Class XI Maths Trigonometric Functions Rahul R M

Chapter 3
Trigonometric Functions

Introduction

• The word trigonometry is derived from the Greek words ’trigon’ and ’metron’
which means measuring the sides of a triangle.

in
Angle

• An angle is the amount of rotation of a revolving line with respect to a fixed line.

.
• The original ray is called the initial side and the final position of the ray after
ve
rotation is called the terminal side of the angle.

• The point of rotation is called the vertex.

• If the direction of rotation is anticlockwise, the angle is said to be positive and

if the direction of rotation is clockwise, then the angle is negative
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Hs

Units of Measurement of an Angle

• The commonly used units of measurement of an angle are

1. Degree Measure

2. Radian Measure

– Degree Measure: If a rotation from the initial side to terminal side is

 th
1
of a revolution, then the angle is said to have a measure of one
360
degree, written as 1◦ .
A degree is divided into 60 minutes, and a minute is divided into 60 seconds.

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Class XI Maths Trigonometric Functions Rahul R M

1◦ = 60′
1′ = 60′′

– Radian measure: Angle subtended at the centre by an arc of length 1 unit

in a unit circle (circle of radius 1 unit) is said to have a measure of 1 radian.

Relation between degree and radian

π
Radian Measure = Degree Measure ×

in
180
180
Degree Measure = Radian Measure ×
π

.
• The relation between degree measures and radian measure of some common angles:

Degree

Radian
0◦

0
ve
30◦

π
45◦

π
60◦

π
90◦

π
180◦

π
270◦

3π
360◦

2π
6 4 3 2 2
sli
l − r − θ relation
Hs

l = rθ

l= arc length
r= radius
θ= angle in radian measure

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Class XI Maths Trigonometric Functions Rahul R M

Trigonometric Functions

• There are six trigonometric functions.

in
Opposite Side BC
1. sin x = =
Hypotenuse AC
Adjacent Side AB
2. cos x = =
Hypotenuse AC

.
Opposite Side BC
3. tan x = =
Adjacent Side AB

4. cosec x =
ve
Hypotenuse
Opposite Side
Hypotenuse
=

AC
AC
BC

5. sec x = =
Adjacent Side AB
Adjacent Side AB
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6. cot x = =
Opposite Side BC

• The values of trigonometric functions at some common angles:

π π π π 3π
Hs

0◦ π 2π
6 4 3 2 2
√
1 1 3
sin 0 √ 1 0 −1 0
2 2 2
√
3 1 1
cos 1 √ 0 −1 0 1
2 2 2
1 √
tan 0 √ 1 3 N.D 0 N.D 0
3
√ 1
cot N.D 3 1 √ 0 N.D 0 N.D
3
2 √
sec 1 √ 2 2 N.D −1 N.D 1
3
√ 2
cosec N.D 2 2 √ 1 N.D −1 N.D
3

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Class XI Maths Trigonometric Functions Rahul R M

Sign of trigonometric functions

• Two mutually perpendicular lines in a plane divide the plane into 4 regions and
each region is called quadrant.

• The sign of trigonometric functions in different quadrants is given below:

. in
ve
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Hs

Memory Code

All Silver Tea Cup

I II III IV

sin 0 = 0 cos 0 = 1
π π
sin = 1 cos = 0
2 2
sin π = 0 cos π = −1
3π 3π
sin = −1 cos =0
2 2
sin 2π = 0 cos 2π = 1

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Class XI Maths Trigonometric Functions Rahul R M

Reciprocal Relations

1 1
1. = cosecx 4. = sin x
sin x cosecx
1 1
2. = sec x 5. = cos x
cos x sec x
1 1
3. = cot x 6. = tan x
tan x cot x

in
Co- Function Relations

Function Co- Function

sin x cos x

.
cos x sin x
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tan x
cot x
sec x
cot x
tan x
cosec x
cosec x sec x
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Square Relations

1. sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
Hs

2. cosec2 x − cot2 x = 1

3. sec2 x − tan2 x = 1

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Class XI Maths Trigonometric Functions Rahul R M

Reduction Formulas
1. sin(−x) = − sin x

2. cos(−x) = cos x

3. tan(−x) = − tan x

4. cot(−x) = − cot x

5. sec(−x) = sec x

in
6. cosec (−x) = −cosec x

π 
1. sin − x = cos x
2

.
π 
2. cos − x = sin x

3. tan

4. cot
2
π
2
π

− x = cot x

− x = tan x
ve
2
π 
5. sec − x = cosec x
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2
π 
6. cosec − x = sec x
2

π 
1. sin + x = cos x
2
Hs

π 
2. cos + x = − sin x
2
π 
3. tan + x = − cot x
2
π 
4. cot + x = − tan x
2
π 
5. sec + x = − cosec x
2
π 
6. cosec + x = sec x
2

