GENETIC ENGINEERING

-also called genetic modification.

-a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to

alter the DNA makeup of an organism.

-may involve adding a gene from one species to an

organism from a different species to produce a desired
trait.

3 Techniques in Genetic Engineering

1. Gene Cloning
2. CRISPR-Cas 9
3. DNA Sequencing

1. Gene Cloning
-the process of making multiple, identical copies of a
particular piece of DNA.
-the process of isolating a DNA sequence of interest to
replicate it multiple times.

3. DNA Sequencing
-refers to the general laboratory technique for
determining the exact sequence of nucleotides, or bases,
in a DNA molecule.

3.1 Genomic Medicine and Personalized Healthcare

• diagnose genetic disorders, predict disease risks,
and guide personalized treatment plans by
2. CRISPR-Cas 9 analyzing an individual’s DNA or genome.
“CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC 3.2 Biological and Evolutionary Research
REPEATS – CASPACE 9”
• allows scientists to explore the genetic diversity
-a unique technology that enables geneticists and medical
within and between species, track evolutionary
researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing,
relationships
adding, or altering sections of the DNA sequence.
3.3 Forensic Science and Criminal Investigations
-widely used in research, biotechnology, and potential
• DNA profiling is used to match DNA samples
therapeutic applications for treating genetic disorders.
collected from crime scenes with those of
potential suspects or victims.
Overall Significance of Genetic Engineering 4. Rise of Eukaryotic Life (2 Billion Years Ago)
1. Medicine ➢ The theory of Endosymbiosis states that modern-
• Disease Treatment and Prevention day Chloroplasts and Mitochondria were previously
• Pharmaceutical Productions types of bacteria that were engulfed by prokaryotic
cells which later on resulted to the formation of
• Personalized Medicine
Eukaryotic Cells.
2. Agriculture
5. Cambrian Explosion (541 Million Years Ago)
• Crop Improvement
➢ When most of the major animal groups started to
• Disease Resistance
appear in the fossil record.
• Environmental Sustainability
6. Plant and Animal Adaptations (500 Million Years
3. Biotechnology
Ago)
• Industrial Enzyme Production
7. Emergence of Dinosaurs (230 Million Years Ago)
• Bioremediation
➢ Ordovician-Silurian Extinction
• Vaccine Development
➢ Late-Devonian Extinction
➢ Permian-Triassic Extinction (Largest)
RECOMBINANT DNA ➢ Jurassic-Triassic Extinction
-technology involves using enzymes and various ➢ Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction (Latest)
laboratory techniques to manipulate and isolate DNA 8. Rise of Early Mammals (66 Million Years Ago)
segments of interest. 9. Hominid Development (4-2 Million Years Ago)
10. Anthropocene Epoch (Mid 19th Century)
-this method can be used to combine (or splice) DNA from ➢ Unofficial geologic time interval
different species or to create genes with new functions. characterized as when humanity began to
The resulting copies are often referred to as recombinant substantially alter Earth's surface.
DNA.
Geologic Time Scale of Earth’s History
Uses of Recombinant DNA
1. Medical - is the “calendar” for events in Earth’s history.
• Gene Therapy Units of the Geologic Time Scale
• Production of Therapeutic Proteins 1. Eon – The largest Unit
2. Agriculture 2. Era
• Genetically Modified Crops 3. Period
• Disease Resistance 4. Epoch
• Improved Crop Yields
Hadean Eon – Marked by the formation of Earth
3. Industrial
Archean Eon – Marked by cooling of the Earth’s surface.
• Production of Enzymes
Proterozoic Eon – emergence of Bacteria, Algae
• Biopharmaceuticals
4. Environmental Phanerozoic Eon – Largest Eon and divided into 3 Eras
• Bioremediation • Paleozoic
• Bioaugmentation • Mesozoic
• Cenozoic

ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF LIFE ON PERIODS OF THE PALEOZOIC ERA

