Understanding Nutrition 15th Edition Whitney Test Bank Online Ebook Textbook Full Chapter PDF

Understanding Nutrition 15th Edition
Whitney Test Bank

Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankdeal.com/product/understanding-nutrition-15th-edition-whitney-test-ba
nk/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Understanding Nutrition 13th Edition Whitney Test Bank
https://testbankdeal.com/product/understanding-nutrition-13th-
edition-whitney-test-bank/
Understanding Nutrition 14th Edition Whitney Test Bank
Understanding Nutrition 3rd Edition Whitney Test Bank
https://testbankdeal.com/product/understanding-nutrition-3rd-
Understanding Nutrition Canadian 2nd Edition Whitney

Test Bank
https://testbankdeal.com/product/understanding-nutrition-
canadian-2nd-edition-whitney-test-bank/
Understanding Nutrition 14th Edition Whitney Solutions
Manual
edition-whitney-solutions-manual/
Understanding Nutrition 13th Edition Whitney Solutions

Manual
edition-whitney-solutions-manual/
Understanding Nutrition Canadian 2nd Edition Whitney

Solutions Manual
canadian-2nd-edition-whitney-solutions-manual/
Understanding Nutrition CANADIAN Edition Canadian 1st

Edition Whitney Test Bank
canadian-edition-canadian-1st-edition-whitney-test-bank/
Williams Basic Nutrition And Diet Therapy 15th Edition

Nix Test Bank
https://testbankdeal.com/product/williams-basic-nutrition-and-
diet-therapy-15th-edition-nix-test-bank/
Chapter 09
1. What proportion of the U.S. adult population is considered overweight or obese?
a. 50%
b. 60%
c. 70%
d. 80%
e. 90%
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember
REFERENCES: 9.1 Overweight and Obesity
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UNUT.WHRO.16.9.1 - Describe how body fat develops and why it can be difficult
to maintain weight gains & losses.
DATE CREATED: 11/13/2017 1:32 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 11/13/2017 1:59 PM
2. Which of the following statements accurately describes fat cell development?

a. While fat cells grow and shrink in size, their number is fixed.
b. An obese person has more and larger fat cells than does a healthy-weight person.
c. The number of fat cells grows substantially during early adulthood, as energy expenditure begins to decline.
d. Researchers have concluded there is no way to induce fat cell death.
e. When energy out exceeds energy in, the number and size of fat cells decrease.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand
3. Which of the following removes triglycerides from the blood for storage in fat and muscle cells?
a. Glucagon
b. Lipoprotein lipase
c. Cellulite synthetase
d. Lipoprotein synthetase
e. Adipose lipase
ANSWER: b
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
Chapter 09
POINTS: 1
4. Women readily develop lower body fat around the hips and thighs and men readily develop central body fat around the
abdomen. This primarily is due to gender differences in
a. blood insulin levels.
b. the activity of lipoprotein lipase.
c. set points.
d. the activity of lipoprotein synthetase.
e. patterns of physical activity.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
5. Which of the following defines the body’s set point?

a. A person’s minimum healthy weight
b. A person’s maximum healthy weight
c. Point at which a person’s weight plateaus before dropping again quickly
d. Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight
e. Point at which all LPL activity ceases
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
Chapter 09
6. What is Prader–Willi syndrome?

a. Altered receptor activity for ghrelin
b. A genetic disorder resulting in obesity
c. Fat accumulation in the liver of leptin-resistant patients
d. A failure to adapt to alternating periods of excess and inadequate energy intake
e. A genetic disorder characterized by loss of appetite
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 9.2 Causes of Overweight and Obesity
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UNUT.WHRO.16.9.2 - Review some of the causes of obesity.
7. About how many sites in the human genome are associated with obesity and fat?
a. 10
b. 50
c. 100
d. 500
e. 1,000
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DATE MODIFIED: 11/14/2017 6:32 AM
8. Which of the following statements accurately describes weight gain and genetics?
a. Obese people can change their genome and influence their epigenome.
b. Exercise has little, if any, effect on the genetic influence on weight gain.
c. Fraternal twins are more likely to weigh the same than are identical twins.
d. Adopted children tend to have body weights more like their biological parents than their adoptive parents.
Chapter 09
e. Most cases of obesity stem from a single gene.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
9. Which of the following is a protein produced by fat cells under the direction of the ob gene that decreases appetite and
increases energy expenditure?
a. Leptin
b. Ghrelin
c. Elastin
d. Brite
e. Collagen
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
10. Leptin acts as a hormone, primarily in the ________.

a. pancreas
b. intestines
c. liver
d. hypothalamus
e. hippocampus
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
Chapter 09
11. Which of the following is a protein that stimulates appetite and decreases energy expenditure?
a. Leptin
b. Ghrelin
c. Elastin
d. Brite
e. Collagen
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
12. Ghrelin is secreted by cells in the ________.

a. pancreas
b. stomach
c. liver
d. hypothalamus
e. hippocampus
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
13. What happens to leptin and ghrelin levels when someone is sleep deprived?
a. Both leptin and ghrelin increase
b. Both leptin and ghrelin decrease
c. Leptin decreases while ghrelin increases
d. Leptin increases while ghrelin decreases
e. No significant effects were observed.
Chapter 09
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
14. The uncoupling proteins in adipose tissue ________.

a. increase the amount of energy released as heat
b. reduce the number of fat cells
c. lower basal metabolism
d. increase the number of fat cells
e. increase the size of fat cells
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
15. Newborn babies are poorly insulated and cannot shiver when exposed to cold temperatures. What type of adipose
tissue helps infants generate heat when it is cold?
a. Black
b. White
c. Brown
d. Yellow
e. Red
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
Chapter 09
16. Which of the following statements accurately describes the “browning” of white fat cells?
a. White fat cells undergo browning when they take on the activity of coupled proteins.
b. White fat cells with brown fat cell characteristics sometimes are called beige adipocytes.
c. Brown fat cells are more abundant than brite fat cells in adults.
d. Interestingly, physical activity stops the browning process.
e. After much study, researchers have found little connection between GI microbiota and the browning process.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
17. Which of the following best explains why the environment plays a role in obesity?
a. The gene pool has remained relatively unchanged, but obesity rates have been rising.
b. Studies show that identical twins raised separately have body weights similar to their biological parents.
c. Body composition methods show that adipose storage sites are based on gender.
d. Uncoupling proteins explain variations in energy metabolism between lean and overweight people.
e. Food and activity behaviors influence genes.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
18. Of the following, which provides an example of an obesogenic environment?

