Computer

Bus

Princess
Angellie Chavez
BSCS2A
It is a communication pathway that connects two (2) or
more devices or modules used for transferring data.
It consists of a set of conductors.

Each devices connected to the computer bus, in a form

of trailings or wires, transmits a bit of data (1 or 0). Thus,
the collection of wires is capable of transferring a byte
or a word at a time as a function of its width.
EXAMPLES OF
CONDUCTORS

External Cables Ribbon Cable Copper tracks in

circuit board
Archiecture of
Address bus (memory bus) – It is a
unidirectional bus that transports

System Bus memory addresses which the

processor wants to access to read or
write data.

In reality, each bus consists of

50 to 100 distinct physical lines
Data bus – It is a bidirectional bus that
divided into three (3) transfers instructions coming from or
subassemblies: going to the processor.

Control bus (command bus) – It is a

bidirectional bus that transports
orders and synchronization
signals coming from the control unit
and traveling to all other hardware
components. It also transmits
response signals from the hardware.
METHODS OF DATA
TRANSMISSION
There are two (2) kinds of data transmission methods that are
frequently used in data communication:

• Serial – It is normally used for long-distance data transfer and in

cases where the amount of data being sent is relatively small. It
ensures that the data integrity is maintained as it transmits the data
bits in a
specific order, one after another. Data bits are sent one by one in a
medium.

• Parallel – When data is sent using parallel data transmission,

multiple data bits are transmitted over multiple channels at the same
time. This implies that data can be sent faster than using serial
transmission methods.
Serial bus vs • Can transmit fewer data in

Parallel bus faster clock cycle to

achieve a higher data rate

• Requires fewer
Bus interconnecting cables (e.g.,
llel wires and fibers) and occupies
ara
P less space

•Transmits several streams of • Full-duplex – the sender can

data simultaneously along send and receive
multiple channels data simultaneously

•Widely used within integrated • Used for long-distance

circuits communication

•Half-duplex – the data is either

sent or received
Bus
• Used for a short distance
rial
Se
BUS
COMMUNICATION
PROTOCOL
A bus transfers electrical signals from
one place to another. Data travels
between the CPU and memory along
the data bus. The location (address) of
that data is carried along the address
bus.
Synchronous Data bits can be sent at any point in
time. Stop bits and start bits are used
between
Data bits are transmitted as a
data bytes to synchronize the
continuous stream in time with a
transmitter and receiver and to
master clock. The data
transmitter and receiver both operate ensure that the data is transmitted
using a synchronized clock frequency; correctly.
therefore, start bits, stop bits, and
gaps are not used. The time between sending and
receiving data bits is not constant;
This implies that data moves faster thus, gaps are used to
and timing errors are less frequent provide time between transmissions.
because the transmitter and receiver
time is synced. However, data
accuracy is highly dependent on
timing being synced correctly
between devices.

Asynchronous
Bus Arbitration
More than one (1) module may need control of the bus
(e.g., CPU and DMA controller). The I/O module may
need to read or write directly to memory, without
sending the data to the processor. The process by
which multiple requests are recognized and priority is
given to one of them is called arbitration.
Centralized o There is no central controller. Each

Arbitration module may claim the bus.

o All devices monitor all the request lines.

o In here, an arbitration circuit

receives requests from the o In a system with distributed arbitration,
contending bus masters and then each of the masters takes part in the
decides which of them is to be given arbitration
control of the bus. process.

o A single hardware device, known as

o The system lacks a specific arbiter—each
a bus controller or arbiter, is
master monitors the other masters and
responsible for allocating
time to bus.
decides
whether to continue competing for the
o The device may be part of the CPU bus or give up and wait until later.
or a separate module such as daisy-
chaining.
Distributed
Arbitration
Characteristics of
Computer Bus
• Data Sharing – All types of buses found in computer transfer data
between computer peripherals
connected to it.

• Addressing – A bus has address lines that match those of the

processor. This allows data to be sent to
or from specific memory locations.

• Power – A bus supplies power to various peripherals connected to

it.

• Timing – A bus provides a system clock signal to synchronize the

peripherals attached to it with the
rest of the system
 CHIPSET
A chipset is a component that routes data between a
computer’s buses. This enables all of the components
that make up the computer to communicate with each
other.

• Northbridge (memory controller) is in charge of controlling the

transfer of data between the processor
and the random access memory (RAM), which is why it is
located physically near the processor.

o Internal Bus (Front-Side Bus or FSB) – This allows the

processor to communicate with the
system’s central memory or the RAM.
• Southbridge (input/output controller or expansion controller)
handles communications between
peripheral devices. It is also called the ICH (I/O Controller Hub).

o Expansion Bus (Input/Output Bus) – This allows various

motherboard components (i.e., USB
or serial) to communicate with one another.
Computer Bus
Technologies
COMPUTER BUS - Small Computer Systems
TECHNOLOGIES Interface (SCSI)

- Personal Computer Memory

Previously Used Technology
Card Industry Association
(PCMCIA)
- Industry Standard
Architecture (ISA) - Peripheral Component
- Video Electronics Standards Interconnect Express (PCIe)
Association (VESA)
- Accelerated Graphics Port - Universal Serial Bus (USB)
(AGP)
- Peripheral Component
Interconnect (PCI)
Curtently Used Technology
Thank
You