SUO

%+)&,+ &%
+&
0*+$) #&

&)+#%
++
% -)* +0

)"
6
,*+

Yuchen Huang

Content copied verbatim from ECE 571 material developed by Professor Mark G. Faust @ PSU ECE

=)0
#+ ->

) #&
- .

P

 ,+# %

< &# %
&$ %+ &%#
& 

; +),+,)#
=) $ + -*>

; +#&.
=&%+ %,&,*
** %$%+>

; - &)#
=)&,)#
#&"*>

< &# %
(,%+ #
& 

< ')+&)*

< +&)
 +:#+
%
)+:#+
)** %

< &# %
#0*

; %)+ #

; )%*'&)+

; !+
%
))&)

< #0*

; +),+,)#
$&#*

; +#&.
$&#*

Q

; - &)#
$&#*

 &# %
&$ %+ &%#
& 












/

/
/



/

/


/

/
0



/

0


/

0
/



/

0


/

0
0



0

/


0

/
/



/

0


0

/
0



0

/


0

0
/



0

/


0

0
0



0

0

R

 - &)#
&#*

&%+ %,&,*
** %$%+
*++$%+*
)&,)#
#&"

&$+ $*
##
G+#&.G
*+0#




module FullAdder(S, CO, A, B, CI); module FullAdder(S, CO, A, B, CI);
input A, B, CI; input A,B,CI;
output S, CO; output reg
S, S,
CO;
CO;

assign S = A ^ B ^ CI; always @(A, B, CI) *%* + - +0
# *+

begin
assign CO = A & B | A & CI | B & CI;
endmodule S = A ^ B ^ CI;

CO = A & B | A & CI | B & CI;
end
endmodule

S

+),+,)#
&#*

module FullAdder(S, CO, A, B, CI);

input A,B,CI;
output S, CO;

wire W0, W1, W2, W3;

xor
xor1(W0, A, CI),
xor2(S, W0, B);

and
and1(W1, A, B),
and2(W2, A, CI),
and3(W3, B, CI);

or
or1(CO, W1, W2, W3);
endmodule

T

)) #
$'#$%++ &%
&
OT:
 +
 

U

)) #
$'#$%++ &%
&
OT:
 +
 

16

16

V

+ ##
++)7


(" """"" )#



6
04#


* '0$/+
"#


"
"
#


* '0$/+
#


 #



!
* $/+#

 
#




*/+
6
#



6
* +#

];- 1 ];



(6/#

7
 #

6
50)



$





 

(*+"*50+"*+"*+"*+"" )#









W

 )$+)*


(" """"" )#



6
04#

(&)#


* '0$/+
"#



"
"
#


(&)


* '0$/+
#

.(21)

(&)#


 #
%


%

!
* $/+#
%

 
#

.(43)

(&)#





*/+
6
#


)+*
+)
%*+%*
&
 % +
;
&%



6
* +#

];- 1 ];



,* %
% 
\
OT
=,#+>4
%&+)
,* %


(6/#

7
 #

6
50)

% 

\
QP4
%
%&+)
,* %
% 
\
TR




$





 

(*+"*50+"*+"*+"*+"" )#









ON

 )$+)*

"'
 7











-
55
"
!#'&

$%%




-
55
$%%
!#'&

&







-
55
&
2$&"!

%









-
55
#
&

)









-
55
$&
!5
!

"











55
'&#'&
!

8.


#$ &$
@ 
R
N
.

#$ &$
@ 
R
N
.

#$ &$
 @ 
R
G
SS
@ .

55
&'
"
"

$

! "'





"'

 "!&$"$
78.55" 
#"$&%


E70@ 7GL8-







0@ 7N8-







0 @ 7HKL88
G7-$%%-&-%-)-"8.

