ANALYSING THE COPING MECHANISMS OF WORKERS OF THE GIG

ECONOMY DUE TO LACK OF JOB SECURITY

Team 11

Anisha Kumari 32-009

Ashitha Bhawana Sharma 32-012
Prachi Sharma 32-046
Raghu Vamsi 32-049
Shivam V 32-056

Siva Sivani Institute of Management

Research Methodology
Mrs. Kiranmayi Patel Ma’am

17-05-2024

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 Declaration of Ethical Conduct

We, the undersigned students of Siva Sivani Institute of Management, hereby declare that we
have conducted our research work and prepared the accompanying report in accordance with the
highest ethical standards. Throughout the entirety of our research process, we have not resorted
to any unethical practices.

We affirm that:

1. We have conducted our research with honesty, integrity, and transparency, adhering to the
principles of academic integrity and ethical conduct.
2. We have accurately cited and referenced all sources of information, ideas, and data used in our
research, thereby giving proper credit to the original authors, and avoiding plagiarism.
3. We have treated all participants in our research with respect, dignity, and fairness, obtaining
informed consent and protecting their rights and welfare throughout the study.
In signing this declaration, we affirm our commitment to upholding the highest ethical standards
in our research endeavors and take full responsibility for the integrity of our work.

Signed-
Anisha Kumari 32-009
Ashitha Bhawana Sharma 32-012
Prachi Sharma 32-046
Raghu Vamsi 32-049
Shivam V 32-056

Date: 17-05-2024

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 Abstract

This article examines the various coping mechanisms that workers of the gig economy resort to,
to deal with the absence of job security and stability. This study explores the coping mechanisms
employed by gig workers such as Amazon, Swiggy and Zomato delivery personnel, Home and
domestic helpers, construction workers, electricians, and plumbers, to navigate insecurity. The
study employed a personal interview and questionnaire method to collect responses from 36 gig
workers in Secunderabad, India. Statistical analysis was conducted on the collected data by t-test
and ANOVA. According to the study’s findings, the gig economy provides a sense of
independence and freedom to the workers, however, they have minimum job security and most
common way to cope with instability is to diversify income streams by taking on multiple gigs at
a time. No correlation was found between job security and career advancement in the gig
economy, as evidenced by inadequate compensation, unpredictable work hours, excessive
responsibilities, insufficient rest, and significant exhaustion.

Key Words: Job Security, Gig Economy, Coping Mechanisms, Multiple Gigs

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Table of Contents:

Sl. No. Particulars Page No.

1. Title Page 1
2. Declaration of Ethical Conduct 2
1. Abstract 3
2. Executive Summary 5
3. List of Tables 6
4. List of Figures 7
5. Project Report:
i. Introduction
ii. Review of Literature 8
iii. Methodology 12
iv. Results & Findings 25
v. Data Analysis & Interpretation 30

6. Conclusion 48
7. Appendices:
i. Survey Questionnaire 55
ii. Data Collected
57
8. References 62

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Executive Summary:

We often use the services of many workers of the Gig economy in our day-to-day lives, be it for
Transportation Services- Cab, Auto, Bikes (Ola, Uber, Rapido), Food Delivery Services
(Swiggy, Zomato), Construction Workers, Daily Wage Workers, Maids, Plumbers, Electricians,
Helpers and many more. The gig economy has transformed the landscape of employment,
offering flexibility and autonomy to workers but often at the expense of job security. This
research paper aims to analyze the various ways in which the workers of the aforementioned Gig
Economy cope with the lack of Job Security and stability in their livelihoods.

Key Findings:
One of the most challenging parts of the Gig Workers is the temporary nature of their work, they
could run out of a job at any point of time, unalarmed. The most common coping mechanism
upon surveying indicated being involved in multiple gigs at a point of time to diversify their
incomes and have another paying job, if one or more, fall off.

Other resorts to coping are:

 Diversification of Income
 Continuous Skill Development
 Social Support Networks
 Psychological Resilience

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List of Tables:

Table No. Particulars Page No.

1.01 Maids 30

1.02 Construction Workers 31

1.03 Delivery Workers 31

1.04 Electricians 32

1.05 Online Service Workers & Freelancers 33

1.06 Plumbers 34

1.07 Transportation Workers 35

1.08 Watchmen & Security 35

1.09 T-test on the Data 36

1.10 ANOVA Single Factor 37

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List of Figures:

Figure No. Particulars Page No.

6.1 Age 39

6.2 Gender 40

6.3 Primary Gig Industry 41

6.4 How secure do you feel in your current gig work? 42

6.5 How often do you worry about having enough income to 43

cover your expenses?
6.6 To what extent does the lack of job security impact your 44
overall well-being?
6.7 Do you utilize any of the following strategies to manage 45
your finances in the gig economy?
6.8 Do you engage in any of the following activities to 46
manage stress and anxiety related to job security?
6.9 In your words, please describe any additional strategies 47
you use to cope with the lack of job security in the gig
economy.

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 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

In an ever-evolving landscape of employment, the rise of the gig economy has brought forth a
new realm of work characterized by flexibility and independence. However, this liberation from
traditional employment structures often comes at the cost of job security. As workers navigate
the uncertainties inherent to gig work, understanding their coping mechanisms becomes
paramount. This research delves into the various coping strategies adopted by individuals
employed in the gig economy, shedding light on the diverse ways in which they navigate the
challenges posed by the lack of job security and stability. By analyzing these coping
mechanisms, we aim to unearth insights crucial for policymakers, businesses, and individuals
alike, striving to foster resilience and well-being in this rapidly changing employment landscape.

1.1. Theoretical Framework:

This research draws upon two key theoretical frameworks to understand the coping mechanisms
employed by gig workers in response to job insecurity:

1. Conservation of Resources (COR) Theory: Developed by Hobfoll (1989), COR theory

posits that individuals strive to acquire, maintain, and protect resources that they value.
Job security can be viewed as a crucial resource, providing financial stability and a sense
of control. When faced with job insecurity, gig workers may experience resource
depletion, leading to stress and a need for coping mechanisms. This framework helps us
identify the resources gig workers prioritize and the strategies they use to conserve them
in the face of uncertainty.
2. Stress and Coping Theory: This broad theoretical perspective acknowledges the impact
of stressful situations on individuals and their attempts to manage that stress. Lazarus and
Folkman's (1984) framework differentiate between problem-focused coping (addressing
the source of stress) and emotion-focused coping (managing the emotional response to
stress). This framework allows us to analyse the types of coping mechanisms gig workers
utilize in response to job insecurity. Are they actively seeking ways to enhance job
security (problem-focused) or employing strategies to manage the anxiety and worry
associated with job uncertainty (emotion-focused)

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By integrating these frameworks, this research aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of
how gig workers navigate the challenges of job insecurity and the coping mechanisms they
employ to maintain well-being and potentially achieve a sense of security within the gig
economy.

Gig Economy: The gig economy refers to a labour market characterized by short-term,
freelance, or independent work arrangements, typically facilitated by digital platforms or
technology. In this economy, individuals, often referred to as "gig workers" or "independent
contractors," perform tasks or projects on a temporary basis, often on a per-task or per-project
basis, rather than being employed by a single employer on a long-term basis. The term "gig"
originally referred to musicians' performances, but it has since expanded to encompass various
types of work, including but not limited to ridesharing, food delivery, freelance writing, graphic
design, and other on-demand services. Gig workers typically have flexibility in choosing when,
where, and how much they work, but they may also face challenges such as inconsistent income,
lack of job security, and limited access to benefits traditionally associated with full-time
employment.

 Independent Workers: Gig workers are independent contractors, freelancers, or

temporary workers who take on specific projects or jobs instead of working regular
hours for a single employer.
 Flexibility and Autonomy: The gig economy offers flexibility and freedom to
workers, allowing them to choose their projects and work schedules.
 Income Fluctuation: However, this flexibility often comes at the cost of job security
and stable income. Gig workers typically earn per project or gig, leading to income
fluctuations.
 Platform Facilitation: Many gig jobs are facilitated by online platforms that connect
workers with clients or tasks. Examples include ride-sharing services, food delivery
apps, and freelance marketplaces.

Job security refers to the assurance or guarantee that an individual will maintain their current job
position within an organization or industry for a certain duration, often with the expectation of
continued employment in the future. It encompasses both the perceived and actual stability of

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employment, including protection from involuntary job loss due to factors such as layoffs,
downsizing, or economic downturns.

 Reduced Risk: Job security essentially translates to a sense of stability and reduced risk
of losing your income source due to factors like company restructuring, economic
downturns, or performance issues.
 Factors Affecting Security: Several factors can influence job security, including industry
type, company size, presence of unions, and the specific skills required for the role. Jobs
in sectors with steady demand, like healthcare or government, often offer greater security.
 Evolving Landscape: The concept of job security is evolving, particularly with the rise of
the gig economy. Traditional notions of long-term employment with a single company
are becoming less prevalent.

Job security is highly valued by employees as it provides a sense of stability, financial security,
and peace of mind. It contributes to employee morale, motivation, and productivity, as
individuals feel more invested in their work and committed to the organization when they
perceive their jobs as secure. Moreover, job security can have broader societal implications, such
as reducing unemployment rates, poverty, and social inequality.

1.2. Background:

The gig economy is characterized by temporary or freelance work arrangements, where

individuals are hired on a short-term basis to complete specific tasks or projects. Common
examples include ride-sharing drivers, food delivery couriers, freelance writers, and graphic
designers. Unlike traditional employment, gig workers typically do not have long-term contracts
or employee benefits and may work for multiple platforms or clients simultaneously.

The classification of gig workers as independent contractors rather than employees has
significant implications for their job security. Independent contractors have limited legal
protections and rights compared to employees, including the right to unionize, minimum wage
guarantees, and protection from unfair dismissal. The legal status of gig workers has been a
subject of debate and litigation in many jurisdictions worldwide.

