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MODEM TRAINER MODEL-MODEM100

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SIGMA TRAINERS AHMEDABAD (INDIA)

INTRODUCTION This trainer has been designed with a view to provide practical /experimental knowledge of a general circuit of MODEM on SINGLE P.C.B. of size 24" x 15" with Fault Creating Facility. SPECIFICATIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Power supply requirement Built in IC based power supply. Built in Square wave generator - Frequency range Speed of operation : 1 Hz to 200 Hz : 50 Bauds Maximum. : 230V AC, 50 Hz.

Input/Output DATA level +5v for 1 level. -5v for 0 level. FSK frequencies Operating mode Modulator Type : Half duplex : 1. Voltage controlled Oscillator - VCO. : 1. 1700 Hz for 0 level 2. 1000 Hz for 1 level

Demodulator Type : 1. Tone Decoder A all parts are soldered on single pin TAGS on single PCB of size18" x15" with complete circuit diagram screen-printed. : 1. A Training Manual. 2. Connecting Patch cords.

11. Standard Accessories

CHAPTER - 1 THEORY OF MODEM One of the fastest growing applications for computers is the electronic distribution of information from computer to computer. This application is used in at least one-third of all business organizations. Date communications have continued to change dramatically, especially during the last 20 years. During the late 1950s, the development of computers encouraged AT & T to create a way to transport data from computer to computer. This transmission of data over the telephone lines created special problems, because computers process data as electronic signals that are either on or off, i.e. in binary form. These are digital signals. On the contrary, telephone signals are continuously rising and falling, i.e. they are analogue signals in the frequency range of 300 to 3500 Hz. Special devices called modems had to be developed to convert digital signals to analogue ones, in order to allow computers to transmit data over the telephone lines. The availability of personal computers led to millions of individuals wanting to link their computers with other computers over the telephone lines. This led to development and increased use of modems to provide the communicating link. The use of modems ensures substantial savings in communication charges & saves valuable time. It is possible to send megabytes of data from one place to another in a matter of minutes. With the widespread use of computers in India, the necessity of communicating and transmitting data from Place-to-place has increased the demand for modems. In face, the modem industry is expanding very rapidly to catch up with the developments abroad. 1.1 What is a MODEM? It data is to be transmitted over telephone lines, the signals must be converted to reside within the audio frequency spectrum from 300 to 3500Hz. Modems have been developed to provide this function. The modem (modulator demodulator) converts digital data signals to suitable audio signals at the transmitter, a process referred to as modulation. Also, it converts the audio signals back into digital data at the receiver end, commonly referred to as demodulation. When two computers are communicating, they send information back and forth. If these two computers are within a reasonable distance, they can send and receive information through a direct cable connection, which is sometimes called a null modem connection. The further the distance the signal has to travel, the greater the chance that some information will be lost. For this reason, in a direct cable connection, it is generally recommended that the computers be within 30 meters of each other. Two types of telephone lines are used for transmission of digital information. If a great amount of data has to be communicated, it is usually recommended to rent a line from the telephone company. Unlike ordinary telephone lines, this line is treated specially to carry computer information. This is the leased or dedicated line. If the line is not leased, a telephone call must be placed to the computer one wishes to reach. After connection is made with receiving computer, the information to be sent is routed over any telephone line. These are called switched or dialup lines, as the information to be sent is switched to any available line. 1.2 Types of Modulation: Modems use carrier frequency within the transmission bandwidth of the telephone, i.e. between 300 and 3500 Hz. The digital signal modulates the carrier by one or a combination of modulation techniques. They are amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), phase shift keying (PSK), differential phase shift keying (DPSK), quadrate amplitude modulation (QAM), trellis or convolution condign etc. In additional to translating the data signals, a number of control functions are also provided to coordinate the flow of data between the terminal equipment. Most modems are designed to accept and transmit a serial stream of binary data at the data terminal interface. 3

1.Amplitude modulation: Here the peak-to-peak magnitude of the carrier is switched between two levels at the rate of the binary signal (Fig.-1.). Amplitude modulation is rarely used alone in modems because it is susceptible to noise and it takes some time to determine signal amplitude. So, it is often combined with phase modulation.