a. Airlines have increased the length of all seatbelts.
b. Many companies provide employees with free memberships to local exercise facilities.
c. Celebrations often involve cake and alcoholic drinks.
d. Some high-end designers refuse to sell clothing in plus sizes.
e. Advertisements for weight-loss products and gyms frequently run in January.
ANSWER: c
Chapter 09
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply
19. What is a potential problem with using diet histories to gauge energy intake?
a. They focus primarily on past energy intakes and ignore current activity.
b. They do not factor into the energy balance equation.
c. Obese people tend to overestimate energy intakes, while normal-weight people tend to underestimate energy
intakes.
d. Both normal-weight and obese people commonly misreport actual energy intakes.
e. Past diet histories are less useful given today’s abundance of fast-food options.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
20. Studies report that the differences in the time obese and lean people spend lying, sitting, standing, and moving
account for about ________ kcalories per day.
a. 150
b. 350
c. 550
d. 750
e. 1500
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
Chapter 09
21. Which statement about perceptions of obesity is FALSE?

a. Many people assume every obese person can and should achieve slenderness.
b. People are born and raised with various weight tendencies.
c. Obese people often are judged more on their appearance than on their character.
d. In parts of society, overweight is embraced as a sign of health and beauty.
e. Most weight-loss programs focus on willpower, hard work, and tending the psychological issues associated
with obesity.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 9.3 Problems of Overweight and Obesity
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UNUT.WHRO.16.9.3 - Discuss the physical, social, and psychological
consequences of overweight & obesity.
22. A reputable weight-loss program will provide customers with honest predictions of success and ________.
a. with testimonials from previous, successful users
b. with testimonials from medical professionals
c. with statistics on weight cycling
d. will list the psychological benefits of weight loss
e. will explain the associated risks
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
23. Which term refers to the repeated loss and regain of body weight?
a. Weight cycling
b. See-saw eating
c. Fad dieting
d. Circular eating
Chapter 09
e. Body dysmorphia
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
24. Of the following, which would be considered a fad diet?

a. Eating only cold, green foods for one month
b. Joining Weight Watchers and a gym
c. Eating mostly a plant-rich diet
d. Adding time and new activities to a current workout plan
e. Limiting sweets to once per month
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
25. Which is true of nonprescription weight-loss products?

a. They must be approved by the FDA.
b. They must be tested for safety and effectiveness by the manufacturer.
c. They must list all active and nonactive ingredients on the label.
d. Most have proved to be effective.
e. Many have proved to be harmful.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
Chapter 09
26. Last year, an overweight woman was classified as “obese” based on her BMI. Since then, she has gained more weight
and developed type 2 diabetes. She will be categorized with “critically severe obesity” as soon as her BMI reaches
________.
a. 25
b. 30
c. 33
d. 35
e. 40
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 9.4 Aggressive Treatments for Obesity
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UNUT.WHRO.16.9.4 - Explain the risks and benefits, if any, of aggressive ways to
treat obesity.
27. A less-preferred term for clinically severe obesity is ________.

a. morbid obesity
b. metabolic syndrome
c. leptin-resistant obesity
d. psychological-resistant syndrome
e. Prader–Willi syndrome
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
treat obesity.
28. Which of the following statements accurately describes the use of prescription drugs to treat obesity?
Chapter 09
a. Drug therapies should be considered for both cosmetic and health reasons.
b. Most experts believe obesity is not a disease, so drugs should not be prescribed.
c. Most currently available drugs are proven effective in both the short and long term.
d. Physicians may prescribe “off-label” drugs to take advantage of their modest weight-loss effects.
e. Although initially effective, most drugs have eventually raised the risk of cardiovascular disease to
unacceptable levels.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
treat obesity.
29. The prescription drug orlistat acts by ________.

a. inhibiting pancreatic lipase
b. regulating the utilization of norepinephrine
c. increasing metabolism
d. regulating brain serotonin receptors
e. releasing ghrelin and leptin
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
treat obesity.
30. Your patient, Mr. Sinclair, has a BMI of 43 and wants to begin taking drugs to lose weight. He has glaucoma, but is
otherwise healthy. Which of the following should not be prescribed for Mr. Sinclair?
a. Olestra
b. Orlistat
c. Serotonin
d. Phentermine
e. Belviq

Chapter 09
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
treat obesity.
31. About how many people in the United States have clinically severe obesity?
a. 1%
b. 3%
c. 5%
d. 8%
e. 10%
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
treat obesity.
32. In which procedure is 70 to 85 percent of the stomach removed and the rest stapled to create a vertical tube-shaped
stomach with limited capacity?
a. Gastric bypass
b. Gastric banding
c. Sleeve gastrectomy
d. Liposuction
e. Gastric aspiration
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
Chapter 09
treat obesity.
33. Of the following, which procedures is more cosmetic and has little effect on body weight?
a. Gastric bypass
b. Gastric banding
c. Sleeve gastrectomy
d. Liposuction
e. Gastric aspiration
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
treat obesity.
34. For overweight adults, a reasonable weight loss is ________.

a. ½ pound per day
b. ½ to 2 pounds per week
c. ½ to 2 pounds per month
d. 1 pound per day
e. 10% of body weight per month
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 9.5 Weight-Loss Strategies
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UNUT.WHRO.16.9.5 - Outline reasonable strategies for achieving and
maintaining a healthy body weight.
35. To maintain weight loss, one should aim to lose 10% of initial body weight in ________.
a. 6 weeks
b. 3 months
Chapter 09
c. 6 months
d. 9 months
e. 1 year
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
36. Improvements in physical capabilities and quality of life begin with a ________ weight loss.
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 15%
d. 25%
e. 30%
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
37. Those on a weight loss regimen should aim to create an energy intake deficit of ________ kcalories per day.
a. 100
b. 250
c. 500
d. 1,000
e. 1,500
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
Chapter 09
38. In general, weight-loss diets need to provide a minimum of ________ kcalories per day for women.
a. 500
b. 800
c. 1200
d. 1600
e. 1800
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
39. In general, weight-loss diets need to provide a minimum of ________ kcalories per day for men.
a. 800
b. 1000
c. 1200
d. 1500
e. 2000
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
40. Which of the following reflects the importance of eating breakfast?

