NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F.

DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE 1
KNOWING BALLISTICS

OBJECTIVE: To value the development of Ballistics and its application as a science.

MATERIALS: firearm, bullet recovery box and ammunition

THINGS TO KNOW:

At the end of the preliminary discussion you should be able to define the
following important terms.

1. Ballistics
It refers to the science that deals with the study of the motion of projectiles
and the condition that affects their motion.

2. Forensic

Is the scientific study of crime and criminals for the purpose of addressing
investigative and legal questions

3. Interior Ballistics

It treats the motion of the projectile while it is still inside the firearm which
extends from the breech to the muzzle.

4. Exterior Ballistics

Treats of the attributes or movement of the projectile after leaving the gun
muzzle.

5. Terminal Ballistics
Branch of Ballistics which deals with the effects of the impact of the
projectile on the target.

6. Forensic Ballistics
The study of the motion of the projectile as applied to law or simply the
science of firearm identification by means of the ammunition fired through
them.

1
 Knowing Ballistics

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH

1. CATAPULT

In the space provided below draw or cut a model of a catapult otherwise

known as Ballista.

2
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 2
INTERIOR BALLISTICS
Interior Ballistics

OBJECTIVE: To familiarize the students with the stages or reactions that takes place in
Interior Ballistics.

There are ten reactions that take place inside the gun during firing. These reactions
are arranged in the acronym:

F-iring pin hitting the primer

I-gnition of the priming mixture

C-ombustion of the gunpowder/powder charge or propellant.

E-xpansion of heated gas

P-ressure developed

E-energy generated

R-ecoil of the gun

V-elocity of the bullet inside the barrel

R-otation of the bullet inside the barrel

E-ngraving of the cylindrical surface of the bullet

3
 Interior Ballistics

Fill up the chart to complete the 10 stages of Interior Ballistics. Accomplish it by

drawing the sequences.

Start here:

4
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 3
EXTERIOR BALLISTICS

OBJECTIVE: To describe the different phenomenon in Exterior Ballistics

Define the following terms:

1. Muzzle blast

-The noise created at the muzzle point of the gun.

2. Muzzle energy
-Energy generated at the muzzle point measured in foot-pound.

3. Trajectory
Refers to the parabola-like flight of the projectile from the time it leaves the
muzzle until it hits the target

4. Range
It refers to the imaginary straight distance between the muzzle of the gun and
the target.

5. Velocity
Refers to the rate of speed of the bullet (during its flight) per unit of time usually
express is feet per second.

6. Air resistance
Refers to the force of the air encounter by the bullet in its flight

7. Pull of Gravity
It is the downward reaction of the bullet towards the earth surface due to its
weight

8. Penetration

Refers to the ballistic impact of a target which results in the projectile becoming
embedded or ricocheting off the target

5
 Exterior Ballistics

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH

Below are illustrations of Exterior Ballistics. Label the illustration with the above
reactions to complete the said activity.

Bang!!!

Gun Target

Bang!!

600 ft/sec

A B

C
Gun

RANGE

6
 Exterior Ballistics

Give what is being asked below as demonstrated in the later illustration.

What do you call the following?

Point A to B = _____________________

Point A to D = _____________________

Point A to C = _____________________

Answer the following Queries.

1. What was the first device used in measuring the velocity of projectile in flight?
● Ballistic Pendulum

2. What device is now used in measuring the velocity of projectiles in flight?

● Ballistic Chronograph

3. Who invented the devise first used in measuring the velocity of the projectile?
● Benjamin Robins

4. What force initiate the curve of the trajectory of the projectile towards the earth
after the projectile leaves the muzzle of the gun?
● Gravity

5. What do you call the force that opposes forward motion of the projectile?
● Air Resistance

6. For a given projectile shape, the air forces acting on the projectile fired depends
on four major variables. Enumerate the four variables referred to in the
statement.
● Projectile Speed, Projectile Cross-Sectional Area, Air Density, Surface
Roughness

7
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 4
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
(Terminal Accuracy)

OBJECTIVE: To distinguish good and bad shooting proficiency as displayed by bullet

groupings in the target.
ACCURACY

GOOD BAD

AIM AIM

You have just fired 10 rounds in the firing range. Now, secure your target paper
and look at your bullet grouping. Copy exactly your target paper by drawing the bullet
holes as seen through your target paper. If you think that your bullet grouping is good
place it on the donut target labeled good but if you think your bullet grouping is bad then
accomplish the donut target labeled bad.