Figure-1 Amplitude Modulation 2. Frequency shift keying (FSK) or frequency modulation: Here the frequency of the carrier is varied between two values at the rate of the binary signal. It is commonly used in low speed asynchronous modems up to about 1.2 k bits/sec. The decoding of the FSK is performed simply be detecting the presence of one or other frequency because frequencies are not changed during transmission. This makes FSK suitable for asynchronous transmission where no clock reference is available (Fig.-2).

Figure-2 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation 3. Phase modulation or phase shift keying (PSK): PSK uses changes in the phase of the carrier with respect to reference phase, to transmit binary data. Binary phase coherent PSK switches between two carrier signals, with 180 phase differences to represent binary 0 and 1 (Fig.-3)

Figure-3 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Modulation 4. Differential phase shift keying (DPSK). DPSK modulation requires synchronous. data transmission to provide a phase reference and is extensively used by synchronous modems at 1.2, 2.4 and 4.8 k bits/sec (Fig.-4)

Figure-4 Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) Modulation.1 Binary differential PSK or DPSK uses a phase shift of +90 relative to the previous bit to indicate binary 0 or 1 respectively. A 4-phase DPSK system transmits digits using 45,135 for 01, 225 for 11 and 315 for 10.

5. Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM): This combines FSK with amplitude modulation to transmit tidbits or 3-bit symbols in high-speed modems operating at 2.4, 4.8 and 9.6 k bits/sec (Fig.-5).

Figure-5 Symbol transmitted by a 16-symbol phase and amplitude keying system (QAM modulation) 1.3 Speed of transmission Transmission speed may be represented in one of two ways: 1. 2. The number of bits per second, viz, bps that can be transmitted. Baud rate, viz, the number of times per second that the signal being transmitted changes.

There are two speeds of transmission. Low-speed transmission covers the range from 0 to 300 bps and high speed transmission covers 1200 to 9600 bps. The most commonly used transmission speeds are 300, 1200 and 2400 bps. As it takes ten bits to represent one character, a 1200 bps transmission would send 120 characters per. second. A singal page of text contains .PN7 approximately 2000 characters. At 1200 bps, a 10 page single-spaced PN8document takes 2 minutes. If the rate of transmission is 2400 bps, i.e. 240 characters per second, it will take 1 minute. 1.4 Mode of Operation (a) Simplex Mode Simplex operation limits one modem to transmission only and the modem at the other end of the link to reception only. A single pair of wires, or a 2-wire circuit, is adequate because no return data is involved. (b) Half Duplex For half duplex operation, a 2-wire circuit is used but only one modem transmits at a time and each time the transmitting modem switches to receive, a cumbersome and time-consuming line turnaround is required. Line turnaround time can considerable reduce the throughput of a link, particularly when the protocol requires an acknowledged segment for each block of data. To reduce the overhead introduced by line turnaround for acknowledgment, some modems provide a reverse or secondary channel which takes a small proportion of the channel bandwidth to provide a low data rate fulldeplex data path for acknowledgement and control confirmation.