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Class XI Maths Trigonometric Functions Rahul R M

1. sin(π − x) = sin x

2. cos(π − x) = − cos x

3. tan(π − x) = − tan x

4. cot(π − x) = − cot x

5. sec(π − x) = − sec x

6. cosec (π − x) = cosec x

in
1. sin(π + x) = − sin x

2. cos(π + x) = − cos x

.
3. tan(π + x) = tan x

4. cot(π + x) = cot x

5. sec(π + x) = − sec x
ve
6. cosec (π + x) = −cosec x
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3π
1. sin − x = − cos x
2
 
3π
2. cos − x = − sin x
Hs

2
 
3π
3. tan − x = cot x
2
 
3π
4. cot − x = tan x
2
 
3π
5. sec − x = − cosec x
2
 
3π
6. cosec − x = − sec x
2

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Class XI Maths Trigonometric Functions Rahul R M

 
3π
1. sin + x = − cos x
2
 
3π
2. cos + x = sin x
2
 
3π
3. tan + x = − cot x
2
 
3π
4. cot + x = − tan x
2
 
3π

in
5. sec + x = cosec x
2
 
3π
6. cosec + x = − sec x
2

.
1. sin(2π − x) = − sin x

2. cos(2π − x) = cos x

3. tan(2π − x) = − tan x
ve
4. cot(2π − x) = − cot x
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5. sec(2π − x) = sec x

6. cosec (2π − x) = −cosec x

Hs

1. sin(2π + x) = sin x

2. cos(2π + x) = cos x

3. tan(2π + x) = tan x

4. cot(2π + x) = cot x

5. sec(2π + x) = sec x

6. cosec (2π + x) = cosec x

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Class XI Maths Trigonometric Functions Rahul R M

Angles Sum and Difference Formulas

1. sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y

2. sin(x − y) = sin x cos y − cos x sin y

3. cos(x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y

4. cos(x − y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y

tan x + tan y
5. tan(x + y) =
1 − tan x tan y

in
tan x − tan y
6. tan(x − y) =
1 + tan x tan y
cot x cot y − 1
7. cot(x + y) =
cot y + cot x

.
cot x cot y + 1
8. cot(x − y) = ve
cot y − cot x

Double Angle Formulas

2 tan x
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1. sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x =
1 + tan2 x
1 − tan2 x
2. cos 2x = cos2 − sin2 x = 1 − 2 sin2 x = 2 cos2 x − 1 =
1 + tan2 x
2 tan x
3. tan 2x =
1 − tan2 x
Hs

Triple Angle Formulas

1. sin 3x = 3 sin x − 4 sin3 x

2. cos 3x = 4 cos3 x − 3 cos x

3 tan x − tan3 x
3. tan 3x =
1 − 3 tan2 x

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Class XI Maths Trigonometric Functions Rahul R M

Product Formulas
   
x+y x−y
1. sin x + sin y = 2 sin cos
2 2
   
x+y x−y
2. sin x − sin y = 2 cos sin
2 2
   
x+y x−y
3. cos x + cos y = 2 cos cos
2 2
   
x+y x−y
4. cos x − cos y = −2 sin sin
2 2

in
Trigonometric Equations

.
• Equations involving trigonometric functions of a variable are called trigonometric
equations. ve
• The solutions of a trigonometric equation for which 0 ≤ x < 2π are called principal
solutions.

• The expression involving integer ′ n′ which gives all solutions of a trigonometric

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equation is called the general solution.

General Solutions of Trigonometric Equations

1. sin x = 0 ⇔ x = nπ, n ∈ Z
Hs

π
2. cos x = 0 ⇔ x = (2n + 1) , n ∈ Z
2
3. tan x = 0 ⇔ x = nπ, n ∈ Z

1. sin x = sin y ⇒ x = nπ + (−1)n y, n ∈ Z

2. cos x = cos y ⇒ x = 2nπ ± y, n ∈ Z

3. tan x = 0 ⇒ x = nπ + y, n ∈ Z

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Class XI Maths Trigonometric Functions Rahul R M

Domain and Range of Trigonometric Functions

Function Domain Range
sin x R [−1, 1]
cos x R [−1, 1]
π
tan x R − {x : x = (2n + 1) , n ∈ Z} R
2
cot x R − {x : x = nπ, n ∈ Z} R
π
sec x R − {x : x = (2n + 1) , n ∈ Z} R − (−1, 1)
2
cosec x R − {x : x = nπ, n ∈ Z} R − (−1, 1)

in
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

.
ve
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Hs

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Class XI Maths Trigonometric Functions Rahul R M