Chapter 09
a. Skipping breakfast reduces energy intake and causes weight loss.
b. Eating breakfast just once each week has the same benefits as eating breakfast every day.
c. People who eat breakfast frequently have a lower BMI than those who avoid breakfast.
d. People who skip breakfast have lower daily energy intakes than breakfast eaters.
e. The “dinner diet” has proven more effective than the “breakfast diet.”
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
41. Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between the speed at which one eats and weight management?
a. People who eat slowly have greater energy intake.
b. Faster eating correlates with higher BMI.
c. Eating quickly stimulates the pleasure centers of the brain faster and leads to faster satiety.
d. Satiety hormones are blunted when meals are eaten more slowly.
e. Faster eating correlates to higher diet-induced thermogenesis.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
42. Of the following, which is the best advice for lowering energy intake for weight loss?
a. Drink 8 ounces of water after each meal
b. Select fewer energy-dense foods
c. Restrict fiber intake as a means to reduce excess water retention
d. Consume a small high-fat snack before each meal to reduce appetite
e. Consume an alcoholic beverage with lunch and dinner
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
Chapter 09
DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Evaluate
43. Using large quantities of low-energy-density foods in a diet is sometimes referred to as ________.
a. calometrics
b. minimetrics
c. densification
d. volumetrics
e. substitution
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
44. Researchers have spent many years studying diets and have determined the best approach to weight loss is to
________.
a. avoid foods containing carbohydrates to keep blood glucose low
b. eliminate all fats from the diet and decrease water intake
c. greatly increase protein intake to increase satiation
d. reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure
e. fast at least two consecutive days each week to achieve better energy balance
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1

Chapter 09
45. To prevent weight gains and support weight losses, one should add ________ minutes of moderately intense physical
activity each week.
a. 30–60
b. 60–90
c. 90–120
d. 120–200
e. 200–300
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
46. Which of the following statements about physical activity is true?

a. The number of kcalories spent in an activity depends on body weight, intensity, and duration.
b. Physical activity increases the energy required to meet nutrient needs.
c. Physical activity cannot reduce abdominal fat without weight loss.
d. Being active increases hunger.
e. Physical activity does not affect metabolism.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
47. The post-exercise effect on one’s metabolism may raise energy expenditure to a maximum ________.
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 15%
Chapter 09
d. 20%
e. 25%
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
48. Jules burns 100 kcalories during her morning walk. How many additional kcalories is she likely to burn in the post-
exercise period?
a. 10
b. 15
c. 30
d. 45
e. 60
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
49. Which of the following statements about physical activity and weight loss is FALSE?
a. Strength and balance improve when exercise is part of a weight loss program.
b. The greater the energy deficit created by exercise, the greater the fat loss.
c. Using discretionary kcalories will maximize weight loss.
d. Daily vigorous activities gradually develop more lean tissue.
e. Even with the same BMI, physically active people have less body fat than sedentary people.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
Chapter 09
50. Why is appetite suppressed after intense exercise?

a. Thirst overpowers the desire for food and water is satiating.
b. The elevated blood lactate level antagonizes ghrelin.
c. Glucose and fatty acids are abundant in the blood.
d. Exercise causes smell and taste to be suppressed for at least one hour.
e. Leptin secretion increases during workouts.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
51. Meeting an activity goal of ________ steps a day is an excellent way to support a healthy BMI.
a. 2,500
b. 5,000
c. 7,500
d. 10,000
e. 15,000
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
52. How do environmental influences affect eating habits?

Chapter 09
a. Foods that are accessible and convenient are eaten most.
b. People tend to eat more when dining alone because no one is there to shame them.
c. Limiting food intake to the length of a favorite sitcom can be a healthy eating habit.
d. Offering several flavors of the same food at each meal lessens the desire for it.
e. Eating directly from a food package lessens the need to use large plates, which facilitates overeating.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
53. Of the following, which is an example of a behavior modification technique for weight loss?
a. Create a blog about your overeating habits to create a like-minded community.
b. Download an app to keep a record of your eating and exercise habits.
c. Create the “Clean Plate Club” at home and reward family members appropriately.
d. Eat with a buddy who will monitor your food intake.
e. Cook your own meals and eat alone to focus on your own habits.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
54. Health care professionals suggest setting SMART goals to change one’s eating behaviors. What does SMART stand
for?
a. Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time-based
b. Specific, Meaningful, Analytic, Relevant, Technological
c. Sensitive, Minimal, Accessible, Reliable, Time-bound
d. Supportive, Media-based, Attainable, Repeatable, Tertiary
e. Supportive, Minimal, Analytic, Reliable, Technological
ANSWER: a
Chapter 09
POINTS: 1
55. Which of the following reflects a SMART goal?

a. I want to live to see my grandchildren grow up.
b. I want to be at my healthiest weight by my next doctor’s appointment.
c. I will eat only healthy foods.
d. I will eat a healthy breakfast and run three miles every day.
e. I will start running 2 miles every morning and then run a marathon next month.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
56. To maximize the long-term success of a weight-reduction program, a person should ________.
a. strongly believe that he can successfully lose weight
b. realize that being “the overweight one” is an unchangeable part of his identity
c. consider a short-term smoking program
d. accept that little exercise is a part of his lifestyle and act accordingly
e. keep weight loss plans private matter to avoid embarrassment if they fail
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
Chapter 09
57. When people give up cigarettes, they gain an average of ________ pounds in the first year.
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 25
e. 30
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
58. Successful weight-loss maintenance means achieving a minimum weight loss of ________ percent of initial body
weight and maintaining the loss for at least ________.
a. 5–10, 3 months
b. 5–10, 6 months
c. 5–10, 1 year
d. 10–15, 6 months
e. 10–15, 1 year
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
59. Weight maintenance may require a person to expend a minimum of ________ kcalories in physical activity per week.
a. 500
b. 1250
c. 1500
Chapter 09
d. 2500
e. 3500
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
60. Which of the following is not a proposed national strategy to prevent obesity?
a. Provide a variety of opportunities to help make physical activity an integral and routine part of life.
b. Create environments that ensure healthy foods and beverages are visible and easy to obtain.
c. Encourage media messages that promote healthy diets and physically active lifestyles.
d. Make fast food restaurants centers for health and wellness.
e. Support health care providers in offering information on weight management and employers in offering
wellness programs.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
61. Obesity has many causes and is a risk factor for many diseases; therefore, the best approach seems to be ________.
a. fasting
b. medicines
c. prevention
d. epigenetic counseling
e. a holistic one
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1

Chapter 09
62. About how many U.S. adults are underweight?

a. .2%
b. 2%
c. 5%
d. 10%
e. 15%
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 9.6 Underweight
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UNUT.WHRO.16.9.6 - Summarize strategies for gaining weight.
DATE MODIFIED: 11/14/2017 6:33 AM
63. Trevor is an underweight long-distance runner. To achieve a healthy body weight to improve his performance, he
must ________.
a. eat a high-kcalorie diet and exercise regularly
b. eat a high-kcalorie diet and reduce his exercise to minimal amounts
c. eat a high-protein diet plus exercise regularly
d. eliminate alcohol and exercise from his life
e. eat a high-protein, high-kcalorie diet and reduce his exercise to minimal amounts
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
64. A person is considered underweight until his BMI reaches ________.

