal focus.
Ans. (a) Concave mirror, (b) Convex mirror.
20. How is an image
formed?
Ans. An image is formed at a point, where at least two reflected rays intersect (or appear to intersect),
Q21. For what position of an object, a concave mirror forms a real image equal in size to that of object?
Ans. At centre of
curvature C.
For what position of an object, a concave mirror forms an enlarged virtual image?
Ans. W
When the object is placed between the pole P and focus F.
 Q23. Where should an mirror sO as to obtain its
object be placed in front of a concave
image?
Ans. Between pole P and focus F.
magnified er

Q24. For which position of the obiect does a concave mirror produce an inverted, magnifoa
image? and rea
AnS. () At focus F, (ii) Between F and C. (ii) At C, (iv) Beyond C, and (v) At infinity.
V an object is placed at the focus of aconcave mirror, then where is the image formed?
Ans. At infinity.
Q26. If an object is at infinity in front of a concave mirror, then where is the image formed?
Ans. At focus (F).
Q27. For what position of an object real, inverted and diminished image is formed by a
mirror? concave
Ans. Beyond C.
Q28. Which type of mirror has () positive focal length, and (ii) negative focal length?
Ans. (i) Convex (ii) Concave.
Q29. State the relation between the object distance, image distance and focal length of a spherical mi
Ans.

Q30. How will you define linear magnification produced by a spherical mirror?
Ans. Linear magnification is the ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object, ie. m =
Q31. Write down a formula for the magnification produced by a concave mirror in terms of image distang
and object distance.
Ans. m =

Q32. Name the spherical mirror which can produce a real and diminished image of an object.
Ans. Concave mirror.

Q33. Which mirror always produces a virtual, erect and diminished image of an object?
Ans. Convex mirror.
034. What kind of mirror is used in automobile to see the traffic on the rear side?
Ans. Convex mirror.
Q35. Why does a driver prefer to use a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in an automobile?
Ans. Convex mirror has a wider field of view.
Q36. VWrite two uses of a concave mirror.
Ans. (i) Used as shaving mirror
(iü) Usedas reflectors in car headlights.
037. Write one use of a convex mirror.
Ans. It is used as a rear-view mirror in automobiles.
Q38. () What is the focal length of a plane mirror?
(iü) One wants to see an enlarged image of an object in a mirror. What type of mirror should one
use?
Ans. (i) Infinity
ii) Concave mirror by placing it between the focus (F) and radius of curvature (R).
039. Which spherical mirror is used by doctors as 'head mirrors?
Ans. Concave mirror.
(40. What is the unit of linear magnification?

Ans.
It has nounit.
Q41. Whatis the size of the smallest vertical plane mirror in which an observer standing erect can see
his full length image?
observer standing erect
Ans. An can see his full length image through a plane mirror of half of its length.
042. What do you mean by a source of light? Name the different types of sources.
object that gives out the light of its own is called a source of sources
Ans. An light. There are twO types of
around
of light we see us.
Notural sources of light: Sun, Stars, Fireflies, Glow-worm (Jugnu).
Man-made sources of light: Candle, bulb, oil lamp, torch, etc.
043. Differentiate between luminous and non-luminous objects. Give an example.
ins. Luminous objects are those objects which emit their own light, e.g. sun, a burning candle, fluorescent
tube, electric bulb, etc.
Non-luminous objects are those objects, which do not emit their own light but become visible by light
incident from some luminous objects on them, e.g. a table, the moon, the earth, etc.
04. If you have to measure the height of a tree without climbing it, what method will you follow? Explain.
Ans. Choose asunny day and put up a meter stick erect near the tree as shown in the figure.

Sun

Meter
stick

Shadow of the Shadow of

meter stick the tree AB

The sun is so far away from the tree and the metre stick that the lines PR and 4C are parallel. This
makes the ratio
PQ AB
QR BC