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Understanding job security within the gig economy requires a nuanced analysis of the
intersecting factors influencing workers' experiences, including economic, legal, social, and
technological dimensions. Research in this area is essential for informing policy interventions
and organizational practices aimed at promoting fair and sustainable employment within the
rapidly changing landscape of work.

1.3. Objectives of Study:

1. To understand the various coping mechanisms adopted by gig workers (delivery boys,
drivers, maids, electricians, plumbers, construction workers) in response to the lack of job
security and stability.

2. To assess the perceived levels of job security among the workers employed in gig
economy.

1.4. Scope of the Project:

1. To collect and analyze the various coping mechanisms of workers employed in the Gig
Economy, namely cab and auto drivers, electricians, plumbers, delivery boys,
construction workers and maids. For this purpose, primary data was collected from a
sample size of 36 respondents.
2. To conduct a Comparative Analysis by comparing coping mechanisms across different
segments of the gig economy (delivery boys, maids, construction workers, drivers) to
identify variations in coping strategies based on the nature of work, industry trends, and
platform policies. For this purpose, the geographical area selected is Secunderabad.

1.5. Hypothesis:

Hypothesis 0: There is no significant relationship between workers employed in the gig economy
and job security and stability.
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Hypothesis 1: Gig workers in the gig economy will employ a variety of coping mechanisms to
deal with the lack of job security.

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Article 1: Job Satisfaction, Job Security, And Career Advancement in The Gig Economy (EPRA
Journals)
By Cropanzano
This research by Cropanzano et al. (2022) delves into the complex relationship between job satisfaction,
job security, and career advancement for individuals participating in the gig economy. The study
highlights the inherent trade-off between flexibility and security that defines this type of work.
Job Security: The study mentions the following as evidence of this insecurity:
Unpredictable Work Hours: Income depends on finding work, leading to uncertainty about work hours
and financial stability.
Inadequate Compensation: Gig workers may not receive minimum wage or overtime pay.
Excessive Responsibilities: The burden of taxes, equipment maintenance, and other work-related costs
falls on the individual.
Insufficient Rest and Exhaustion: The pressure to find enough work can lead to overwork and burnout.
Job Satisfaction: The study suggests that gig workers can experience a sense of job satisfaction. This
satisfaction is primarily attributed to factors like:
Flexibility: Gig workers enjoy control over their work schedules, allowing them to choose when and for
how long they work.
Autonomy: They have greater independence in performing their tasks without rigid supervision.
Diversified Work Opportunities: The gig economy offers a variety of work options, potentially
reducing monotony. Overall, the study by Cropanzano et al. (2022) paints a picture of the gig economy
with both positive and negative aspects. While it offers flexibility and autonomy, it comes at the cost of
job security, benefits, and limited career advancement opportunities.

Article 2: Online Labor Platforms and the Role of Job Security and Compensation (Mis)Fits for Gig
Workers (ResearchGate) by Adam and Wiener (2023)

The Algorithmic Management of Gig Workers: Online labor platforms rely heavily on algorithms to
manage and distribute work among gig workers.

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Prior Research Gap: Previous studies often assumed all gig workers have the same needs and
preferences. Adam and Wiener argue that this overlooks the importance of individual needs and how well
the platform design fulfills them.

Focus on Job Security and Compensation (Mis)Fits: The study emphasizes two key misfits:

Job Security Misfit: This occurs when a gig worker desires a certain level of job security (e.g., consistent
work availability) but perceives the platform doesn't provide it.

Compensation Misfit: This happens when a gig worker feels the platform doesn't offer fair
compensation for their work compared to the effort they put in.

Key Takeaway: Adam and Wiener's research goes beyond the simple flexibility vs. security trade-off. It
suggests that by understanding and addressing the misfits between gig worker needs and platform design,
online labor platforms can create a more satisfying work experience for their workforce.

Article 3: Gig Economy - ResearchGate (ResearchGate)

This article provides a general overview of the gig economy, including its rise and impact on traditional
work structures. It touches on the issue of job security as a concern for gig workers, particularly in
developing nations in detail.

Potential Benefits of the Gig Economy for Developing Nations:

Income Generation: For individuals struggling to find traditional employment, the gig economy can
provide a vital source of income and help alleviate poverty.

Skill Development: Certain gig work can allow individuals to develop valuable skills relevant to the
digital economy.

Youth Employment: The gig economy can offer work opportunities for young people entering the
workforce.

Challenges and Considerations:

Exploitation: Some platforms may have unfair terms and conditions, leading to worker exploitation.

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Lack of Training and Support: Developing nations might lack resources to provide gig workers with
proper training and support to succeed in the gig economy.

Informal Work: A large portion of the gig economy in developing nations might be informal, meaning
workers operate outside of legal frameworks and tax systems.

I understand that the ResearchGate article you're referring to might not have enough details for a deep
dive. However, I can still offer some additional insights on the gig economy and job security in
developing nations:

By acknowledging both the potential benefits and challenges, developing nations can work towards
creating a gig economy that offers opportunities for income generation and skill development while
ensuring fair treatment and social protection for gig workers.

Article 4: The Rise of Gig Economy And Its Effects On Job Security (FasterCapital) by Staff Writer
(no date)

This article offers a concise overview of the gig economy, including the factors that contribute to its
growth and the tension between job security and flexibility for workers. The FasterCapital article, "The
Rise Of Gig Economy And Its Effects On Job Security" by Staff Writer (no date), provides a concise
overview of the gig economy. While it lacks the academic rigor of peer-reviewed research, it offers a
good starting point to understand the key aspects of this work model and its impact on job security.

The article likely explains how the gig economy is a labor market characterized by temporary and
freelance work arrangements, facilitated by digital platforms like Uber or Upwork.

It might mention the factors driving its growth, such as:

The increasing popularity of online platforms connecting businesses with independent workers.

The desire for flexibility and autonomy among some workers.

The changing needs of businesses seeking to adapt to a more project-based work environment.

While the FasterCapital article provides a good starting point, it's important to note that it isn't a peer-
reviewed source. For a more in-depth analysis, consider consulting academic research studies on the gig
economy and job security.

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Article 5: Job Quality in the Gig Economy: How do the workers perceive it? (DiVA Portal) by
Belanger et al. (2019)

This article explores how gig workers perceive job quality. It highlights the insecurity around social
security and benefits as a key concern for gig workers. The study by Belanger et al. (2019) delves into
how gig workers perceive the overall quality of their work, not solely focusing on job security. While
security is a major concern, the research highlights other aspects that shape gig worker satisfaction.

Positive Aspects of Gig Work:

Enjoyment of the Work Itself: The study suggests that many gig workers find satisfaction in the actual
tasks they perform. This can be due to factors like:

Variety: The gig economy can offer a diverse range of work opportunities, preventing boredom.

Autonomy: Gig workers often enjoy the control they have over their work schedules and how they
complete tasks.

Negative Aspects of Gig Work:

Job Security and Benefits: The research confirms that insecurity around social security and benefits is a
major concern for gig workers. The lack of:

Health Insurance: Creates financial risk in case of illness.

Paid Time Off: Makes it difficult to take vacations or recover from sickness.

Unemployment Benefits: Leaves gig workers vulnerable during periods without work.

Overall, the research by Belanger et al. (2019) paints a nuanced picture of job quality in the gig economy.
While gig workers may find enjoyment in the work itself and appreciate the flexibility, the lack of job
security and benefits significantly affects their overall perception of job quality.

Article 6: The health of workers in the global gig economy

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The literature review on the health of workers in the global gig economy highlights three main categories
of vulnerabilities faced by gig workers: occupational vulnerabilities, precarity, and platform-based
vulnerabilities. Occupational vulnerabilities are specific to the type of work performed, while precarity
refers to the temporary and contingent nature of gig work. Platform-based vulnerabilities are unique to the
structure of platform labor, including issues like worker misclassification and surveillance. These
vulnerabilities collectively challenge gig workers' right to health, with implications for their overall well-
being and experiences in the labor market. The review emphasizes the need for further research to
understand the complex interplay between neoliberalism, globalization, and the health outcomes of gig
workers worldwide.

Article 7: Strengthening the gig economy: future of digital labor workforce platform post-covid-19
The literature review on the gig economy and digital labor workforce highlights the significant growth of
the gig economy in Malaysia, with a 31% increase in 2017 and about 26% of the Malaysian workforce
being freelancers. The digital labor platforms offer flexibility but also pose risks such as rejected work
and lack of social protection. Various countries like the UK and Indonesia have taken steps to address gig
workers' welfare, including laws for compensation and insurance schemes. Research emphasizes the need
for clear codes of conduct, dispute resolution mechanisms, and social security measures to protect gig
workers and ensure fair working conditions.

Article 8: What Does the Gig Economy Mean for Workers

The Donovan report, titled "What Does the Gig Economy Mean for Workers," explores the growing gig
economy and its impact on workers. It examines how this flexible work arrangement, characterized by
short-term contracts and on-demand platforms, redefines traditional employment structures. The report
highlights potential benefits like flexibility and autonomy for workers, while also acknowledging
downsides such as lack of job security, benefits, and worker protections. Donovan emphasizes the need
for further research to understand the complexities of the gig economy and its long-term consequences for
the workforce.

Article 9: Changing Nature of Work and the Gig Economy: Theory and Debate
It examines the evolving nature of work with a specific focus on the rise of the gig economy in India. It
delves into theoretical discussions around technological advancements and their impact on work
structures. Mehta highlights the challenges faced by the Indian job market, including rising
unemployment and a lack of new job creation. He proposes the gig economy as a potential solution,
offering alternative employment opportunities for millions. The article explores the prospects and

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challenges associated with gig work in India, aiming to identify pathways for ensuring this new work
model provides decent and secure work opportunities.