! "'

OO

 -%
++)3

))0*
&
%*+%*


(" """"" )#



6
04#


*  '0$/+
"
#


"
"
#


*  '0$/+
#


 #



!
*  '0$0+
#



 
*  '0$/+
(", "-""","-"" )#





 &# %
(,%+ #
& 

module JKFF(clock, j, k, q, qbar);

input clock;
input j, k;
output q, qbar;

reg q; *%* + - +0
# *+
+) )*
-#,+ &%
&
')&,)#

assign qbar = ~q; #&"

%
= %
+ *
*
'&* + -
>

&,)*
&%
%0
+$
%
*%* + - +0
# *+6

always @(posedge clock)
begin

if ({j,k} == 2'b11) %&%:#&" %
** %$%+*
]\

-#,+*
##
) +

q <= ~q;
else if ({j,k} == 2'b10) %
* *
= >
+
*$
* $,#+ &%
+ $6


q <= 1; )&)$*
,'+*
&

+)
-#,+ &%
&
##

else if ({j,k} == 2'b01)  6

q <= 0;
else
q <= q;
end
OQ

endmodule
 ')+&)*

<  +. *
&')+&)*

< ,+ &%
&')+&)*

< & #
&')+&)*

< ) +$+ 
&')+&)*

<  +
&')+&)*

< &% + &%#
=+)%)0>
&')+&)

< (,# +0
%
)#+ &%#
&')+&)*

< &%+%+ &%
%
)'# + &%

PN

  +. *
&')+&)*

')+
&%
+.&
=&%
%
*
&
>4
'&** #0
$,#+ : +
&')%*
%
')&,

$,#+ :
 +
)*,#+

')+&)
*) '+ &%
/$'#

E

E=RFNONO>
\
RFONON

H
 
=RFONNO>
H
=RFONOO>
\
RFONNO

9

=RFONNO>
9
=RFONOO>
\
RFONOO

D

=RFONNO>
D
=RFONOO>
\
RFNNON

ED


DE
 
=RFONNO>
ED
=RFONOO>
\
RFOONO

PO

 %)0
,+ &%
')+&)*

')+
&%

* %#4
'&** #0
$,#+ : +
&')%
%
')&,

* %#
 +
)*,#+

')+&)
*) '+ &%
/$'#

H
 


H=RFONOO>
\
OFN

EH
 
EH=RFONOO>
\
OFO

9




9=RFONOO>
\
OFO

E9


E9=RFONOO>
\
OFN

D




D=RFONOO>
\
OFO

ED


DE
 

ED=RFONOO>
\
OFN

PP

 & #
')+&)*

')+
&%
+.&
=&%
%
*
&
>4
/')** &%*
%
')&,

* %#
 +
)*'&%*

=O4
N4
>



0' ##0
,*
%
&% + &%#
*++$%+*5


77
T
F8
,,
7
RR
G88

')+&)
*) '+ &%
/$'#

2

2=RFNONO>
\
OFN

HH
 
=RFONNO>
HH
=RFONOO>
\
OFO

99

=RFONNO>
99
=RFONOO>
\
OFO

PQ

 &)+: ), +
-#,+ &%

&$
&')+&)*
=HH4
994
35>
,*
*&)+: ), +
-#,+ &%
;
*&$
&
+
&')%*
$0

%&+

-#,+

+ )
-#,
*
%&+
)(, )
+&
+)$ %
+
 %#
-#,
&
+

&')+ &%6




77
T
F8
,,
7
RR
G88


88


*
%&+
^
N
+
P%
&$') *&%
*
%&+
&%



 +. *
&')+&)*
)
%&+
*&)+: ), +



$
-
-
-
$%'&.



'!&"!
+'!7!#'&
*8.

1

!'!&"!



$%'&
R

,
7
6
+'!788.

PR

 ) +$+ 
')+&)*

')+&)
*) '+ &%
/$'#

[
 + &%

:
,+)+ &%

C
,#+ '# + &%

8
 - * &%

Z
&,#,*

CC
/'&%%+ + &%

PS

  +
')+&)*

')+&)
*) '+ &%
/$'#

^^
& #
 +
 +
 +
) +4
 ##
-+
 +*
. +
N

]]
& #
 +
+
 +
#+4
 ##
-+
 +*
. +
N

^^^
) +$+ 
 +
 +
 +
) +4
 ##
-+
 +*
. +
N


#+:%
&')%
*
,%* %4

. +
&' *
&


#+:%

&')%*
*
* %6

]]]
) +$+ 
 +
+
 +
#+4
 ##
-+
 +*
. +
N

PT

 &% + &%#
')+&)

