(20A03706) INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION

(Skill Oriented Course-V)

Course Objectives:
 Introduce basic concepts and principles of Industrial Automation.
 Familiarize with fluid power systems circuits.
 Describe concepts of SCADA software
 Explain the principles of PLC and 8085 microprocessor.
 Expose the students on Mechatronics.
Course Outcomes: At the end of the course, student will be able to
 Summarizes the how fluid power system work
 Discuss about SCADA software
 Develop the skills related to predict the output for various programs.
 Explain the concepts of Mechatronics
List of Experiments:
Module 1: Design and testing of fluid power circuits to control
Introduction to Fluid power systems, Symbolic representation of hydraulic and pneumatic
Components.
Tasks:-
1. Pneumatic trainer kit with FRL Unit, Single acting cylinder, push button.
2. Pneumatic training kit with FRL unit, Double acting cylinder, manually actuated DCV.
3. Pneumatic trainer kit with FRL unit, Double acting cylinder, Pilot actuated DCV.
4. Pneumatic trainer kit with FRL unit Double acting cylinder, Double solenoid actuated DCV,
DCV with sensor / magnetic reed.
5. Hydraulic power pack with pumps and pressure relief valve.
Module 2:
 Open source SCADA software such as Free SCADA, Open SCADA,
 Indigo SCADA Code Sys Open source for PLC programming and interfacing with real time
PLC
 Delta PLC software – free ware and corresponding PLC programming software.
 8085 Microprocessor Trainer with Power Supply
 Traffic Light Control System
Module 3:Mechatronics
 Experiment on P, PI and PID Controller.
 Simulation of Hydraulic Actuation System.
 Simulation of Pneumatic Actuation System.
 Simulation on Stepper Motor.
 Simulation on Logic gates, decoders and flip-flops.
References:
1. B. Gavali, S. A. Patil and A. R. Koli, "Technology-Based Learning system in Programmable Logic
Controller Education," 2016 IEEE Eighth International Conference on Technology for Education
(T4E), Mumbai, 2016, pp. 264-265.
2. Groover, Mikell , Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, and Systems,
2014.
3. Lamb, Frank. Industrial Automation: Hands On (English Edition). NC, McGraw-Hill Education,
2013. ISBN 978-0071816458.
Note: - Trainer can use freeware simulation software's.

Online Learning Resources/Virtual Labs:

http://iotmumbai.bharatividyapeeth.edu/media/pdf/lab_manuals/Manual_EE5I_EIA_22526.pdf
https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/lab-manual_v3.pdf
• https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1494&context=eesp
 1. Introduction

Pneumatics is successfully used in many areas of industrial automation. Pneumatic Trainer facilitates
the students and the industrial professionals to explore the fundamental of “pneumatics”. It tells how
one device can be used to manage, command, direct or regulate the behavior of other system.

Pneumatics is a branch of science that is related with Air . In pneumatics the working medium is
“Compressed Air”. Now - a - days this working medium is becoming very popular in industries like
chemical, petroleum, gases, food & beverage, robotics, machineries etc. The reason for being so
popular is that it is fire free and nonhazardous to our environment. And it is abundantly available in
nature. It is very easy, simple and safe to operate. Pneumatic Trainer assist user to understand the
principle performance of the pneumatic components as well as different actuators. Another additional
feature of Pneumatic Trainer, it has both manual and automatic based control.

Fig.1-Pneumatic Trainer Kit

Pneumatic Trainer Kits are known for their accuracy and precision. The Pneumatic Trainer Kits are
well tested on the stringent industry parameters by the team of experts which assures the quality of the
final product. Pneumatic systems are used in controlling train doors, automatic production lines,
mechanical clamps, etc.

Pneumatic Trainer provides different types of valves such as electronic and mechanical. This helps to
understand the user about manual and automatic process. There are wide ranges of experiments
provided on the trainer that can be performed.
 2. Components of Pneumatic Trainer Kit

2.1. Compressor :-

A compressor can compress air to the required pressures. It can convert the mechanical energy from
motors and engines into the potential energy in compressed air (Fig. 2). A single central compressor
can supply various pneumatic components with compressed air, which is transported through pipes
from the cylinder to the pneumatic components. Compressors can be divided into two classes:
reciprocator and rotary.

Fig.2.1- Air Compressor

The reason for using pneumatics, or any other type of energy Transmission on a machine, is to perform
work. The accomplishment of work requires the application of kinetic energy to a resisting object
resulting in the object moving through a distance. In a pneumatic system, energy is stored in a potential
state under the form of compressed air. Working energy (kinetic energy and pressure) results in a
pneumatic system when the compressed air is allowed to expand.

Pneumatic symbol of compressor:-

2.2. FRL (Filter Regulator Lubricator):-

As from the name it can be understood that it is the combination of three important individual
components (Filter, Regulator and Lubricator) which are necessary for a pneumatic circuit as shown in
figure. The working of these three components were individually explain below along with the
figure.2.2

(i) Filter :- can remove impurities from compressed air before it is fed to the pneumatic Components.

(ii) Pressure regulator : – to stabilize the pressure and regulate the operation of pneumatic
Components.

(iii) Lubricator : – to provide lubrication for pneumatic components.

Fig.2.2. FRL Unit

Pneumatic symbol of FRL Unit:-

2.3. The consumption of compressed air:-

Examples of components that consume compressed air include execution components (cylinders),
directional control valves and assistant valves.

a) Execution component:-

Pneumatic execution components provide rectilinear or rotary movement. Examples of pneumatic

execution components include cylinder pistons, pneumatic motors, etc. Rectilinear motion is produced
by cylinder pistons, while pneumatic motors provide continuous rotations. There are many kinds of
cylinders, such as single acting cylinders and double acting cylinders.

(i) Single acting cylinder:-

A single acting cylinder has only one entrance that allows compressed air to flow through. Therefore, it
can only produce thrust in one direction (Fig. 4). The piston rod is propelled in the opposite direction
by an internal spring, or by the external force provided by mechanical movement or weight of a load
(Fig. 2.3.1).

The thrust from the piston rod is greatly lowered because it has to overcome the force from the spring.
Therefore, in order to provide the driving force for machines, the diameter of the cylinder should be
increased. In order to match the length of the spring, the length of the cylinder should also be
increased, thus limiting the length of the path. Single acting cylinders are used in stamping, printing,
moving materials, etc.

Fig. 2.3.1- Single acting cylinder

Pneumatic symbol of Single acting cylinder:-

(ii). Double acting cylinder:-

In a double acting cylinder, air pressure is applied alternately to the relative surface of the piston,
producing a propelling force and a retracting force (Fig. 6). As the effective area of the piston is small,
the thrust produced during retraction is relatively weak. The impeccable tubes of double acting
cylinders are usually made of steel. The working surfaces are also polished and coated with chromium
to reduce friction.

Double-acting cylinders contain two fluid chambers so that pressure can be used to both extend and
retract the rod. Sealing devices work in both directions. This type of cylinder is by far the most
common, and can be used in nearly all types of applications. Effective working area of the rod side of
the piston is less than that of the other side, so double-acting cylinders retract faster than they extend,
and exert less force on the retraction stroke.

Fig.2.3.2. Double acting cylinder

Pneumatic symbol of Double acting cylinder:-

b) Directional control valve:-

Directional control valves ensure the flow of air between air ports by opening, closing and
switching their internal connections. Their classification is determined by the number of ports, the
number of switching positions, the normal position of the valve and its method of operation. Common
types of directional control valves include 2/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc. The first number represents the number of
ports; the second number represents the number of positions. A directional control valve that has two
ports and five positions can be represented by the drawing in Fig.2.3.3, as well as its own unique
pneumatic symbol.

Fig.2.3.3. directional Control Valve

(i) 2/2 Directional control valve:-

The structure of a 2/2 directional control valve is very simple. It uses the thrust from the spring
to open and close the valve, stopping compressed air from flowing towards working tube ‘A’ from air
inlet ‘P’. When a force is applied to the control axis, the valve will be pushed open, connecting ‘P’
with ‘A’ (Fig.2.3.4). The force applied to the control axis has to overcome both air pressure and the
repulsive force of the spring. The control valve can be driven manually or mechanically, and restored
to its original position by the spring.

(a) 2/2 directional control valve

 (b) Cross section

(c) Pneumatic symbol of a2/2 directional control valve

Fig.2.3.4. 2/2 Directional control valve

(ii) 3/2 Directional control valve:-

A 3/2 directional control valve can be used to control a single acting cylinder. The open valves in the
middle will close until ‘P’ and ‘A’ are connected together. Then another valve will open the sealed
base between ‘A’ and ‘R’ (exhaust). The valves can be driven manually, mechanically, electrically or
pneumatically. 3/2 directional control valves can further be divided into two classes: Normally open
type (N.O.) and normally closed type (N.C.)