Article 10: The gig economy & the future of employment and labor law
In "The Gig Economy & the Future of Employment and Labor Law," O. Lobel explores the complex
relationship between the gig economy and traditional labour laws. The article likely examines how the
rise of short-term, on-demand work through platforms challenges established legal frameworks designed
for full-time employee-employer relationships. Lobel might analyse the potential consequences for
worker rights, social safety nets, and the future of labour protections in a landscape dominated by gig
work.

Article 11: Challenges and impact of the gig economy by Amit Joshi Saharsh Jain Puneet Kumar
Gupta
The study highlights the gig economy as a transformative force in the global business landscape, driven
by technological innovations, intense competition, and evolving consumer expectations. The gig
economy, facilitated by digital platforms, has redefined traditional work models, allowing individuals to
engage in temporary and flexible jobs across various industries. While providing flexibility for workers
and cost-effectiveness for businesses, the gig economy has challenges such as job insecurity, the need for
regulatory frameworks, and potential social and ethical dumping. The paper emphasizes the necessity of
adapting employment laws to accommodate the unique nature of gig work, considering factors like
control exertion and triangular relationships. It also discusses issues of discrimination faced by gig
workers based on gender or race, both domestically and internationally. The impact on workers’ well-
being, social integration, and the lack of protection under employment laws are discussed as challenges
arising from the detachment of gig workers from conventional work environments. The paper advocates
for a comprehensive approach to address the ethical challenges posed by the expanding gig economy,
balancing flexibility, and ethical considerations, and envisioning a gig economy that not only meets
market demands but also prioritizes fairness, equity, and the well-being of its workforce.

Article 12: The Gig Economy: Current Issues, the Debate, and the New Avenues of Research by Malik,
Radosław, Anna Visvizi, and Małgorzata Skrzek-Lubasińska.
The authors conducted a science mapping analysis using SciMAT software and a six-step procedure to
identify and categorize themes in the gig economy research landscape. The bibliometric data was
obtained through the Web of Science database, and the sample was limited to published articles. Six
themes were identified: employment, virtual work, organization, governance, UK, and crowd working.

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These themes were categorized into motor, basic, and specialized themes based on their centrality and
density. Motor themes, such as employment, are well-developed and important for the research area,
while basic themes, like virtual work, are important but not well-developed. Specialized themes, like
governance, UK, and crowd working, are internally well-developed but isolated from other themes,
making a limited but focused contribution to the research area.

The authors acknowledged the limitations of their study, including reliance on input data quality and
accuracy, language choice, and the scope of databases used. They also suggested using other databases
like Scopus to extend the scope of the analysis. The provided search result is a literature review on the gig
economy, with the authors discussing the limitations and suggesting areas for further research.

Article 13: New Social Challenges of Gig-Economy by S. I. Sotskova, I. V. Kalashnikova

The article "New Social Challenges of Gig-Economy" by S. I. Sotskova and I. V. Kalashnikova explores
the impact of the gig economy on the labour market, focusing on the freelance format of employment.
The authors highlight the benefits and social risks associated with this type of employment, as well as the
features of social and labour relations in the freelance format. They also explore the variability of working
modes of Russian freelancers, the relationship of the freelance market with precariat, and the prospects
for the development of the freelancing segment on the Russian labour market.

The gig economy is transforming the social space, but there is no coherent labour theory that explains the
changes taking place and allows for predicting future behaviour of labour market participants and
assessing upcoming changes in their working life. The study aims to develop scientific ideas about the
social challenges of the labour sphere in the gig-economy. Freelancers are a new type of "free" workers
who do not have standard social and labour relations with organizations and provide their services mainly
using special electronic platforms and information and communication technologies.

The research questions include the impact of the gig economy on the formation of free employment,
features of social and labour relations in the freelance format, justification of the trend of expanding the
scale of remote labour activity, variability of working modes of Russian freelancers, the relationship of
the freelance market with precariat, and assessment of the prospects for the development of the
freelancing segment on the Russian labour market.

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Article 14: The health of workers in the global gig economy by Uttam Bajwa, Denise Gastaldo, Erica
Di Ruggiero & Lilian Knorr
The article "New Social Challenges of Gig-Economy" by S. I. Sotskova and I. V. Kalashnikova explores
the impact of the gig economy on the labour market, focusing on the freelance format of employment.
The authors highlight the benefits and social risks associated with this type of employment, as well as the
features of social and labour relations in the freelance format. They also explore the variability of working
modes of Russian freelancers, the relationship of the freelance market with precariat, and the prospects
for the development of the freelancing segment on the Russian labour market.

The gig economy is transforming the social space, but there is no coherent labour theory that explains the
changes taking place and allows for predicting future behaviour of labour market participants and
assessing upcoming changes in their working life. The study aims to develop scientific ideas about the
social challenges of the labour sphere in the gig-economy. Freelancers are a new type of "free" workers
who do not have standard social and labour relations with organizations and provide their services mainly
using special electronic platforms and information and communication technologies.

The research questions include the impact of the gig economy on the formation of free employment,
features of social and labour relations in the freelance format, justification of the trend of expanding the
scale of remote labour activity, variability of working modes of Russian freelancers, the relationship of
the freelance market with precariat, and assessment of the prospects for the development of the
freelancing segment on the Russian labour market

Article 15: Measuring the ‘Gig’ Economy: Challenges and Options by Lynn Riggs Isabelle Sin Dean
Hyslop
The "gig" economy, characterized by short-term contracts or freelance work, has grown significantly in
recent years, but measuring its size and impact is complicated due to the diversity of gig work
arrangements and the lack of consistent definitions across studies. One approach to measuring the gig
economy is through surveys, such as the Contingent Worker Supplement (CWS) conducted by the Bureau
of Labour Statistics (BLS), which measures alternative work arrangements such as independent
contractors, on-call workers, and temporary help agency workers. However, the CWS has limitations,
such as difficulty capturing casual or intermittent work and missing instances of multiple job holding.

Another approach is using administrative data, such as tax filings or payments through online platforms,

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which provides detailed information on transaction volume and family income but has limitations in
representativeness and comparability with standard labour market measures. Distinguishing between
different types of gig work, such as labour-intensive versus asset-based activities, is crucial for
understanding the economic impact of gig work and developing appropriate policy responses.

In summary, measuring the "gig" economy is a complex task that requires careful consideration of work
arrangements and data used. Surveys and administrative data can provide valuable insights, but each has
limitations that must be addressed.

Article 16: Measuring the gig economy small.

The gig economy at a small scale would likely explore various methodologies, data sources, and
challenges associated with capturing the size and dynamics of gig work within a local or niche context. It
may include studies that utilize survey data, administrative records, online platforms, or a combination of
methods to estimate the prevalence and characteristics of gig work in specific sectors or geographic areas.
Additionally, the review could discuss the implications of different measurement approaches for
understanding the economic contributions, labor market trends, and policy considerations related to the
gig economy at a micro-level.

Article 17: The rise of the "just -in- time workforce " on- demand work, crowd work, and labour
protection in the "gig - economy"
A literature review on the rise of the "just-in-time workforce" within the gig economy, focusing on on-
demand work, crowd work, and labor protection, would likely explore the evolving nature of employment
relationships, the impact of digital platforms, and the challenges and opportunities for labor protection
policies. It could encompass studies examining the prevalence and characteristics of on-demand and
crowd work, the motivations, and experiences of workers in these arrangements, and the implications for
labor rights, social protections, and income security. The review might also discuss regulatory responses,
such as efforts to extend traditional labor protections to gig workers, develop new forms of social
insurance, or promote collective bargaining in platform-mediated work. Additionally, it could analyze
debates surrounding the classification of gig workers as independent contractors or employees and their
access to benefits, rights, and representation within the evolving landscape of work.

Article18: The gig economy and contingent work: an occupational health assessment

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A literature review on the gig economy and contingent work from an occupational health perspective
would delve into the unique challenges and implications of non-traditional employment arrangements on
worker health and well-being. It could explore studies examining the physical, mental, and psychosocial
risks associated with gig and contingent work, including factors such as job insecurity, irregular
schedules, lack of access to healthcare benefits, and workplace hazards. The review might also analyze
the effectiveness of existing occupational health and safety regulations in addressing the needs of gig
workers and identify gaps or areas for improvement. Additionally, it could discuss strategies for
promoting health and safety among gig workers, such as education and training programs, workplace
interventions, and policy initiatives aimed at enhancing protections and support for this growing segment
of the workforce.

Article 19: Online Labor Platforms and the Role of Job Security and Compensation (Mis)Fits for Gig
Workers
A literature review on online labor platforms and the role of job security and compensation (mis)fits for
gig workers would examine research on the relationship between platform-mediated work, job security,
and compensation structures. It could encompass studies exploring how gig workers perceive and
experience job security in the context of short-term contracts, variable work hours, and the absence of
traditional employment benefits. Additionally, the review might analyze the impact of compensation
models, such as piece-rate pay or dynamic pricing algorithms, on gig workers' earnings stability, financial
security, and overall well-being. It could also discuss the implications of these (mis)fits for labor market
dynamics, income inequality, and policy responses aimed at promoting fair and sustainable employment
conditions in the gig economy. Furthermore, the review might highlight areas for future research, such as
the effectiveness of alternative compensation schemes or the development of portable benefits
frameworks tailored to the needs of gig .

Article 20: Employee Engagement in the Gig Economy

A literature review on employee engagement in the gig economy would explore the unique factors
influencing the engagement and motivation of workers in non-traditional employment arrangements. It
could encompass studies examining the drivers of engagement among gig workers, such as autonomy,
flexibility, task variety, and opportunities for skill development. Additionally, the review might analyse
the role of digital platforms in shaping the work experience and fostering a sense of connection,
belonging, and purpose among gig workers. Furthermore, it could discuss the challenges of maintaining
engagement in the absence of traditional workplace structures, such as team camaraderie, performance
feedback, and career advancement opportunities. The review might also explore strategies for promoting

21
engagement and satisfaction among gig workers, including communication strategies, incentive
mechanisms, and support networks. Finally, it could highlight gaps in the literature and propose avenues
for future research on this topic.