 $ #)
+&
+
+)%)0
&')+&)
%
5


&% + &%) +
3
/')** &%
5
/')** &%



-#,+*
&% + &%) +
%

+),4
)+,)%*
+
-#,
&
+
 )*+
/')** &%

=. +&,+
-#,+ %
+
*&%
/')** &%>4

#*
)+,)%*
+
-#,
&
+
*&%

/')** &%
=. +&,+
-#,+ %
+
 )*+
/')** &%>6

')+&)
*) '+ &%
/$'#

35
&% + &%#
. )
?OS5N@
,*
\
%#
3
+
5
OTF1

#$!&7B
(
P
$!P%B-$!%-
7$!%3RG8
4
B%B
/
B
B
8

PU

 &# %
  )+ &%#
 %#*

4096˜ 16
RAM

data
addr
rw
en
) +

,+
)**
&%
)
# %*4
+
&%
+
# %*4
*+
).
+&
O4
%
+&
N6

) +
&,)*
&%

%/+
) * %
#&"
6





,+
)**
&%
)
# %*4
&% ' F+
) -
+
# %*4
*+
).
+&
N4
%
+&
O6


*

*0%)&%&,*6




%
*
N4
+
*
+) :*++

PV

(,# +0
%
#+ &%#
')+&)*

')+&)
*) '+ &%
/$'#

]
**
+%

=
]
>

^
)+)
+%

=
^
>

]\
**
+%
&)
(,#

=
]\
>

^\
)+)
+%
&)
(,#

=
^\
>

\\
(,#
+&

=
\\
>

2\
&+
(,#
+&

=
2\
>

\\\
(,#
%#, %
/
%
1

=
\\\
>

2\\
&+
(,#
%#, %
/
%
1

=
2\\
>

QO

&%+%+ &%
%
'# + &%

')+&)*

')+&)
*) '+ &%
/$'#

AB
&%+%+ &%
AOFN4
.&)?OR5N@B

AABB
'# + &%
AV
A
PFNOBB

QP

 (,# +0
')+&)
&+2


\\
%
2\
&')+&)*
)+,)%
,%"%&.%
=% +)
+),
%&)
#*>

 +)
&
+ )

&')%*
&%+ %*


&)
6



&$$&%
')&#$
) **
%
+*+%*5



"'
7!#'&
-
"'&#'&
8.

;
'
)$

%
&$
!($
"$
"!+
%" & %
%%!

('
<

! "'



"'
%&.


F7-
8.

1


7
3R
*#&'8


!


D%#+7B$$"$/
'!*#&
$%'&000?!B.


$$"$"'!
R
G.


!

000


73$$"$"'!8


D%#+7B"!$&'&"!%/
%!
)"$%3?!B

! "'


QQ

 &% + &%#
')+&)
&+2

-#,+*
&% + &%) +
%

+),4
)+,)%*
+
-#,
&
+
 )*+
/')** &%

=. +&,+
-#,+ %
+
*&%
/')** &%>4

#*
)+,)%*
+
-#,
&
+
*&%

/')** &%
=. +&,+
-#,+ %
+
 )*+
/')** &%>6



+

&% + &%) +
*
% +)
+),
%&)
#*
=66
*
&)
&%+ %*

&)

 +*>3



%
&+
/')** &%*
)
-#,+6



(,#4
+%
+
-#,
*
)+,)%6


%&+

(,#4
+0F)
/+%
+&
+
*$
. +
%
+ )
-#,*
&$ %
 +
0
 +




  

 0 0 0


 0  0 0
%'&
R

4
'!G78
/
'!H78.

 0 0 0 0

 0 0 0 0

QR

  +. *
-*
& #
')+&)

&+2





73'8

7>'8

%&& !&.


%&& !&.

If Value is 8 bit value 8'b10101010, then !Value = 0 (FALSE)

~Value = 8'b01010101, so ~Value = 1 (TRUE)

Therefore:

if (!Value) is NOT equal to if (~Value)

QS

 &+2

$
'.
$
'.