8
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 5
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
(Terminal Energy)

OBJECTIVE: To rationalize the relation of distance to the impact of bullets and cite
some clues to the possible range of firing.

BULLET ENERGY AT DIFFERENT RANGES

CONTACT 12 INCHES

36 INCHES BEYOND 36 INCHES

Provide your group with an old white t-shirt to be used as your target. Proceed to
the firing range for your firing. Your group will be assigned to fire 4 rounds of ammunition
at different ranges cited above. Copy exactly the four bullet holes as seen in your target
and label them with the following words: tattooing, singeing, scorching, tearing and
smudging to describe the following existence. Enumerate nine physical phenomena that
produce damage on a target. Place your answer at the back.

9
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 6
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
(Terminal Penetration)

OBJECTIVE: To compare different kinds of projectiles as to their degree of penetration.

The following are three common shapes of projectiles.

Round Nose

Boat-tailed/Pointed

Wad cutter

Provide your group with three cartridges with the above shapes of projectiles and
fire each of them in a bullet recovery box and find out which among the three penetrates
most on the pile of cotton.
Considering the shapes of the given projectiles, which among the type of
projectile penetrates the most in the pile of cotton? Why?

10
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 7
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
(Terminal Velocity)

OBJECTIVE: To probe the relation of the shape of projectiles with its level of speed.

VELOCITY

In the same activity done earlier which do you think travel faster? Why?

Round Nose

Boat-tailed/Pointed

Wad cutter

11
NOTE: Activities on Forensic Ballistics was merged in the succeeding chapters.

NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________

GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 8
FIREARMS
Firearms

OBJECTIVE: To compare and contrast the various classification of firearms and their
mechanisms.

MATERIALS: Firearms

THINGS TO KNOW

Give the contributions of the following personalities behind firearms.

1. Horace Smith
● Founded the great firm Smith and Wesson and pioneered the making of
breech-loading rifles

2. Daniel Wesson
● Partnered with Horace Smith and Courtlandt Palmer to develop a lever-
action pistol and the first repeating rifle

3. John Browning
● Advanced the gun industry during the late 19th and early 20th centuries
by designing pioneering, commercially successful guns, including the
lever-action repeating rifle, semi-automatic shotgun, . 22 caliber rifle, the
Browning 1919 . 30 caliber and M2

4. John Thompson
● Pioneered the making of Thompson Sub machine gun. developed the
Thompson M1A1 and model 1928 A1

5. David Williams
● Designed gun mechanisms for the major gun manufacturers of Colt,
Remington, and Winchester.

6. Alexander Forsyth
● Father of Percussion Ignition or percussion powder.

7. Samuel Colt
● Produced the first practical revolver, maker of Colt Peace Maker.

8. Hiram Stevens Maxim

12
 ● Built the first fully automatic gun, utilizing the recoil of the gun to load and
fired the next charge

9. John Garrand
● Designed and Invented the Semi – Automatic U.S. Rifle, Caliber .30, M1.

10. Leonardo da Vinci

● Developed the Multi-Barreled Cannon in 1480. The 12-barreled gun
carriage was a vast improvement over traditional cannons of the fifteenth
century.

Firearms

Preliminaries:

Firearms have many given definition; one in its technical definition and one in its
legal definition and other definitions given by various organizations. To define it in its
simplest meaning here is a definition given in the FBI Manual on Firearms Identification.
Firearm is any instrument used for the propulsion of projectiles by means of the
expansive force of gases coming from burning gunpowder.

