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علمية شاملة

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afnanelmihdi
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4 views2 pages

Blank

علمية شاملة

Uploaded by

afnanelmihdi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DC Motors, AC Motors, and

Magnetic Circuits: A Deep Dive


with Mathematical Proofs
1. Magnetic Circuit Analysis:
• MMF (Magnetomotive Force) Equation:
◦ F = NI (Ampere-turns)
▪ F: MMF (A-T)
▪ N: Number of turns in the coil
▪ I: Current owing through the coil (A)
• Magnetic Flux (Φ) Calculation:
◦ Φ = F / R (Weber)
▪ Φ: Magnetic ux (Wb)
▪ R: Magnetic reluctance (H^-1)
• Magnetic reluctance depends on the material properties, geometry, and path length (l) of the
magnetic circuit:
◦ R = l / (μA)
▪ μ: Permeability (H/m) - μ₀ (for free space) or μ = μ₀μᵣ (for other materials, μᵣ:
relative permeability)
▪ A: Cross-sectional area (m²)
2. DC Motor Analysis:
Torque (T) Equation:
•
◦ T = KΦI (Nm)
▪ T: Torque (Nm)
▪ K: Motor constant (Nm/A*Wb) - relates motor geometry and magnetic eld
strength
• Back EMF (Electromotive Force):
◦ ε = K'ω (V)
▪ ε: Back EMF (V)
▪ K': Motor constant (V/rad/s) - relates motor geometry and speed
▪ ω: Rotor angular velocity (rad/s)
Mathematical Proof of Back EMF:
Consider a DC motor with a rotating rotor winding. The changing magnetic ux due to rotation
induces a voltage (ε) in the winding according to Faraday's Law of electromagnetic induction:
ε = -dΦ/dt
where dΦ/dt is the rate of change of magnetic ux. As the rotor spins, the enclosed magnetic ux
(Φ) by the winding changes periodically, inducing a voltage in the winding. This voltage opposes
the applied voltage ( Lenz's Law), hence the term "back EMF."
3. AC Motor Analysis (Focusing on Induction Motors):
•Impedance (Z):
◦ Z = R + jX_L (Ω)
▪ Z: Impedance (Ω)
▪ R: Resistance of the motor windings (Ω)
▪ X_L: Inductive reactance of the motor windings (Ω)
▪ j: Imaginary unit
• Motor Starting Torque:
The starting torque of an induction motor depends on the rotor induced current and the motor's
slip (s) - the di erence between synchronous speed (ω_s) and rotor speed (ω_r):
• T_start = K * (I_r^2 * R_r) / s
◦ T_start: Starting torque (Nm)
◦ K: Motor constant (Nm/(A^2*Ω))
◦ I_r: Rotor current (A)
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◦ R_r: Rotor resistance (Ω)
Mathematical Proof of Starting Torque:
The starting torque arises from the interaction between the rotating magnetic eld generated by
the stator and the induced current in the rotor conductors. The induced current creates its own
magnetic eld, and the interaction between these elds produces a force that causes the rotor to
rotate. Slip plays a crucial role as a larger slip (motor starting from rest) results in higher rotor
current and hence higher starting torque.
4. Energy Conversion:
In Motors:
• DC Motor: Electrical energy supplied to the motor windings is converted into mechanical
rotational energy through the interaction of magnetic elds and current. The back EMF limits
the current ow and in uences motor speed control.
• AC Motor: Electrical energy from the AC source is converted into mechanical rotational
energy via the rotating magnetic eld and induced current in the rotor. The motor's
impedance and slip a ect the power factor and e ciency of energy conversion.
In Generators:
The principle is reversed. Mechanical rotation is used to create a changing magnetic eld, which
induces a voltage in the windings, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.
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