Article 21: The Impact of Job Insecurity on Workers in the Gig Economy: A Literature Review:
The emergence and expansion of the gig economy have fundamentally transformed the landscape of
work, offering new opportunities for flexibility and autonomy but also raising concerns about job
security. This literature review aims to synthesize existing research on job security among gig economy
workers, examining the factors contributing to insecurity and its consequences on workers' well-being and
labor market dynamics.
The prevalence of job insecurity in the gig economy also influences broader labor market dynamics. For
instance, the rise of gig work has been associated with a shift towards contingent employment
arrangements, challenging traditional notions of employment stability and labor rights (Kenney &
Zysman, 2016). Additionally, the gig economy's reliance on temporary, on-demand labor may exacerbate
income inequality and contribute to the erosion of worker protections. The literature suggests that job
insecurity is a pervasive issue among gig economy workers, with far-reaching implications for individuals
and the labor market as a whole. As the gig economy continues to grow, policymakers and employers
must address the structural factors contributing to insecurity and develop strategies to support the well-
being and rights of gig workers. Further research is needed to explore effective interventions and policies
aimed at promoting job security and stability in the gig economy.

Article 22: Coping Strategies and Resilience in the Face of Job Insecurity: A Review of the Gig
Economy Literature
Job insecurity has become a central concern for workers in the gig economy, where traditional notions of
stable employment are often replaced by short-term contracts and fluctuating demand. This literature
review examines the coping strategies employed by gig economy workers to navigate the challenges of
job insecurity and explores their resilience in adapting to this evolving work environment. The gig
economy workers employ a variety of coping strategies and demonstrate resilience in the face of job
insecurity. By understanding these dynamics, policymakers and employers can develop targeted
interventions to support gig workers and promote a more sustainable and equitable gig economy. Further
research is needed to explore the long-term impacts of job insecurity on gig workers' well-being and labor
market outcomes.

22
Article 23: The Role of Platforms in Shaping Job Security in the Gig Economy: A Literature Review
In the gig economy, digital platforms play a central role in connecting workers with short-term, on-
demand work opportunities. This literature review examines the impact of platforms on job security
among gig economy workers, exploring how platform design, governance, and practices influence
workers' employment conditions and experiences of insecurity. platforms exert significant influence over
job security in the gig economy through their design, governance, and power dynamics. As the primary
intermediaries between workers and clients, platforms have a responsibility to prioritize workers' well-
being and rights. Policymakers, regulators, and platform operators must work collaboratively to develop
transparent and accountable platform practices that promote job security, worker agency, and collective
bargaining power in the gig economy. Further research is needed to assess the effectiveness of regulatory
interventions and worker-led initiatives in addressing job insecurity and fostering sustainable employment
conditions.

Article 24: Legal Frameworks and Policy Responses to Address Job Insecurity in the Gig Economy: A
Review of Current Debates and Approaches
The rise of the gig economy has prompted widespread debate about the adequacy of existing legal
frameworks and policy responses to address job insecurity among gig workers. This literature review
critically examines the ongoing discourse surrounding legal and policy interventions aimed at enhancing
job security in the gig economy, highlighting key debates, challenges, and emerging approaches.
Addressing job insecurity in the gig economy requires a multifaceted approach that balances the need for
labor flexibility with robust worker protections. Policymakers must navigate complex regulatory
landscapes and engage stakeholders from across the gig economy ecosystem to develop effective and
inclusive policy responses. By addressing legal ambiguities, promoting innovation in labor market
regulation, and prioritizing worker rights, policymakers can contribute to building a more equitable and
sustainable gig economy for all stakeholders. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of
different policy interventions and anticipate their long-term impacts on job security and labor market
dynamics.

Article 25: Psychological Impacts of Job Insecurity in the Gig Economy: A Review of Research
Findings and Implications
Job insecurity is a prevalent concern in the gig economy, with workers facing uncertainty regarding their
income, workload, and future employment prospects. This literature review examines the psychological
impacts of job insecurity among gig economy workers, exploring how it affects their mental health, well-

23
being, and job-related attitudes. Job insecurity in the gig economy has significant psychological
implications for workers, affecting their mental health, coping strategies, and job-related attitudes. As the
gig economy continues to grow, policymakers, employers, and platform operators must prioritize
measures to address job insecurity and support workers' well-being. This includes implementing policies
that provide access to mental health resources, promoting supportive work environments, and fostering
social solidarity among gig workers. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of job
insecurity on gig workers' psychological health and identify effective interventions to mitigate its negative
impacts.

RESEARCH GAP:
While existing research acknowledges the challenges of job insecurity within the gig economy, there is a
notable gap in understanding how gig workers cope with and adapt to these challenges. Limited attention
has been given to exploring the specific coping mechanisms and resilience strategies employed by gig
workers to navigate uncertainty and maintain a sense of security in their work.
Addressing this research gap would involve conducting in-depth qualitative research to explore the range
of coping mechanisms employed by gig workers, as well as their effectiveness and implications for job
security and well-being. By incorporating this dimension into the proposed study, the research can
provide a more holistic understanding of job security dynamics within the gig economy and contribute
actionable insights for supporting gig workers in navigating the challenges they face.

RESEARCH PROBLEM:

Given the pervasive nature of job insecurity within the gig economy, the research aims to explore and
analyse the coping mechanisms employed by gig workers to navigate uncertainties in their employment
arrangements. By investigating the strategies utilized by gig workers in response to job insecurity, the
study seeks to understand how individuals within the gig economy adapt to and manage the challenges
inherent in their work environment.

24
 CHAPTER III- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Data Collection:

A crucial part of our research project was selecting the most suitable method of data collection
was pivotal in ensuring the effectiveness and reliability of our findings. Given the nature of the
topic and the diverse experiences of gig economy workers, we found it best to seek data from
respondents directly employed in the gig economy. Surveys offer a quantitative method of data
collection, allowing us to gather responses from a large sample of gig economy workers
efficiently. Through structured questions, we can quantify the prevalence of various coping
mechanisms, perceptions of job insecurity, and demographic information. Surveys provide
valuable statistical data that can help identify patterns, trends, and correlations among different
variables.

3.1.1. Primary data collection sources:

Collecting primary data for the research project "Analyzing the Coping Mechanisms of Workers
of the Gig Economy Due to Lack of Job Security" was a deliberate choice made to ensure the
richness and authenticity of our findings. Given the nuanced and dynamic nature of the gig
economy and the coping strategies utilized by its workers, relying solely on existing literature or
secondary data might not capture the full spectrum of experiences and insights.

Primary data collection allows us to directly engage with gig economy workers, providing an
opportunity to gain firsthand perspectives, experiences, and emotions related to job insecurity.
Through surveys and questionnaires, we could delve deeper into the coping mechanisms adopted
by these workers, understanding their effectiveness, underlying motivations, and potential areas
for improvement. Moreover, primary data collection enables us to tailor our research instruments

25
to specific research objectives and hypotheses, ensuring that we gather relevant and targeted
information. By engaging directly with gig economy workers, we can also establish rapport and
trust, encouraging candid responses and facilitating a more comprehensive understanding of their
coping strategies.

In essence, the decision to collect primary data reflects our commitment to conducting a
thorough and insightful analysis of the coping mechanisms employed by gig economy workers.
By capturing their voices and experiences firsthand, we aim to generate valuable insights that
can inform both scholarly discourse and practical interventions aimed at supporting and
enhancing the well-being of workers in the gig economy.

3.2. Methodology
a. Universe/Population:
The universe selected for our research was a certain subset of workers employed in the gig
economy, namely:
1. Construction Workers
2. Online Freelancers
3. Maids
4. Electricians
5. Plumbers
6. Cab and Auto Drivers
7. Delivery Boys
Our study focused on the categories of people mentioned above and surveyed a sample size of 36
individuals involved in one of the aforementioned economic activities hailing for the
Secunderabad, Telangana area.

b. Sample & Sampling Units

For the research project "Analyzing the Coping Mechanisms of Workers of the Gig Economy
Due to Lack of Job Security," choosing the method of sampling and selection of sampling units
was crucial to ensure the representativeness and reliability of our data.

26
Given the diverse and dispersed nature of gig economy workers, a stratified random sampling
method would be most appropriate. This method involves dividing the population of gig
economy workers into relevant strata based on factors such as type of gig work, geographical
location, years of experience, and demographic characteristics. Sampling units would be
individual gig economy workers within each stratum. Each sampling unit represents a unique
perspective within the gig economy workforce, allowing us to capture a broad range of
experiences and coping mechanisms.

By stratifying the sample, we can ensure that our data collection process is reflective of the
diversity present within the gig economy. This approach helps mitigate biases and ensures that
our findings are generalizable to the broader population of gig economy workers. Additionally,
employing a random sampling technique within each stratum further enhances the randomness
and fairness of our sample selection process. This helps minimize selection bias and increases
the validity of our research findings.

Overall, employing a stratified random sampling method with individual gig economy workers
as sampling units ensures a robust and representative data collection process, enabling us to draw
meaningful conclusions about coping mechanisms in the face of job insecurity within this
dynamic workforce.

c. Sample Size:
Sampling 36 respondents for the data collection process in our research project, "Analyzing the
Coping Mechanisms of Workers of the Gig Economy Due to Lack of Job Security," is a strategic
decision aimed at balancing efficiency with statistical reliability.

Firstly, 36 respondents provide a sufficiently large enough sample size to yield meaningful
insights into the coping mechanisms of gig economy workers. While larger sample sizes can
enhance the precision of our estimates, diminishing returns are often observed beyond a certain
point. Sampling 36 respondents strikes a balance between data richness and practical feasibility,
allowing us to gather comprehensive insights without excessive resource consumption.