With the various definitions given to describe a firearm what matter is how this
thing work so it is significant that we have to look into its mechanisms and
nomenclatures. Firearms have different mechanisms for reasons that firearms are
designed according to its given type and models. Does the uniqueness of firearms have
something to do why firearms identification was made possible?

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH

INSTRUCTION: Find any material such as books, magazines or pictures in order for you
to complete the given activities. Provide a model of a firearm suggested in every item.
Draw or cut and paste pictures to complete the activity.

A. Two General Classes of Firearms (According to given barrel internal construction)

13
1. Smooth-bore Firearms

Firearms

2. Rifled-bore Firearms

14
B. Main types of Firearms (According to caliber of projectiles propelled)

1. Artillery

Firearms

2. Small arms

Hand Arms Shoulder Arm

Machine Gun

15
16
 Firearms

C. Types of firearms according to mechanical construction

1. Single shot firearms

2. Repeating Arms

17
 Firearms

3. Bolt Action Type

4. Automatic loading type

18
 Firearms

5. Slide Action Type (trombone)

6. Lever Type (break-type)

19
 Firearms

D. Unusual or Miscellaneous Type

20
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 9
NOMENCLATURE OF FIREARMS
Firearms

OBJECTIVE: To identify and label the important parts and nomenclature of the different
firearms cited below.

Label the parts.

Here are three common firearms used by our law enforcers and most of the
criminals in the Philippines.

The 9mm Berretta

21
 Firearms

The .45 Colt Pistol

22
 Firearms

The M16 Rifle

23
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 10
AMMUNITIONS
Ammunitions

OBJECTIVES: To describe the different kinds of cartridges and to identify the firearm
used herein.

MATERIALS: different types of cartridges

THINGS TO KNOW

Define the following terms:

1. Cartridge

2. Ammunition

3. Charta

4. Cartouche

5. Bullet

6. Cartridge case

7. Gunpowder

8. Primer

9. Percussion

10. Shotshell

11. Metallics

24
 Ammunitions

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH

A. Draw a cartridge and label the parts

CARTRIDGE

25
 Ammunitions

B. Cartridge Classification

Provide a model for the following classes of cartridges.

1. According to the type of firearms wherein used:

a. Revolver Cartridges

b. Pistol Cartridges

c. Rifle Cartridges

d. Shotgun Cartridges

26
 Ammunitions

2. According to location of primers

a. Pin-fire

b. Rim-fire

c. Center-fire

27
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 11
BULLETS
Bullets

OBJECTIVE: To appreciate the different types and kinds of bullets and their significance
in Forensic Ballistics.

MATERIALS: Cartridges

THINGS TO KNOW

Define the following terms:

1. Boullete

2. Slug

3. Bullet

4. Lead Bullet

5. Jacketed Bullet

6. Incendiary Bullet

7. Tracer Bullet

8. Armor Piercing Bullet

9. Ball Bullet

10. Explosive Bullets

28
 Bullets

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH

The following are few examples of bullets according to mechanical construction,

shape and usage. Provide a model for each type of bullet through a drawing or cut out
pictures. Complete first the following abbreviation guide before proceeding with the
activity.

1. TMJ
2. JHP
3. FMJ
4. SP
5. JSP
6. HBWC
7. HP
8. TCS
9. L-SWC
10. L-RN

KINDS OF BULLETS

TMJ JHP FMJ SP JSP

HBWC HP TCS L-SWC L-RN

29
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 12
CARTRIDGE CASES
Cartridge
Cases

OBJECTIVES: To determine the importance of cartridge cases, its functions and its
nomenclature.

MATERIALS: Cartridge

THINGS TO KNOW

1. Give the three fold purpose of a cartridge case?

2. Enumerate the parts of a cartridge case and give their purposes?

3. Draw a cartridge case and label its parts.

30
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 13
PRIMERS
Primers

OBJECTIVES: To identify the parts of the primer and recognize its purpose.

