Computer Science

Class 10
By Unik Paudel
Contents
 Unit 1.1
Networking and Telecommunication
Telecommunication
Telecommunication refers to the transmission of data and information from sender
to the receiver through an information transmitting technology. E.g., Mobile
phones, Internet, Landline, Radio, (etc.).

Components of data communication

Data communication is the process of transmission of data between two devices.
There are five basic components for making data communication.
1. Message / Data: It is the information to be communicated between the sender
and receiver. It can be in the form of text, pictures, audio and so on.
2. Source / Sender: Sender is the electronic device responsible for sending the
information.
3. Receiver / Sink: Receiver is the electronic device that receives and accepts the
information sent by the sender.
4. Communication Medium: It is the path or channel through which data is
transmitted from sender to the receiver.
5. Communication Protocol: It is the set of rules followed by sender and receiver
during data communication.

Data Communication Mode

Data communication mode is the method of transmission of data between two
devices through a communication channel.
There are three modes of data communication.
 Simplex Mode
 Half Duplex Mode (HDX)
 Full Duplex Mode (FDX)
Simplex Mode:
It is the mode of data communication in which data is transmitted in only one
direction. E.g., Radio, newspaper, television, using keyboard, (etc.). Simplex mode is
the least performing mode of data communication.
Following are the advantages of using Simplex Mode:
1. It utilizes the full capacity of the communication channel.
2. It has the least or no data traffic issues as the data flows in only one direction.
Following are the disadvantages of using Simplex Mode:
1. It is unidirectional in nature meaning that data flows in only one direction.
2. No mechanism for acknowledgement meaning that the receiver cannot send its
feedback.
Half Duplex Mode:
It is the mode of data communication in which the transmission of data takes place
in both the directions but only one direction at a time. It means when one is
sending the another can only receive and vice-versa. E.g., Walkie-Talkie.
Following are the advantages of using Half Duplex Mode:
1. Both the sender and receiver can transmit their messages.
2. It makes or facilitates the optimum use of communication channel.
Following are the disadvantages of using Half Duplex Mode:
1. Messages cannot be transmitted simultaneously at the same time.
2. There may be delay in the transmission of data as only one way communication
can be possible at a time.

Full Duplex Mode:

It is the mode of data communication in which the data flows in both directions
simultaneously. It means that both sender and receiver can send the messages at
the same time. E.g., Telephone communication, Mobile communication, (etc.). It is
the most performing mode of data communication.
Following are the advantages of using Full Duplex Mode:
1. Communication of data takes place simultaneously in both directions at the
same time.
2. It is the fastest mode for data communication.
Following are the disadvantages of using Full Duplex Mode:
1. More chances of data traffic issues as the data flows in both directions at the
same time.
2. The capacity of the communication channel is divided into two parts.
Also, no dedicated path exists for data transfer.

Communication Media
It is the pathway or channel through which data is transmitted. Guided and
Unguided Communication Media are its two types.
Guided / Wired / Bounded Communication Media
It is the communication media in which data is transmitted from sender to the
receiver through a physical wire. E.g., Twisted pair cable, Co-axial cable, Fiber Optic
cable, (etc.).
Features of Guided Media are:
 High speed
 Secure
 Used for shorter distances.
There are three major types of Guided Media.
1. Twisted Pair Cable
It is the bounded communication media in which two insulated copper wires are
twisted upon each other in a spiral way.
Twisted Pair Cable comes in two varieties:
 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
a. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cable
It consists of twisted pair cables woven with a copper shield. Its bandwidth is up to
500 MBPS.
Advantages:
 Higher data transmission rate in comparison to UTP
 Better protection against EMI (Electromagnetic Interference)
Disadvantages:
 Difficult to install and manufacture.
 Expensive, bulky
b. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable
It consists of twisted pair cables without any shield. It has the bandwidth up to 100
MBPS.
Advantages:
 Least expensive
 Easy to install as well as manufacture
Disadvantages:
 Vulnerable to EMI
 Low data transmission rate in comparison to STP
 Chances of data loss when distance exceeds beyond 100 meters.
2. Co-Axial Cable
It is the wire or cable consisting of two parallel conductors separated by an
insulating layer.
Advantages:
 High Bandwidth
 Better noise immunity
Disadvantages:
 Difficult to install as compared to TP (Twisted Pair)
 More expensive in comparison to TP
3. Fiber Optic Cable
It is the cable consisting of thin glass fibers in which data is transmitted in the form
of light waves.
Advantages:
 High bandwidth and data communication rate
 More immune to noise and EMI
 Light weight
 Resistant to corrosive materials
Disadvantages:
 Expensive
 Difficult to install, Fragile
Connectors for Different Cables
 For UTP: RJ45 (Registered Jack 45)
 For Co-Axial Cable: BNC (Bayonet Neill Concelman) (British Naval Connector)
 For Fiber Optic Cable: ST (Straight Tip) connector, SC (Subscriber Connector)

