. ‘ Mot t or __eveuy welasmon ot. gprs — i yO am offal _Qraovpe ¢ i ) Foray 0-661_,0% = e_, dmblies azar! becouse a2 e— ) Cemaidese. arms it20_eLasma_0. Go-b_t NG+ We need +o — Na oa —— |_hero ab s_ba- - a a (aby2= ab-ab = a:b+arb ~ | _____ —-“|__ Sigra_a2ze fa b2=e, wpe_bmaw that: Os0! & beh" ——T_ Saco each eComent ua its ouon fnwereae cabyis e (aby! = ab ©The daverne of (ab) can dee writen 33 bat! = 6a O__ Thx alos bo. Gi) Drow tho _gyabh that cis Homil temiam.e _stamittemiam __gyabh. weemtoims a. Harmiltemsam Cycle A ubye0e that widits eae vertere cocartly ome - Here — lin eacarmp0e t 4sat A-®-c-d-A ae Wi) Usha on i Bret 2. the ity st Kemi; gq thet cosa] Cryer _eoch other sh Gis — deve _baddges eco sty conte. e = ____ Od _esh9.er commmecting tnene SrHoOh ~ S Page No.Amateyg.e the elograg oj _eaeh VOrtex . Ewlor, Sheusedl thot yJor_iauch_& usable to dan baoritte. gch_Vertea: must hve an_even _deguee, Ne earcey 2 Nextices have an _aclol atayr 90 - é the caro of i iis bridge, of 4 vertice i Detewmine jshith o} the Jalltsusing eam doe (a)! $ degroo _asqyonte o} cbessible qnabh? 4,2,2, 3,4 Haat the uum of dag. of ale vertices must bo t+ = 12 i ¥ ae Sum - Aeanoos 4424 24+3+Y Which ua even 3 c = ; = : Aw < 2 ty i we i ._grvatin - z ~ Up) 0,242,384 E Summ OtAtI +, © ie 5 =) OR igXoe O42 2At4 el). . | = Inge wus ud @clof Qrabh compet che dv. ed Se eee ¥ 208te amd __sfsieue _Kuradousthi 2 xustous\ei “S Theorem _ustodes th ‘ | és only dj clech_net_cerntaim _o._adubgpr abn that — (yg ehubcivdien ap _Ks ( tonaph_emn_$_Vextices) ore kea.a Te camftcte_bipanstie top—eon_§ vention tate lth pests hg 8 vention each): Tf niscomary Condition: qrobh oy ae plamar , them. ee i net _cemtoim _ cbubgrabh thas dy ubcliuisin if] Kaas _ is _ks o1 Xa, ke Ka, Aro = _ we ode pact hat ks ex kaa both nen must allio be plamar. - Since Kg ox kag aro nen béamor, 6 commat cemtain 0 sbubgvabh that ia _chemeennor phic —2-llGmebp usith n sieeticons — || Gomaicton gpafh Ga ustth mn verctices that ctses mat centain cnuboli ys i@n- es beep rmauns mo_cbdlaiisa th foun: Poownes> as “asking Sctge—_catatch —a_—nen—lamo%_ graph = {sum __a awlectiuiniem uohich comractioks ~ a chu bstheats - = - | Embedding? Ui o _ : Shao—thot ami _ennhedding | G,_yormeind_Hlatoad, 7 by cboobi ag. tock of doco” cAtyucturo fs no cEXSSN 5 GCEWT Gud 3 Solve the crorworoneg colation Am ~ 6An-) t1Q,-9= 0 Coty Ao= 1 teqie 6 eboy epmrcating sfumeti@ns let On = x L So, s = ExT 1494 472 «9 | i ym? (x2- 6x eQ)=0 ~ K2- Qo - Bet YEO : X= 3, 3 t Ome (athn)xx™ : Now ‘ Oot 4 ! P (at bor xe = 4 : (az i] O1=6 f (a+b)xd = 6 5 (atby=2 E [oer] “Gm (a4) .3™ 3 BO phy eat tt: Bboeb b ds Nb od SS SDD Dt AjPela PooRNMA diate Iya chaye ct meet (me R) (n= bt4) Cbgon. let _X be a Srva pb woth R combenants: . i “ oth Let Ni _he no of _verchicer ot combenent - asctekR- Noro} estge = Gwm of _esiges én _e@arh Combememts - X ches Madermum NO o eola Geach cembepemt Oo a _tamDafe _Yabb - Mascimum. sposnibte number of eige & EF nicm-y rT > & 2 ni2-ne a Lin? -n —@ _ = Dime mt +Mp= 1) Feem _Lesiaymae& Siimen n= enesen el Fumi-t) = n-R cer BS pemt-yg?_= (n-k)? ul Bs (ment)? 4 2 cmi-t) (y= 0) =(™m-ry oy é#§ (ne? +4- 2nd) + Non. Negative = (m- Rk)? np? +5a-25ni = (m-R)? Sm? + kR- on < (me-k)? smi2_£ (m-k)? +2m-k ——@ fur a? Q dn eo O Man mo. 0} edge = 1 Limi2-n) Page No.Reowwnas> <4 (im-k)2 +2n=b-7) a dL £ 7 [in-B% +n~k 4 oe (m-R +1) tl Hamee io qvolsln % the mo S}-€dgen fam, have Hl ators (nai ineRt tL) 4. ~—Suors Il Stare eo ‘prveest Guler!s Poomula. ~ a 4 uk a dumdamental rent im Serre teos + amatyats that j + satuscon eocpenential Jumetions to pigmamet al qumetioma- “4 eo = Cos oc + Sin xe —@® ; =~ The _eschamaten ox eit = ett: Ltt det Gh ay E i Gonoc 25 Gye" = a aes * mee (2n)) at ay a Exchamal an fee Sino LP (oc F™! = pe- Bp x5. “ ee fom Bl. st , Tabing R-H: a eee it = __fersoe + f Sin 2 SA 750% toc ¢ Inet ted pined A. [ ay ut pores © _ Lt foe + chrey2 4 (toe + Cosy oc we ae + aeLEA iH ‘POORNIMA =) eo Rugs LHS | Honce Prove cl, (2 Cogoe +6 Sino Decompese the -boumutati an aE kein | tromnapesitien ato cocaming usheter th uk acd or even: A__thamapesiton _cyehe sf clemath 2, cdtoaps 2 efomerit fet other _umehamged. em 4 + ©_1 mobs to 6 © _6 maps to 4 $o usB hae Cl ¢) Stosd _dyem 2! O_2 maps to 2 5- © _§ mops t 3. O_2 maps to 2 - So, (25 3) Next , 4 mabs to 4 <2 t mapie tot, doth axe Combining cyede , permutation Cam_dbe written ay S76) 83) (OS) OS) 023) > (1 6) €25) 023) In tems * ihen: (1 6) (9 5) Gtnre there us 3 -hamibesttign do permutation & asic faa Page No... |= d busy 7 Ty System (Ri tit) be a “fing - THEN _pry04e that = @ Os gas OVaAéR a Gt) Qs b) =a). b = = (ach) wv GubeR a Ay (ay bye arb Orb ER “Lim Ht aes oa = Tob! LH = O90 = a: loto) = WO F Aq +ta-o (dishybutive Property = GO - @-O= a: <= O=0°0 —~ @ ~ Taking Rus “i O10 = lOto)-a 4 O°O = O-O FOIH Cdisibutive Properces\ oe OrO- O1H= OHA 4 . O= 0-4 —~@) “a “i! _fyem ey © t @) -| 02 Oa=Q “Ld o-ee) = Cape = -lacby at “I Tahing _f A: (by = = Cab), 4 Leb uy arhume arb + a+ tb) nl DA (bt