(a) 3/2 directional control valve

 (b) Cross section

Pneumatic symbol of 3/2 Direction control valve:-

(a) Normally closed type (b) Normally open type

c) Control valve:-

i) Push button (mechanical valve) :-

This Micro-switch style mechanical valve is designed as a 3/2 -Push Button valve figure
(a). Its normal mode of operation is explained below: An actuated - Pressure port P closed and port A
vented to R, which is inside the case and used as a vent only as shown in figure (b).
 Actuated - Pressure from P is opened to A and R is closed as shown in figure (c) However, if
pressure is applied to P it vents to R until the button is presser shown by arrow thus switching to port
A. This is shown in the figure (c) and is the mode used for the inflation valve for the simple air muscle
operation scheme we suggested – the deflation valve being as normal.

ii) Flow control valve:-

It allows the flow of fluid to be regulated from zero to the maximum possible through the
Particular aperture size. However it differs from a water tap in that it contains a one way bypass valve
which allows uncontrolled back flow if the normal output side pressure rises above the supply side
pressure. This can be used to prevent the output side being damaged by over pressuring due to
excessive or shock loads on the actuator.
iii) Shuttle valve:-

Shuttle valves are also known as double control or single control non-return valves. A shuttle
valve has two air inlets ‘P1’ and ‘P2’ and one air outlet ‘A’. When compressed air enters through ‘P1’,
the sphere will seal and block the other inlet ‘P2’. Air can then flow from ‘P1’ to ‘A’. When the
contrary happens, the sphere will block inlet ‘P1’, allowing air to flow from ‘P2’ to ‘A’ only.

(a) Shuttle valve

(b) Cross section

(c) Pneumatic symbol

d) Manifold:-

Manifolds are fluid distribution devices. They range from simple supply chambers with several outlets
to multi-chambered flow control units including integral valves and interfaces to electronic networks.
Manifolds are generally configured for several outlets sharing one inlet or supply chamber; exhaust
manifolds can have several inlets sharing one exhaust port. They may have one or more shared supply
chambers and any number of outlets. Complex pneumatic and hydraulic circuits can utilize manifolds
with interfaces to sophisticated electronic networks. Applications, port specifications, flow and
pressure specifications, manifold circuit style, and valve specifications are all important parameters to
consider when searching for manifolds. Additional specifications to consider for manifolds include
communication network, body materials, features, and operating temperature.

e) Pressure Gauge:-

Pressure gauge is an instrument used to measure and indicate “Pressure” of a specific

instrument or a process as shown in figure. Here, it is provided in order to check pressure in the
working circuit. It has two scales lower is 0 – 10 Kg/cm2 and upper is 0 – 150 psi. It is not compulsory
to use but you can use it to see the pressure difference in the circuit.
 SIMULATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER
USING DIRECT METHOD
AIM :

To construct a circuit to trigger the forward and return stock by single acting cylinder using a
leaver operated dcv (direct method).

APPARATUS REQUIRED :

 Single acting cylinder

 3/2 leaver operated dcv
 Connecting tubes

AIR SUPPLY:

 Shop floor air control supply with pressure regulator , filter, lubricators.

PROCEDURE:

 Draw the circuit diagram for direct triggering of single acting cylinder.
 Connect the cylinder ,3/2 lever operated DCV as per the circuit diagram through FRL
unit
 Connect the air supply to distributer block.
 Operate the circuit.

RESULT:

Thus a single acting cylinder is simulated in the direct method with help of direction control
valves.
 SIMULATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER
USING INDIRECT METHOD
AIM :

To actuate a single acting cylinder using pilot operated 3/2 dcv and manually actuated 3/2 dcv

APPARATUS REQUIRED :

 Single acting cylinder.

 3/2 push button.
 3/2 pilot operated spring return dcv.
 Connecting tubes.

AIR SUPPLY:

 Shop floor air control supply with pressure regulator, filter, and lubricators.

PROCEDURE:

 Draw the circuit diagram for the indirect method of single acting cylinder.
 Connecting the cylinder ,3/2 push button , 3/2 pilot operated spring return dcv as per the circuit
diagram
 Connected the air supply is given .
 Operating the circuit diagram .

RESULT:

Thus a single acting cylinder is simulated in the indirect method with help of direction control
valves.
 SIMULATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER
USING TWO PUSH BUTTON.
AIM :

To actuate a single acting cylinder using pilot operated 3/2 dcv and manually actuated 3/2 dcv

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Single acting cylinder

 3/2 push button
 3/2 double side pilot operated dcv
 Connecting tubes

AIR SUPPLY:

 Shop floor air control supply with pressure regulator, filter, and lubricators.

PROCEDURE:

 Draw the circuit diagram for the indirect method of single acting cylinder.
 Connecting the cylinder ,3/2 push button , 3/2 pilot operated spring return dcv as per the circuit
diagram
 Connected the air supply is given.
 Operating the circuit diagram.

RESULT:

Thus a single acting cylinder is simulated in the two push button method with help of direction
control valves.
SIMULATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER
USING DIRECT METHOD
AIM :

To simulate the double acting cylinder using direct method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :

 Double acting cylinder

 5/2 leaver operated dcv
 Connecting tubes

PROCEDURE:

 Draw the circuit diagram of the simulation of double acting cylinder.

 The components are connected the board as per the circuit diagram.
 Connected the air supply from the compressor.
 They are using the air manifold to components.
 The circuit is then operated to the single acting cylinder.
 And then change the difference 5/2 dcv and operated the difference circuit

RESULT:

Thus a double acting cylinder is simulated in the direct method with help of direction control
valves.
SIMULATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER
USING INDIRECT METHOD
AIM :

To simulate the double acting cylinder using indirect method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :

 Double acting cylinder

 3/2 push button
 5/2 pilot operated spring return dcv
 Connecting tubes

PROCEDURE:

 Draw the circuit diagram of the simulation of doubleacting cylinder.

 The components are connected the board as per thecircuit diagram.
 Connected the air supply from the compressor .
 They are using the air manifold to components.
 The circuit is then operated to the single actingcylinder.
 And then change the difference 5/2 dcv and operatedthe difference circuit

RESULT:

Thus a double acting cylinder is simulated in the indirect method with help of direction control
valves.
SIMULATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER
USING TWO PUSH BUTTON
AIM :

To simulate the double acting cylinder using two push button.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :

 Double acting cylinder

 3/2 push button
 5/2 double side pilot operated dcv
 Connecting tubes
PROCEDURE:

 Draw the circuit diagram of the simulation of doubleacting cylinder.

 The components are connected the board as per thecircuit diagram.
 Connected the air supply from the compressor .
 They are using the air manifold to components.
 The circuit is then operated to the single actingcylinder.
 And then change the difference 5/2 dcv and operatedthe difference circuit

RESULT:

Thus a double acting cylinder is simulated in the two push button method with help of direction control
valves.
 BASIC HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS [LINEAR MOTION]

AIM :

To working of the double acting cylinder and bi-directional motor under hydraulics circuit

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Double acting cylinder

 4/3 leaver operated with detent control dcv
 Pressure Gauge
 Pressure relief valve
 Filter
 Connecting tubes
PROCEDURE:

 The circuit diagram is drawn according to the objectivestated

 The connection for pump(pressure) and tank are takenfrom P and T
ports on 4/3 dcv
 The working ports A and B are connected to the doubleacting cylinder
 With use of lever, the oil is now regulated to move thepiston from
forward position
 Similarly when lever is moved to other side , the pistonmoved to return
position .

RESULT:

Thus the linear motion of cylinder is achieved by using basic hydraulic circuits
 BASIC HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS [ROTARY MOTION]

AIM :

To working of the double acting cylinder and bi-directional motor under hydraulics circuit

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Double acting cylinder

 4/3 leaver operated with detent control dcv
 Pressure Gauge
 Pressure relief valve
 Filter
 Connecting tubes
PROCEDURE:

 The circuit diagram is drawn according to the objectivestated

 The connection for pump(pressure) and tank are takenfrom P and T ports on
4/3 dcv
 The working ports A and B are connected to the doubleacting cylinder
 With use of lever, the oil is now regulated to move thehydraulic motor from
clockwise rotary
 Similarly when lever is moved to other side , thehydraulic motor
rotary the anti- clockwise .

RESULT:

Thus the rotary motion of cylinder is achieved by using basic hydraulic circuits
 BASIC ELECTRO HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS [LINEAR
MOTION]

AIM:

To working of the double acting cylinder and bi-directional motor under hydraulics circuit

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 double acting cylinder

 4/3 double side solenoid operated dcv
 Pressure Gauge
 Pressure relief valve
 Filter
 Connecting tubes
PROCEDURE:

 The circuit diagram is drawn according to the objectivestated

 The connection for pump(pressure) and tank are takenfrom P and T ports on
4/3 dcv
 The working ports A and B are connected to the doubleacting cylinder
 With use of lever, the oil is now regulated to move thehydraulic motor from
clockwise rotary
 Similarly when lever is moved to other side , thehydraulic motor
rotary the anti- clockwise .