Trilobites, Brachiopods
Cambrian
EARTH Mollusks,
Marine Invertebrates,
Ordovician
Brief History of Life on Earth Jawless Fish
Silurian Arachnids, Centipedes
1. Earth formed about 4.6 billion years ago.
2. Development of Prokaryotic Life (3.5 Billion Years Jawed Fish, Amphibians,
Devonian
Trees
Ago) Reptiles, Insect
➢ The first life forms were prokaryotic cells, such as Carboniferous
Abundance
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria, thriving in
Permian Synapsids
anaerobic environments.
3. Oxygen Revolution and Prokaryotic Communities
(2.5 Billion Years Ago)
➢ Cyanobacteria played a crucial role in the Oxygen
Revolution through photosynthesis.
➢
 PERIODS OF THE MESOZIC ERA 2. Artificial Selection
Early Dinosaurs, First - Also known as selective breeding, is a process in which
Triassic
Mammals, Archosaurs humans intentionally select and breed individuals with
Evolution of Dinosaurs, desired traits to perpetuate those traits in successive
Jurassic
First Birds generations.
Flowering Plants, First true
Cretaceoous
snakes

PERIODS OF THE CENOZIC ERA

Diversification of
Paleogene
Mammals, Eraly Primates
Evolution of Hominids,
Neogene
Horses, Elephants
Homo Sapiens, Modern
Quaternary
Humans.

Theories About the Origin of Life

1. Abiogenesis - also known as "chemical evolution" 3. Genetic Drift
proposes that life emerged from non- - the random fluctuations in the frequency of alleles within
living matter through a series of a population over generations due to chance events.
chemical reactions.

2. RNA World Hypothesis - suggests that self-replicating

RNA molecules played a
crucial role in the early
stages of life.

3. Panspermia - proposes that life, or at least the

building blocks of life, may have
originated outside of Earth.

MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION
• the driving forces behind the incredible diversity
of life on Earth.
• they dictate how species emerge, adapt, and
interact within their environments. 4. Mutation
- Refers to a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an
1. Natural Selection by Charles Darwin organism.
- the process by which heritable traits that increase an
organism's fitness for survival and reproduction
become more prevalent in a population over
successive generations.
 Significance of Understanding Evolutionary ARISTOTLE
History -Recognized that organisms on Earth are related to one
1. BIODIVERSITY AND ADAPTATION another in a hierarchy from simple to complex forms.

Evolutionary history explains the diversity of life forms, BUFFON

showcasing the incredible array of species and their -Species change and they migrate from their original
adaptations to various environments. It helps us appreciate location to a new environment, explaining their
the complexity and resilience of ecosystems. distribution

2. MEDICAL AND AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS

ERASMUS DARWIN
Studying evolutionary history aids in understanding the -Wrote the Laws of Organic Life
genetic basis of diseases and contributes to advancements
in medicine. Additionally, it informs agricultural practices, LAMARCK
helping us develop crops and livestock with desirable traits. -New species evolve from existing species through
3.CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT environmental forces acting on them.

Knowledge of evolutionary history is essential for

LYELL
conservation efforts. Understanding how species have
-All changes in nature are uniform and gradual.
evolved allows us to make informed decisions about
preserving biodiversity and managing ecosystems
sustainably. DARWIN and WALLACE
-Individuals in a population have variation, species evolve
4. PREDICTING FUTURE CHANGES through the process of natural selection.
By examining past evolutionary patterns, scientists can
make predictions about potential future changes in species
and ecosystems. This is particularly relevant in the context
of climate change and other environmental challenges.

5. HUMAN EVOLUTION AND CULTURAL IMPACT

Exploring our evolutionary history provides insights into

the development of Homo sapiens, helping us understand
our place in the natural world

THE EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT

-refers to the set of ideas, concepts, and theories that
explain the processes responsible for the diversity and
changes observed in living organisms over time.

Components of the Evolutionary Thought

1. Common Ancestry - different species share a common
origin.
2. Descent with Modification - modifications occur in
populations, leading to the development of new species.
3. Natural Selection - differential survival and reproduction
of organisms with advantageous traits
4. Adaptation - Organisms evolve traits that help them
better survive and reproduce in their specific
environments.
5. Genetic Variation - A fundamental aspect of evolution,
allowing for the selection of traits that confer advantages
in specific conditions.
6. Fossil Records - The study of fossils provides evidence of
past life forms, helping to trace the history and evolution of
different species.