b)) — Wishtbative Aropedy a => a:o @0£0 (fyem f) $0, Ob + a+tb)=0 Thus, :(b) us average 1 G*b+ So eta @*&b) = -(a"b) —@in AVY CFoemsnin> Simi loody_,_ for. Ca) | = lab rae eens a __ doom. eq, © £2 @) G:Cb)= -@-b)? = Cay-b (a) + by = a+b Prem cit (-a)- h= =(a+b) 9 abs Hl-a)-b) (9)- (bh) = = (605+) - (-lo+b)) Fyem_«i) nf la) "3 (rad -[-b)= a+b +f asbER pS. a Gb are amy inn eYosmont C1 Spe Gr, thon eprove thot (abb\? = a? b? ut fo enky cf G dy abeléam + fm bet ur @dsume that G ir obetiam , Teams a:b=b-Q + arb EG Let uy take (ab)* = ab-ab = ab-:acb Using, Commuted iuity 2 O+b-a:b= dace G:a-b-b = a2h? (aby? = a? b? Neus, Let ux “apsume that (ab)?= a?b?, 7 abeG zg (aby? = ab. ab db- ab = a-(b-a)+b (arsoctobivity) —@ Page No...a2? © Ararbeb =O____ > 9CPoornma> ws Lesheat Graph om. 5 Verctteos) : comslts ac | usith am actehiitional comtval verctesc conmert A_f te _verticod tm__Kyete Hor 5 Vertion to € ectges. A 2 5. 3 4 Prous Hath chromatic nuumlsex et 0. raph silt nat _ smexe thom _en2_, Hae Tarci-murn ckegeop cf = a erties un _O._ yah By Beeb Thosrorm., _ Pou amas br Nc : m “number _X (61) us at mart Al) Cthe mar’ clagyee *f U tt O©wtom Gi vin _cermpiote opal Kn ,ushere 9 = DlG)t1- ©_ushan Gr_ty astsl cree, ohare Ne AUG) = 2 _ & 2 fh f etch eae ud__met Complete ram _aatel_cycde , KX C61) < 2 (61)-___ Eoecetotional Case: © D4 G uk a comple groph them Xr)=n=06o) FL. : O34 @ us am_sosl_eycte XG)=3= AGL since, 3 , MG) = 2- Cemehunizm: Combining qemxaal te _eoccoptimal torcr, oe ___| Lcempbucte “Hot , Page NonaSB Ath) S ACH +4 . 4 ot 1th, —— amas" clagnee ACér) of ts vertices by eke. than iy, — A dubgreup + Yo Gress Gris G. mnvernal 9) — Grothe st Ga “if the byaotucy, oO} too chap Gigny — sets ol H din Gr ls again OA eit Capt) cork, — 4 H cin @ ! mz Subbore a. € Gy b2_amy Somers - Cemsiclen Lol (rots aH & b&H s& Prastact of, GH AM = fah hed: Joke peng = iah bh. hbo} Hein tevma) eG Wet hay gies thet, bho ay. Gh-bh = ahs (I h6)- Fath hob Cb Ah=ch'] Arb: bik Gaby “Thess _aH+ bH.¢ abl Simitwdla abH S aH-bH. Since ¢erets partition the QSup fo chave the elame SAB 2, 19€ have aH> bHE aby lel Cores StH. St NI dn ot HOE DER od ana Bagh orot ol Nin gp MOVE 4 6or ob Aly gmg ne Pie No- Beasal — Sub roup, a4 § group G1. — 1 a tee dcE GN - bExik NEN uch thot 26 = GT a N can Ge written OS Ne, d= Qn = ng »—m' EN oc ENG | Since Suen SEAN cam Le Cor'ttem ar Dis, Lit _dotlerss qn-Sag g Sino Wwe chaye booth GAl Sng, fo Ay Sqn , ane ng Thud, Aa oN Q_th Bye, helt ete Cosat ely also ou wigint coset SO} N- PELL