RESULT:

Thus the linear motion of cylinder is achieved by using basic hydraulic circuits
LADDER DIAGRAM
 MECHATRONICS LABORATORY
OBJECTIVES
To know the method of programming the microprocessor and also the
design, modeling &analysis of basic electrical, hydraulic & pneumatic
Systems which enable the students to understand the concept of
mechatronics.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Assembly language programming of 8085 – Addition – Subtraction
–
Multiplication – Division –Sorting – Code Conversion.
2. Stepper motor interface.
3. Traffic light interface.
4. Study of PLC and its applications.
 STUDY OF MECHATRONICS SYSTEM

Ex.No: 01 Date:
AIM:
To study about the important features in Mechatronics system.

INTRODUCTION TO MECHATRONICS SYSTEM:

Mechatronics may be defined as a multi-disciplinary field of study that implies the

synergistic integration of electronic engineering, electric engineering, control engineering
and computer technology with mechanical engineering for the design, manufacture,
analysis and maintenance of a wide range of engineering products and processes

Mechatronics is one of the new and existing fields on the engineering landscape,
subsuming parts of traditional engineering fields and requiring a broader approach to the
design of system that we can formally call as Mechatronics system.
Many industries improving their works through automation which is based on the inter
connection between the electronic control systems and mechanical engineering. Such
control systems generally use microprocessors as controllers and have electrical sensors
extracting information from mechanical inputs through electrical actuators to mechanical
systems. This can be considered to be application of computer based digital control
techniques through electronic and electric interfaces to mechanical engineering problems.
Successful design of Mechatronics can lead to products that are extremely attractive to
customer in quality cost-effectiveness.

Control System:
A control system can be defined as a block box which can be used to control its
output to some particular value.
Example: a domestic central heating control system.
We can set the required temperature on the thermostat or controller and the pump
can be adjusted to supply water through radiators. So the required temperature can be
maintained in the house.
Measurement Systems:
Measurement System can be considered to be made up of three elements as
shown in figure

Open and closed-loop systems:

closed-loop systems. The difference between these can be illustrated by a simple example.
a 2kW
heating element to be selected. If a person used the heating element to heat a room, he or she
might just switch on the 1 kW element if the room is not required to be at too high a
temperature. The room will heat up and reach a temperature which is only determined by the
fact the 1 kW element was switched on, and not the 2 kW elements. If there are changes in
the conditions perhaps someone opening a window, there is no way the heat output is adjusted
to compensate.
Basic elements of a closed-loop system:
The following figure shows the general form of a basic closed-loop system.

APPLICATIONS OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING:

Mechatronics engineering finds application in the following fields.
• Electronic home appliances
• Electronic entertainment products
• Engine systems (cars)
• Large scale application
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM:

Schematic Layout of Hydraulic System

Reservoir (or air tank):
A reservoir is an oil supply tank. It is provided to hold the hydraulic liquid (usually
oil).
Pump:
The pump is used to force the liquid into the system.
Prime mover:
A Prime mover, usually an electric motor, is used to drive the pump.
Valves:
Valves are refitted in the system to control liquid direction, pressure, and flow rate.
Actuator:
An actuator is provided to convert the liquid energy into mechanical force or torque to do
useful work. The actuator is the actual working element of the system. The actuators can be
either cylinders (to provide linear motion) or hydro motors (to provide rotary motion).
Fluid-transfer piping:
The hydraulic Piping is provided to carry the compressed liquid from one place to
another
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A PNEUMATIC SYSTEM:

Schematic Layout of Pneumatic System

Reservoir (or air tank):

An air tank is provided to store the compressed air required for the operations.
Compressor:
The compressor is used to compress the atmospheric air so as to increase the pressure
of the air.
Prime mover:
A Prime mover, usually an electric motor, is used to drive the compressor.
Valves:
Valves are refitted in the system to control air direction, pressure, and
Result:
Thus Study of Mechatronics and its features (pneumatic and hydraulics symbols) were
studied.
 Brief Introduction of 8085 Microprocessor and its Trainer Kit.

Aim: Introduction of 8085 Microprocessor and Its Trainer kit.

Theory: 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor as it operates on 8 bits ata time. It is a

40 pin dual-in-line chip.
Pin diagram of 8085 Microprocessor −

The pins of an 8085 microprocessor can be classified into sevenGroups −

Address Bus: A15-A8, it carries the most significant 8-bits of memory I/O address.
Data bus: AD7-AD0, it carries the least significant 8-bit address and data bus.
Control and status signals: These signals are used to identify the nature of operation.There are 3 control
signal and 3 status signals.
Three control signals are RD, WR & ALE.
 RD − This signal indicates that the selected IO or memory device is to be read and is ready for
accepting data available on the data bus.
 WR − This signal indicates that the data on the data bus is to be written into a selected memory or IO
location.
 ALE − It is a positive going pulse generated when a new operation is started by the microprocessor.
When the pulse goes high, it indicates address. When the pulse goes down it indicates data.
Three status signals are IO/M, S0 & S1:-
IO/M - This signal is used to differentiate between IO and Memory Operations, i.e., when it is high
indicates IO operation and when it is low then it indicates memory operation.
S1 & S0: These signals are used to identify the type of current operation.
Power supply: There are 2 power supply signals − VCC & VSS. VCC indicates +5vPower supply and
VSS indicates ground signal.
Clock signals: There are 3 clock signals, i.e. X1, X2, CLK OUT.
 X1, X2 − A crystal (RC, LC N/W) is connected at these two pins and is used to setfrequency of
the internal clock generator. This frequency is internally divided by 2.
 CLK OUT − This signal is used as the system clock for devices connected with themicroprocessor.
 Interrupts & externally initiated signals: Interrupts are the signals generated by external devices to
request the microprocessor to perform a task. There are 5 interrupt signals, i.e., TRAP, RST 7.5, RST
6.5, RST 5.5, and INTR.
 INTA − It is an interrupt acknowledgment signal.
 RESET IN − This signal is used to reset the microprocessor by setting the programcounter to zero.
 RESET OUT − This signal is used to reset all the connected devices when themicroprocessor
is reset.
 READY − This signal indicates that the device is ready to send or receive data. IfREADY is low,
then the CPU has to wait for READY to go high.
 HOLD − this signal indicates that another master is requesting the use of the addressand data buses.
 HLDA (HOLD Acknowledge) − It indicates that the CPU has received the HOLD request and it will
relinquish the bus in the next clock cycle. HLDA is set to low after theHOLD signal is removed.
 Serial I/O signals: There are 2 serial signals, i.e., SID and SOD and these signals are used for serial
communication.
 SOD (Serial output data line) – The output SOD is set/reset as specified by the SIM instruction.
 SID (Serial input data line) – The data on this line is loaded into accumulator whenever a RIM
instruction is executed.
Architecture of 8085 Microprocessor:
1. General purpose register: It is an 8 bit register i.e. B, C, D, E, H, L. The combination of 8 bit
register is known as register pair, which can hold 16 bit data. The HL pair is used to act as memory
pointer is accessible to program.
2. Accumulator: It is an 8 bit register which hold one of the
Data to be processed by ALU and stored the result of the operation.
3. Program counter (PC): It is a 16 bit pointer which maintain the address of abyte entered
to line stack.
4. Stack pointer (SP): It is a 16 bit special purpose register which is used to hold linememory
address for line next instruction to be executed.
5. Arithmetic and logical unit: It carries out arithmetic and logical operation by 8 bit address it uses the
accumulator content as input the ALU result is stored back into accumulator.
6. Temporary register: It is an 8 bit register associated with ALU hold data, entering an
operation, used by the microprocessor and not accessible to programs.
7. Flags: Flag register is a group of fire, individual flip flops line content of line flag register will
change after execution of arithmetic and logic operation.

The line status flags are:

Carry flag
Parity flag (P)
Zero flag (Z)
Auxiliary carry flag (AC)
Sign flag (S)
8. Timing and control unit: Synchronous all microprocessor, operation with the clock and
generator and control signal from it necessary to communicate between controller and
peripherals.
9. Instruction registers and decoder: Instruction is fetched from line memory and stored in
line instruction register decoder the stored information.
10. Register Array: These are used to store 8-bit data during execution of someinstruction.

8085 Microprocessor Trainer

8279 (Keyboard and Display Controller)
8279 is a general-purpose programmable keyboard and display i/o interface device designed for use
with the 8085 microprocessor.it provides a scanned interface to 28 contact key matrix provided in
VMC-850X and scanned interface for the six seven segment display.8279 has got 16 X 8 display RAM
which can be loaded or interrogatedby the CPU. When a key is pressed, its corresponding code is
entered in the FIFO queueof 8279 and can now be read by the microprocessor.