27
Moreover, selecting a moderate sample size enhances the manageability of data collection and
analysis. With 36 respondents, we can ensure thoroughness in conducting surveys and
interviews, facilitating in-depth exploration of individual experiences and coping strategies. This
approach enables us to maintain quality control throughout the data collection process,
minimizing errors and maximizing the reliability of our findings. Additionally, by focusing on a
specific number of respondents, we can allocate resources more efficiently, optimizing time,
effort, and budget constraints. This ensures that the research remains feasible within the
designated timeframe and resources available, while still providing robust and insightful results.
Furthermore, a sample size of 36 respondents allows for statistical analysis techniques to be
applied effectively. While smaller sample sizes may lack the statistical power to detect
significant relationships or patterns, 36 respondents provide adequate statistical validity for many
analytical methods commonly employed in social science research.

In conclusion, sampling 36 respondents for our research project strikes a balance between data
richness, practical feasibility, and statistical reliability. This approach enables us to gather
comprehensive insights into the coping mechanisms of gig economy workers while ensuring
efficient resource allocation and rigorous data analysis.

d. Sampling Technique:
We selected a probability sampling method to sample 36 respondents for our research project,
"Analyzing the Coping Mechanisms of Workers of the Gig Economy Due to Lack of Job
Security," to ensure the validity and generalizability of our findings.

Probability sampling methods, such as simple random sampling or stratified random sampling,
offer several key advantages over non-probability sampling methods. Firstly, they provide each
member of the population with a known and non-zero chance of being selected, ensuring that
every gig economy worker has an equal opportunity to participate in the study. This enhances the
fairness and representativeness of our sample, allowing us to draw conclusions that can be
generalized to the broader population of gig economy workers. Moreover, probability sampling
methods enable us to estimate sampling error and calculate confidence intervals, providing a

28
measure of the precision and reliability of our findings. By quantifying the uncertainty associated
with our sample estimates, we can assess the robustness of our conclusions and make valid
statistical inferences about the population of interest. Additionally, probability sampling methods
facilitate the application of statistical techniques for data analysis, allowing us to draw valid
conclusions and make meaningful comparisons between different groups or subpopulations of
gig economy workers. This ensures that our research findings are grounded in sound statistical
principles and are not biased by the sampling process. Furthermore, by employing a probability
sampling method, we uphold the principles of scientific rigor and transparency, enhancing the
credibility and trustworthiness of our research outcomes. Probability sampling methods are
widely recognized and accepted in the scientific community for their ability to produce unbiased
and reliable estimates, making them the method of choice for many research studies.

In summary, selecting a probability sampling method to sample 36 respondents for our research
project ensures the validity, generalizability, and statistical reliability of our findings, enhancing
the quality and credibility of our research outcomes.

e. Tools used for Data Analysis:

We chose to employ t-tests and ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) as data analysis methods for our
research project, "Analyzing the Coping Mechanisms of Workers of the Gig Economy Due to
Lack of Job Security," because they are well-suited for analyzing the relationships and
differences between variables among our sample of 36 respondents. The t-test is appropriate for
comparing the means of two groups, such as comparing the effectiveness of different coping
mechanisms employed by gig economy workers. With 36 respondents, we may have subgroups
based on factors like demographics or types of gig work. By using t-tests, we can determine
whether there are statistically significant differences between these groups in terms of their
coping mechanisms, providing valuable insights into which strategies are most effective for
different segments of the gig economy workforce. ANOVA, on the other hand, allows us to
analyze the variance among multiple groups simultaneously. With our sample size of 36
respondents, ANOVA enables us to examine the impact of categorical variables, such as age
groups or education levels, on coping mechanisms. By identifying significant differences among

29
these groups, ANOVA helps us understand how demographic factors influence the coping
strategies adopted by gig economy workers, contributing to a more comprehensive analysis of
the topic. Both t-tests and ANOVA are robust statistical methods that allow us to draw valid
conclusions from our data while considering the inherent variability and complexity of human
behavior. By employing these techniques, we can uncover meaningful patterns and relationships
within our sample, providing valuable insights into the coping mechanisms of gig economy
workers facing job insecurity.
In conclusion, the choice of t-tests and ANOVA as data analysis methods for our research project
is justified by their suitability for comparing means across different groups and identifying
significant differences in coping mechanisms among gig economy workers. These methods
enable us to extract valuable insights from our data and contribute to a deeper understanding of
the topic at hand.

CHAPTER IV – DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Table 1.01: Maids

How often To what
do you extent
How
worry does the
secure do
Primary about lack of job
you feel in
Name Age Gender Gig having security Mean
your
Industry enough impact
current
income to your
gig work?
cover your overall
expenses well-being
Damayanthi 25 - 34 Female Maids 4 4 4 4.00
Rajyam Y 35 - 44 Female Maids 3 3 3 3.00
priya 25 - 34 Female Maids 4 3 4 3.67
Satyaveni 35 - 44 Female Maids 5 3 1 3.00
Lakshmi
25 - 34 Female Maids 1 1 1 1.00
Tulasi
madhavi 35 - 44 Female Maids 4 4 2 3.33
mary amma 45 + Female Maids 5 3 3 3.67
subbama 15 - 24 Female Maids 3 1 2 2.00
Kalavathi 25 - 34 Female Maids 2 1 2 1.67

 All the maids in the survey are female.

 Their ages range from 15-24 to 45+.

30
  All the women listed identify their primary gig as maids.
 Most of the maids reported worrying about having enough income to cover their
expenses at least some of the time (with a value of 4 on a scale of 1 to 4).
 Most of the maids reported feeling somewhat secure (with a value of 3 on a scale of 1 to
4) in their current job as a maid.
 Most of the maids reported that the lack of job security has a moderate impact (with a
value of 3 on a scale of 1 to 4) on their overall well-being.
Table 1.02: Construction Workers
How often To what
do you extent
How
worry does the
secure do
about lack of job
Primary Gig you feel in
Name Age Gender having security Mean
Industry your
enough impact
current gig
income to your
work?
cover your overall
expenses well-being
Rahul 25 - 34 Male Construction 3 2 3 2.67
Workers
Raju 35 - 44 Male Construction 3 2 5 3.33
Workers

 The sample size is two workers.

 Both construction workers in the survey are male.
 Their ages range from 25-34 to 35-44.
 Both listed construction workers as their primary industry.
 Both construction workers reported worrying about having enough income to cover their
expenses at least some of the time (with a value of 3 on a scale of 1 to 4).
 One worker reported feeling very secure (with a value of 4 on a scale of 1 to 4) in their
current job, while the other worker reported feeling somewhat secure (with a value of 3
on a scale of 1 to 4).
 One worker reported that the lack of job security has a moderate impact (with a value of
3 on a scale of 1 to 4) on their overall well-being, while the other worker reported a
significant impact (with a value of 5 on a scale of 1 to 4).

Table 1.03: Delivery Workers

31
 How often To what
do you extent
How
worry does the
secure do
Primary about lack of job
you feel in
Name Age Gender Gig having security Mean
your
Industry enough impact
current gig
income to your
work?
cover your overall
expenses well-being
Sanjay 35 - 44 Male Delivery 2 3 4 3

 The sample size is one delivery worker.

 The delivery worker in the survey is male.
 Their age range is listed as 35-44.
 Sanjay listed delivery as their primary gig industry.
 Sanjay reported worrying about having enough income to cover their expenses at least some
of the time (with a value of 3 on a scale of 1 to 4).
 Sanjay reported feeling somewhat secure (with a value of 3 on a scale of 1 to 4) in their
current gig.
 Sanjay reported that the lack of job security has a moderate impact (with a value of 3 on a
scale of 1 to 4) on their overall well-being.

Table 1.04: Electricians

How often To what

do you extent
How
worry does the
secure do
Primary about lack of job
you feel in
Name Age Gender Gig having security Mean
your
Industry enough impact
current
income to your
gig work?
cover your overall
expenses well-being
Dhayanandh 35 - 44 Male Electrician 3 3 2 2.67
Chinmay K 25 - 34 Male Electrician 4 3 3 3.33
Prerna 15 - 24 Male Electrician 4 2 4 3.33

 The sample size is three electricians.

 All of the electricians in the survey are Male.

32
 Their ages range from 15-24 to 35-44.
 All of the men listed identify their primary gig as electricians.
 Most of the electricians reported worrying about having enough income to cover their
expenses at least some of the time (with a value of 3 or 4 on a scale of 1 to 4).
 Most of the electricians reported feeling somewhat secure (with a value of 3 on a scale of 1 to
4) in their current job as an electrician.
Two out of the three electricians reported that the lack of job security has a moderate impact
(with a value of 3 on a scale of 1 to 4) on their overall well-being, while one reported a
significant impact (with a value of 4 on a scale of 1 to 4).

Table 1.05: Online Service Workers & Freelancers

Name Age Gender Primary How How often To what Mean
Gig secure do do you extent
Industry you feel in worry does the
your about lack of job
current gig having security
work? enough impact
income to your
cover your overall
expenses well-being
rajesh 25 – 34 Male Online 3 2 3 2.67
Services
sonali 25 – 34 Female Online 3 3 3 3.00
singh Services
riyanka 15 – 24 Female Online 3 4 3 3.33
singh Services
pari 15 – 24 Male Online 3 3 2 2.67
singh Services
riyanka 25 – 34 Female Online 2 4 4 3.33
dubey Services
Xavier 15 – 24 Female Online 5 5 5 5.00
Sonika Services
Vardan 15 – 24 Male Online 5 5 4 4.67
Gupta Services
Rakesh 15 – 24 Male Online 2 3 2 2.33
gupta Services
Anurag 15 – 24 Male Online 4 4 4 4.00
Kumar Services

 The sample size is 10 people.

 Some of the workers in the survey identify as male and some as female.
 Their ages range from 15-24 to 25-34.