MATERIALS: Cartridge

THINGS TO KNOW

Define the following terms:

1. Primers

2. Primer cup

3. Priming mixture

4. Anvil

5. Disc

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH
Fill up the table below by drawing the parts of the primer mentioned in each box.

Primer cup Anvil Disc Priming mixture

31
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 14
GUNPOWDER
Gunpowder

OBJECTIVES: To give the significance of gunpowder in Forensic Ballistic Investigation.

MATERIALS: Gunpowder

THINGS TO KNOW

Define the following terms:

1. Propellant

2. Black powder

3. Smokeless powder

4. Single-base smokeless powder

5. Double-base smokeless powder

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH

Rediscovering Gunpowder

INSTRUCTION:
Provide your group with various types of cartridges. The cartridges should be a
combination of new and old cartridges to obtain both black powder and smokeless
powder for the experiment. Disconnect the bullets and empty the cartridge cases by
removing the gunpowder.
Observe the grains of each set of gunpowder by considering the texture, shape
and color. Burn the set of gunpowder in separate containers and observe keenly the rate
of burning, color of smoke and flame, and the heat generated by each set. Which among
the set of gunpowder are considered black powder and which are considered smokeless
gunpowder?

32
 Gunpowder

A. Smokeless Gunpowder General Appearances

Disc Squares

Flakes Perforated Cylinders

Pellets Strips

Draw the gunpowder grain in each of the boxes according to the specified appearances.

33
 Gunpowder

Answer the following Queries.

1. Give the composition of black powder.

2. Give the composition of smokeless powder.

3. Name the differences between black powder and smokeless powder.

4. Give the significance of these by-products of combustion in gun cases.

5. Give the advantages of smokeless powder over the black powder.

34
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 15
ARMS MANUFACTURING PROCESSES RELATED TO FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION

OBJECTIVE: To recognize the importance of knowing how the barrel and breech of a
firearm is made and other processes that will explain how individual firearms are
identified.

MATERIALS: Firearm, cartridge cases and bullets

THINGS TO KNOW

Define the following terms:

1. Individual characteristics

2. Class Characteristics

3. Land marks

4. Groove marks

5. Skid marks

6. Stripping marks

7. Shaving marks

8. Shearing Marks

9. Bore Diameter

10. Groove diameter

35
 Arms Manufacturing Processes Related to Firearms Identification
THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH

How the barrel is made

Illustrate the basic procedures how the barrel is made.

1. Drilling Stage

2. Reaming Stage

36
 Arms Manufacturing Processes Related to Firearms Identification

3. Rifling Stage

Broaching System

4. Lapping Stage

37
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 16
FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION
(BARREL)
Arms Manufacturing Processes Related to Firearms Identification

OBJECTIVE: To explain the principles of identifying firearms through the barrel.

Transfer of Identity

The barrel was manufactured and was used in guiding projectiles in its
propulsion. The identity of the firearm was transferred in every bullet fired through the
barrel. How does it happen? After accomplishing this activity you will be able to answer
the question.

Draw a slug predicting the identity of the firearm from which it was fired.

Consider that this is your barrel.

Forcing cone

The barrel should be modified to fit the identity of the firearm you wanted.

What would be the appearance of the bullet fired from the barrel you have
created?

Modify this bullet to predict the identity of the firearm through this bullet.

38
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 17
FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION
(BREECH AND STRIKER)
Arms Manufacturing Processes Related to Firearms Identification

OBJECTIVE: To explain the principles of identifying firearms through the breech and the
striker.

Breech Manufacture

Another identity of firearms is transferred in every shell fired from it through the
breech.

1. Draw a breech of a pistol and a revolver showing unique identities.

Pistol Revolver

39
 Arms Manufacturing Processes Related to Firearms Identification

2. With the two breeches you have created draw two cartridge cases specifically the
base that will show the identities of the firearm from which they were fired.

Cartridge case fired from the pistol Cartridge case fired from the revolver

Answer the following queries.

1. Give four rationalities that explain how Forensic Ballistics became the
science of firearms identification.

2. Give the marks found on fired bullets.

40
 Arms Manufacturing Processes Related to Firearms Identification

3. Give the marks found on fired shells.

4. What is the purpose of rifling in a gun?

5. What do you mean by striations?

6. Successful identification of firearms from discharged bullets and empty

cartridge cases is dependent upon what basic principle?

7. Distinguish individual and class characteristics in details.

41
 Arms Manufacturing Processes Related to Firearms Identification

8. Enumerate the principles involved in shell identification.

9. Enumerate the principles involved in bullet identification.

10. Explain in a comprehensive and detailed manner the existence of

individual characteristics of firearms, which is the key to firearms
identification.

The following word or group of words could help you answer this item.

Wear and tear Dimensional divergence Coincidental Procedure

Mutilations Inadvertent deviations Subsequent mutations

Abuse Cutting tools

Corrosion and erosion Fortuitous causes

42
Arms Manufacturing Processes Related to Firearms Identification

43
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 18
CRIME SCENE SEARCH FOR BALLISTIC EXHIBIT

OBJECTIVES: 1. To give the importance of the crime scene in searching ballistic

exhibits that are considered as physical evidence.
2. To identify what method of search will be applicable in varied crime
scenes.

MATERIALS: Gun, slugs, cartridge cases, cartridge, magazines and others

THINGS TO KNOW

Introduction:
The search of the scene for ballistic exhibits is one of the most important phases
of crime investigation. Crime of violence, especially wherein firearms had been used,
sometimes involves struggle, a break, and the element of unpredictability. In homicide,
murder and armed robberies, the criminal is in contact with physical surroundings in a
forceful manner. Traces of the commission of the crime may be left in the form of fired
bullets, fired shells, and suspected firearm. These firearm evidences, or ballistic exhibits
as sometimes they are called, might be of value in tracing the perpetrator or perpetrators
of the crime so committed. Together with these, there might be other traces that may link
him to the crime committed.

A well-planned and organized method should guide the basic search. The search
to be followed by the investigator should be thorough and complete, and no details of the
surrounding area should be over-looked by the investigator. There might be some types
of evidence, which might be of the highest significance to firearms investigation.
(del Rosario)

A. Methods of search for Ballistic Exhibits

Illustrate the 5 methods of search and specify the type of crime scene for which it
is applicable.

1. Strip Method of Search

44
 Crime Scene Search for Ballistic Exhibits

2. Double-strip Method

3. Spiral Method

45
 Crime Scene Search for Ballistic Exhibits

4. Wheel Method

5. Zone Method

B. Crime Scene Search (proceed to the crime scene for your practical exercises)

46
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 19
RECOGNITION, COLLECTION, MARKING, PRESERVATION, AND TRANSMITTAL
OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCES

OBJECTIVES: To appreciate the importance of this activity in the presentation of

evidence in court without mutilation, alteration and contamination of evidences.

MATERIALS: fired bullets, fired shells, cartridge, cotton, evidence bag/box, packing
materials and evidence marker (scriber)

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH

A. Marking of Physical Evidences

1. How to mark the fired Bullets

Deformed

47
 R, C, M, P & T of Physical Evidence

2. How to mark the fired shells

3. How to mark a gun

48
 R, C, M, P & T of Physical Evidence

B. How to preserve physical evidence

With the materials given above make the necessary procedures in order to
preserve the ballistic exhibits. After the packaging phase submit your work for
evaluation.

C. Transmittal of Physical Evidence

Prepare the necessary marking or tagging of evidence before transmitting

your packed evidence.

D. Answer the following queries.

1. What does “MAC” mean in the marking of physical evidence

recovered at the scene of the crime?