73'8


7>'8

%&& !&.

%&& !&.

QT

 &+2

)$
9M/F:
'.
)$
9M/F:
'.





73'8


7>'8

%&& !&.

%&& !&.

2#,
*

O: +
-#,

E#,
*
%
V: +
-#,

**,$
#,
*
VFONONONON
**,$
#,
*
VFONONONON

2#,
*
N
= >
E#,
*
VFNONONONO
=>





=2#,>
*
*$
*

=#,
\\\
N>

=E#,>
*
*$
*

=#,
2\\
##
O*>

QU

 &)+: ), +
-#,+ &%
&+2

&$
&')+&)*
=HH4
994
35>
,*
*&)+: ), +
-#,+ &%
;
*&$
&
+
&')%*
$0

%&+

-#,+

+ )
-#,
*
%&+
)(, )
+&
+)$ %
+
 %#
-#,
&
+

&')+ &%6



 +. *
&')+&)*
)
%&+
*&)+: ), +



$
-
-
.
$
-
-
.




'!&"!
+'!7!#'&
*8.
'!&"!
+'!7!#'&
*8.

1
1

!'!&"!
!'!&"!





7
,
7
6
+'!7888

7
,,
7
66
+'!7888


000

000



*
N
+%
$0,%
. ##
*+ ##

##


*
N
+%
$0,%
. ##
%&+

##

QV

 ) +$+ 
&+*2

O
==
F0K
R
I0F

2I0F
==
H0F
R
O0F

9.0 ** (1/2) = 1.0, because (1/2) is considered integer operation, 1 and 2 are integer, and results
O0F
==
7G5H8
R
4
of 1/2 is also an integer which is 0, so 9.0 **(1/2) = 9.0 ** (0) = 1.0, so result is 1.0 which is a floating
point since 9.0 is a floating point.

2GI
P
J
R
2G

GI
P
2J
R
4

13 % -4 = 1 because modular always takes the sign of the 1st number.

QW

')+&)
)%

RN

RO

+&)
 +:*#+
%
')+:*#+

)** %

 +:*#+*
)**

')+ ,#)
 +
)&$

-+&)

')+:*#+*
)**
&%+ ,&,*
)%
&
 +*
)&$

-+&)







  
 







-+? 5 @

%

%+)
/')** &%*
=&%*+%+>







$
9IG/F:
MKJ .
+
*
-#,
&5




MKJ 9IG:
MKJ 9IH:



MKJ 9IF/HI:





IEEE754FP[32] = X, which is undefined

RP

 +&)
 +:*#+
%
')+:*#+

)** %

%/
')+:*#+*
)**
&%+ ,&,*
)%
&
 +*
)&$

-+&)




$
9GK/F:
")!.

$
9F/GK:
'#.


")!9 %
Q/
)&:
'#9 %
Q/
)&:

")!9 %
2/
)&:
'#9 %
2/
)&:




*
%
*
)
%+)
/')** &%*



&%

. +
*
%+)
&%*+%+
/')**

$
9IG/F:
.

$
9F/IG:
.

$
9LI/F:
)"$.

!&$
%.



9F
Q/
N:

55
9M/F:

9GK
2/N:

55
9GK/N:

9F
Q/
N:

55
9F/M:

9GK
2/N:

55
9N/GK:

)"$9N=%
Q/
N:
55
($
#$&
%&
)&
*
)&


RQ

 /')** &%
 +
#%+
&+*2

  

 +
#%+
&
/')** &%
*
*&##0
+)$ %
0
+
/')** &%

  

 +
#%+
&
/')** &%
+)$ %
0
+
/')** &%
%
+
/')** &%
&
. 
+

*

')+
=&)
/$'#
+
#+:%
* 
&
%
** %$%+>




module b;

$
9M/F:
.
reg signed [7:0] shorter;
reg [15:0] longer;

$
9GK/F:
.
reg signed [15:0] slonger;



R
JAGFGF.


initial

R
GLA.
begin

R
.
shorter = 8'b11110000;
longer = shorter;
slonger = shorter;