Unguided / Unbounded / Wireless Communication Media

It is the type of communication media in which data is transmitted through
electromagnetic waves. This media makes no use of physical wire. E.g., Satellite,
Microwave and Radio wave.
Features of Unguided Media are:
 Less secure
 Used for larger distances
 Data is transmitted through air
Advantages of Satellite Communication, Microwave and Radio Wave:
 Easy to communicate in difficult terrains and no expenses on laying cables.
 Data can be transmitted through long distances
Disadvantages of Satellite Communication, Microwave and Radio Wave:
 Susceptible to weather conditions like rainfall, thunderstorm, (etc.)
 High cost for installation and maintenance
Note:
Know about the Uplink and Downlink in Satellite Communication.

Computer Network
Computer Network is the inter-connection or inter-linkage of computers to share
data, information, and other resources. The computers in the network may be
linked through wired cable, fiber optic cable, radio wave and so on.
Some of the purposes of using Computer Network are:
 For efficient and faster communication
 For sharing files, data, and information
 For gaming, enables multiple users to play together
 For buying and selling products (E-commerce)
Advantages of Computer Network
 Various kinds of resources like data, information, files, scanner, printer, hard
disk, (etc.) can be shared.
 It helps in cheaper, faster, and efficient communication.
 Generally, a server is used as the central computer in a network that helps in
backup and recovery.
 Computer Network supports centralized administration or control.
Disadvantages of Computer Network
 Initial setup cost is very high to build a computer network.
 Skilled manpower with technical knowledge is required for operating and
maintaining the network.
 Computer network may provide a routeway for virus transmission.
 Computer network can also give rise to cybercrimes.
Basic Elements of Computer Network
1. NIC Card
Network Interface Card (NIC) is the (expansion) card that enables a computer to be
connected in a network. It is also known as Ethernet Card or Network Adaptor.
Network Interface Card performs following functions:
 It provides an interface for a computer to connect to a network.
 NIC card detects any errors during data transmission and ensures that the data
is transmitted without any errors.
2. Connectors
Connectors are the network connecting devices (or just devices) that connect
communication medias like STP, Co-Axial cables, (etc.) to network devices like
router, computer and so on. E.g., RJ 45, BNC, ST connector, SC, (etc.).
3. Hub
Hub is a network connecting device that connects various computers in a network.
It receives the message from one computer and sends / broadcasts the message to
all the computers in a network.
Advantages:
 Cheaper in comparison to Switch
 Easy to install
Disadvantages:
 It is half duplex device
 Slower data transmission rate as compared to Switch
 It broadcasts the message to all the computers
4. Switch
Switch is also a network connecting device which connects various computers in a
network. It is different than Hub in the sense that it receives the message from one
computer and sends it only to the particular or selected computer.
Advantages:
 It is full duplex device
 Higher data transmission rate
 It sends the information packet only to the selected computer
Disadvantages:
 More expensive
 Difficult to install
5. Bridge
Bridge is the network connecting device that connects two (computer) networks
having same or similar protocols. So, it connects similar networks.
6. Gateway
Gateway is the networking connecting device that connects two computer
networks having dissimilar or different protocols. It is also called Protocol
Converter.
7. Router
Router is the network connecting device that sends data (packets) from one
network to another based on their IP (Internet Protocol) address.
Note:
For better understanding about hub, switch and router prefer this link:

8. Repeater
Repeater is a network connecting device that amplifies weak signals. It receives
weak signals, regenerates it, and forward the refreshed signals. It helps in long-
distance data communication and extend the range of a network.
9. MODEM
MODEM stands for Modulator and Demodulator. It is the device that converts
analog signals into digital signals and vice-versa. Conversion of analog signals into
digital signals is Demodulation phase, and conversion of digital signals into analog
signals is Modulation phase. MODEM connects a computer to ISP (Internet Service
Provider) with the help of telephone line.
The MODEM which is placed inside the CPU case is called internal MODEM, and the
MODEM which is placed outside the CPU case is called external MODEM.

Bandwidth
It is the amount of data that can be transmitted from one point to another point in
certain period of time (generally one second). Bandwidth is measured in bits per
second (bps).
Bandwidth can be compared to a water pipe. The bigger the water pipe, the more
amount of water can flow through it. Similarly, higher the bandwidth of a
communication media, the more amount of data can be transmitted through it at a
time.

Network Software / Network Operating System (NOS)

It is the software that controls and manages a computer network and its resources.
It is also called Network Operating System (NOS). Novell Netware is a popular NOS,
and Windows XP, Windows NT, Linux, (etc.) are other examples of NOS.
Major functions of NOS include:
1. It enables a computer to be connected to a network.
2. It helps to setup and install a computer network.
3. NOS manages and controls all the resources of a computer network.
4. NOS also helps to add or remove users from a network.

Protocol
It refers to a set of rules followed by both sender and receiver during data
communication. NCP (Network Control Protocol) was the first protocol.
Some common protocols are:
1. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol): It is used in
internet.
2. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): It is used to transfer HTML documents in
World Wide Web (WWW).
3. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): It is used for sending e-mails.
4. POP (Post Office Protocol): It is used to retrieve e-mails from internet or mail
server.
5. FTP (File Transfer Protocol): It is used to upload or download files in a network
or transmitting files between computers.

Types of Computer Network

A Computer Network can be classified into three types, according to the
geographical area it covers. They are:
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
It is the type of network that covers a small or limited area like office, laboratory,
campus, (etc.). Computers in LAN can be connected through wireless media, which
is known as WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network).
Features of LAN
 It has the area coverage of a home, office, building, campus, (etc.).
  Mainly, wired communication medias like Ethernet, Twisted Pair are used to
connect the computers in LAN.
 It is run by a single organization.
 Different topologies like bus topology, ring topology are used in LAN.
Advantages of LAN
 Resources like hard-disks, and printers can be shared which reduces the
expenses of hardware purchases.
 Data transmission rate is higher than that of MAN and WAN.
Disadvantages of LAN
 It has small and limited area coverage.
 Although it is a smaller network, it requires technical skills and manpower to
manage LAN.
2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
It is the type of network that covers the area of such as town, city, metropolitan,
(etc.). MAN spans (covers) a geographical area of about 50 km. Cable TV network,
telephone network, (etc.) are the examples of MAN.
Features of MAN
 It has the area coverage of up to 50 km.
 MAN is owned by single or multiple organizations.
 It can make use of wired or wireless communication media.
 It connects the all the computers of a town or a city.
Advantages of MAN
 It helps in data communication among the computers of an entire city.
 It offers / provides fast communication using fiber optic cables.
Disadvantages of MAN
 Initial setup cost is higher.
 Difficult to maintain and manage the network.
3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
It is the type of network that covers a large area such as country, continent, or the
entire world. E.g., Internet, Satellite communication, (etc.).
Features of WAN
 It has the area coverage of whole world (beyond 100km range).
 WAN is owned by multiple organizations.
 It makes use of wireless communication media.
  It is the largest computer network among different types of network.
Advantages of WAN
 It covers a larger geographical area and connects people globally.
 It helps business offices situated at longer distances to communicate easily.
Disadvantages of WAN
 Initial setup cost is very high.
 The data transmission rate is slower.
 Difficult to maintain WAN, more skilled technicians needed.