8255 (Programmable and Peripheral Interface)

8255 is a Programmable and Peripheral Interface designed to use with 8085 Microprocessor. It has
got three Input/output ports of 8 lines each (PORT –A, PORT-B,PORT-C). Port c can be divided into
two ports of 4 lines each named as port C upper and port C lower.

8253 (Programmable Internal Timer)

This chip is a programmable interval Timer/Counter and can be used for the generationof accurate
time delays.

Display
VMC-850x provides 6 digits of seven segment display .Four digits are for displaying the address of
any location or name of any register, whereas the rest of the two digits aremeant for displaying the
contents of a memory location or of a register. All the six digitsof the display ae n hexadecimal
notation.

Some commonly used Command keys:

Reset Reset the system

VCT INT Hardware interrupt via keyboard RST 7.5.
SHIFT Provides a second level command to all keys.
GO To execute the program.
SI To execute the program in single step mode.
EXREG Examine Register; allows user to examine and modify thecontents of
different registers.
EXMEM Examine Memory; allows user to examine any memory
location and modify any RAM location
PRE Previous is used as an intermediate terminator in case of
Examine Memory. It decrements the PC contents and writesthe contents
of data fields to the address displayed in the
 address location.
Next Increment is used as an intermediate terminator in case of Examine
Memory, Examine Register etc. It increments thePC Contents and
writes the data lying in data field at the
location displayed in address field.
DEL Delete the part of program or data, with relocation by one or
more bytes.
INS Inserts the part of the program or data with relocation, by one
or more bytes.
B.M. Allows user to move a block of memory to any RAM area.
FILL Allows user to fill RAM area with a constant.
REL Relocates a program written for some memory area and to be
transferred to other memory area.
INSDATA Inserts one or more data bytes in the user’s program/data
area.
DELDATA Deletes one or more data bytes from the user’s program/data
area.
STRING Finds out the string of data lying at a particular address or
addresses.
MEMC Memory Compare: Compares two blocks of memory for
equality.
0-F Hexadecimal Keys.

For Entering Program into 8085 Trainer Kit

1. Enter the Starting address, press NEXT, the contents of the entered address isdisplayed.
2. On pressing NEXT, one instruction is executed and the address of the next
instruction will be displayed with its data in the data field.
3. If one wants to terminate and command at any stage, one can do that using (.)key, a’-‘is
displayed in the address field.

Result:
Thus 8085 microprocessors were studied successfully.
STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING WITH 8051 MICROCONTROLLER (CLOCKWISE)

AIM:
To write an assembly language program for driving the stepper motor in clockwise
direction.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Stepper Motor
 8051 Micro Controller Kit
Program:
SD space 4100 press enter

MEMORY OPCODES LABEL MNEMONICS

4100 ORG 4100H
4100 90 45 00 START MOV DPTR, #4500H
4103 78 04 MOV R0, #04H
4105 E0 JO MOVX A, @DPTR
4106 C0 83 PUSH DPH
4108 C0 82 PUSH DPL
410A 90 FF CO MOV DPTR, #FFC0H
410D 7A 04 MOV R2, #04H
410F 79 0F MOV R1, #0FH
4111 7B 0F DLY 1 MOV R3, #0FH
4113 DB FE DLY DJNZ R3, DLY
4115 D9 FA DJNZ R1, DLY 1
4117 DA F8 DJNZ R2, DLY 1
4119 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A
411A D0 82 POP DPL
411C D0 83 POP DPH
411E A3 INC DPTR
411F D8 E4 DJNZ R0, J0
4121 80 DD SJMP START
4123 END
.
4123 enter SD 4500 enter
Clockwise :
4500 0A enter 4501 06 enter 4502 05 enter 4503 09 enter
Press INT key in 8051 microcontroller kit
GO space 4100 enter
Result:

Thus stepper motor was driven in clockwise direction.

 STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING WITH 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
(ANTI-CLOCKWISE)

AIM:
To write an assembly language program for driving the stepper motor in anti- clockwise
direction.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Stepper Motor
 8051 Micro Controller Kit
Program:

SD space 4100 press enter

MEMORY OPCODES LABEL MNEMONICS
4100 ORG 4100H
4100 90 45 00 START MOV DPTR, #4500H
4103 78 04 MOV R0, #04H
4105 E0 JO MOVX A, @DPTR
4106 C0 83 PUSH DPH
4108 C0 82 PUSH DPL
410A 90 FF CO MOV DPTR, #FFC0H
410D 7A 04 MOV R2, #04H
410F 79 0F MOV R1, #0FH
4111 7B 0F DLY 1 MOV R3, #0FH
4113 DB FE DLY DJNZ R3, DLY
4115 D9 FA DJNZ R1, DLY 1
4117 DA F8 DJNZ R2, DLY 1
4119 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A
411A D0 82 POP DPL
411C D0 83 POP DPH
411E A3 INC DPTR
411F D8 E4 DJNZ R0, J0
4121 80 DD SJMP START
4123 END
.
4123 enter SD 4500 enter
Clockwise :
4500 09 enter 4501 05 enter 4502 06 enter 4503 0A enter
Press INT key in 8051 microcontroller kit
GO space 4100 enter

Result:
Thus stepper motor was driven in anti-clockwise direction.
 ADDITION OF TWO 8-BIT DATA

AIM:
To write and execute an assembly language program for addition of two 8 bit numbers
using 8085 microprocessor kit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Required Quantity

1. 8085 Microprocessor kit 1

2. Power supply -

PROGRAM FOR 8-BIT ADDITION:

MEMORY LABEL OPCODES MNEMONICS COMMENTS

4100 ORG 4100H Specify program starting address
4100 3A 00 42 LDA4200H Get 1st data in A and save in B
4103 47 MOV B,A Copy the content from A to B
4104 3A 01 42 LDA 4201H Get 1st data in A-Register
4107 0E 00 MVIC , 00H Clear C-Register to account for carry
4109 80 ADD B Get the sum in A-Register
410A D2 OE 41 JNC AHEAD If CF=0 go
410D 41 INR C If CF=1, increment C-Register
410E AHEAD 32 02 42 STA 4202H Store the sum in memory
4111 79 MOV A,C Copy the content from C to A
4112 32 03 42 STA 4203H Store the carry in memory
4115 76 HLT Half program execution
4116 END Assembly end.

RESULT:
Thus the addition of two 8 bit data was written and executed successfully by using 8085
microprocessor trainer kit.
 SUBTRACTION OF TWO 8-BIT DATA
AIM:
To write and execute an assembly language program for subtraction of two 8 bit
numbers using 8085 microprocessor kit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Required Quantity

1. 8085 Microprocessor kit 1
2. Power supply -

PROGRAM FOR 8 BIT SUBTRACTIONS:

MEMORY LABEL OPCODE MNEMONICS COMMENTS

4100 ORG 4100H Specify program starting address
4100 LDA4201H Get Minuend in A-Register
4103 MOV B,A Get subtrahend in B-Register
4104 LDA 4200H Get Minuend in A-Register
4107 MVIC , 00H Clear C-Register to account for carry
4109 SUB B Get the difference in A-Register
410A JNC AHEAD If CF=0 go to AHEAD
410D INR C If CF=1, increment C-Register
410E CMA Get 2’s complement of difference
410F ADI 01H Result in A-reg
4111 AHEAD STA 4202H Store the sum in memory
4114 MOV A,C Copy the content from C to A
4115 STA 4203H Store the carry in memory
4118 HLT Half program execution
4119 END Assembly end.

RESULT:
Thus the subtraction of two 8 bit data was written and executed successfully by using 8085
microprocessor trainer kit.
 MULTIPLICATION OF TWO 8 BIT DATA
AIM:
To write and execute an assembly language program for multiplication of two 8 bit
numbers using 8085 microprocessor kit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Required Quantity

1. 8085 Microprocessor kit 1
2. Power supply -

PROGRAM FOR 8 BIT MULTIPLICATION:

MEMORY LABEL OPCODE MNEMONICS COMMENTS

4100 ORG 4100H Starting Address
4100 LXI H,4200H Set pointer for data
Clear C to Account for
4103 MVI C,00H
overflow(carry)
4105 XRA A Clear accumulator
4106 MOV B,M Get 1st data in B-Reg
Increment HL reg to point next
4107 INX H
memory location
4108 MOV D,M Get 2st data in D-Reg
4109 REPT ADD D Add D-Reg to accumulator
410A JNC AHEAD Jump to next if there is no carry
410D INR C If CF=1, increment C-Reg
410E AHEAD DCR B Decrement B-reg
410F JNZ REPT Repeat addition until ZF=1
4112 INX H increment HL-Reg
Store low byte of product in
4113 MOV M,A
memory
4114 INX H increment HL-Reg
Store high byte of product in
4115 MOV M,C
memory
4116 HLT Halt the program
4117 END Assembly end