Law of Sine, Law of Cosine, Law of Tangent

in
a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C

b 2 + c 2 − a2
cos A =
2bc

.
a2 + c 2 − b 2
cos B =

cos B =
2ac
a2 + b 2 − c 2
2ab
ve
 
A−B a−b C
tan = cot
2 a+b 2
sli
 
B−C b−c A
tan = cot
2 b+c 2
 
C −A c−a B
tan = cot
2 c+a 2
Hs

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Class XI Maths Trigonometric Functions Rahul R M

Previous Year Questions

3 Marks Questions
7π
1. (a) radians = —— degree (1)
6
(b) Find the value of tan 75◦ . (2)

2. (a) 520◦ = —— radians. (1)

2π
(b) Convert radian measure into degree measure. (1)
3

in
(c) If in two circles, arcs of the same length subtend angles 60◦ and 75◦ at the
centre, find the ratio of their radii. (1)

3. (a) 40◦ 20′ =—— radians (1)

.
 
π  π  5π π 
(b) 3 sin sec − 4 sin cot =1 (2)
6 3 6 4
4. (a) sin 405◦ =——-
3
ve
(b) sin x = , x lies in the second quadrant. Find the values of cos x, sec x,
5
(1)

tan x, cot x. (3)

sli
5. (a) The angles in a triangle are in the ratio 4 : 2 : 3. Find the measures of the
angle in

i. Degree Measure (1)

ii. Radian Measure (1)

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(b) tan(2019π − x) = —— (1)

6. (a) The maximum√ value of the function f (x) = sin x is —–

3 1
(i)1 (ii) (iii) (iv)2 (1)
2 2
(b) Prove that (sin x + cos x)2 = 1 + sin 2x. (1)

(c) Find the maximum value of sin x + cos x (1)

cos 9x − cos 5x − sin 2x
7. Prove that =
sin 17x − sin 3x cos 10x
8. The principal and general solutions of cosec x = −2 (3)

9. Find the solution of the equation sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x = 0 (3)

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Class XI Maths Trigonometric Functions Rahul R M

10. Solve sin 2x − sin 4x + sin 6x = 0 (3)

 
B−C b−c A
11. In a △ABC , prove that tan = cot (3)
2 b+c 2
12. In any △ABC, prove that a sin(B − C) + b sin(C − A) + c sin(A − B) = 0 (3)

13. (a) If sin x = cos x, x ∈ [0, π] then x is

π π
(i)0 (ii) (iii) (iv)π (1)
4 3
(b) Write the following in ascending order of its values:
sin 100◦ , sin 0◦ , sin 50◦ , sin 200◦

in
14. (a) The minute hand of a watch is 1.5cm long. How far does its tip moves in 40
minutes? (2)
 
31π

.
(b) Find the value of sin . (1)
3

(i)
π
2
(ii)

(b) Show that

π
3
(iii)
π
4
sin x + sin 5x
ve
15. (a) Which of the following is a principal solution of sin 3x = 0
(iv)

= tan 3x
π
6
(1)

(2)
cos x + cos 5x
   
B−C b−c A
16. For any △ABC, prove that sin = cos (3)
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2 a 2
17. (a) sin 315◦ =——-
π 7π π 3
(b) Prove that 2 sin2 + cosec2 cos2 = . (2)
6 6 3 2
Hs

4 Marks Questions

18. (a) Which of the following is not possible.

1 2 1
(i)sin x = (ii)cos x = (iii)cosec x = (iv)tan x = 8 (1)
2 3 3
(b) Find the value of sin 15◦ . (1)

(c) Hence write the value of cos 75◦ (2)

π π π
19. (a) Write the value of sin2 + cos2 + tan2 (1)
4 4 4
(b) Solve the trigonometric equation 2 cos2 x + 3 sin x = 0 (3)

20. (a) In the given figure, ∠AOB = 30◦ and radius of the circle is 2 units. Find the
length of arc AP B (2)

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Class XI Maths Trigonometric Functions Rahul R M

(b) Find the length of chord AB (2)

21. The lamp post is situated at the middle point M of the side AC of a triangular plot
ABC with BC = 7m, CA = 8m, AB = 9m. Lamp post subtends an angle 15◦ at
the point B. Determine the height of the lamp post. (4)

6 Marks Questions

22. (a) sin 765◦ =——- (1)

cos 7x + cos 5x
(b) Prove that = cot x (2)

in
sin 7x − sin 5x
(c) Prove that cos 4x = 1 − 8 sin2 x cos2 x. (3)

23. (a) sin(π − x) =—– (1)

sin 5x + sin 3x

.
(b) Prove that = tan 4x (2)
cos 5x + cos 3x
(c) In any △ABC, prove that
ve
sin A
a
=
sin B
b
=
sin C
c
.

24. (a) Which one of the following value of sin x is incorrect?