Chapter 09
a. 18.5
b. 20
c. 22.5
d. 25
e. 30
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
65. What is the best meal-planning strategy for underweight people who desire to gain weight?
a. Select foods with saturated fats for maximum health benefits.
b. Eat just until the feeling of fullness begins; avoid feeling uncomfortable.
c. Drink more juice and milk.
d. Decrease the amount of food consumed within the first 20 minutes of a meal.
e. Eat the same amount as before, but spread it out over the entire day.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
66. Underweight people expend so much energy adapting to a higher food intake at first that about ________ extra
kcalories may be needed to gain a pound a week.
a. 350
b. 500
c. 750
d. 900
e. 1200
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
Chapter 09
67. Why do fad diets appeal to so many Americans?

a. They are based on years of credible, but previously unpublished, research.
b. They ignore dietary recommendations and allow people to eat favorite foods freely.
c. They offer inexpensive, proven results.
d. They are paired with sophisticated testimonials from knowledgeable nutritionists.
e. They provide long-lasting results.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: H-9 The Latest and Greatest Weight-Loss Diet—Again
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UNUT.WHRO.16.H-9 - Contrast the differences between popular fad diets and
weight-loss diets based on sound nutrition.
68. Why do fad diets typically produce weight loss, at least for a short time?
a. They suggest the correct amount macronutrients needed in the diet.
b. They prevent rapid rises and falls in blood glucose level.
c. They do not require kcalorie counting, so compliance is better.
d. They limit energy intake to about 1200 kcal/day.
e. They are enthusiastically followed by those trying to lose some weight.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1

Chapter 09
69. Most fad diets ________.
a. produce long-lasting results
b. limit food choices, which reduces energy intake
c. are balanced and do not require a dietary supplement
d. support good health over the long term
e. embrace a variety of foods by proposing how to proportion energy nutrients
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
70. Your friend Jody considers following a popular diet plan. She shows you the description of the plan in a magazine.
Which of the following statements in the magazine would suggest that this plan is an unsound, fad diet?
a. ”Lose up to 2 pounds per week!”
b. ”This fat-busting plan jump starts your metabolism and allows you to target problem areas like hips and
thighs.”
c. “Keep fresh fruit or carrot sticks in the fridge at work so you won’t be tempted to raid the vending machine for
a snack.”
d. “Starting an aerobic exercise plan may seem daunting, but you can start out with shorter, easier sessions and
then build up to 3 or more hours a week.”
e. “Improve your health with well-balanced meals and increased physical activity.”
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
71. ________ involves maintaining body mass in a healthy range by preventing gradual weight gains over time and losing
weight if overweight.
ANSWER: Weight management
POINTS: 1
Chapter 09
QUESTION TYPE: Completion
72. The ________ theory that relates to body weight proposes that the body tends to maintain a certain weight by means
of its own internal controls.
ANSWER: set point, set-point
POINTS: 1
73. The study of the influence of environmental factors, such as diet and physical activity, on gene expression is called
________.
ANSWER: epigenetics
POINTS: 1
74. A condition in which leptin levels are increased and leptin sensitivity is decreased is ________.
ANSWER: leptin resistance
POINTS: 1
Chapter 09
75. White fat cells with brown fat cell characteristics are called ________.
ANSWER: brite adipocytes, beige adipocytes
POINTS: 1
76. All the genetic information of a population at a given time is called a ________.
ANSWER: gene pool
POINTS: 1
77. An eating plan that promises quick weight loss if an individual never eats any dairy products would be called a
________.
ANSWER: fad diet
POINTS: 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UNUT.WHRO.16.9-3 - Discuss the physical, social, and psychological
consequences of 9.1 Overweight and Obesity.
78. The term ________ means pertaining to the field of medicine that specializes in treating obesity.
ANSWER: bariatric
POINTS: 1
Chapter 09
treat obesity.
79. ________ is a technique that uses a tube to empty the contents of the stomach after every meal.
ANSWER: Gastric aspiration
POINTS: 1
treat obesity.
80. ________ involves the changing of antecedents, behaviors, and consequences.

ANSWER: Behavior modification
POINTS: 1
a. 2
b. 40
c. 70
d. 200–300
e. Intragastric balloon
f. Yo-yo dieting
g. Leptin
h. Phentermine
i. Ghrelin
j. Orlistat
Chapter 09
k. Set point
l. White fat
m. Stomach
n. Brown fat
o. Brite adipocytes
p. Liposuction
q. Underweight
r. Lipoprotein lipase
s. Spot reducing
t. Obesogenic environment
9.2 Causes of Overweight and Obesity
9.3 Problems of Overweight and Obesity
9.5 Weight-Loss Strategies
9.4 Aggressive Treatments for Obesity
9.6 Underweight
QUESTION TYPE: Matching
UNUT.WHRO.16.9.2 - Review some of the causes of obesity.
UNUT.WHRO.16.9.3 - Discuss the physical, social, and psychological
UNUT.WHRO.16.9.4 - Explain the risks and benefits, if any, of aggressive ways to
treat obesity.
UNUT.WHRO.16.9.5 - Outline reasonable strategies for achieving and
UNUT.WHRO.16.9.6 - Summarize strategies for gaining weight.
81. Percentage of overweight or obese adults in the United States

ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
82. An enzyme that participates in the development of obesity

ANSWER: r
POINTS: 1
83. Daily circumstances that push people toward fatness

ANSWER: t
POINTS: 1

Chapter 09
84. A theory that the body tends to maintain a certain weight by internal controls
ANSWER: k
POINTS: 1
85. Weight cycling resulting from sporadic restrictive dieting

ANSWER: f
POINTS: 1
86. Nicknamed the satiety hormone

ANSWER: g
POINTS: 1
87. Nicknamed the hunger hormone

ANSWER: i
POINTS: 1
88. Cells that secret ghrelin

ANSWER: m
POINTS: 1
89. Adipose tissue that primarily stores fat for other cells to use as energy
ANSWER: l
POINTS: 1
90. Adipose tissue that primarily releases stored energy as heat