$display("longer = %b",longer);
A = 4'b1010 => A = 8'b00001010 $display("slonger = %b",slonger);
B = 16'hcAFE => A = 0xFE end
endmodule

RR

 /')** &%
 +
#%+
&+*2

  

 +
#%+
&
/')** &%
+)$ %
0
+
/')** &%
%
+
/')** &%
&
. 
+

*

')+
=&)
/$'#
+
#+:%
* 
&
%
** %$%+>4
*'  ##0
,) %

-#,+ &%
&
/')** &%
%+) $
)*,#+*
+"
+
* 1
&
+
#)*+
&')%
= %
*

&
** %$%+4
+ *
#*&
%#,*
+
#+:%
* >6



reg [15:0] a, b, r;


r = (a + b) >> 1; // carry bit already lost

= (a + b + 0) >> 1; // will move carry into r[15], 0 is an integer, which is 32 bit wide
r

module bitlength;
reg [3:0] a, b, c;
reg [4:0] d;

initial
begin
a = 9;
b = 8;
c = 1;
$display("answer = %b", c ? (a&b) : d);
end
endmodule
RS

 /')** &%
 +
#%+
&+*2

&%* )
+
&##&. %
&




module arith;

reg [7:0] a, b;
reg [7:0] dif;
reg [7:0] binv;
reg cd;

initial
begin

{cd, dif} = a + ~b + 1'b1;

binv = ~b;
{cd, dif} = a + binv + 1'b1;

end
endmodule

In a + ~b + 1'b1, -b has 1 sign bit and 8 bit value b, so a + ~b + 1'b1 is a 9 bit value

In a + binv + 1'b1, binv = -b which happens on 8 bit value

Therefore: RT

a + !b + 1'b1 is NOT equal to a + binv + 1'b1
  *'#0 %
-#,*

D%#+
::
# "
K.) +
,+
. +
%.# %4
/,+*
%
 
) &%

D "!&"$
::
&%#0
$&*+
)%+
##
*
+ -4
/,+*
%
 
) &%



::
&%#0
 *'#0*

&%
&)
$&)
$&% +&)
-#,*
%*

D%&$"

::
# "
K *'#0
,+
%
 
) &%



 *'#0
5/
5/
I
N


$
9I/F:
-.

 *'#0
5R
5/
I
N
!&$
.

$&% +&)
5R
5/
I
N
!&
!

*+)&
5R
5/
I
N


D "!&"$7B "!&"$
/P
/P
C
PF&B-
-
-
D& 8.



"$7RF.
SJ.
RQG8
!

 *'#0
5R
5/
I
O





D%&$"7B%&$"

/P
/P
C
PF&B-
-
-
D& 8.

 *'#0
5R
5O
I
O




D%#+7B%#+
/P
/P
C
PF&B-
-
-
D& 8.

$&% +&)
5R
5O
I
O




%78

*+)&
5R
5O
I
O






F
/

R
J.

 *'#0
5R
5O
I
P






G
/

R
G.







H
/
!
!
55
"
!"&!

 *'#0
5R
5O
I
P







I
/
;-<
R
O.

*+)&
5R
5O
I
P




!%

 *'#0
5R
5O
I
Q




D%#+7B%#+
/P
/P
C
PF&B-
-
-
D& 8.

 *'#0
5N
5W
I
Q




EG.

$&% +&)
5N
5W
I
Q


!

!
RV

*+)&
5N
5W
I
Q

  *'#0
,%+ &%*

module t;
reg a, b;

initial
begin
$monitor($time, "\tmonitor a = %0b, b = %0b",a,b);
a = 0;
#5;
a <= 1; &%:#&" %
** %$%+
/,+*
%
 
) &%

b = 1;

"\tdisplay a = %0b, b = %0b",a,b);
$display($time,
$strobe($time, "\tstrobe a = %0b, b = %0b",a,b);
end
endmodule

F
"!&"$

R
F-

R
*

K
%#+

R
F-

R
G

K
"!&"$

R
G-

R
G

K
%&$"

R
G-

R
G

RW