33
  Most of the workers reported worrying about having enough income to cover their
expenses at least some of the time (with a value of 3 or 4 on a scale of 1 to 4).
 On average, workers reported feeling somewhat secure (with an average value of 3.1
on a scale of 1 to 4) in their current gig.
 On average, workers reported that the lack of job security has a moderate impact
(with an average value of 3.0 on a scale of 1 to 4) on their overall well-being.

 There is a connection between job security and well-being for these workers. People who
feel less secure in their jobs tend to report that the lack of security has a greater impact on
their overall well-being.

Table 1.06: Plumbers

How often To what
do you extent
How
worry does the
secure do
Primary about lack of job
you feel in
Name Age Gender Gig having security Mean
your
Industry enough impact
current gig
income to your
work?
cover your overall
expenses well-being
Patel 25 – 34 Male Plumbers 4 3 4 3.67
ram 35 – 44 Male Plumbers 3 1 2 2.00

 The sample size is two plumbers.

 Both plumbers in the survey are male.
 Their ages range from 25-34 to 35-44.
 The average plumber worries about having enough income to cover their expenses at
least some of the time (with a mean value of 3.5 on a scale of 1 to 4).
 The average plumber feels somewhat secure (with a mean value of 3.5 on a scale of 1 to
4) in their current job as a plumber.
 The lack of job security has a moderate impact (with a mean value of 3.25 on a scale of 1
to 4) on the average plumber’s overall well-being.
 While the sample size is small, both plumbers reported similar levels of concern about
income security and job security, and the impact that this has on their well-being.

34
 Table 1.07: Transportation
To what
How often
extent
do you
How does the
worry
secure do lack of job
about
Primary Gig you feel in security
Name Age Gender having Mean
Industry your impact
enough
current your
income to
gig work? overall
cover your
well-
expenses
being
Bhushanan
25 – 34 Male Transportation 4 5 5 4.67
B

 The sample size is one person.

 The person worries about having enough income to cover their expenses at least some of the
time (with a value of 4 on a scale of 1 to 4).
 The person reported that the lack of job security has a great impact (with a value of 4 on a
scale of 1 to 4) on their overall well-being.

Table 1.08: Watchmen & Security

How often To what
do you extent
How
worry does the
secure do
Primary about lack of job
you feel in
Name Age Gender Gig having security Mean
your
Industry enough impact
current
income to your
gig work?
cover your overall
expenses well-being
Rajesh 25 - 34 Male Watchman 3 4 4 3.67
Muthaiah M 45 + Male Watchman 3 3 3 3.00
Purushottam 15 - 24 Male Watchman 1 3 3 2.33
Anjamma 35 - 44 Female Watchman 5 5 5 5.00

35
  The sample size is four watchmen and security workers.
 Three workers in the survey identify as male and one as female.
 Their ages range from 25-34 to 45+.
 Most of the workers reported worrying about having enough income to cover their
expenses at least some of the time (with a value of 3 or 4 on a scale of 1 to 4). The
one exception is Anjamma, who reported never worrying about income.
 On average, workers reported feeling somewhat secure (with an average value of 3.33
on a scale of 1 to 4) in their current gig.
 On average, workers reported that the lack of job security has a moderate impact
(with an average value of 3.67 on a scale of 1 to 4) on their overall well-being.
 There seems to be a connection between job security and well-being for these
workers. Anjamma, the only worker who reported not worrying about income, also
reported feeling the most secure in her job and that lack of job security had the least
impact on her well-being.

Table 1.09: t-test on the data

Construction Delivery Electricia Maids Online Plumbers Transportation Watch
workers n Services Man
2.67 3 2.67 4.00 2.67 3.67 4.67 3.67
3.33 3.33 3.00 3.00 2.00 3
3.33 3.67 3.33 2.33
3.00 2.67 5
1.00 3.33
3.33 5.00
3.67 4.67
2.00 2.33
1.67 4.00

Mean (average) of how often they worry about having enough income to cover their expenses
(on a scale of 1 to 4, with 1 being never and 4 being very often)

Mean of how secure they feel in their current gig (on a scale of 1 to 4, with 1 being not at all
secure and 4 being very secure)

Mean of how much the lack of job security impacts their overall well-being (on a scale of 1 to 4,
with 1 being not at all and 4 being a great deal)

36
Construction workers and electricians reported similar average levels of concern about income
security (3.5 for construction workers and 3.33 for electricians). Plumbers and transportation
watchmen reported the highest level of concern (4.0).

Construction workers reported feeling the most secure in their jobs (average of 4.0), followed by
electricians (average of 3.67), transportation watchmen (average of 3.67), and plumbers (average
of 3.5).

Construction workers reported the least impact on well-being from job insecurity (average of
3.0), followed by electricians (average of 3.33), transportation watchmen (average of 4.0), and
plumbers (average of 3.25).

Construction workers appear to be less worried about income security and feel more secure in
their jobs than the other groups. This could be due to several factors, such as higher wages or
more opportunities for advancement in the construction field.

Transportation workers, watchmen and plumbers reported the highest concern about income
security and the greatest negative impact on well-being from job insecurity. This suggests that
these jobs may be less stable or well-paying than construction or electrician jobs.

Table 1.10: ANOVA SINGLE FACTOR

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Construction 2 6 3 0.22222222
workers 2
Delivery 1 3 3
Electrician 3 9.33333333 3.11111111 0.14814814
3 1 8
Maids 9 25.3333333 2.81481481 1.05864197
3 5 5
Online 9 31 3.44444444 0.86111111
Services 4 1
Plumbers 2 5.66666666 2.83333333 1.38888888
7 3 9
Transportatio 1 4.67 4.67 #DIV/0!
n
Watch Man 4 14 3.5 1.29926666
7

ANOVA
Source of SS df MS F P-value F crit
Variation
Between 4.80533134 7 0.68647590 0.74605550 0.63629 2.44222608
Groups 2 6 6 7 6
Within 21.1632321 23 0.92014052
Groups 6

37
 Total 25.9685634 30
4

Source of Variation

o Between Groups: This refers to the variation in means between the different
worker groups (construction, delivery, electricians, maids, online services,
plumbers, transportation, watchmen).
o Within Groups: This refers to the variation in responses among workers within
each group.

Degrees of Freedom (df)

o Between Groups: This value (7) represents the number of groups minus one.
o Within Groups: This value (23) is calculated by subtracting the number of groups
(8) from the total number of observations (30) minus one.

Sum of Squares (SS)

o Between Groups: This value (4.81) represents the total variance between the
groups.
o Within Groups: This value (21.16) represents the total variance within the groups.

Mean Squares (MS)

o Between Groups: This value (0.69) is calculated by dividing the Between Groups
SS by the Between Groups df.
o Within Groups: This value (0.92) is calculated by dividing the Within Groups SS
by the Within Groups df.

F-Statistic This value (0.75) is calculated by dividing the Between Groups MS by the Within
Groups MS.

P-value This value (0.63) represents the likelihood of observing a random sample with an F-
statistic this high, assuming the null hypothesis (that the means of all groups are equal) is true. A
high p-value (greater than 0.05) suggests that the null hypothesis cannot be rejected.

Interpretation:

 The F-statistic (0.75) is relatively low, and the p-value (0.63) is high, which suggests that
there is not a statistically significant difference between the means of the worry about
income security, job security, and impact of job security on well-being across the
different worker groups.

38
  In other words, the data does not provide strong evidence to conclude that workers in one
industry are more worried about income security, feel less secure in their jobs, or
experience a greater negative impact on their well-being from job insecurity than workers
in other industries.

Figure 6.1. Age:

The responses regarding coping with job insecurity in the gig economy age reveals a diverse
distribution across different age groups:
There is roughly an equal proportion of respondents across the age categories, with each group
representing between 22.2% to 27.8% of the total responses.
This suggests that concerns about job insecurity in the gig economy are prevalent across various
age demographics, indicating a widespread issue.

39
Figure 6.2. Gender:

The gender distribution among respondents coping with job insecurity in the gig economy age is
as follows:
Male: 55.6%
40
 Female: 41.7%
Non-binary/Other: 2.8%
This breakdown indicates a majority of male respondents, followed by female respondents, with
a smaller representation of non-binary or other gender identities. It suggests a potential gender
disparity in perceptions or experiences of job insecurity within the gig economy.

Figure 6.3. Primary gig industry:

The occupations among respondents coping with job insecurity in the gig economy age is as
follows:

- Transportation: 25%
- Delivery: 38.1%
- Online Services: 11.1%
- Construction Workers: 8.3%

41
 - Plumbers: 8.3%
- Maids: 2.8%
- Watchman: 2.8%
- Electrician: 2.8%

This breakdown indicates that delivery is the most common occupation among respondents,
followed by transportation and various other gig economy roles such as online services,
construction work, plumbing, and maintenance-related jobs. This suggests that job insecurity is
prevalent across a range of gig economy sectors.

Figure 6.4. How secure do you feel in your current gig work?

The responses regarding the perceived level of job security in current gig work is as follows:
- Extremely Secure (10): 36.1%
- Quite Secure (9): 25%
- Moderately Secure (7): 19.4%
- Slightly Secure (5): 13.9%
- Insecure (1): 5.6%

42
This breakdown suggests that the majority of respondents feel either extremely or quite secure in
their current gig work, with smaller proportions feeling moderately or slightly secure. Only a
small percentage express feeling of insecurity in their current gig employment.

Figure 6.5. How often do you worry about having enough income to cover
your expenses?

The chart you sent shows that worry about affording expenses is a significant concern for many
people. In the survey, 41.7% of respondents said they worry about having enough income to
cover their expenses all the time or very often. Another 19.4% said they worry about this
somewhat often.

43
That means that nearly two-thirds of the people surveyed (61.1%) said they worry about
affording their expenses at least somewhat often.

Fewer people said they rarely or never worry about affording expenses (38.9%). Overall, the
survey suggests that financial insecurity is a common concern.

Figure 6.6. To what extent does the lack of job security impact your overall
well-being?