1
(3)

(i)0 (ii) (iii)3 (iv)1 (1)

2
π  π  √
(b) Prove that cos + x + cos − x = 2 cos x (2)
sli
4 4
(c) A tree breaks due to a storm and the broken part bends so that the top of the
tree touches the ground making an angle of 30◦ with it. The distance between
the foot of the tree to the point where the top touches the ground is 8m. Find
the height of the tree. (3)
Hs

−5
25. (a) If tan x = , x lies in second quadrant. Find all trigonometric functions. (2)
12
sin x + cos x 3
(b) Without using triangle, find the value of if tan x = (2)
sin x − cos x 4
sin 5x + sin 3x
(c) Prove that = tan 4x (2)
cos 5x + cos 3x
26. (a) Prove that sin2 8x − sin2 4x = sin 12x sin 4x (2)
 
A−B
cos
a+b 2
(b) For any △ABC, prove that = . (2)
c C
sin
2
(c) Find
√ the general and principal solutions of the trigonometric equation sin x =
3
(2)
2

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Class XI Maths Trigonometric Functions Rahul R M

27. (a) sin 225◦ =——– (1)

(b) Find
√ the general and principal solutions of the trigonometric equation sin x =
− 3
(2)
2
 
A−B a−b C
(c) Prove that tan = cot (3)
2 a+b 2
28. (a) Find sin 75◦ (2)
√
(b) The figure shows △ABC with side AC = 4 2 units inscribed in a circle of
10π
radius 4 units. The length of the arc BDC is units.
3

. in
ve
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i. Write ∠A in degree measure. (2)

ii. Find the length of the sides AB and BC (2)

sin 4x + sin 3x + sin 2x
29. Consider the function f , defined by f (x) =
cos 4x + cos 3x + cos 2x
Hs

(a) Find the domain of f . (4)

(b) Show that f (x) = tan 3x. (2)

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Class XI Maths Trigonometric Functions Rahul R M

Various Entrance Examinations Questions

   
π θ π θ
1. tan + + tan − is equal to
4 2 4 2
θ
(i)sec θ (ii)2 sec θ (iii)sec
(iv)sin θ (v)cos θ
2
π  π 
2. The value of cos + x + cos − x is
4 4
√ 2
√ √ √ √
(i) 2 sin x (ii) 2 sin x (iii) 2 cos2 x (iv) 3 cos x (v) 2 cos x
h πi h πi
3. If x ∈ 0, and y ∈ 0, and sin x + cos y = 2, then the value of x + y is equal
2 2

in
to
π π
(i)2π (ii)π (iii) (iv) (v)0
4 2
4. sin 765◦ is equal to
√

.
3 1 1
(i)1 (ii)0 (iii) (iv) (v) √
2 2 2

5. The value of sin2

(i)
1
8
(ii)
1
4
π
8
+ sin2

(iii)
1
2
3π
8
ve
+ sin2

(iv)1
5π
8
+ sin2

(v)2
7π
8
is equal to

√
3 1
6. The value of − is equal to
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sin 15 ◦ cos 15◦ √
√ √ √ 1 3
(i)4 2 (ii)2 2 (iii) 2 (iv) √ (v)
2 2
√
7. If sin x + cos x = 2, then sin x cos x =
1 1 √
(i)1 (ii) (iii) √ (iv)2 (v) 2
Hs

2 2
θ 1
8. If tan = , then the value of sin θ is
2 2
4 3 1 2
(i) (ii) (iii) √ (iv)1 (v)
5 5 2 5
9. If x = 5 + 2 sec θ, and y = 5 + 2 tan θthen the value of (x − 5)2 − (y − 5)2 is equal to

(i)3 (ii)1 (iii)0 (iv)4 (v)2

10. The value of tan 15◦ + tan 75◦ is equal to

√ √ √
(i)2 3 (ii)2 (iii)2 − 3 (iv)4 3 (v)4

11. The period of the function f (x) = cos 4x + tan 3x is

π π π
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)π (v)2π
12 6 2

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Class XI Maths Trigonometric Functions Rahul R M

12. If 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π, then the number of solutions of the equation sin8 x + cos6 x = 1 is

(i)2 (ii)3 (iii)4 (iv)5 (v)8

13. The number of integral values of k for which the equation 7 cos x + 5 sin x = 2k + 1
has a solution is

(i)4 (ii)8 (iii)10 (iv)12 (v)14

1 1 1
14. π  =  +   Find the positive integer value of n > 3 satisfying
sin 2π 3π
n sin sin
n n
the equation

in
(i)6 (ii)7 (iii)10 (iv)11 (v)13
tan A cot A
15. The expression + can be written as
1 − cot A 1 − tan A

.
(i)sin A cos A + 1 (ii)sec A csc A + 1 (iii)tan A + cot A (iv)sec A (v)sin A
ve
sli
Hs

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