RESULT:
Thus an ALP for multiplication of two 8 bit data was written and executed successfully by
using 8085 microprocessor trainer kit.
 DIVISION OF TWO 8 BIT DATA
AIM:
To write and execute an assembly language program for division of two 8 bit
numbers using 8085 microprocessor kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Apparatus Required Quantity
1. 8085 Microprocessor kit 1
2. Power supply -

PROGRAM FOR 8 BIT DIVISION:

OPCODE
MEMORY LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENTS

4100 ORG 4100H Starting Address

4100 LDA 4201H Load the data to accumulator

4103 MOV B,A Get the division in B-Reg

4104 LDA 4200H Get the Dividend in A-Reg

4107 MVI C,00H Clear C-reg for Quotient

4109 AGAIN CMP B Compare B-Reg

If Division is less than dividend go to
410A JC STORE
store
410D SUB B Subtract division from dividend
Increment quotient by one for each
410E INR C
subtraction
If divisor is less than dividend go to
410F JMP AGAIN
store
4112 STORE STA 4203H Store the remainder in memory
Copy the content of c-reg to
4115 MOV A,C
accumulator
4116 STA 4202H Store the quotient in memory

4119 HLT Halt program execution

411A END Assembly end

RESULT:
Thus the division of two 8 bit data was written and executed successfully by using 8085
microprocessor trainer kit.
 CODE CONVERSIONS
AIM:
To write an assembly language program to convert, Hex to decimal conversion

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Required Quantity

1. 8085 Microprocessor kit 1
2. Power supply -

PROGRAM FOR HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION:

MEMORY LABEL OPCODE MNEMONICS COMMENTS

ADDRESS
4100 LXI H,4150 Point to data
4103 LXI B,0000 Initialize hundreds=0,tens=0
4106 MOV A,M Get hex data to A
4107 LOOP SUI 64
4109 JC LOOP1
410C INR B Hundreds=hundreds+1
410D JMP LOOP
If subtracted extra, add it clear carry
4110 LOOP1 ADI 64
flag
4112 LOOP2 SUI 0A
4114 JC LOOP3
4117 INR C Tens=Tens+1
4118 JMP LOOP2
411B LOOP3 ADI 0A If subtracted extra, add it again
411D INX H A=units
411E MOV M,B Store hundreds
411F MOV B,A Combine tens in C and
4120 MOV A,C Units in A to form a
4121 RLC Single 8 bit number
4122 RLC
4123 RLC
4124 RLC
4125 ADD B
4126 INX H
4127 MOV M,A Store tens and units
4128 HLT Halt the execution
4129 END End of assembly

RESULT:
Thus an assembly language program to convert, Hexadecimal to decimal conversion.
 TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER

AIM:
To write an ALP to control the traffic light by interfacing traffic light controller unit with
8085 microprocessor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF ITEMS QUANTITY
1. 8085-Microprocessor kit 1
2 Traffic light interfacing kit 1
3 FRC Connector 1
4 Power chord 1
5 CRO 1
6 Probe 1

PROGRAM :

MEMORY OPCODE
LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENTS
ADDRESS
4100 SATRT MVI A,80 H Move data to A register
OUT
4102 Control the output
CONTROL
LXI, DATA-
4104 REPEAT Move the data to register
SQ
4107 LXI,DATA-E Move the data to register
410A CALL OUT Call to subroutine
410D XCHG Save 1st data in DE pair
Move the data from memory
410E MOV A,M
to accumulator
410F OUT PORTA Send mode control port A
4111 CALL DELAY Delay the some value
4114 XCHG Save the 2nd data in DE pair
4115 INX D Increment D
4116 INX H Increment H
4117 CALL OUT Call to subroutine
411A XCHG Save the 3rd data in DE pair
Move the data from memory
411B MOV A,M
to accumulator
411C OUT PORTB Send mode control port B
CALL
411E Delay the some value
DELAY1
4121 XCHG Save the 4th data in DE pair
4122 INX D Increment D
4123 INX H Increment H
4124 CALL OUT Call OUT subroutine
4127 XCHG Save 1st data in DE pair
4128 MOV A,M Move the data from memory
 to accumulator
4129 OUT PORTC Send mode control port C
412B CALL DELAY Delay the some value
412E XCHG Save the 2nd data in DE pair
4130 INX D Increment D
4131 INX H Increment H
4134 CALL OUT Call OUT subroutine
4135 XCHG Save 2nd data in DE pair
Move the data from memory
4136 MOV A,M
to accumulator
4138 OUT PORTC Read mode control portC
4139 INX H Increment H
CALL
413C DELAY1 Delay the some value
413F JMP REPEAT Jump to REPEAT
Move the data from memory
4142 OUT MOV A,M
toaccumulator
4143 OUT PORTC Send mode control port C
4145 INX H Increment H
Move the data from memory
4146 MOV A,M
to accumulator
4147 OUT PORT B Send mode control port B
4149 INX H Increment H
Move the data from memory
414A MOV A,M
to accumulator
414B OUT PORTA Send mode control port A
414D CALL DELAY Delay the some value
4150 RET Return to main program
16 bit content is pushed to the
4151 DELAY PUSH H stack
4152 LXI H,001F Load the data to H
4155 L1 LXI B,FFFF Load the data to B
4158 LOOP DCX B Decrement B
Move the data from B to
4159 MOV A,B
accumulator
415A ORA C
415B JNZ LOOP Jump if no zero to LOOP
415E DCX H Decrement H
Move the data from L to
415F MOV A,L accumulator
4160 ORA H
4161 JNZ LOOP1 Jump if no zero to LOOP1
The content of stack memory
4164 POP H is printed
4165 RET
4166 DELAY PUSH H Return to main program
4167 LXI H,001F Load the data to H
416A L2 LXI B,FFFF Load the data to B
416D LOOP2 DCX B Decrement B
 Move the data from B to
416E MOV A,B accumulator
416F ORA C
4170 JNZ LOOP2 Jump if no zero to LOOP2
4173 DCX H Decrement H
Move the data from L to
4174 MOV A,L
accumulator
4175 ORA H
4176 JNZ LOOP2 Jump if no zero to LOOP2
The content of stack memory
4179 POPH
is printed
417A RET Return to main program
417B DATA-SQ DB Data from sequentially
4180 DATA-SQ DB Data from sequentially
4185 DATA-SQ DB Data from sequentially
4187 DATA-E DB Data from sequentially
418C END End of the program

RESULT:
Thus an ALP to control the traffic light by interfacing traffic light controller unit with 8085
microprocessor was written.
 STUDY OF PLC AND ITS APPLICATIONS
EX.NO: 19 DATE:

AIM:

To study Programmable Logic Control and its applications.

i).PLC
A PLC (Programmable Logic Controllers) is an industrial computer used to monitor
inputs, and depending upon their state make decisions based on its program or logic, to
control (turn on/off) its outputs to automate a machine or a process.

NEMA defines a PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER as:

“A digitally operating electronic apparatus which uses a programmable memory for the
internal storage of instructions by implementing specific functions such as logic sequencing,
timing, counting, and arithmetic to control, through digital or analog input/output modules,
various types of machines or processes”.

ii).Hardware Components of a PLC System

 Processor unit (CPU)
 Memory
 Input/Output
 Power supply unit
 Programming device

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

CPU – Microprocessor based, may allow arithmetic operations, logic operators, block
memory moves, computer interface, local area network, functions, etc. CPU makes a great
number of check-ups of the PLC controller itself so eventual errors would be discovered
early.

System Busses
The internal paths along which the digital signals flow within the PLC are called
busses.
The system has four busses:
– The CPU uses the data bus for sending data between the different elements,
– The address bus to send the addresses of locations for accessing stored data,
– The control bus for signals relating to internal control actions,
– The system bus is used for communications between the I/O ports and the I/O unit.

Memory
System (ROM) to give permanent storage for the operating system and the fixed data
used by the CPU.RAM for data. This is where information is stored on the status of input and
output devices and the values of timers and counters and other internal devices. EPROM for
ROM’s that can be programmed and then the program made permanent.

I/O Sections
Inputs monitor field devices, such as switches and sensors. Outputs control other
devices, such as motors, pumps, solenoid valves, and lights.
Power Supply
Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 VAC. Some PLC controllers
have electrical supply as a separate module, while small and medium series already contain
the supply module.

Programming Device
The programming device is used to enter the required program into the memory of the
processor.The program is developed in the programming device and then transferred to
the memory unit of the PLC.
i) Programming Console
ii) PC
iii) Hand Programmer

iii).PLC operation
Input Relays
These are connected to the outside world. They physically exist and receive signals
from switches, sensors, etc. Typically they are not relays but rather they are transistors.

Internal Utility Relays

These do not receive signals from the outside world nor do they physically exist. They
are simulated relays and are what enables a PLC to eliminate external relays.There are also
some special relays that are dedicated to performing onlyone task.