Network Topology
It is the arrangement of computers in a network which are connected through some
physical wires. Topology generally determines the shape of a network.
Major types of Network Topologies are:
 Bus Topology
 Ring Topology
 Star Topology
1. Bus Topology
It is the type of topology in which all the computers, devices and workstations are
connected to a single cable, known as bus or backbone cable.
Advantages of Bus Topology
 Easy to install and suitable for smaller networks.
 Least amount of cable is required, so it is less expensive.
 It is easily expandable meaning that more computers can be joined.
 If a node fails, it will now affect other nodes in the network.
Disadvantages of Bus Topology
 Breakage of the backbone cable or main cable leads to network failure.
 Terminators are required at both ends of the cable.
 Heavy network traffic can slow down the network.
 Increase in the number of nodes degrades the performance of network.

PC PC PC PC
A B C D

Drop Cable
T T
Backbone Cable
PC PC PC
E F G

2. Ring Topology
It is the type of topology in which all the computers are connected in a closed loop.
In the topology, the first node is connected to the second, the second is connected
to the third, which goes on, until the last node is again connected to the first one.
Advantages of Ring Topology
 It is easy to install.
 Data flows either clockwise or anti-clockwise, so less chance of data collision.
 It is cheaper in terms of cost as it does not require any central computer or
server.
 It supports fiber optic cable, so data transmission can be high.
Disadvantages of Ring Topology
 It is difficult to troubleshoot in ring topology.
 Difficult in adding more nodes.
 Increase in number of nodes degrades the performance of the network.
 If a node fails, the whole network will be down.

PC PC
A B
Flow of Data

PC PC
F C

PC PC
E D

3. Star Topology
It is the type of topology in which all the nodes are connect to a central device,
called hub or switch. In this topology, every device is directly connected to the hub /
switch and indirectly connected to each other.
Advantages of Star Topology
 This topology has centralized control.
 It is easy to troubleshoot in Star Topology (faulty node does not give response).
 Failure of one node does not affect other nodes.
 Star Topology has fast performance or high data transmission rate.
Disadvantages of Star Topology
 Failure of hub / switch leads to the failure of entire network.
 It is expensive in terms of cost.
 All the nodes have to depend upon the single central device (hub).
 The performance of network depends upon the hub’s capacity.
 Hub /
Switch

PC PC
D C

Network Architecture / Network Model

It is the structural and logical layout of a computer network.
The popular network models are:
 Peer to Peer Network
 Client-Server Network
 Centralized Network
1. Peer to Peer (P2P) Network
It is the type of network architecture in which all the computers have equal access
to the resources of the network. P2P network treats all the devices equally and
tasks are also equally allocated, therefore, it is also called Distributed Network.
Advantages of P2P Network:
 It is easy to install and manage the computers in the network.
 The overall cost of building and maintain P2P network is comparatively less.
 Failure of one peer does not affect the functioning of other peers.
 All the resources are shared equally, and all the peers have equal access to the
resources.
Disadvantages of P2P Network:
 The whole network is decentralized, so it is difficult for administration.
 Computer viruses can easily transmit over the network as all the peers are
connected with each other.
 There is no server or central device for back-up. Every computer should have its
own back-up system.
 It is difficult to expand in P2P network.
2. Client-Server Network
It is the type of network in which there is a central computer (server) and all other
computers (clients) request the server for various services. In this model, clients
first send requests to the server, the server sends back the response, then only the
clients
can use the service they have requested for.
Advantages of Client-Server Network
 It has centralized control, so it is easy for administration.
 The size of Client-Server network can easily be expanded.
 This network model is more secure from the transmission of viruses, spywares,
Trojans, (etc.).
 There is a server to back-up all the data - easy to back-up.
Disadvantages of Client-Server Network
 It is difficult to install and manage a client-server network.
 Building this type of network model is comparatively more costly.
 Specialized network operating system is needed for the network.
 If the server goes down, the entire network will fail.
3. Centralized Network
It is the type of network architecture in which the entire network system depends
upon a centralized computer (host or server). It uses the similar architecture of
client-server model.
Advantages of Centralized Network
 Network administration is easier, easy back-up.
 More secure, host or server provides the facilities like disk storage.
Disadvantages of Centralized Network
 Failure of host computer brings the whole network down.
 Difficult to install, long time for data procession