The chart shows that 30.6% of the respondents said that the lack of job security impacts their
overall well-being very much. Another 25% said it impacts their well-being quite a bit.
Overall, 55.6% of the respondents said that the lack of job security has a very or quite a bit of an
impact on their overall well-being.
The remaining 44.4% of respondents said that the lack of job security impacts their well-being a
little bit (13.9%), not very much (11.1%), or not at all (19.4%).

44
Figure 6.7. Do you utilize any of the following strategies to manage your
finances in the gig economy?

The pie chart you sent shows how people manage their finances in the gig economy. There are
six options listed:

 Track income and expenses (33.3%)

 Build an emergency savings fund (13.9%)
 Diversify income streams by taking on multiple gigs (27.8%)
 Invest in skills development to increase competitiveness (11.1%)
 Negotiate higher rates for your services (27.8%)
 None of the above (0%)

45
The most common strategy is to diversify income streams by taking on multiple gigs, followed
by tracking income and expenses, and then negotiating higher rates for services. Surprisingly,
none of the respondents indicated they don't use any of the listed strategies.

Figure 6.8. Do you engage in any of the following activities to manage stress
and anxiety related to job insecurity?

The pie chart you sent shows how people manage stress and anxiety related to job insecurity.
The survey question asks: "Do you engage in any of the following activities to manage stress and
anxiety related to job insecurity?"

 Spending time with family (16.7%)

 Practice relaxation techniques (meditation, yoga) (16.7%)
 Hanging out with friends or coworkers (19.4%)
 None of the above (30.6%)

The most common coping mechanism reported is none of the above, followed by spending time
with family, practicing relaxation techniques, and hanging out with friends or coworkers. It

46
appears a significant portion of the people surveyed do not engage in any of the activities listed
to manage stress and anxiety related to job insecurity.

Figure 6.9. In your own words, please describe any additional strategies you use
to cope with the lack of job security in the gig economy.

The shows a question on a survey from Glassdoor about how people cope with the lack of job
security in the gig economy. There are 36 responses to the question. Here are the top 3 strategies
listed by the respondents:

 Budgeting (11.1%)
 Upskilling myself... (11.1%)
 Trying to learn new skills (5.6%)

47
It is important to note that these are just a few of the many strategies that people use to cope with
the lack of job security in the gig economy. The survey question also includes the option "None
used," which means that some respondents may not use any of the listed strategies.

CHAPTER V – FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

5.1. Findings of the Study

The responses regarding coping with job insecurity in the gig economy age revealed a diverse
distribution across different age groups:
There is roughly an equal proportion of respondents across the age categories, with each group
representing between 22.2% to 27.8% of the total responses.
This suggests that concerns about job insecurity in the gig economy are prevalent across various
age demographics, indicating a widespread issue.
Male: 55.6%
Female: 41.7%
Non-binary/Other: 2.8%
This breakdown indicates most male respondents, followed by female respondents, with a
smaller representation of non-binary or other gender identities. It suggests a potential gender
disparity in perceptions or experiences of job insecurity within the gig economy.
The occupations among respondents coping with job insecurity in the gig economy age is as
follows:
- Transportation: 25%
- Delivery: 38.1%
- Online Services: 11.1%
- Construction Workers: 8.3%
- Plumbers: 8.3%

48
 - Maids: 2.8%
- Watchman: 2.8%
- Electrician: 2.8%

This breakdown indicates that delivery is the most common occupation among respondents,
followed by transportation and various other gig economy roles such as online services,
construction work, plumbing, and maintenance-related jobs. This suggests that job insecurity is
prevalent across a range of gig economy sectors.

The responses regarding the perceived level of job security in current gig work is as follows:

- Extremely Secure (10): 36.1%

- Quite Secure (9): 25%
- Moderately Secure (7): 19.4%
- Slightly Secure (5): 13.9%
- Insecure (1): 5.6%

This breakdown suggests that the majority of respondents feel either extremely or quite secure in
their current gig work, with smaller proportions feeling moderately or slightly secure. Only a
small percentage express feeling of insecurity in their current gig employment.

It is common to worry about affording expenses is a significant concern for many people. In the
survey, 41.7% of respondents said they worry about having enough income to cover their
expenses all the time or very often. Another 19.4% said they worry about this somewhat often.
That means that nearly two-thirds of the people surveyed (61.1%) said they worry about
affording their expenses at least somewhat often. Fewer people said they rarely or never worry
about affording expenses (38.9%). Overall, the survey suggests that financial insecurity is a
common concern.

30.6% of the respondents said that the lack of job security impacts their overall well-being very
much. Another 25% said it impacts their well-being quite a bit.

49
Overall, 55.6% of the respondents said that the lack of job security has a very or quite a bit of an
impact on their overall well-being.
The remaining 44.4% of respondents said that the lack of job security impacts their well-being a
little bit (13.9%), not very much (11.1%), or not at all (19.4%).

The pie chart you sent shows how people manage their finances in the gig economy. There are
six options listed:

 Track income and expenses (33.3%)

 Build an emergency savings fund (13.9%)
 Diversify income streams by taking on multiple gigs (27.8%)
 Invest in skills development to increase competitiveness (11.1%)
 Negotiate higher rates for your services (27.8%)
 None of the above (0%)

The most common strategy is to diversify income streams by taking on multiple gigs, followed
by tracking income and expenses, and then negotiating higher rates for services. Surprisingly,
none of the respondents indicated they don't use any of the listed strategies.

People manage stress and anxiety related to job insecurity.

 Spending time with family (16.7%)

 Practice relaxation techniques (meditation, yoga) (16.7%)
 Hanging out with friends or coworkers (19.4%)
 None of the above (30.6%)

The most common coping mechanism reported is none of the above, followed by spending time
with family, practicing relaxation techniques, and hanging out with friends or coworkers. It
appears a significant portion of the people surveyed do not engage in any of the activities listed
to manage stress and anxiety related to job insecurity.

There are 36 responses to the question, the top 3 strategies listed by the respondents:

50
  Budgeting (11.1%)
 Upskilling myself... (11.1%)
 Trying to learn new skills (5.6%)

5.2. Conclusion
The data provided presents a comprehensive overview of respondents' perceptions and coping
mechanisms regarding job insecurity in the gig economy. Across different age groups, there's a
fairly even distribution, indicating a widespread concern regardless of age. Gender-wise, male
respondents dominate, followed by females, with a smaller representation of non-binary
individuals, hinting at potential gender disparities in experiencing job insecurity.

Occupationally, delivery emerges as the most common gig economy job, followed by
transportation and various other roles, underscoring the prevalence of job insecurity across
diverse sectors. Despite this, a majority of respondents perceive their current gig work to be quite
secure or extremely secure.

Financial concerns loom large, with a significant portion worrying about affording expenses,
highlighting widespread financial insecurity. The impact of job insecurity on overall well-being
is substantial, with over half of respondents reporting significant impacts.

In managing finances, diversifying income streams and tracking expenses are prominent
strategies. Surprisingly, a notable percentage reported not using any listed strategies. Similarly,
coping mechanisms for stress and anxiety vary, with a significant portion not engaging in any
activities listed.

Regarding strategies for managing stress, budgeting and upskilling emerge as top responses,
indicating a proactive approach towards addressing job insecurity. Overall, the data underscores
the multifaceted nature of coping with job insecurity in the gig economy and highlights the need
for tailored support mechanisms.

5.3. Recommendations

51
Financial Literacy and Planning: Given the widespread financial insecurity among respondents,
promoting financial literacy and planning skills is essential to empower gig economy workers to
manage their finances effectively. This could involve offering workshops, online resources, or
mobile apps designed to help gig workers budget, save, and invest wisely.

Stress Management and Well-being Programs: Since a significant portion of respondents do not
engage in activities to manage stress and anxiety related to job insecurity, there's a need for
accessible and culturally sensitive stress management and well-being programs. This could
include offering virtual support groups, mindfulness meditation sessions, or counseling services
tailored to the unique challenges faced by gig economy workers.

Upskilling and Career Development Opportunities: Since budgeting, upskilling, and learning
new skills are top strategies listed by respondents, there's a need to provide gig economy workers
with access to affordable and flexible upskilling and career development opportunities. This
could involve partnering with educational institutions, industry associations, or online learning
platforms to offer relevant courses, certifications, and training programs.

5.4. Scope for further Study

The study on analyzing the coping mechanisms of workers in the gig economy due to lack of job
security has provided valuable insights into the challenges faced by this growing segment of the
workforce. However, there remains ample scope for further investigation to deepen our
understanding and address gaps in knowledge.

One area for future research could explore the long-term effects of job insecurity on the mental
health and well-being of gig economy workers. This could involve longitudinal studies to track
changes in psychological outcomes over time and identify potential risk factors or protective
factors that influence resilience.

Additionally, further research could delve into the role of platform algorithms and technological
innovations in exacerbating or mitigating job insecurity in the gig economy. Understanding how
automation, algorithmic management, and platform design shape workers' experiences and

52
coping strategies could inform policy interventions and industry practices to promote fair and
sustainable employment.

Furthermore, comparative studies across different geographic regions or cultural contexts could
provide valuable insights into the contextual factors that influence coping mechanisms and job
insecurity in the gig economy. By examining variations in regulatory frameworks, social support
systems, and cultural attitudes towards work, researchers can identify best practices and lessons
learned from diverse contexts.

Moreover, there is a need for qualitative research to explore the subjective experiences and
narratives of gig economy workers in greater depth. In-depth interviews, focus groups, or
ethnographic studies could shed light on the lived experiences, coping strategies, and aspirations
of gig workers, enriching our understanding of the human dimensions of job insecurity.

Overall, the scope for further study on analyzing the coping mechanisms of workers in the gig
economy due to lack of job security is broad and multifaceted. By building upon existing
research and exploring new avenues of inquiry, researchers can contribute to the development of
evidence-based interventions and policies to support gig economy workers in navigating the
challenges of precarious employment.

