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Analysis and simulations of three-phase uniform charge power sources with

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 International Review of Electrical Engineering (I.R.E.E.), Vol. xx, n. x

Analysis and Simulations of Three-Phase Uniform Charge Power

Sources with Current Harmonic Decrease

Gabriel N. Popa1, Sorin I. Deaconu1,Corina M. Diniş1, Angela Iagăr1

Abstract – Plate-type electrostatic precipitators are the main installations of separating particles
from industries (especially for large gas flow) and must operate in its electromagnetic
environment without interfering with the operation of other equipments. The power supplies have
non-linear elements that cause distortions of the sources currents. The main objective of this work
is to measure, simulate, and analyze, currents, voltages, total harmonic distortion, and powers
from the sources that are used (thyristor- controlled reactor type) taking into account a news
electric model, more close to reality, of the sections. It’s analyzed the modification of the current
waves shape and total harmonic distortion in case of using shunt active filter. Copyright © 2009
Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.

Keywords: Plate-Type Electrostatic Precipitators, Power Supplies, Simulation, Total Harmonic

Distortion, Active Filter

an electrostatic charge when are place them into an

electrostatic section that drives the particles to a
Nomenclature collecting plates (electrodes) connected to earth.
isa, isb, isc - source currents The dry plate-type electrostatic precipitators (ESPs)
va, vb, vc – phase voltages have been used in industry applications to controlling
isα, isβ - currents resulted from p-q theory pollution with dust particles.
vα, vβ - voltages resulted from p-q theory The plate-type electrostatic precipitators have long
p - instantaneous real power been used by industry applications as the preferred
q - instantaneous imaginary power methods for controlling pollution with dust particles [1].
ph – harmonic component of instantaneous real power To remove pollution from large flow gas (hundreds of
qh – harmonic component of instantaneous imaginary thousands m3/h) one solution is plate type ESP. The total
power collecting efficiency depending on type of power
isha, ishb, ishc - harmonic currents of the three-phase source supplies, the amplitude and the shape of voltage, current
K – gain control, geometry of precipitators, types of discharge
v* - output voltage of the active filter wires, particle distribution, gas flow, temperature, gas
Vloada – voltage on the primary high voltage transformer composition, and particles velocity distribution [1-4].
Iloada – current on the primary high voltage transformer The plate-type electrostatic precipitators have been
α - firing angle used to collection the dust, fum, and mist particles from
following processes: iron steel works, cement industry,
Vespa - ESP voltage (α=600) for section a
electrical power plants, glass industry, and other
Iespa - ESP current (α=600) for section a
industries. The main applications of ESPs were both for
P – active power
reducing air pollution (to meet specific legislative
Q – reactive power
emission) and for the recovery of valuable by products.
THD – Total Harmonic Distortion
The design of ESPs are made from a number of
Avg – average values
sections (connected in series), each section is feed by
L1=0.7 mH – limiting primary coil
thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR), step-up high voltage
L2=60 mH – high frequency blocking coil
transformer, high voltage rectifier set bridge.
R2 – blocking coil resistance
Periodically, the dust particles are removed into
Ra – amortization resistance
receiving hoppers.
Usually, the ESP power supplies are connected at two
I. Introduction phases, with two anti-parallel thyristor, through ignition
angle can modify the voltage into transformer primary
The globalization of the environmental pollution winding. The thyristors are in heavy duty operation [5,6].
problems caused by the increase of industrial production The modelling of ESP's section is an important issue in
will lead in the cleaning of the waste gases. The basic simulations. The electrical model of ESP's section can be
idea of electrostatic precipitators is to give the particles made with: capacitor, resistor, varistor, and/or Zener