Now measure the distance BC and QR using a meter scale, so the height of the tree is calculated as
PÌ ×BC
AB =
QR
Q45. Why does a bird flying in the air not cast a shadow? Explain.
Ans. If the object is much smaller than the source of light, umbra (perfectly dark shadow) completely
vanishes. This is why, a bird flying up in the air does not cast a shadow.
Q46. What do you mean by earth-light?
ANS. Earth-light is the light of the sun reflected from the surface of earth, e.g. immediately following the
new moon day, crescent moon is observed on the western horizon, just after sunset. However, crescent
Is the portion of the moon, which is illuminated by sunlight while the rest of the moon visible faintiy
1s illuminated by light reflected from the earth, i.e. by earth-light.
 Q47. Show that the mirror is as far behind the
is in front. image of an object observed in a plane mirror as the obje
Ans. The rays OP and mirror. The
OA starting from the object, fall on the B
Idy O is normal to the mirror and hence reflects back along ro. 1 ne
meident ray OA and the reflected rav AB make equal angles with the
nOrmal AN, Two reflected ravs when produced backwards meet at /
M,rrrtT
producing a virtual image.
In AOAP andA LAP
LAOP = /AIP
Side PA is common. 2OPA = /PA = 90°
AOAP ALAP
Side OP = IP
from the mirror.
1.e. distance of the obiect from the mirror = distance of the image
spherical mirrors.
Q48. What do you mean by a spherical mirror? Name the type of
part of the hollow sphere of olh
Ans. A spherical mirror is that mirror whose reflecting surface is the(iü) convex mirror.
concave mirror, and
Ine spherical mirrors are of two types: (i)
finds that his image is having a very small head a f
Q49. A man standing in front of a special mirror, the three parts of the mirror?
body and legs of normal size. What are the shapes of
Ans. Convex, concave and plane mirror. distinguished?
is real or virtual? How can the two be
Q50. Can you tell by looking whether an image
Ans. Yes.
Virtual Image
Real Image the screen
screen is (i) The image which cannot be obtained on
(i) The image which can be obtained on the is called virtual image.
called real image. (iü) It is always erect.
(iü) It is always inverted.
the concave side of a shining spoon. Is it right side up or inverted?
Q51. A boy looks his reflection in the convex side?
looks in
What does he observe if he
Ans. Inverted, erect. and a concave
one can start a fire on a sunny day by use of the sun's rays
O52. Ramesh claimed that convex mirror?
anyone do the same thing with a
mirror How is this done? Could converge at focus., At this point, the
rays are
incident on the mirror day. Inis
Ans. In concave
mirror, sun's rays
raised up to the extent to start a fire on a sunny
temperature
focussed for a long time,
convex mnirror.
cannot be done using a and in0
and normal on aplane mirror. Draw the reflected ray
an incident ray
O53. The diagram shows incident ray and the reflected ray.
the angle between the Incident ray Normal

M |257
 Angle between the incident ray and reflected ray is 50°.
ns Normal
Incident
ray Reflected
ray

25|25
M

given three mirrors of equal identify them

s4 You
are sizeconcave, convex and plane. How will you
without touching their surfaces?
your image through:
4ns. Ifyou see
(i) Concave mirror image will be bigger in size
(ü) Convex mirror image will be smaller in size
(iü) Plane mirror
image will be of normal in size.
How does a concave mirror give a virtual image of an object? Explain with the help of a ray diagram.
055.
Ans. When an object is placed between the focus and pole of a concave mirror, an enlarged, virtual and erect
image is formed behind the mirror

F B

056. Define linear magnification produced by a mirror. Write down the formula for the magnification
produced by a concave mirror in terms of image distance and object distance.
Ans. Linear or transverse magnification (m) is defined as the ratio of the size (or height) of the image (/)
formed by the mirror to the size (or height) of the object (0), i.e.
size of the image = ,where v = distance of the image from the
Linear magnification (m) = size of the object
mirror, and u = distance of the object from the mirror.
Q57. Define the following terms:
Ray of light, beam of light, transparent bodies, translucent bodies, opaque bodies, incandescence
and fluorescence.
Ans. ) Ray of light is the path along which light travels in astraight line outward from the source in a
given direction, the direction of travelling of light is represented by an arrow on it.

Ray
(m) Beam of light (or a pencil of rays) is a group of adjacent light rays obtained from a source. The
beam of light (i) from adistant source such as sun is a parallel beam, (ü) from a point source
IS a divergent beam, and (ii) coming towards a point is a convergent beam.

Parallel
beam
V
Divergent
beam
Convergent
beam
 (iiil) through them freelv.
bodies are those which allowthe light to pass e.g. alr, glass
(iv) Transparent
Translucent bodies are those which allow only a part of light to pass
through exc
Paper, ground glass, greased/oily paper, paraffin wax, ete. them, e.g buter
(v) Opaque bodies are those which do not allow any light to pass thrOugh them and

(vi)
nothing can be seen, e.g. stone, metal, wood, etc.
Incandescence: Electric bulb has a wire inside, called the filament.
Bulb glows.
twhenhrough which
through it. This glowing bot
heated to a high temperature by passing electric currentincandescence. flament
is
Caued ncandescent and the phenomenon is termed as
(viil) Fuorescence: In fluorescent tube or in television's picture tube, electric current is passed
filament
is

gas kept in a glass tube. The glass tube is coated from inside with a
material through
like zinc
a special
etc., called fluorescent material. When electric current is passed through the gas, it gets sulphide.
and beam of invisible ravs falls on the coated tube and causes glow. This phenomenon is ionized
as fluorescence. termed
Q58. What do you mean by lateral inversion? Write the letters of English alphabet which in front of plane
mirror do not show lateral inversion.
Ans. When we look through the plane mirror, the left part of the object appears as the right part of the imans
andvice versa. This is called lateral inversion. The following letters do not show lateral invers
A, H, I, M, O, I,U, V, W, X, Y.
Q59. Write a few characteristics of the image seen in a plane mirror.
Ans. Characteristics of the image seen in a plane mirror:
() The image formed is erect.
(iü) The image is virtual.
(ui) The image is formned behind the mirror as far as the object is in front of it.
(iv) The image has the same size as the object.
(v) The image is laterally inverted.
Q60. Can you show the behaviour of concave and convex mirror with the help of ashining spoon?
Ans. The bent-in side of a shining spoon behaves as a concave mirror, while the backside of the sp00n
behaves as an example of a convex mirror.
Q61. Copy the following figures and complete them by drawing ray diagram.
A

(a) (b)

Ans.