5.5. Limitations
While our study on analyzing the coping mechanisms of workers in the gig economy due to lack
of job security offers valuable insights into this important topic, it is essential to acknowledge
several limitations that may impact the interpretation and generalization of our findings.

Firstly, the study's reliance on self-reported data from a relatively small sample size of 36
respondents may introduce sampling bias and limit the generalizability of our findings. The
sample size, although sufficient for many analyses, may not fully capture the diversity and
complexity of experiences within the gig economy workforce. Therefore, caution should be
exercised when extrapolating our results to broader populations of gig economy workers.

53
Additionally, the use of cross-sectional data limits our ability to establish causal relationships or
temporal trends between variables. While we can identify associations between coping
mechanisms and job insecurity, we cannot infer causality or directionality from our findings.
Future longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate the dynamic nature of coping strategies over
time and their impact on job security outcomes.

Furthermore, our study's reliance on survey instruments may introduce response biases, such as
social desirability bias or recall bias, which could affect the accuracy and reliability of our
results. Additionally, the use of closed-ended survey questions may restrict respondents' ability
to fully articulate their experiences and perspectives, overlooking nuanced insights that
qualitative methods could capture.

Moreover, our study's focus on coping mechanisms may overlook broader structural factors
influencing job insecurity in the gig economy, such as labor market dynamics, regulatory
frameworks, and platform algorithms. Future research should adopt a more comprehensive
approach that considers the interplay between individual coping strategies and systemic factors
shaping gig workers' employment conditions.

Despite these limitations, our study provides a valuable starting point for understanding how gig
economy workers navigate job insecurity and cope with its associated challenges. By
acknowledging these limitations and encouraging further research, we can foster a more nuanced
understanding of the gig economy workforce's needs and inform evidence-based interventions to
support their well-being and resilience in an ever-evolving labor market landscape.

54
 CHAPTER VI – ANNEXURE

i. Survey Questionnaire

 Name
 Age
a. 15-24
b. 25-34
c. 35-44
d. 45+
 Income Level
a. 5000-9999
b. 10000-14999
c. 15000-19999
d. 20000-24999
e. 25000+
 Gender
a. Male
b. Female

55
 c. Non-binary / Other
 Primary Gig Industry
a. Transportation
b. Delivery
c. Online Services
d. Construction Workers
e. Plumbers
f. Maids
g. Watchman
h. Electricians

5-point Likert Scale

 How Secure do you feel in your current gig work?
 How often do you worry about having enough income to cover your expenses?
 To what extent does the lack of job security impact your overall well-being?

Multiple Choice

 Do you utilize any of the following strategies to manage your finances in the gig
economy?
a. Track income and expenses.
b. Build an emergency savings funds.
c. Diversify income streams by taking on multiple gigs
d. Invest in skills development to increase competitiveness
e. Negotiate higher rates for your services
f. None of the above

 Do you engage in any of the following activities to manage stress and anxiety related to
job insecurity?
a. Spending time with family
b. Going out

56
 c. Practice relaxation techniques (meditation, yoga)
d. Hanging out with friends or co workers
e. None of the above

Open Ended Question

In your own words, please describe any additional strategies you use to cope with the lack of job
security in the gig economy.

ii. Data Collected

Name Age Gend Primary Gig How How To Do you Do you In your
er Industry secur often what utilize any of engage own
e do do you exten the following in any of words,
you worry t strategies to the please
feel about does manage your following describe
in having the finances in activities any
your enoug lack the gig to additional
curre h of job economy manage strategies
nt incom securi stress you use to
gig e to ty and cope with
work cover impa anxiety the lack of
? your ct related job
expen your to job security in
ses overa insecurit the gig
ll y economy.
well-
being
Patel 2 Male Plumbers 4 3 4 Build an Hanging Budgeting
5 emergency out with
- savings fund friends
3 or co
4 workers
Rajesh 2 Male Watchman 3 4 4 Track Spendin Maintainin
5 income and g time g records
- expenses with
3 family
4
Rahul 2 Male Constructio 3 2 3 None of the None of Very good
5 n Workers above the
- above
3
4

57
Damayant 2 Fema Maids 4 4 4 Diversify Spendin Saving a
hi 5 le income g time portion of
- streams by with my
3 taking on family earnings
4 multiple gigs to create a
financial
cushion
for periods
of low or
no
income.
Rajyam Y 3 Fema Maids 3 3 3 Diversify Going Diversify
5 le income out Income
- streams by Streams:
4 taking on
4 multiple gigs
Dhayanan 3 Male Electrician 3 3 2 Diversify Going Seek
dh 5 income out Insurance
- streams by
4 taking on
4 multiple gigs
Bhushana 2 Male Transporta 4 5 5 Track Hanging Negotiate
nB 5 tion income and out with Contracts
- expenses friends
3 or co
4 workers
Muthaiah 4 Male Watchman 3 3 3 Track Spendin Insurance
M 5 income and g time
+ expenses with
family
raju 3 Male Constructio 3 2 5 Diversify Spendin saving
5 n Workers income g time extra
- streams by with
4 taking on family
4 multiple gigs
priya 2 Fema Maids 4 3 4 Track Spendin working
5 le income and g time over time
- expenses with
3 family
4
ram 3 Male Plumbers 3 1 2 Track Spendin extra hour
5 income and g time working
- expenses with
4 family
4
rajesh 2 Male Online 3 2 3 Diversify Practice dont think
5 Services income relaxatio so
- streams by n
3 taking on techniqu
4 multiple gigs es
(meditati
on,
yoga)
sonali 2 Fema Online 3 3 3 Track Spendin Having a
singh 5 le Services income and g time financial

58
 - expenses with buffer can
3 family help cover
4 gaps in
income
when
work is
slow. Aim
to save 3-
6 months
of living
expenses.
priyanka 1 Fema Online 3 4 3 Negotiate Going : Attend
singh 5 le Services higher rates out industry
- for your events,
2 services connect
4 with
people on
LinkedIn,
and build
relationshi
ps with
clients.
This can
lead to a
steady
stream of
referrals
and
repeat
business.
pari singh 1 Male Online 3 3 2 Track Practice rack your
5 Services income and relaxatio income
- expenses n and
2 techniqu expenses
4 es This will
(meditati help you
on, identify
yoga) areas
where you
can save
money
and
ensure
you're
setting
aside
enough
for taxes.
There are
many
budgeting
apps
available
to help.
priyanka 2 Fema Online 2 4 4 Diversify Hanging The gig
dubey 5 le Services income out with economy

59
 - streams by friends rewards
3 taking on or co those with
4 multiple gigs workers in-demand
skills.
Take
online
courses,
attend
workshop
s, and
stay up-to-
date on
industry
trends to
remain
competitiv
e.
pen_spark
Rohit 1 Male Watchman 1 3 3 Diversify Practice I look out
Sharma 5 income relaxatio for free
- streams by n lancing
2 taking on techniqu
4 multiple gigs es
(meditati
on,
yoga)
Satyaveni 3 Fema Maids 5 3 1 Diversify Spendin only 3
5 le income g time hours of
- streams by with work
4 taking on family every
4 multiple gigs morning
full day
free
Chinmay 2 Fema Electrician 4 3 3 Track Hanging I usually
Kaushal 5 le income and out with mingle
- expenses friends around my
3 or co network
4 workers and seek
potential
areas of
employme
nt
Lakshmi 2 Fema Maids 1 1 1 Build an None of None
Tulasi 5 le emergency the used
- savings fund above
3
4
madhavi 3 Fema Maids 4 4 2 Negotiate Going getting
5 le higher rates out food from
- for your houses so
4 services i spend
4 less on
ration
Xavier 1 Fema Online 5 5 5 Invest in Practice I'm a
Sonika 5 le Services skills relaxatio social
- developmen n media

60
 2 t to increase techniqu influencer
4 competitiven es so I make
ess (meditati use of my
on, influence
yoga) whenever
I require
mary 4 Fema Maids 5 3 3 Build an None of church
amma 5 le emergency the meals
+ savings fund above every
night
Vardan 1 Male Online 5 5 4 Diversify Practice Expansion
Gupta 5 Services income relaxatio of passive
- streams by n income
2 taking on techniqu sources
4 multiple gigs es like
(meditati blogging
on, on
yoga) interests,
maintainin
g social
media
Puja 3 Fema Delivery 2 3 4 Diversify Hanging Upskilling
Agarwal 5 le income out with myself on
- streams by friends day to day
4 taking on or co basis
4 multiple gigs workers
subbama 1 Fema Maids 3 1 2 Diversify None of by doing
5 le income the multiple
- streams by above jobs of
2 taking on cooking,
4 multiple gigs cleaning
and shop
help in
evening
Rakesh 1 Male Online 2 3 2 Invest in Spendin Expansion
gupta 5 Services skills g time of passive
- developmen with income
2 t to increase family sources
4 competitiven like
ess blogging
on
interests,
maintainin
g social
media
Anurag 1 Male Online 4 4 4 Negotiate Hanging Nothing
Kumar 5 Services higher rates out with
- for your friends
2 services or co
4 workers
Prerna 1 Fema Electrician 4 2 4 Invest in Going Maintain a
5 le skills out financial
- developmen safety net
2 t to increase and
4 competitiven cultivate a

61
 ess resilient
mindset to
adapt to
fluctuation
s in work
opportuniti
es.
Kalavathi 2 Fema Maids 2 1 2 None of the Spendin I go back
5 le above g time to Village
- with
3 family
4
Anjamma 3 Fema Watchman 5 5 5 Track None of I take part
5 le income and the in ironing
- expenses above clothes
4
4

Mean 3.32 3.06 3.19

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Corujo, Borja Suárez. "The ‘gig’economy and its impact on social security: The Spanish

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Itohan, Iyobhebhe, Okundalaiye Henry, and Abiodun Olumuyiwa. "JOB SATISFACTION, JOB

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