Counters
These do not physically exist. They are simulated counters and they can be programmed
to count pulses. Typically these counters can count up, down or both up and down. Since
theyare simulated they are limited in their counting speed. Some manufacturers also include
highspeed counters that are hardware based.

Timers
These also do not physically exist. They come in many varieties and increments. The
most common type is an on-delay type. Others include off-delay and both retentive and
non-retentive types. Increments vary from 1ms through 1s.

Output Relays
These are connected to the outside world. They physically exist and send on/off signals
to solenoids, lights, etc. They can be transistors, relays, or triacs depending upon the model
chosen.

Data Storage
Typically there are registers assigned to simply store data. Usually used as temporary
storage for math or data manipulation. They can also typically be used to store data when
power is removed from the PLC.

Programming Languages
A program loaded into PLC systems in machine code, a sequence of binary code
numbers to represent the program instructions. Assembly language based on the use of
mnemonics can be used, and a computer program called an assembler is used to translate the
mnemonics into machine code. High level Languages (C, BASIC, etc.) can be used.

Introduction to Ladder Logic

Ladder logic uses graphic symbols similar to relay schematic circuit diagrams.
Ladder diagram consists of two vertical lines representing the power rails. Circuits are
connected as horizontal lines between these two verticals.

Ladder diagram features

 Power flows from left to right.

 Output on right side cannot be connected directly with left side.
 Contact cannot be placed on the right of output.
 Each rung contains one output at least.
 Each output can be used only once in the program.
 A particular input a/o output can appear in more than one rung of a ladder.
 The inputs a/o outputs are all identified by their addresses, the notation used
depending on the PLC manufacturer.

Disadvantages of PLC control

 Too much work required in connecting wires.
 Difficulty with changes or replacements.
 Difficulty in finding errors; requiring skillful work force.
 When a problem occurs, hold-up time is indefinite, usually long.

Advantages of PLC control

 Rugged and designed to withstand vibrations, temperature, humidity, and noise.
 Have interfacing for inputs and outputs already inside the controller.
 Easily programmed and have an easily understood programming language.