Internet
It is the interconnection of computers all over the world or the global connection of
computers is called Internet. Internet is also referred to as Network of Networks,
because millions of other small networks are inter-connected with each other in the
Internet.
The first Internet developed was ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency
Network) by ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency) for Defense Department of
U.S.
Advantages of Internet
 It has benefitted us to have communication with anyone globally.
 Online gaming, e-banking and other services are possible only due to Internet.
 Internet has made distance based learning concept successful.
 Internet has provide interface for many people to share their skills and
knowledge.
Disadvantages of Internet
 The internet addiction has destroyed the social values and respect.
 In many cases, internet provides a route of virus transmission.
 Internet has significantly given rise to cybercrimes, cyber bullying, and frauds.
 Pornography due to internet is on the rise, which affects both physical and
mental health.
Services of Internet
Internet facilitates us with various services such as World Wide Web, E-mails,
Telnet, FTP, Search Engine, IRC (Internet Relay Chat), Online banking, and E-
commerce.
1. WWW (World Wide Web)
It is the collection of HTML documents on Internet. WWW was developed by Tim-
Berners-Lee.
2. E-mail
It is the electronic mail which is sent and received through Internet. Different
programs like Yahoo Mail, Hot Mail, Gmail, Zapak Mail, (etc.) are used to send and
receive e-mails.
Advantages of using e-mails are:
 It is the cheapest and fastest means of communication.
 It is more reliable than postal mail.
 The information using e-mail can be shared globally.
 We can also attach clips, pictures, files with e-mails.
3. Telnet (Teletype Network)
It is one of the services of Internet which allows the user to use remote computer
through Internet.
4. Search Engine
It is the special software designed to carry out web-searches. Google, Bing, Yahoo
are some popular Search Engines.
5. IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
It is one of the service of Internet which allow people to communicate with each
other in real-time. Communication in real time means talking with each other in
present time. Facebook messenger, Viber, Yahoo messenger, Zoom, (etc.) support
Internet Relay Chat.
6. Online Banking
It is the service provided by banks to their customers to various financial
transactions
 using Internet. Financial transactions include depositing money, transferring money,
and online payments.
7. E-commerce
It is the act of buying and selling goods over internet… More details in Unit 1.4.

Full Forms:
1. EDP: Electronic Data Processing
2. NCC: National Computer Centre
3. HDX: Half Duplex Mode
4. FDX: Full Duplex Mode
5. UTP: Unshielded Twisted Pair
6. STP: Shielded Twisted Pair
7. EMI: Electromagnetic Interference
8. RJ45: Registered Jack 45
9. BNC: British Naval Connector / Bayonet Neill Concelman
10. ISP: Internet Service Provider
11. ST connector: Straight Tip connector
12. SMA: Screw-Mounted Adaptor
13. SC: Subscriber Connector
14. FM: Frequency Modulation
15. AM: Amplitude Modulation
16. PM: Phase Modulation
17. LOS: Line of Sight
18. NOS: Network Operating System
19. NIC: Network Interface Card
20. MODEM: Modulator and Demodulator
21. IP: Internet Protocol
22. NCP: Network Control Protocol
23. TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
24. HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
25. SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
26. POP: Post Office Protocol
27. FTP: File Transfer Protocol
28. URL: Uniform Resource Locator
29. LAN: Local Area Network
30. MAN: Metropolitan Area Network
31. WAN: Wide Area Network
32. WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network
33. CAN: Campus Area Network
34. DSL: Digital Subscriber Line
35. ARPANET: Advanced Research Project Agency Network
36. WWW: World Wide Web
37. E-mail: Electronic Mail
38. IRC: Internet Relay Chat
39. ATM: Automated Teller Machine
40. E-commerce: Electronic Commerce
Differences between:
1. Simplex Mode and Duplex Mode
2. Guided Media and Unguided Media
3. Hub and Switch
4. LAN and WAN
5. Ring Topology and Star Topology
6. P2P Network and Client-Server Network