ANSWER: n
POINTS: 1
91. White fat cells with brown fat cell characteristics

ANSWER: o
POINTS: 1
92. Attempt to lose weight in “problem areas” of the body

ANSWER: s
POINTS: 1
93. Classification for body weight below what is considered healthy

ANSWER: q
POINTS: 1
94. FDA-approved drug that inhibits pancreatic lipase

ANSWER: j
POINTS: 1

Chapter 09
95. FDA-approved drug with no known GI side effects
ANSWER: h
POINTS: 1
96. Minimum BMI of a person classified as clinically severe obese

ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
97. A cosmetic weight-loss procedure

ANSWER: p
POINTS: 1
98. A saline-filled silicone device in the stomach to limit food intake

ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
99. Minimum number of minutes per week of moderately intense physical activity to prevent weight gain
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
100. Percentage of underweight U.S. adults

ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
101. Discuss how fat cells develop in number and size, and how this may lead to obesity and other health risks.
ANSWER: When “energy in” exceeds “energy out,” much of the excess energy is stored in the fat
cells of adipose tissue. The amount of fat in adipose tissue reflects both the number and the
size of the fat cells. The number of fat cells increases most rapidly during the growing
years of late childhood and early puberty. After growth ceases, fat cell numbers may
continue to increase whenever energy balance is positive. Obese people have more fat
cells—as well as larger fat cells—than healthy-weight people.
As fat cells accumulate triglycerides, they expand in size. When the cells enlarge, they
stimulate cell proliferation so that their numbers increase again. Thus obesity develops
when a person’s fat cells increase in number, in size, or quite often both. When “energy
out” exceeds “energy in,” the size of fat cells dwindles, but not their number. People with
extra fat cells tend to regain lost weight rapidly; with weight gain, their many fat cells
readily fill. In contrast, people with an average number of enlarged fat cells may be more
successful in maintaining weight losses; when their cells shrink, both cell size and number
are normal. Prevention of obesity is most critical, then, during the growing years of
childhood and adolescence, when fat cells increase in number. Researchers are exploring
ways to induce fat cell death—which would decrease the number.
As mentioned earlier, excess fat first fills the body’s natural storage site—adipose tissue. If
fat is still abundant, the excess is deposited in organs such as the heart and liver. Fat that
accumulates outside of adipose tissue—called ectopic fat—disrupts normal metabolism
and contributes to the development of diseases such as heart failure and fatty liver. As
ectopic fat accumulates, metabolic changes that indicate disease risk—such as insulin
resistance—become apparent and chronic inflammation develops.
POINTS: 1
Chapter 09
QUESTION TYPE: Essay
102. How do leptin and ghrelin work to control food intake? What role does leptin play in genetic causes of obesity?
ANSWER: Researchers have identified an obesity gene, called ob, which is expressed primarily in the
adipose tissue and codes for the protein leptin. Leptin acts as a hormone, primarily in the
hypothalamus. Leptin maintains homeostasis by regulating food intake and energy
expenditure in response to adipose tissue. When body fat increases, leptin increases—
which suppresses appetite. When body fat decreases, leptin decreases—which stimulates
appetite and suppresses energy expenditure.
Although extremely rare, a genetic deficiency of leptin or genetic mutation of its receptor
has been identified in human beings as well. Extremely obese children with barely
detectable blood levels of leptin have little appetite control; they are constantly hungry and
eat considerably more than their siblings or peers. Given daily injections of leptin, these
children lose a substantial amount of weight, confirming leptin’s role in regulating appetite
and body weight.
Very few obese people have a leptin deficiency, however. In fact, leptin levels increase as
BMI increases. Leptin rises but fails to suppress appetite or enhance energy expenditure—
a condition researchers describe as leptin resistance. With weight loss, leptin levels
decline, which reduces satiation and challenges weight loss maintenance; leptin injections
effectively increase satiation after weight loss.
Another protein, known as ghrelin, also acts as a hormone primarily in the hypothalamus.
In contrast to leptin, ghrelin is secreted primarily by the stomach cells and promotes eating
and weight gain by increasing smell sensitivity, stimulating appetite, and promoting
efficient energy storage.
Ghrelin triggers the desire to eat. Blood levels of ghrelin typically rise before and fall after a
meal—reflecting the hunger and satiety that precede and follow eating. On average,
ghrelin levels are high whenever the body is in negative energy balance, as occurs during
low-kcalorie diets, for example. This response may help explain why weight loss is so
difficult to maintain. Weight loss is more successful with exercise and after gastric bypass
surgery, in part because ghrelin levels are relatively low. Ghrelin levels decline again
whenever the body is in positive energy balance, as occurs with weight gains.
Some research indicates that ghrelin also promotes sleep. Interestingly, a lack of sleep
increases the hunger hormone ghrelin and decreases the satiety hormone leptin—which
may help to explain the association between inadequate sleep and overweight.
POINTS: 1
103. How do white fat cells differ from brown fat cells and from brite fat cells?
Chapter 09
ANSWER: The body has different types of adipose tissue and the quantities of each is determined by
genes. White adipose tissue stores fat for other cells to use for energy; brown adipose
tissue releases stored energy as heat, thus defending against cold and preventing obesity.
In coupled reactions, the energy released from the breakdown of one compound is used to
create a bond in the formation of another compound. For example, when fat is oxidized,
some of the energy is released in heat and some is captured in the formation of ATP.
Metabolism in brown adipose tissue differs; oxidation is uncoupled from ATP formation.
In uncoupled reactions, all of the energy is released as heat. By radiating energy away as
heat, the body expends, rather than stores, energy. In contrast, efficient coupling facilitates
synthesis reactions, including the making of fat for storage. In other words, weight gains or
losses may depend on whether the body dissipates the energy from an ice cream sundae as
heat or stores it in body fat.
Brown fat and heat production is particularly important in newborn infants and in animals
exposed to cold weather, especially those that hibernate. They have plenty of brown
adipose tissue. In contrast, human adults have little brown fat, stored primarily around the
neck and clavicle. Brown fat is most metabolically active during exposure to cold.
Importantly, brown fat activity declines with age and with obesity; overweight and obese
individuals have less brown fat activity than others. The role of brown fat in body weight
regulation is not yet fully understood, but such an understanding may
prove most useful in developing obesity treatments.
Some white fat cells can undergo a process known as browning as they take on
characteristics of brown fat, most notably the activity of uncoupled proteins; these fat cells
are called brite adipocytes. Brite fat cells are far more abundant than brown fat cells in
adults. By learning how browning is regulated, researchers hope to tilt energy balance
from storage to expenditure in the effort to fight obesity. Interestingly, among the factors
that trigger browning is physical activity. During exercise, muscle cells release a protein
(the myokine irisin) that triggers the transformation of white fat cells into brite fat cells.
Such findings help explain one of the many ways physical activity expends energy and
supports weight management. Another factor gaining attention for its influence on the
browning of white fat cells is the GI microbiota; the GI microbiota in people who are obese
tend to be more limited in diversity and in activity than those in people who are not
overweight.
POINTS: 1
104. What perceptions and prejudices do overweight and obese people face?
ANSWER: Many people assume that every obese person can achieve slenderness and should pursue
that goal. First consider that most obese people do not—for whatever reason—successfully
lose weight and maintain their losses. Then consider the prejudice involved in that
assumption. People come with varying weight tendencies, just as they come with varying
potentials for height and physical talents.
Large segments of our society place such enormous value on thinness that obese people
face prejudice and discrimination on the job, at school, and in social situations: they are
judged on their appearance more than on their character. Socially, obese people are
negatively stereotyped as lazy and lacking in self-control. Such a critical view of
overweight is not prevalent in many other cultures, including segments of our own society.
Chapter 09
Instead, overweight is simply accepted or even embraced as a sign of robust health and
beauty. To free society of its obsession with body weight and prejudice against obesity,
people must first learn to judge others—and themselves—for who they are and not for
what they weigh.
Psychologically, obese people may suffer embarrassment when others treat them with
hostility and contempt, and many have come to view their own bodies as flawed. Feelings
of rejection, shame, and depression are common among obese people. Anxiety and
depression, in turn, may contribute to the development of obesity, which perpetuates the
problem.
Most weight-loss programs assume that the problem can be solved simply by applying
willpower and hard work. If determination were the only factor involved, though, the
success rate would be far greater than it is. Overweight people may readily assume blame
for failure to lose weight and maintain the losses when, in fact, it is the programs that have
failed. Ineffective treatment and its associated sense of failure add to a person’s
psychological burden.
POINTS: 1
105. Describe three bariatric surgical procedures, including the overall benefits and adverse side effects.
ANSWER: In gastric bypass, the surgeon constructs a small gastric pouch and connects it directly to
the jejunum so that the flow of food bypasses a substantial portion of the small intestine. In
gastric banding, the surgeon creates a small gastric pouch using an inflatable band placed
near the top of the stomach. The band is tightened or loosened by adding or removing fluid
via an access port placed under the skin. Finally, in sleeve gastrectomy, the surgeon
removes 70 to 85 percent of the stomach and staples the remaining portions together to
create a vertical tube-shaped stomach with limited capacity.
Almost 200,000 such surgeries are performed in the United States annually. Bariatric
surgery suppresses hunger and alters metabolism by changing production of hormones.
Changes in appetite, food preferences, and GI microbiota may also influence weight
losses. The results are significant: depending on the type of surgery, 20 to 30 percent of
the excess weight remains lost after 10 years. Importantly, most people experience
dramatic and lasting improvements in their diabetes, blood lipids, and blood pressure; the
risk of heart attacks, strokes, and cancer is also reduced. Some evidence suggests
improvements in depression and anxiety as well. Overall, bariatric surgery provides clear
advantages for greater weight loss and long-term survival over nonsurgical options for
obese adults.
The long-term safety and effectiveness of surgery depend, in large part, on compliance
with dietary instructions, making nutrition care plans essential in follow-up treatment. With
limited food intake and reduced absorptive surfaces, vitamin and mineral deficiencies are
common, and have been linked to problems such as periodontal disease. Care plans
include instructions to improve food selections as well as prescriptions for dietary
supplements. Weight regain may occur and psychological problems—such as disordered
eating behaviors—may also develop. Lifelong medical supervision is necessary, but the
possible health benefits of weight loss—improved blood lipids, blood pressure, and insulin
sensitivity—may outweigh the risks. Overall risk of death and heart disease is lower for
obese people after successful surgery than for obese people who do not undergo surgery.
Chapter 09
POINTS: 1
treat obesity.
106. Your best friend is obese. She tells you she wants to lose weight, but feels defeated just by how much she has to
lose. She says she wishes she could drop 50 pounds in a month, so she could be motivated by the health benefits that kind
of weight loss will bring. What advice can you give her regarding healthy weight loss goals and when she might begin to
experience health benefits?
ANSWER: Depending on initial body weight, a reasonable rate of loss for overweight adults is ½ to 2