Result:
Thus the programmable logic circuit and its applications were studied.
 OPCODES TABLE OF INTEL 8085
Sr. No. Mnemonics Opcode 50. DAD D 19
1. ACI Data CE 51. DAD H 29
2. ADC A 8F 52. DAD SP 39
3. ADC B 88 53. DCR A 3D
4. ADC C 89 54. DCR B 05
5. ADC D 8A 55. DCR C 0D
6. ADC E 8B 56. DCR D 15
7. ADC H 8C 57. DCR E 1D
8. ADC L 8D 58. DCR H 25
9. ADC M 8E 59. DCR L 2D
10. ADD A 87 60. DCR M 35
11. ADD B 80 61. DCX B 0B
12. ADD C 81 62. DCX D 1B
13. ADD D 82 63. DCX H 2B
14. ADD E 83 64. DCX SP 3B
15. ADD H 84 65. DI F3
16. ADD L 85 66. EI FB
17. ADD M 86 67. HLT 76
18. ADI Data C6 68. IN Port-address DB
19. ANA A A7 69. INR A 3C
20. ANA B A0 70. INR B 04
21. ANA C A1 71. INR C 0C
22. ANA D A2 72. INR D 14
23. ANA E A3 73. INR E 1C
24. ANA H A4 74. INR H 24
25. ANA L A5 75. INR L 2C
26. ANA M A6 76. INR M 34
27. ANI Data E6 77. INX B 03
28. CALL Label CD 78. INX D 13
29. CC Label DC 79. INX H 23
30. CM Label FC 80. INX SP 33
31. CMA 2F 81. JC Label DA
32. CMC 3F 82. JM Label FA
33. CMP A BF 83. JMP Label C3
34. CMP B B8 84. JNC Label D2
35. CMP C B9 85. JNZ Label C2
36. CMP D BA 86. JP Label F2
37. CMP E BB 87. JPE Label EA
38. CMP H BC 88. JPO Label E2
39. CMP L BD 89. JZ Label CA
40. CMP M BD 90. LDA Address 3A
41. CNC Label D4 91. LDAX B 0A
42. CNZ Label C4 92. LDAX D 1A
43. CP Label F4 93. LHLD Address 2A
44. CPE Label EC 94. LXI B 01
45. CPI Data FE 95. LXI D 11
46. CPO Label E4 96. LXI H 21
47. CZ Label CC 97. LXI SP 31
48. DAA 27 98. MOV A, A 7F
49. DAD B 09
99. MOV A, B 78 149. MOV L, D 6A
100. MOV A, C 79 150. MOV L, E 6B
101. MOV A, D 7A 151. MOV L, H 6C
102. MOV A, E 7B 152. MOV L, L 6D
103. MOV A, H 7C 153. MOV L, M 6E
104. MOV A, L 7D 154. MOV M, A 77
105. MOV A, M 7E 155. MOV M, B 70
106. MOV B, A 47 156. MOV M, C 71
107. MOV B, B 40 157. MOV M, D 72
108. MOV B, C 41 158. MOV M, E 73
109. MOV B, D 42 159. MOV M, H 74
110. MOV B, E 43 160. MOV M, L 75
111. MOV B, H 44 161. MVI A, Data 3E
112. MOV B, L 45 162. MVI B, Data 06
113. MOV B, M 46 163. MVI C, Data 0E
114. MOV C, A 4F 164. MVI D, Data 16
115. MOV C, B 48 165. MVI E, Data 1E
116. MOV C, C 49 166. MVI H, Data 26
117. MOV C, D 4A 167. MVI L, Data 2E
118. MOV C, E 4B 168. MVI M, Data 36
119. MOV C, H 4C 169. NOP 00
120. MOV C, L 4D 170. ORA A B7
121. MOV C, M 4E 171. ORA B B0
122. MOV D, A 57 172. ORA C B1
123. MOV D, B 50 173. ORA D B2
124. MOV D, C 51 174. ORA E B3
125. MOV D, D 52 175. ORA H B4
126. MOV D, E 53 176. ORA L B5
127. MOV D, H 54 177. ORA M B6
128. MOV D, L 55 178. ORI Data F6
129. MOV D, M 56 179. OUT Port- D3
130. MOV E, A 5F 180. PCHL E9
131. MOV E, B 58 181. POP B C1
132. MOV E, C 59 182. POP D D1
133. MOV E, D 5A 183. POP H E1
134. MOV E, E 5B 184. POP PSW F1
135. MOV E, H 5C 185. PUSH B C5
136. MOV E, L 5D 186. PUSH D D5
137. MOV E, M 5E 187. PUSH H E5
138. MOV H, A 67 188. PUSH PSW F5
139. MOV H, B 60 189. RAL 17
140. MOV H, C 61 190. RAR 1F
141. MOV H, D 62 191. RC D8
142. MOV H, E 63 192. RET C9
143. MOV H, H 64 193. RIM 20
144. MOV H, L 65 194. RLC 07
145. MOV H, M 66 195. RM F8
146. MOV L, A 6F 196. RNC D0
147. MOV L, B 68 197. RNZ C0
148. MOV L, C 69 198. RP F0
199. RPE E8 224. STAX B 02
200. RPO E0 225. STAX D 12
201. RRC 0F 226. STC 37
202. RST 0 C7 227. SUB A 97
203. RST 1 CF 228. SUB B 90
204. RST 2 D7 229. SUB C 91
205. RST 3 DF 230. SUB D 92
206. RST 4 E7 231. SUB E 93
207. RST 5 EF 232. SUB H 94
208. RST 6 F7 233. SUB L 95
209. RST 7 FF 234. SUB M 96
210. RZ C8 235. SUI Data D6
211. SBB A 9F 236. XCHG EB
212. SBB B 98 237. XRA A AF
213. SBB C 99 238. XRA B A8
214. SBB D 9A 239. XRA C A9
215. SBB E 9B 240. XRA D AA
216. SBB H 9C 241. XRA E AB
217. SBB L 9D 242. XRA H AC
218. SBB M 9E 243. XRA L AD
219. SBI Data DE 244. XRA M AE
220. SHLD Address 22 245. XRI Data EE
221. SIM 30 246. XTHL E3
222. SPHL F9
223. STA Address 32
 OPCODES TABLE OF 8051 52 33 RLC A
MICROPROCESSOR 53 34 ADDC A, #immed
54 35 ADDC A, direct
S.No OP Code Mnemonic Operands 55 36 ADDC A, @R0
1 0 NOP 56 37 ADDC A, @R1
2 1 AJMP addr11 57 38 ADDC A, R0
3 2 LJMP addr16 58 39 ADDC A, R1
4 3 RR A 59 3A ADDC A, R2
5 4 INC A 60 3B ADDC A, R3
6 5 INC direct 61 3C ADDC A, R4
7 6 INC @R0 62 3D ADDC A, R5
8 7 INC @R1 63 3E ADDC A, R6
9 8 INC R0 64 3F ADDC A, R7
10 9 INC R1 65 40 JC offset
11 0A INC R2 66 41 AJMP addr11
12 0B INC R3 67 42 ORL direct, A
13 0C INC R4 68 43 ORL direct, #immed
14 0D INC R5 69 44 ORL A, #immed
15 0E INC R6 70 45 ORL A, direct
16 0F INC R7 71 46 ORL A, @R0
17 10 JBC bit, offset 72 47 ORL A, @R1
18 11 ACALL addr11 73 48 ORL A, R0
19 12 LCALL addr16 74 49 ORL A, R1
20 13 RRC A 75 4A ORL A, R2
21 14 DEC A 76 4B ORL A, R3
22 15 DEC direct 77 4C ORL A, R4
23 16 DEC @R0 78 4D ORL A, R5
24 17 DEC @R1 79 4E ORL A, R6
25 18 DEC R0 80 4F ORL A, R7
26 19 DEC R1 81 50 JNC offset
27 1A DEC R2 82 51 ACALL addr11
28 1B DEC R3 83 52 ANL direct, A
29 1C DEC R4 84 53 ANL direct, #immed
30 1D DEC R5 85 54 ANL A, #immed
31 1E DEC R6 86 55 ANL A, direct
32 1F DEC R7 87 56 ANL A, @R0
33 20 JB bit, offset 88 57 ANL A, @R1
34 21 AJMP addr11 89 58 ANL A, R0
35 22 RET 90 59 ANL A, R1
36 23 RL A 91 5A ANL A, R2
37 24 ADD A, #immed 92 5B ANL A, R3
38 25 ADD A, direct 93 5C ANL A, R4
39 26 ADD A, @R0 94 5D ANL A, R5
40 27 ADD A, @R1 95 5E ANL A, R6
41 28 ADD A, R0 96 5F ANL A, R7
42 29 ADD A, R1 97 60 JZ offset
43 2A ADD A, R2 98 61 AJMP addr11
44 2B ADD A, R3 99 62 XRL direct, A
45 2C ADD A, R4 100 63 XRL direct, #immed
46 2D ADD A, R5 101 64 XRL A, #immed
47 2E ADD A, R6 102 65 XRL A, direct
48 2F ADD A, R7 103 66 XRL A, @R0
49 30 JNB bit, offset 104 67 XRL A, @R1
50 31 ACALL addr11 105 68 XRL A, R0
51 32 RETI 106 69 XRL A, R1
107 6A XRL A, R2 162 A1 AJMP addr11
108 6B XRL A, R3 163 A2 MOV C, bit
109 6C XRL A, R4 164 A3 INC DPTR
110 6D XRL A, R5 165 A4 MUL AB
111 6E XRL A, R6 166 A5 reserved
112 6F XRL A, R7 167 A6 MOV @R0, direct
113 70 JNZ offset 168 A7 MOV @R1, direct
114 71 ACALL addr11 169 A8 MOV R0, direct
115 72 ORL C, bit 170 A9 MOV R1, direct
116 73 JMP @A+DPTR 171 AA MOV R2, direct
117 74 MOV A, #immed 172 AB MOV R3, direct
118 75 MOV direct, #immed 173 AC MOV R4, direct
119 76 MOV @R0, #immed 174 AD MOV R5, direct
120 77 MOV @R1, #immed 175 AE MOV R6, direct
121 78 MOV R0, #immed 176 AF MOV R7, direct
122 79 MOV R1, #immed 177 B0 ANL C, /bit
123 7A MOV R2, #immed 178 B1 ACALL addr11
124 7B MOV R3, #immed 179 B2 CPL bit
125 7C MOV R4, #immed 180 B3 CPL C
126 7D MOV R5, #immed A, #immed,
181
B4 CJNE offset
127 7E MOV R6, #immed
128 7F MOV R7, #immed 182 B5 CJNE A, direct, offset
129 80 SJMP offset @R0, #immed,
183
B6 CJNE offset
130 81 AJMP addr11
@R1, #immed,
131 82 ANL C, bit 184
B7 CJNE offset
132 83 MOVC A, @A+PC R0, #immed,
133 84 DIV AB 185
B8 CJNE offset
134 85 MOV direct, direct R1, #immed,
186
B9 CJNE offset
135 86 MOV direct, @R0
136 87 MOV direct, @R1 R2, #immed,
187
BA CJNE offset
137 88 MOV direct, R0
138 89 MOV direct, R1 R3, #immed,
188
BB CJNE
offset
139 8A MOV direct, R2
R4, #immed,
140 8B MOV direct, R3 189
BC CJNE offset
141 8C MOV direct, R4 R5, #immed,
142 8D MOV direct, R5 190
BD CJNE offset
143 8E MOV direct, R6 R6, #immed,
191
BE CJNE offset
144 8F MOV direct, R7
145 90 MOV DPTR, #immed R7, #immed,
192
BF CJNE offset
146 91 ACALL addr11
147 92 MOV bit, C 193 C0 PUSH direct
148 93 MOVC A, @A+DPTR 194 C1 AJMP addr11
149 94 SUBB A, #immed 195 C2 CLR bit
150 95 SUBB A, direct 196 C3 CLR C
151 96 SUBB A, @R0 197 C4 SWAP A
152 97 SUBB A, @R1 198 C5 XCH A, direct
153 98 SUBB A, R0 199 C6 XCH A, @R0
154 99 SUBB A, R1 200 C7 XCH A, @R1
155 9A SUBB A, R2 201 C8 XCH A, R0
156 9B SUBB A, R3 202 C9 XCH A, R1
157 9C SUBB A, R4 203 CA XCH A, R2
158 9D SUBB A, R5 204 CB XCH A, R3
159 9E SUBB A, R6 205 CC XCH A, R4
160 9F SUBB A, R7 206 CD XCH A, R5
161 A0 ORL C, /bit 207 CE XCH A, R6
208 CF XCH A, R7
209 D0 POP direct
210 D1 ACALL addr11
211 D2 SETB bit
212 D3 SETB C
213 D4 DA A
214 D5 DJNZ direct, offset
215 D6 XCHD A, @R0
216 D7 XCHD A, @R1
217 D8 DJNZ R0, offset
218 D9 DJNZ R1, offset
219 DA DJNZ R2, offset
220 DB DJNZ R3, offset
221 DC DJNZ R4, offset
222 DD DJNZ R5, offset
223 DE DJNZ R6, offset
224 DF DJNZ R7, offset
225 E0 MOVX A, @DPTR
226 E1 AJMP addr11
227 E2 MOVX A, @R0
228 E3 MOVX A, @R1
229 E4 CLR A
230 E5 MOV A, direct
231 E6 MOV A, @R0
232 E7 MOV A, @R1
233 E8 MOV A, R0
234 E9 MOV A, R1
235 EA MOV A, R2
236 EB MOV A, R3
237 EC MOV A, R4
238 ED MOV A, R5
239 EE MOV A, R6
240 EF MOV A, R7
241 F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
242 F1 ACALL addr11
243 F2 MOVX @R0, A
244 F3 MOVX @R1, A
245 F4 CPL A
246 F5 MOV direct, A
247 F6 MOV @R0, A
248 F7 MOV @R1, A
249 F8 MOV R0, A
250 F9 MOV R1, A
251 FA MOV R2, A
252 FB MOV R3, A
253 FC MOV R4, A
254 FD MOV R5, A
255 FE MOV R6, A
256 FF MOV R7, A
 P, PI, PD AND PID CONTROLLER
Aim:
To obtain step response of the given system and evaluate the effect P, PD, PI and PID controllers.

APPARATUS:
Software: MATLAB

THEORY:
PID controllers are commercially successful and widely used as controllers in industries. For
example, in a typical paper mill there may be about 1500 controllers and out of these 90 percent would
be PID controllers. The PID controller consists of a proportional mode, an Integral mode and a
Derivative mode. The first letters of these modes make up the name PID controller. Depending upon the
application one or more combinations of these modes are used. For example, in a liquid control system
where we want zero steady state error, a PI controller can be used and in a temperature control system
where zero stead state error is not specified, a simple P controller can be used.