---------- END OF UNIT 1.1 ----------

 Unit 1.2
Ethical and Social Issues in ICT
Computer Ethics
It is the set of moral principles that must be followed by every user while using
computer system. Computer Ethics aim not to harm any user.
Some important commandments of Computer Ethics include:
1. Do not use computer to harm other users.
2. Do not use computer to publish fake information about others.
3. Do not delete any files or records from others’ computer.
4. Do not use others’ computer without their permission.
Other commandments are mentioned in book page no. 35.

Cyber Ethics
It is the code of behavior that must be followed by every user while using Internet.
Cyber Ethics comprises various Do’s and Don’ts.
Some Do’s of Cyber Ethics are:
1. DO use the internet in a responsible manner (digital citizenship).
2. DO use the Internet to search different subject matters regarding schoolwork.
3. DO use computer to learn music, singing, making videos, gaming and so on.
4. DO use Internet to communicate with family and friends.
Some Don’ts of Cyber Ethics are:
1. DON’T use Internet to download copyrighted materials.
2. DON’T use Internet to copy others’ materials and call it yours.
3. DON’T use Internet to communicate with strangers.
4. DON’T pretend to be someone else in Internet.
Cyber Ethics mainly deals with following domains / area / field:
1. Security
2. Privacy
3. Property
4. Accuracy, Accessibility

Digital Citizenship
It is the regular and responsible use of digital technologies such as mobile phones,
computer and so on. Communicating with respect, publishing helpful information in
Internet, (etc.) are some examples of Digital Citizenship. Digital Citizenship is
important for working in cyberspace and using digital technologies legally and
responsibly.
Some elements of Digital Citizenship are:
1. Digital Access: It is the ability of an individual to access and use digital
technology
2. Digital Commerce: It is the act of buying and selling goods using digital
technologies.
3. Digital Communication: It is the transmission of data and information using
digital technologies.
4. Digital Literacy: It is ability to use digital technologies confidently & effectively.
5. Digital Security: It is the act / practice of protecting digital technologies from
theft, virus, or any other intruders.
6. Digital Law: It is the rules and regulations for using digital technologies.

Digital Footprint
It is the trace of data that the user leaves while using Internet. Digital Footprint
include websites we visit, emails we send, and information we submit online.
Following things should be considered while managing Digital Footprint:
1. The subscribed account which we no longer use should be unsubscribed and
unused social media accounts should be deleted.
2. We should avoid visiting unsafe websites.
3. We should not share private and personal data publicly on social media.
4. We should note that parents, teachers, and other people can also view our
contents before posting them.

Cyberbullying
It refers to bullying using digital technologies. Cyberbullying includes online threats,
rude texts and tweets, harassment on social medias and so on.
Cyberbullying commonly takes place in following platforms:
1. On social media such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and more.
2. On E-mail (by sending texts and pictures that bully someone).
3. On SMS (Short Message Service).
4. On online games.
Some examples of Cyberbullying are:
1. Sending rude texts and messages to someone.
2. Publishing embarrassing photo or video of someone on social media.
3. Killing certain character constantly on online game.
4. Threatening someone by using their private contents.

Cyber Law
Cyber Law refers to legal principles that governs the internet and digital
technologies-related activities. Cyber law is not only a single law, rather it refers to
an area of law that deals with internet and internet-related-technologies.