(a) (b)
068. A
JLLUSTRATIVE
girl
NUMERICALS
standing in front of a mirror at a distance of 60 cm finds her
of 1.2 m from herself. What is image formed at a distance
the distance of image from the
Sol. The image formed by a plane mirror is at the mirror?
same distance behind the mirror, as the object is in
front of the mirror. Therefore, the distance of the
image from the mirror is 60 cm.
069. John standing in front of a plane mirror finds his
image at a distance of 4 m from himself. What is
the distance of John from the mirror?
Sol. Distance of John from the mirror = 4 m = 2 m.
2
Q70. A metre stick dropped a shadow of length 0.80 m in the sun. At the
same time, atree dropped à
shadow 7.2 m long. What is the height of the tree?
Sol. Let the height of the treeh metres.
Sun
Given: length of the metre stick PQ = 1 metre
Length of the shadow of metre stick QR = 0.80 P

metre, shadow of the tree BC = 7.2 metres

By ratio method, we know that Meter
stick
AB PO h
BC OR 7.2 m 0.80 m
R B
h= 7.2 = 9 metres. Shadow of the Shadow of
0.80 meter stick the tree AB
Height of the tree, h = 9metres.
 2 f an insect is sittino at a distance of 1.5 m from a mirro.
) What will be the distance between an insect and its image:
(ü) If the insect moves a distance of 0.5 mtowards the mirror, what will be the
the insect and its image?
(iü) If the insect moves a distance of 0.5 maway from the mirror, what will be the
distance between
Sol.
the insect and its image? distance between
() 3 m, as we knowthat the image is formed behind the mirror as far as the object is in
(iü) 2 m. front of it
(iiü) 4 m.
Q72. A moth at about eye level is 15 cm in front of a plane mirror; you are behind the moth 35 cm
the mirror. At what distance must you focus your eyes to see from
the image of the moth in the mirror, ie. what is the distance
ofIrmage
Moth
math
between your eyes and the apparent position of the image: 15 cm
15 cm
Sol. The distance between your eyes and apparent position ol You
the image of the moth 35 cm
d= 35 cm + 15 cmn = 50 cm
Q73. The given figure is an overhead view of two plane mirrors
inclined at an angle 9 with an object O placed between them. If you look
into the mirrors, you see multiple images of 0. If e is equal to (i) 45 (i)
60° and (iii) 90°, how many images ofO would you see?
Sol. Use n = 360 or 360 -1whichever gives odd value.
(i) 7 (ii) 5 (iiil) 3
L Ln
Q74. Suppose that you are standing in a clothing store between two mirrors fixed on two parallel wals
separated from each other by five feet and you are standing three feet from the mirror you are
facing. How far away from you willthe image of your back appear as reflected in the image of the
rear mirror?
Sol. The image of your back reflected will be 10 ft from you.
Q75. In front of a plane mirror, an object is placed at a distance of 0.5 m. If the mirror is moved avay
from the object through a distance 0.2 m, by how much distance will the image move?
Sol.

d +x

d+x
Let the object Ois placed at a distance dfrom the mirror as shown in the figure. Its image / willbe
formed at /. If the mirror is shifted from P to P', the image is formed at i.e.
II' = 01' - 01 = 2(d + ) - 2d = 2d + 2r - 2d = 2x
Here N= 0.2 m

The image will move by 2r = 2 x 0.2 m = 0.4 m

 ILLUSTRATIVE NUMERICALS
9, The image of an object placed at a
distance of 60 cm. On the principal axis of aconcave mirror
its pole, is formed on the object itself. Find (a)
the focal length and (b) linear irom
10. An object is placed at a distance of 45 cm magnification
in front of a convex mirror of radius of
of mirror.
(a) where will the image form? curvature 10cm.
(b) find the magnification (m).
(c) what will be the nature of image real or
virtual.
11. A convex mirror forms the image of an object placed at a
distance 80 cm in front of mirror, at a
distance of 40 cm. Find the focal length of mirror.
12. An object is placed in front of a concave mirror of radius of curvature 26 cm at
a distance of
(i) 15 cm and (ü) 7 cm. Find the position and nature of the image in each case.
13. A 1.5 cm high object is placed at a distance of 32 cm from a concave mirror. The image
formed is
real, inverted and 3 cm in size. Find the focal length of the concave mirror. Also find the position of
the image formed.