PROCEDURE:
1) Consider the open loop transfer function

2) Write the program using mat lab to simulate step response of the given System.
3) Evaluate the effect of P, PI, PD and PID controllers

PROGRAM
%Program to observe the effect P,PD,PI and PID controllers
num=[1];
den=[0.5 1 4];
sys1=tf(num,den);
f=feedback(sys1,1);
f1=step(f);
subplot(2,3,1);plot(f1);
title('Step response of given system')
% Proportional controller
kp=10;
numP=kp*num;
sys=tf(numP,den);
G=feedback(sys,1)
m=step(G);
subplot(2,3,2);plot(m);
title('Proportional contol Kp=10')
k=dcgain(G)
essP=1/(1+k)
% PD controler
Kd=10;
numc=[Kd*kp kp];
nr=conv(numc,num);
sys1=tf(nr,den);
G1=feedback(sys1,1)
m=step(G1);
subplot(2,3,3);plot(m);
title('PD control Kp=10 and Kd=10')
%PI controller
ki=10;
numI=[kp ki*kp];
denI=[1 0];
dr=conv(denI,den);
sys2=tf(numI,dr)
G2=feedback(sys2,1);
m=step(G2);
subplot(2,3,4);plot(m);
k=dcgain(G2) essPI=1/(1+k)
title('PI control Kp=10 and Ki=10')
%PID controller
nr1=conv(numc,[1 ki]);
sys3=tf(nr1,dr);
G3=feedback(sys3,1);
m=step(G3);
subplot(2,3,5);plot(m);
k=dcgain(G3)
essPID=1/(1+k)
title('PID control Kp=10,Ki=10 & kd=10')

RESULT:
The step response of the given system and evaluate the effect P, PD, PI and PID controllers has been
obtained.
 SIMULATION OF PNEUMATIC LOGIC CIRCUITS
AIM :

To design a pneumatic circuit for “AND” gate logic unit using

two pressure valve for single acting cylinder.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 AND Gate,
 Double acting cylinder,
 5/2 pilot operated spring return dcv
 3/2 push button

PROCEDURE :

 Ensure sufficient air pressure is available as input in the

FRL unit.
 The connections are made as per the circuit diagram
 The inlet port 1 of the 5/2 DCV (1) and 3/2 push button
(2) is connected from the FRL unit.
 The outlet port 2 of the 5/2 DCV (1) and 3/2 push button
(2) is connected to the two AND Gate
 AND Gate port is connected to pilot operated 5/2 DCV
 5/2 DCV port is connected to blank end of double
acting cylinder.
 The forward stroke occurs during the following
condition.

RESULT:

Thus the above simulation was made for the “AND” logic gate
using basic pneumatic trainer kit.
DIAGRAM:

DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER

5/2 DCV

AND GATE

3/2 PUSH BUTTON

 SIMULATION OF PNEUMATIC LOGIC CIRCUITS
AIM :

To design a pneumatic circuit for “AND” gate logic unit using

two pressure valve for single acting cylinder.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 OR Gate,
 Double acting cylinder,
 5/2 pilot operated spring return dcv
 3/2 push button

PROCEDURE :

 Ensure sufficient air pressure is available as input in the

FRL unit.
 The connections are made as per the circuit diagram
 The inlet port 1 of the 5/2 DCV (1) and 3/2 push button
(2) is connected from the FRL unit.
 The outlet port 2 of the 5/2 DCV (1) and 3/2 push button
(2) is connected to the two OR gate
 OR gate port is connected to pilot operated 5/2 DCV
 5/2 DCV port is connected to blank end of double
acting cylinder.
 The forward stroke occurs during the following
condition.

RESULT:

Thus the above simulation was made for the “AND” logic gate
using basic pneumatic trainer kit.
DIAGRAM:
 SIMULATION OF PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT FOR
METER-IN
AIM :

To simulate a pneumatic circuit for Meter-in circuit for double

acting cylinder
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Double acting cylinder,

 5/2 pilot operated spring return dcv
 3/2 push button
 Flow control valves
PROCEDURE:

 Ensure sufficient air pressure is available as input in the

FRL unit.
 The connections are made as per the circuit diagram
 The inlet port 1 of the 5/2 DCV and 3/2 push button is
connected from the FRL unit.
 The outlet port 2 of the 3/2 push button 5/2 DCV is
connected
 Flow control valve port is connected to pilot operated
5/2 DCV
 5/2 DCV port is connected to blank end of double
acting cylinder.
 The forward stroke occurs during the following
condition.
RESULT:

Thus the above simulation was made for the “Flow control valves
using meter in circuit pneumatic trainer kit.
DIAGRAM:
 SIMULATION OF PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT FOR
METER-OUT
AIM :

To simulate a pneumatic circuit for Meter-out circuit for double

acting cylinder
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Double acting cylinder,

 5/2 pilot operated spring return dcv
 3/2 push button
 Flow control valves
PROCEDURE:

 Ensure sufficient air pressure is available as input in the

FRL unit.
 The connections are made as per the circuit diagram
 The inlet port 1 of the 5/2 DCV and 3/2 push button is
connected from the FRL unit.
 The outlet port 2 of the 3/2 push button 5/2 DCV is
connected
 Flow control valve port is connected to pilot operated
5/2 DCV
 5/2 DCV port is connected to blank end of double
acting cylinder.
 The forward stroke occurs during the following
condition.
RESULT:

Thus the above simulation was made for the “Flow control valves
using meter out circuit pneumatic trainer kit.
DIAGRAM:
 SIMULATION OF PNEUMATIC SEQUENCING
CIRCUITS OF A+ B+ A- B-
AIM :

To design a pneumatic circuit for two actuators A & B to give

+ + - -
sequence A B A B

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Double acting cylinder,

 5/2 pilot operated dcv
 3/2 limit switch
 FRL unit, Manifold.
PROCEDURE:

 Ensure sufficient air pressure is available as input in the

FRL unit.
 The connections are made as per the circuit diagram
 The inlet port 1 of the 5/2 DCV and 3/2 /2 limit switch
is connected from the FRL unit.
 The outlet port 2 of the 3/2 push button to 5/2 DCV pilot
is connected
 5/2 DCV port is connected to blank end of double
acting cylinder.
 The forward stroke occurs during the following
condition.
RESULT:
+ + - -
Thus the above simulation was made for the “sequence A B A B using
3/2 limit switch pneumatic trainer kit.
DIAGRAM:
SIMULATION OF ELECTRO PNUMATICSEQUENCING CIRCUITS
AIM:
To design a Electro pneumatic circuit for the sequence A+B+A-B-

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Double acting cylinders

 Relay box , 3/2 push buttons
 Limit switches – 4 No
 5/2 double solenoid DCV-2 No
 Connecting tubes & wires

AIR SUPPLY:

 Shop floor air control supply with FRL

PROCEDURE:

 Draw the circuit diagram for the actuation of the

sequence.
 Connect the cylinder , 3/2 push button , 5/2 double
solenoid DCVs , limit switches as per the circuit
diagram
 Connect the air supply to the circuit
 Operate the circuit as required.

RESULT:

Thus the above Electro pneumatic sequencing simulation was made.

Electro pneumatic circuit for the sequence A+B+A-B-

LADDER DIAGRAM
 SIMULATION OF AUTOMATION STUDIO
SOFTWARE
AIM:

To design a pneumatic circuit for sequence A+B+ C+A-B- C-

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Automation Studio

 Hardware key

PROCEDURE:

 Draw the circuit diagram for the actuation of the

sequence.

 Connect the cylinder , 3/2 push button , 5/2 pilot

operated DCV ,limit switches as per the circuit diagram

 Connect the air flow lines to the circuit

 Simulate the circuit as required.

RESULT:

Thus the above sequencing simulation was made in the Automation Studio.
Pneumatic circuit for sequence A+B+ C+A-B- C-:
 SIMULATION OF ELCTRO HYDRAULIC
SEQUENCING CIRCUITS USING MITSUBISHI PLC
AIM:

To design a pneumatic circuit for sequence A+B+A-B-

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Double acting cylinders

 Electro hydraulic trainer kit
 Proximity sensor– 4 No
 5/2 double side Solenoid DCV-2 No
 Connecting tubes, wires

PROCEDURE:

 Draw the circuit diagram for the actuation of the

sequence.
 Connect the cylinder , 5/2 Solenoid operated DCV ,
proximity sensor as per the circuit diagram
 Connect the oil supply to the circuit
 Operate the circuit as required.

RESULT:

Thus the above sequencing simulation was made.

Electro hydraulic circuit for sequence A+B+A-B-
LADDER DIAGRAM:
 SIMULATION OF ELECTRO PNUMATIC
SEQUENCING CIRCUITS USING OMRON PLC
AIM:
To design a Electro pneumatic circuit for the sequence A+B+A-B-

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Double acting cylinders

 Relay box , 3/2 push buttons
 Limit switches – 4 No
 5/2 double solenoid DCV-2 No
 Connecting tubes & wires

AIR SUPPLY:

 Shop floor air control supply with FRL

PROCEDURE:

 Draw the circuit diagram for the actuation of the

sequence.
 Connect the cylinder , 3/2 push button , 5/2 double
solenoid DCVs , limit switches as per the circuit
diagram
 Connect the air supply to the circuit
 Operate the circuit as required.

RESULT:

Thus the above Electro pneumatic sequencing simulation was made.

Electro pneumatic circuit for the sequence A+B+A-B:

-
LADDER DIAGRAM: