Unit-V: Three Dimensional Graphics

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 3D Viewing
• Viewing in 3D involves the following considerations: -
– We can view an object from any spatial position, eg.
In front of an object, Behind the object, In the middle
of a group of objects, Inside an object, etc.

• 3D descriptions of objects must be projected onto the flat

viewing surface of the output device.
 Viewing Coordinates
• Generating a view of an object in 3D is similar to
photographing the object.

• Whatever appears in the viewfinder is projected onto the

flat film surface.

• Depending on the position, orientation and aperture size

of the camera corresponding views of the scene is
obtained.
Specifying The View Coordinates

xv
• For a particular view of a scene yv

first we establish viewing- yw zv

coordinate system. P0=(x0 , y0 , z0)

• A view-plane (or projection plane)

is set up perpendicular to the xw
viewing z-axis. zw

• World coordinates are

transformed to viewing
coordinates, then viewing
coordinates are projected onto the
view plane.
Specifying The View Coordinates

• To establish the viewing reference frame, we first pick a

world coordinate position called the view reference
point.

• This point is the origin of our viewing coordinate

system. If we choose a point on an object we can think
of this point as the position where we aim a camera to
take a picture of the object.
 Projection
• General definition
– Transform points in n-space to m-space(m<n)
• In computer graphics
– Map viewing coordinates to 2D screen
coordinates
 Unit-V: Three Dimensional Graphics

Projection:

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 Unit-V: Three Dimensional Graphics

Projection are defined as mapping of three-dimensional points to a two-dimensional plane. There

are two type of projection parallel and perspective.

1. Parallel Projections: are used by architects and engineers for creating working drawing of the
object, for complete representations require two or more views of an object using different planes.
 Parallel Projection use to display picture in its true shape and size.
 When projectors are perpendicular to view plane then is called orthographic projection.
 The parallel projection is formed by extending parallel lines from each vertex on the object until
they intersect the plane of the screen.
 The point of intersection is the projection of vertex.

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Unit-V: Three Dimensional Graphics

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Perspective Projection

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Parallel Projection

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 Unit-V: Three Dimensional Graphics

2. Perspective Projection :
Perspective projections are used by artist for drawing three-dimensional scenes.

 In Perspective projection lines of projection do not remain parallel. The lines

converge at a single point called a center of projection.
 The projected image on the screen is obtained by points of intersection of
converging lines with the plane of the screen. The image on the screen is seen as
of viewer’s eye were located at the centre of projection, lines of projection would
correspond to path travel by light beam originating from object.
 Unit-V: Three Dimensional Graphics

2. Perspective Projection :
Perspective projections are used by artist for drawing three-dimensional scenes.

 Two main characteristics of perspective are vanishing points and perspective

foreshortening.
 Due to foreshortening object and lengths appear smaller from the center of
projection.
 More we increase the distance from the center of projection, smaller will be the
object appear.
 Unit-V: Three Dimensional Graphics
Parallel Projection Perspective Projection

The distance of the object from the center of The distance of the object from the center of
projection is infinite. projection is finite.

Parallel projection can give the accurate view Perspective projection cannot give the accurate
of object. view of object.

The lines of parallel projection are parallel. The lines of perspective projection are not
parallel.

Two types of parallel projection : Three types of perspective projection:

1.Orthographic, 1.one point perspective,
2.Oblique 2.Two point perspective,
3. Three point perspective,

It does not form realistic view of object. It forms a realistic view of object.
 Unit-V: Three Dimensional Graphics

Orthographic Projection :

 Orthographic projection is a method of projection in which an object is depicted

using parallel lines to project its outline on a plane. For example, an orthographic
projection of a house typically consists of a top view or plan and a front view and
one side view (front and side elevations).
 Orthographic projection can also be described as a two-dimensional graphic
representation of an object in which the projecting lines are at right angles to the
plane of the projection.
 Unit-V: Three Dimensional Graphics

Projection:
Parallel Projection(Orthographic Projection)

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 Unit-V: Three Dimensional Graphics

Orthographic Projection :

 Orthographic projection can be subdivided into three categories: isometric, diametric and
trimetric projection.
 An orthographic drawing is a clear, detailed way to represent the image of an object. It may be
used by engineers, designers, architects and technical artists to help a manufacturer
understand the specifics of a product that needs to be created.
 When principal planes or axes of an object are not parallel within the projection plane, but are
rather tilted to reveal multiple sides of the object, the projection is referred to as axonometric
projection.
 Axonometric Projections
Allow projection plane to move relative to object

classify by how many angles of

a corner of a projected cube are
the same

none: trimetric
two: dimetric q1
three: isometric q2 q3

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Types of Axonometric
Projections

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 Unit-V: Three Dimensional Graphics
Oblique Projection :

Oblique projection can also be described as a parallel projection in

which the projection lines are not orthogonal to the projection line.
Oblique projection is a form of parallel projection.
In oblique projection, the projector lines form oblique angles
(non-right angles) with the projection plane.
There are two types of oblique projections: Cavalier and Cabinet.
The Cavelier projection makes 45o angle with projection plane.
In Cabinet projection, the projection of a line perpendicular to the
view plane has the same length as the line itself.
 Unit-V: Three Dimensional Graphics
Oblique Projection :

 When drawing, all the three axes of the oblique drawing are constructed in
which one axis is horizontal and the other is vertical while the third axis is from
30o to 60o to the horizontal line. At least two views of orthographic projection
are selected.
 Oblique projection is commonly used in technical drawing.
 Oblique drawings are also used in engineering and design. The object is drawn
with the most distinguishing features facing towards the observer, showing true
shape of these features.
 Parallel & Perspective
• Parallel Projection

• Perspective Projection
 Parallel Projection
• Center of projection is at infinity
– Direction of projection (DOP) same for all
points

DOP

View Plane
 Orthographic & Oblique
• Orthographic parallel projection
– the projection is perpendicular to the view
plane

• Oblique parallel projection

– The projectors are inclined with respect to the
view plane
 Orthographic Projections
• DOP perpendicular to view plane

Front

Top Side
 Oblique Projections
• DOP not perpendicular to view plane

Cavalier Cabinet
(DOP at 45) (DOP at 63.4)
 Oblique Projections
• DOP not perpendicular to view plane
– Cavalier projection
tan   1,   45

– Cabinet projection
tan   2 ,   63.4
 Perspective Projection
• Map points onto “view plane” along
“projectors” emanating from “center of
projection”(cop)

Center of
View Plane
Projection
 Vanishing Points
• Parallel lines (not parallel to the projection plan) on
the object converge at a single point in the projection
(the vanishing point)
• Drawing simple perspectives by hand uses these
vanishing point(s)

vanishing point

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 Three-Point Perspective

• No principal face parallel to projection plane

• Three vanishing points for cube

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 Two-Point Perspective
• On principal direction parallel to projection plane
• Two vanishing points for cube

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 One-Point Perspective

• One principal face parallel to projection plane

• One vanishing point for cube

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 Perspective Projection
• How many vanishing point?
 Perspective Projection
• How many vanishing point?

Three-point
perspective
 Perspective Projection
• How many vanishing point?

Three-point Two-point
perspective perspective
 Perspective Projection
• How many vanishing point?

Three-point Two-point One-point

perspective perspective perspective