pounds a week, or 5 to 10 percent of body weight over 6 months. For a person weighing
250 pounds, a 10 percent loss is 25 pounds, or about 1 pound a week for 6 months. Such
gradual weight losses are more likely to be maintained than rapid losses. Keep in mind that
pursuing good health is a lifelong journey. Those who are most successful at weight
management seem to have fully incorporated healthful eating and physical activity into
their daily lives.
Even modest weight loss can improve blood glucose and reduce the risks of heart disease
by lowering blood pressure and blood lipids, especially for those with central obesity.
Improvements in physical capabilities and quality of life become evident with even a 5-
percent weight loss. For these reasons, parameters such as blood pressure, blood lipids,
or even vitality are more useful than body weight in marking success. People less
concerned with disease risks may prefer to set goals for personal fitness, such as being
able to play with children or climb stairs without becoming short of breath. Importantly, they
can focus on healthy eating and activity habits instead of weight loss.
POINTS: 1
107. There are many recommendations for designing healthy eating patterns for a weight-management program. List and
describe the three you think are the most important.
ANSWER: Be realistic about energy intake: The main characteristic of a weight-loss diet is that it
provides less energy than the person needs to maintain present body weight. If food energy
is restricted too severely, dieters may not receive sufficient nutrients. Rapid weight loss
usually means excessive loss of lean tissue, a lower BMR, and rapid weight regains to
follow. The composition of regained weight is more fat and less lean than the composition
of the originally lost weight. In addition, restrictive eating may create stress or foster
unhealthy behaviors of eating disorders.
Chapter 09
Emphasize nutritional adequacy: Healthy diet plans make nutritional adequacy a
priority. Nutritional adequacy is difficult to achieve on fewer than 1200 kcalories a day, and
most healthy adults need never consume any less. A plan that provides an adequate
intake supports a healthier and more successful weight loss than a restrictive plan that
creates feelings of starvation and deprivation, which can lead to an irresistible urge to
binge.
Eat small portions: Portion sizes at markets, at restaurants, and even at home have
increased dramatically over the years, contributing significantly to energy intake and
weight gains. We have come to expect large portions, and we have learned to clean our
plates. Many of us pay more attention to these external cues defining how much to eat
than to our internal cues of hunger and satiety. For health’s sake, we may need to learn to
eat less food at each meal—one piece of chicken for dinner instead of two, a teaspoon of
butter on vegetables instead of a tablespoon, and one cookie for dessert instead of six.
The goal is to eat enough food for adequate energy, abundant vitamins and minerals, and
some pleasure, but not more. This amount should leave a person feeling satisfied—not
stuffed. The Japanese have a saying that captures this concept—hara hachi bu—which
translates to “eat until you are 80 percent full.”
Slow down: Eating can be a pleasurable experience, and taking the time to savor the
flavors can help with weight management. Eating slowly, taking small bites, and chewing
thoroughly all help to decrease food intake. A person who slows down and savors each
bite eats less before hormones signal satiety and the end of a meal. Consequently, energy
intake is lower when meals are eaten slowly. Savoring each bite also activates the
pleasure centers of the brain. Some research suggests that people may overeat when the
brain doesn’t sense enough gratification from food. Faster eating correlates with higher
BMI.
Lower energy density: Most people take their cues about how much to eat based on
portion sizes, and the larger the portion size, the more they eat. To lower energy intake, a
person can either reduce the portion size or reduce the energy density. Reducing energy
density while maintaining or even increasing food quantity, especially by reducing fat and
including fruits and vegetables, seems to be a successful strategy to control hunger and
manage weight. This concept of using large quantities of low-energy-density foods is
sometimes referred to as volumetrics.
Remember water: In addition to lowering the energy density of foods, water seems to
help those who are trying to lose or maintain weight. For one, foods with high water
content (such as broth-based soups) increase fullness, reduce hunger, and consequently
reduce energy intake. For another, drinking a large glass of water before a meal eases
hunger, fills the stomach, and consequently reduces energy intake. Importantly, water
adds no kcalories. The average U.S. diet delivers an estimated 75 to 150 kcalories a day
from sweetened beverages. Simply replacing nutrient-poor, energy-dense beverages with
water can help a person achieve a 5 percent weight loss at 6 months. Water also helps the
GI tract adapt to a high-fiber diet.
Focus on plant-based foods: Plant-based foods, such as fresh fruits, vegetables,
legumes, and whole grains, and vegetarian eating patterns may help with weight
management and improve the inflammation that accompanies obesity. These foods offer
abundant vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Eating high-fiber foods also takes time, which
eases hunger and promotes satiety.
Choose fats sensibly: One way to lower energy intake is to lower fat intake. Lowering the
fat content of a food lowers its energy density—for example, selecting fat-free milk instead
of whole milk. That way, a person can consume the usual amount (say, a cup of milk) at a
lower energy intake (85 instead of 150 kcalories).
Select carbohydrates carefully: Another popular way to lower energy intake is to lower
carbohydrate intake. Limiting consumption of foods with added sugars can help with
weight management. One way people try to control weight is to use foods and beverages
sweetened with artificial sweeteners. Using artificial sweeteners instead of sugars can
lower energy intake and may support modest weight loss, or at least prevent weight gain,
although evidence is inconsistent; in fact, some research indicates that artificial
sweeteners may stimulate appetite and lead to weight gain. One study offers a possible
explanation. People who regularly drink diet sodas have decreased activity in the brain
Chapter 09
center that signals reward and controls food intake. Such an alteration makes it more likely
that these people would eat more later in the day.
Watch for other empty kCalories: A person trying to achieve or maintain a healthy
weight needs to pay attention not only to fat and sugar, but to alcohol too. Not only does
alcohol add kcalories, but accompanying mixers can also add both kcalories and fat,
especially in creamy drinks such as piña coladas. Furthermore, drinking alcohol reduces a
person’s inhibitions, which can lead to excessive eating.
POINTS: 1
108. Your best friend is overweight. She has begun adopting new eating patterns and now wants to add physical activity
to her weight-management program. She asks you for recommendations as to what kind of physical activity is best. Based
on what you know about physical activity and weight management, what advice do you give?
ANSWER: Clearly, physical activity is a plus in a weight-management program. What kind of
physical activity is best? Any number of physical activity programs may be equally
effective at reducing body weight and improving body composition when combined with a
low-kcalorie eating pattern. People should choose activities that they enjoy and are willing
to do regularly. What schedule of physical activity is best? It doesn’t matter; a person can
benefit from either several short bouts of exercise or one continuous workout. Any activity
is better than being sedentary. For an active life, limit sedentary activities, engage in
strength and flexibility activities, enjoy leisure activities often, engage in vigorous
activities regularly, and be as active as possible every day.
Health care professionals frequently advise people to engage in activities of low-to-
moderate intensity for a long duration, such as an hour-long, fast-paced walk. The
reasoning behind such advice is that walking offers the health benefits of aerobic physical
activity with low risk of injury. It can be done almost anywhere at any time. A person who
stays with an activity routine long enough to enjoy the rewards will be less inclined to give
it up and will, over the long term, reap many health benefits. A regular walking program
can prevent or slow the weight gain that commonly occurs in most adults. An average of
60 minutes a day of moderate-intensity activity or an expenditure of at least 2000 kcalories
per week is especially helpful for weight management. Higher levels of duration,
frequency, or intensity produce greater losses.
In addition to exercise, a person can incorporate hundreds of energy-expending activities
into daily routines: take the stairs instead of the elevator, walk to the neighbor’s apartment
instead of making a phone call, and rake the leaves instead of using a blower. Remember
that sitting uses more kcalories than lying down, standing uses more kcalories than sitting,
and moving uses more kcalories than standing. A 175-pound person who replaces a 30-
minute television program with a 2-mile walk a day can expend enough energy to lose (or
at least not gain) 18 pounds in a year. Even walking in place during the commercials of a
one-hour program can increase activity time by 25 minutes, steps taken by 2100, and
kcalories expended by 150. Meeting an activity goal of 10,000 steps a day is an excellent
way to support a healthy BMI. The point is to be active. Walk. Run. Swim. Dance. Cycle.
Climb. Skip. Do whatever you enjoy doing—and do it often.
POINTS: 1
Chapter 09
109. List three weight-gain strategies for those who are underweight.
ANSWER: Eat Energy-Dense Foods Energy-dense foods (the very ones eliminated from a successful
weight-loss diet) hold the key to weight gain. Pick the highest kcalorie items from each
food group—that is, milk shakes instead of fat-free milk, salmon instead of snapper,
avocados instead of cucumbers, a cup of grape juice instead of a small apple, and whole-
wheat muffins instead of whole-wheat bread. Because fat provides more than twice as
many kcalories per teaspoon as sugar does, fat adds kcalories without adding much bulk.
Although eating high-kcalorie, high-fat foods is not healthy for most people, it may be
essential for an underweight individual who needs to gain weight. An underweight person
who is physically active and eating a nutritionally adequate diet can afford a few extra
kcalories from fat. For health’s sake, it is wise to select foods with monounsaturated and
polyunsaturated fats instead of those with saturated or trans fats: for example, sautéing
vegetables in olive oil instead of butter or hydrogenated margarine.
Eat Regular Meals Daily People who are underweight need to make meals a priority and
take the time to plan, prepare, and eat each meal. They should eat at least three healthy
meals every day. Another suggestion is to eat meaty appetizers or the main course first
and leave the soup or salad until later.
Eat Large Portions Underweight people need to learn to eat more food at each meal. For
example, they can add extra slices of ham and cheese on a sandwich for lunch, drink a
larger glass of milk, and eat a larger bowl of cereal. The person should expect to feel full.
Most underweight individuals are accustomed to small quantities of food. When they begin
eating significantly more, they feel uncomfortable. This is normal and passes with time.
Eat Extra Snacks Because a substantially higher energy intake is needed each day, in
addition to eating more food at each meal, it is necessary to eat more frequently. Between-
meal snacks can readily add to weight gains. For example, a student might make three
sandwiches in the morning and eat them between classes in addition to the day’s three
regular meals. Snacking on dried fruit, nuts, and seeds is also an easy way to add
kcalories.
Drink Juice and Milk Beverages provide an easy way to increase energy intake. Consider
that 6 cups of cranberry juice add almost 1000 kcalories to the day’s intake. kCalories can
be added to milk by mixing in powdered milk or packets of instant breakfast. For people
who are underweight because of illness, liquid dietary supplements are often
recommended because a weak person can swallow them easily. Used in addition to
regular meals, these high-protein, high-kcalorie formulas can help an underweight person
maintain or gain weight easily.
Exercise to Build Muscles To gain weight, use strength training primarily, and increase
energy intake to support that exercise. Eating extra food to provide an additional 500 to
1000 kcalories a day above normal energy needs can support the exercise as well as build
muscle.
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand
Chapter 09
110. What do Americans find appealing about fad diets?