(C) Full Duplex Mode Full-duplex operation permits simulaneous transmission of data in both directions using two pairs or wires (a 4-wire circuit) or by frequency division multiplexing the bandwidth of a 2-wire circuit. 1.5 Types of Modems There are two different types of modems: acoustic and direct connect modems-external or internal. 1. Acoustic modem. Also sometimes called an acoustic coupler, it consists of a small box with two doughnut shaped speaker cups of spongy material. To use this type of modem, the acoustic coupler is connected to the computer and a standard telephone handset placed on top of the two speaker cups. A disadvantage of the acoustic modem is that the spongy material of the speaker cup does not always block out all outside sounds. This sometimes creates problems in transmitting information. 2. Direct connect modems. Unlike acoustic modems, direct connect modems can be directly connected to the telephone system using a standard modular telephone jack. Thus there are fewer problems in accurately transmitting information. Most direct connect modems also have a place to plug into a telephone to communicate by voice as well as computer. There are two general categories of direct connect modems, external and internal. An external modem is a small box that is placed beside the computer. This type is a completely selfcontained unit that is simply plugged into a serial port at the back of the computer. Most external modems have a built-in power supply. External modems require a standard serial port (RS232C) connector. An internal modem is an expansion card that is installed in the expansion slot of the computer. These cards are a convenient form of connecting computers. They do not take up the serial port like external modems. 3. Smart modems. Most modems today are smart. This means that they do more than simply translate information. A smart modem can test itself, connect directly to the ordinary telephone line, dial the phone number of another computer or any telephone, talks to many different kinds of computers, answer the telephone and adjust the speed at which it sends information according to conditions.

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CHAPTER -2 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND WORKING PRINCIPLE As shown in Fig 6, the digital data which is be transmitted, is applied to the modulator which converts this digital data into an analog (sinusoidal) signal; this sinusoidal signal is now transmitted through a telephone line via an Acoustic coupler. At remote place the same sinusoidal signal is received and converted again into a digital data by Demodulator unit. Thus digital data is transmitted from one place to another remote place via telephone line. MODEM is used to transmit and receive data, so it is also called DATA-MODEM. The functional block diagram of DATAMODEM is shown in fig 7. The COMPUTER - A transmits digital data signals to UART. The OUTPUT of UART is fed to the FSK TX. Since the modulating signal has only TWO values (corresponding to 0 level and 1 level), the modulated wave has only two basic frequencies. Thus the OUTPUT signal of FSK TX consists of sinusoidal FM wave that shifts abruptly between two different frequencies. These frequencies are (1) Frequency corresponding to 0 level i.e. Free Running frequency, f1 = 1000 Hz. (2) Frequency corresponding to 1 level f2 = 1700 Hz. The OUTPUT signal power is now amplified by a POWER AMPLIFIER and fed to the LOUD-SPEAKER (LS).The output audio signal from the LS is then fed to the telephone line via a HAND SET (of the telephone set) kept inside an ACOUSTIC -COUPLER. It makes possible the maximum transfer of power from L.S. to the HAND SET & vice versa. It also reduces the outside noise from being introduced in the signal, which is to be transmitted or received. At the receiver end the signal is received from the telephone line through the HAND SET kept inside an ACOUSTIC- COUPLER. The received signal is amplified by a receiving amplifier having AGC. This will make possible a constant output voltage from an amplifier irrespective of the variations in the received signal strength. The amplified signal is now fed to two BAND PASS FILTERS (BPF) kept in parallel. The two BPF are so designed that each will pass its design centre frequency untenanted and reject the other frequency along with the noise induced in telephone line (i.e. attenuate them greatly). Hence frequencies f1 & f2 are separated by these BPFs. The output of each BPF is fed to corresponding FSK-RX (FSK decoder) circuit. The FSK decoder gives 0 level output only at its centre frequency and its near by small range of frequencies and rejects the other frequencies signals i.e. decodes them. Logic circuit is designed such that the MODEM works in FULL DUPLEX and HALF DUPLEX mode with automatic channel selection. Here only two frequencies f1 and f2 are used, both for transmission and reception. The logic circuit is so designed that it gives output signal corresponding to the digital data signal sent by COMPUTER- B kept at remote place. It also provides an ERROR signal, which lights up the Error indicating LED. The error may be due to fault in a telephone line, circuit or power supply. The output of LOGIC CIRCUIT is fed to the COMPUTER A via UART. To transmit signal from COMPUTER- A to COMPUTER- B, a similar type of unit is required with positions of the circuits interchanged with respect to previous case. Power supply provides required voltages and current to various stages. **************** 8

