Q1.

This question is about the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere.

(a) State why the ozone layer is beneficial for living organisms

It prevents it from harmful uv rays from the sun

______________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) State how chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) form chlorine atoms in the upper
atmosphere.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Give equations to show how chlorine atoms catalyse the decomposition of ozone.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) have been used in place of CFCs.

In the mechanism to make an HCFC from a fluoroalkane, two incomplete steps are
shown.

Complete each step in the mechanism.

Give the name of the type of step shown by both these equations.

____________________ → ● CHF2 + HCl

● CHF2 + Cl2 → ____________________

Type of step ________________________________________________________

(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q2.
An excess of methane reacts with chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet radiation.

What are the main products of this reaction?

Page 1 of 9
 A CCl4 and H2

B CCl4 and HCl

C CH3Cl and H 2

D CH3Cl and HCl

(Total 1 mark)

Q3.
This question is about 2-bromopropane.

(a) Define the term electronegativity.

Explain the polarity of the C–Br bond in 2-bromopropane.

Electronegativity _____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Outline the mechanism for the reaction of 2-bromopropane with an excess of
ammonia.

(4)

(c) Draw the skeletal formula of the main organic species formed in the reaction
between a large excess of 2-bromopropane and ammonia.

Give a use for the organic product.

Skeletal formula

Page 2 of 9
 Use _______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q4.
Which equation represents a propagation step?

A •CH2Cl + Cl• → CH2Cl2

B •CH3 + •CH3 → C2H6

C Cl2 → Cl• + Cl•

D CH3Cl + Cl• → •CH2Cl + HCl

(Total 1 mark)

Q5.
Which equation represents a termination step?

(Total 1 mark)

Q6.
The diagram shows some compounds made from a halogenoalkane.

(a) Draw the displayed formula of compound J.

Page 3 of 9
 (1)

(b) Name the mechanism for Reaction 2 and give an essential condition used to ensure
that CH3CH2CH2NH2 is the major product.

Name of mechanism __________________________________________________

Condition ___________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Calculate the mass, in grams, of CH3CH2CH2NH2 produced from 25.2 g of

CH3CH2CH2Br in Reaction 2 assuming a 75.0% yield.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

Mass ____________________ g
(3)

(d) When Reaction 2 is carried out under different conditions, a compound with
molecular formula C9H21N is produced.

Draw the skeletal formula of the compound.

Identify the functional group in the compound including its classification.

Skeletal formula

Functional group including classification ____________________

(2)

(e) Identify the reagent and conditions used in Reaction 3.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(f) Name and outline a mechanism for Reaction 3.

Name of mechanism __________________________________________________

Mechanism

Page 4 of 9
 (4)
(Total 13 marks)

Q7.
2-Methyl but-2-ene reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid to form two different products.

(a) Outline a mechanism for this reaction to show the formation of the major product.

(4)

(b) Draw the structure of the minor product of this reaction.

(1)

(c) Explain why the two products are formed in different amounts.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 5 of 9
 ___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q8.
Consider the following scheme of reactions.

(a) Give the IUPAC name for compound P and that for compound Q.

P _________________________________________________________________

Q _________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The conversion of P into Q in Reaction 1 uses HCl

Name and outline a mechanism for this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________
(5)

(c) The conversion of Q into R in Reaction 2 uses NH3

Name and outline a mechanism for this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________
(5)

(d) State the type of reaction shown by Reaction 3.

Identify a reagent for this reaction.

Give one condition necessary for a high yield of product when Q is converted into P.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 6 of 9
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(e) Hydrogen bromide (HBr) could be used in the overall conversion of P into R,
instead of using HCl
Hydrogen bromide is made by the reaction of NaBr with concentrated phosphoric
acid.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is not used to make HBr from NaBr

Write an equation for the reaction of NaBr with H 3PO4 to produce HBr and Na3PO4
only.

Identify two toxic gases that are formed, together with HBr, when NaBr reacts with
concentrated H2SO4

State the role of H2SO4 in the formation of these two toxic gases.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 19 marks)

Q9.
Halogens are used to make halogenated organic compounds.

(a) The refrigerant used in air conditioners is a mixture of fluorinated alkanes. These
compounds are made by fluorination reactions.
The mechanism for the reaction of fluorine with an alkane or with a fluoroalkane is a
free-radical substitution similar to the reaction of chlorine with methane.

(i) Write the overall equation for the reaction of fluorine with methane to form
trifluoromethane (CHF3).

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Write equations for the following steps in the mechanism for the reaction of
fluorine with trifluoromethane (CHF 3) to form tetrafluoromethane (CF4).

Initiation step

Page 7 of 9
 ______________________________________________________________

First propagation step

______________________________________________________________

Second propagation step

______________________________________________________________

A termination step leading to the formation of hexafluoroethane.

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were used as refrigerants.

In the upper atmosphere, ultra-violet radiation breaks bonds in the CFCs to produce
a reactive intermediate that catalyses the decomposition of ozone.

(i) An example of a CFC is 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-difluoroethane.

Draw the displayed formula of this CFC.

(1)

(ii) Identify a bond in a CFC that is broken by ultra-violet radiation to produce a

reactive intermediate.
Give the name of this reactive intermediate that catalyses the decomposition
of ozone.
Write an overall equation for this decomposition of ozone.

Bond broken
____________________________________________________

Name of the reactive intermediate ___________________________________

Overall equation

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Q10.
When chlorine reacts with trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, CCl 4, is formed.

(a) (i) Write the overall equation for this reaction.

______________________________________________________________

Page 8 of 9
 (ii) State one essential condition for this reaction.

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The mechanism for the chlorination of trichloromethane is free-radical substitution,

which proceeds by a series of steps. Write equations for the steps named below in
this chlorination.

Initiation step

___________________________________________________________________

First propagation step

___________________________________________________________________

Second propagation step

___________________________________________________________________

A termination step

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 9 of 9