2. Discuss the significance of chain of possession of physical

evidence in any firearm case?

3. Give the importance of marking ballistic exhibits.

49
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 20
SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT GENERALLY USED IN FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION

OBJECTIVES: 1. To describe the various scientific equipment generally used in

firearms investigation and identification.
2. To give the functions of each and how it is used in firearms cases.

MATERIALS: Forensic Comparison Microscope, Stereoscopic Microscope, Bullet

recovery box, caliper, analytical balance, firearm, cartridges, and cardboards

THINGS TO KNOW

Define the following terms:

1. Test bullet

2. Test Shell

3. Crime Bullet

4. Crime Shell

5. Juxtaposition

50
 Scientific Equipment Generally Used in Firearms Identification

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH

A. Draw the following Equipment and label its basic parts if necessary. Provide the
purpose of the equipment.

1. Calipher

1. Bullet Recovery Box

51
 Scientific Equipment Generally Used in Firearms Identification

2. Forensic Comparison Microscope

52
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 21
INSTRUMENTATION
(USING THE FORENSIC COMPARISON MICROSCOPE)
Scientific Equipment Generally Used in Firearms Identification

OBJECTIVE: To practice in the fullest the use of the forensic comparison microscope in
firearms identification.

Using the Forensic Comparison Microscope

Procedure:

Each group is given 4 cartridges to be fired in the bullet recovery chamber. Three
of which will be used as standard specimens and the remaining one will be considered
as the evidence bullet and the evidence shell. Among the three standards, the first will
be used for comparison purpose, the second will be for confirmation purpose and the
third will be used for conclusion purpose.

Proceed to the firing range and use the bullet recovery chamber to complete the
first phase of the activity. Provide layers of cardboards inside the chamber to facilitate
the recovery of bullets. Change the cardboards right after every shot to avoid confusion
on the exact location of the bullet fired in the recovery chamber. After the test fire collect
the 3 test bullets and test shells ready for comparison with the evidence specimens.
In the second phase use the forensic comparison microscope to find out whether
the firearm used in the test firing is the same firearm used in firing the evidence bullet
and shell given to your group to examine and investigate. Record all your findings by
taking photomicrographs using the microscope.

GOOD LUCK!!!

53
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 22
BALLISTIC REPORT WRITING

OBJECTIVE: 1. To accomplish a Ballistic Report that is clear and logical.

2. To present the exhibits showing positive and negative findings all
depending on the examination conducted.

MATERIALS: Camera and positive prints of the photomicrograph of the compared

specimens

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH

Prepare a Ballistic Report.

54
 REFERENCES

F Del Rosario, Domingo., Forensic Ballistics: Firearms Investigation and

363.25 Identification, 3rd Edition, KSY Enterprises (Phils)
F761
1996

F Lajom, Fidel P., Criminalistics, Rex Book Store, Manila, Philippines

363.25
L. 174
1998

F Tradio, Cirilo M., A Compendium on Criminalistics 4th edition

3636.25
L 675
1997

C
653.4 Kasler, P. A. (1991). Business partners: The Best Pistol/ammunition
K152 combinations for personal defense. Colorado: Paladin Press
1991

R
355.8202 Minnery, J. (1990). CIA: catalog of clandestine weapons, tools and
M666 gadgets. Boulder, Colo.: Paladin Press

C Saferstein, Richard. Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic

363.25 Science, New Jersey; Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1995
Sa 17

R
683.4 Tan V. & Hogg, T. V. (1983). Modern small arms. London: Bison Books
H679
1983
Other Sources

● Ammunition General Training Manual 9-1900 (US Army) and

Training Order 11A-1-20 (US Air Force)
* Introduction to Ammunition Training Manual 9-1300-2006
(US Army)
● Compilation of Notes and Researches by Alfie Sarmiento

● Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2002

● Personal Library

55
 VACATION TIME

Happy Vacation!!!

From Your Instructor

Sir Alfie

56