ANSWER: With more than half of our nation’s adults overweight and many more concerned about
their weight, the market for a weight-loss book, product, or program is huge (no pun
intended). Americans spend an estimated $60 billion a year on weight-loss services and
products. Even a plan that offers only minimal weight-loss success easily attracts a
following.
Perhaps the greatest appeal of fad diets is that they tend to ignore dietary
recommendations. Foods such as meats and milk products that need to be selected
carefully to limit saturated fat can be eaten with abandon. Whole grains, legumes,
vegetables, and fruits that should be eaten in abundance can now be bypassed. For some
people, this is a dream come true: steaks without the potatoes, ribs without the coleslaw,
and meatballs without the pasta. Who can resist the promise of weight loss while eating
freely from a list of favorite foods?
Dieters are also lured into fad diets by sophisticated—yet often erroneous—explanations
of the metabolic consequences of eating certain foods. Terms such as eicosanoids and de
novo lipogenesis are scattered about, often intimidating readers into believing that the
authors must be right given their brilliance in understanding the body.
If fad diets were as successful as some people claim, then consumers who tried them
would lose weight, and their obesity problems would be solved. But this is not the case.
Similarly, if fad diets were as worthless as others claim, then consumers would eventually
stop pursuing them. Clearly, this is not happening either. Most fad diets have enough
going for them that they work for some people at least for a short time, but they fail to
produce long-lasting results for most people.
POINTS: 1