Figure-6 Principle Of Working

Figure-7 Function Block Diagram Of Data-Modem

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CHAPTER-3 THEORY & CIRCIUT DETAILS OF MODEM The Modulation and Demodulation System consist of following sections. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Input Square waveData generator FSK Transmitter Power Amplifier Acoustic coupler Receiving Amplifier Bandpass Filter - 1000Hz filter - 1700Hz filter 7. FSK Decoder - 1000Hz decoder - 1700Hz decoder 8. Logic circuit. 9. Power supply. (1) Input Square wave Data Generator section :To generate FSK signal input digital modulating signal is required. This digital data signal is generated by this section. IC 8038 waveform generator IC is used generate square wave signal. 10K Pot is used to vary its frequency. The frequency range is 300 Hz to 3.4 KHz. Two 100K Presets are adjusted for proper peaks of sine wave signal. 1K Preset is used to adjust duty cycle. The square wave output signal is available at pin 9 of 8038 and it is then amplified by IC 356. The amplified output is available output terminals. 22K Pot is used to vary the amplitude of square wave signal. The output amplitude is 12Vpp. 10K Pot is used to vary the frequency of output signal. The Bipolar data is used is then given to FSK transmitter. (2) FSK Transmitter : This stage is based on frequency modulator IC. For digital input level 1 (+12V), the output of FSK transmitter is 1700 HZ and for level 0 (-12V), the output is 1000Hz sine wave. Thus the output of IC1 shifts abruptly between frequencies f1 (1000Hz) and f2 (1700Hz). This IC3 operates at +5V and -5V supply. (3) Power Amplifier Stage : This stage amplifies the sine wave output of FSK transmitter to sufficient level so that signal can be received at other end correctly. It is based on audio amplifier IC 810 - IC 4. IC4 performs the functions of the audio amplifier, driver and the output stage. The output signal from FSK transmitter signal is given at the Pin 8 of IC4 through Audio level control Preset Pr4. This stage provides two tone amplified output to loudspeaker for 0 and 1 level. This transmitter LS is connected to receiver LS though telephone line. Both transmitter LS and receiver LS are Kept in Acoustic Coupler. (4) Acoustic Coupler : Acoustic coupler is a device for coupling audio signals from one transmitting medium to another. It provides an approximate sound proof system. So the possibility of unwanted audio signals being introduced as a noise signal in the data signal which is being transmitted through a telephone line is minimized. The acoustic coupler is made of sound absorbing materials. Thus acoustic coupler makes possible the maximum transfer of power from LS to the telephone line and vice versa. IN THIS TRAINER, ACOUSTIC COUPLER IS NOT PROVIDED FOR SIMPLICITY. Here two LS are kept close to each other directly. Thus the modulator section provides 1700Hz sinewave Audio output for 1 level and 1000Hz sine wave for 0 level to connect it to telephone lines.