Understanding Nutrition 15th Edition Whitney Test Bank Online Ebook Textbook Full Chapter PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Understanding Nutrition 15th Edition Whitney Test Bank Online Ebook Textbook Full Chapter PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Understanding Nutrition 15th Edition Whitney Test Bank Online Ebook Textbook Full Chapter PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Understanding Nutrition 15th Edition

Whitney Test Bank

Understanding Nutrition 13th Edition Whitney Test Bank

Understanding Nutrition 14th Edition Whitney Test Bank

Understanding Nutrition 3rd Edition Whitney Test Bank

Understanding Nutrition Canadian 2nd Edition Whitney

Understanding Nutrition 13th Edition Whitney Solutions

Understanding Nutrition Canadian 2nd Edition Whitney

Understanding Nutrition CANADIAN Edition Canadian 1st

Williams Basic Nutrition And Diet Therapy 15th Edition

2. Which of the following statements accurately describes fat cell development?

5. Which of the following defines the body’s set point?

6. What is Prader–Willi syndrome?

10. Leptin acts as a hormone, primarily in the ________.

12. Ghrelin is secreted by cells in the ________.

14. The uncoupling proteins in adipose tissue ________.

18. Of the following, which provides an example of an obesogenic environment?

21. Which statement about perceptions of obesity is FALSE?

24. Of the following, which would be considered a fad diet?

25. Which is true of nonprescription weight-loss products?

27. A less-preferred term for clinically severe obesity is ________.

29. The prescription drug orlistat acts by ________.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 12

34. For overweight adults, a reasonable weight loss is ________.

40. Which of the following reflects the importance of eating breakfast?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 18

46. Which of the following statements about physical activity is true?

50. Why is appetite suppressed after intense exercise?

52. How do environmental influences affect eating habits?

55. Which of the following reflects a SMART goal?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 25

62. About how many U.S. adults are underweight?

64. A person is considered underweight until his BMI reaches ________.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 26

67. Why do fad diets appeal to so many Americans?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 28

80. ________ involves the changing of antecedents, behaviors, and consequences.

81. Percentage of overweight or obese adults in the United States

82. An enzyme that participates in the development of obesity

83. Daily circumstances that push people toward fatness

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 33

85. Weight cycling resulting from sporadic restrictive dieting

86. Nicknamed the satiety hormone

87. Nicknamed the hunger hormone

88. Cells that secret ghrelin

90. Adipose tissue that primarily releases stored energy as heat

91. White fat cells with brown fat cell characteristics

92. Attempt to lose weight in “problem areas” of the body

93. Classification for body weight below what is considered healthy

94. FDA-approved drug that inhibits pancreatic lipase

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 34

96. Minimum BMI of a person classified as clinically severe obese

97. A cosmetic weight-loss procedure

98. A saline-filled silicone device in the stomach to limit food intake

100. Percentage of underweight U.S. adults

110. What do Americans find appealing about fad diets?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 43

You might also like