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(5) Receiving amplifier : This stage receives FSK modulated audio signal from telephone line through receiver LS kept inside the Acoustic coupler. The function of this stage is to provide constant audio output irrespective of variations in input signal received from telephone line. Transistor Q1 (BC548b) works as preamplifier. IC 810 works as amplifier. It amplifies the received signal to sufficient level. The amplified output is given to band pass filters. (6) Band Pass Filter : Here two separate band pass filters are used each for filtering of 1000Hz and 1700Hz signal. The amplified signal from receiving amplifier is fed to these band pass filters. These BPF are so designed that each will pass its designed centre frequency untenanted and reject the other frequency along with the noise induced in telephone line i.e. attenuate them greatly. Here BPF-1 having centre fre. 1000Hz (f1) passes 1000Hz signal and BPF-2 having centre fre, 1700Hz passes 1700Hz signal only. Thus f1 and f2 are separated by these BPFS. BPF-1 consists of IC5, IC7, IC8, IC9 and IC10 while BPF2 consists of IC11, IC12, IC13, IC14 and IC15. (a) BPF-1 : Here 3 stage-cascaded active band pass filter is used for sharp cut off. IC6, IC7, IC8 consists active band pass filter having centre fre.=1000Hz and frequency response 700Hz to 1300Hz, upper cutoff fre=1350Hz, Lower cutoff frequency = 650Hz. To have a very high attenuation at centre frequency of other filter, a notch Filter is used. Here IC9 & IC10 makes notch filter for 1700Hz frequency. They works as GYRATOR and resonates with C42 tuned to 1700Hz. So almost zero output is obtained at 1700Hz frequency and maximum output at 1000Hz frequency. R39 and R40 Provides attenuation to output signal to obtain proper level for FSK decoder stage. (b) BPF-2 : Similarly to BPF-1, IC11, IC12, IC13 constitute active band pass filter having centre fre, 1700Hz and IC14, IC15 constitute Notch filter for 1000Hz frequency. The output of BPF-1 and BPF2 are given to proper FSK decoder stage respectively. (7) FSK Decoder : Here two separate FSK decoders are used each for decoding 1000Hz and 1700Hz signal. The FSK decoder gives0' level output only at its centre frequency and at its near by small range of frequencies and rejects the other frequencies signals i.e. it decodes the required frequency. The small range of frequency about centre fre. is known as detection band of FSK decoder. The maximum bandwidth of detection band is 14%. (a) FSK decoder-1000Hz : IC17 is designed to decode 1000Hz frequency. It is a monolithic phase-Locked Loop (PLL) system used for tone and frequency decoding. The centre freq. of this decoder is set to 1000Hz by Pr 8. The filtered output from BPF1 is given to IC17 at Pin 3 through coupling capacitor C54(0.1u). The decoded output is available at Pin 8 which is referred as signal B and given to logic circuit stage. (b). FSK Decoder-1700Hz: Similarly IC16 decodes frequency 1700Hz and output signal at Pin 8, referred as signal C, is given to logic circuit. 12

(8) Logic Circuit: Logic circuit is designed such that the MODEM works in half duplex Mode with automatic channel selection. (9) Power supply section:The regulated power supply is used for different supply voltages. Following output D.C. Voltages are required to operate FSK Modulation demodulation system. +15V, 250mA, -15V, 250mA, + 5V, 250mA, - 5V, 500mA. Three terminal regulators are used for different output voltages i.e. IC 7805 for + 5V, IC 7815 for +15V, IC 7915 for -15V,IC 7905 for -5V. These ICs are supplied different dc input voltages by two Half wave rectifiers consisting of D1-D4 and D5D8 and C1, C2, C3, C3. The capacitors at each input and each output are for filtering purpose. SW 301 is main AC ON/OFF Switch. ********************

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EXPERIMENTS PROCEDURE 1. Connect square output of square wave generator to input of FSK transmitter. Keep frequency of square wave to 1 to 5 Hz. Connect Loudspeaker at output and input terminals of trainer. ___________Waveform (W1) Observe FSK O/p at output of FSK transmitter. Hear two-tone audio output signal from output LS. Keep output LS and input LS contacting each other very tightly. Observe final decoded output Recvd. O/p at logic circuit. This output is similar to input signal. 6. Change input digital signal frequency from 0Hz to 100Hz and observe the output signal. Note:It may not be possible to output tracking exactly the input due to expanded P.C.B. and without use of ACOUSTIC COUPLER. Conclusion :The modulation and demodulation process observed. ___________Waveform (W3) ___________Waveform (W2)

2. 3. 4. 5.

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TEST POINT WAVEFORMS W1. Square wave input 20Hz - +12V: 50 ms

W2. Transmitted signal at output LS-:

W3. Final Recvd. output:

25ms 20 Hz

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