Manuscript received January 2007, revised January 2007 Copyright © 2007 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights
reserved
 G. N. Popa, S. I. Deaconu, C. M. Diniş, A. Iagăr

diode [1,7]. Using TCR type of source, the current from rectified and then applied to the discharge wires (negative
the grid is non-sinusoidal and becomes more deformed as potential) and to the collecting plates (positive potential,
the ignition angle is higher. connected to ground). The currents and voltages on the
To reducing currents harmonic can be used passive low voltage side are measured permanently (by current
filters, active filters, or hybrid filters [8,9]. and voltage transformers), as well as on the high-voltage
The nonlinear loads conduct to degradation in the side (by resistive shunt and voltage divider). In modern
power quality of power lines. The harmonics of current applications can be used transducers with Hall effect, in
and voltage in the power lines increases loses, decreases order to measure more accurate these units, and optical
the power factor and may produce the resonance. There fibbers to insure the galvanic separation between the low
are standards that limit the amplitude of the current voltage part and the control part [3,4]. The measured
harmonic and limit the total harmonic distortion of the units are sent to the Automatic Voltage Controller
current and voltage waveforms. In the past, only passive (AVC)-fig.1, which, depending on the measured units
filters have been used in industry to diminish harmonics and the calculation algorithm, takes the decisions
in non linear loads. regarding the thyristors’ ignition angle. The older AVC
The characteristics of passive filters depending on versions were achieved with analogue regulators, and
equivalent impedance of power system and series or recently are achieved with microcontroller digital
parallel resonance occur. In the last time, active power equipments [2].
filters have been design to diminish harmonics generated One of the most used ESPs is the ones with three
by power electronics sources [6,10]. sections – each section being supplied by a separate
The active filter is fundamental different from the source. In order to uniformly charge the low-voltage
passive filter. When it is used passive filters it is not three-phased grid, the connection of the three power
controlled and the filtering is a result of filter impedance sources is achieved as in fig.2.
characteristics. The active filter measures the harmonic For measuring the electric units, on the low voltage
currents and generates a harmonic spectrum in opposite part can be used a power quality analyzer (PQA) [13,14].
phase with the distortion harmonic current. This PQA has inputs for the current transducers (C1, C2,
Harmonic currents exceeding the capacity of the active C3) and for measuring the voltage (V1, V 2, V 3).
filter will remain on the network [11].
There are powerful software (PSCAD/EMTDC,
MATLAB) and hardware (PCs) to design and analyze the
transient operation of electronic power sources. The
modeling complex power electronics and controls of non-
linear loads can be used PSCAD/EMTDC.
PSCAD/EMTDC has powerful means of visualizing the
signals from electric power systems [12].

II. Classic Supply Sources of ESPs’ Fig. 1. Block diagram for a classic source of a section.
Sections

II.1. Construction of Classic Supply Sources

Because such a source has important powers (tens or
even hundreds of kVA), it is supplied by two phases (L1,
L2) at 400 V, 50 Hz. The construction of thyristor control
reactor (TCR) type imposes the utilization of two
thyristors in anti-parallel (fig.1). In practice, for high-
capacity ESPs is adopted the solution with four
thyristors: each two in parallel, and the two groups in
anti-parallel. During the electric discharges in the Fig. 2. Connection to the low-voltage three-phased grid of the ESPs’
sections (with three sections).
sections, it appears important low-voltage currents
(sometimes 1000 A). From this reason, on the low
voltage part is connected an inductor for limiting the II.2. Experimental Measurements on the Classic
current. In the sections’ classic supply is used the Supply Sources
modification of the thyristors’ ignition angle, that
determines the modification of the effective value from The experimental measurements were achieved by a
portable PQA of CA 8334B (Chauvin-Arnoux) type,
the power transformer’s primary. The power transformer
connected as in fig.2. At current’s measurement were
is of voltage-step-up type, in its secondary the voltage
used current transducers of AmpFLEX A193 type (3000
reaching 80-100 kV. The voltage from secondary is
Copyright © 2007 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Electrical Engineering, Vol.
xx, n. x
 G. N. Popa, S. I. Deaconu, C. M. Diniş, A. Iagăr

A). There were achieved all the necessary settings

(measurements with harmonics, transducers setting-up) to Fig. 5. Phase voltage and current – L2.
achieve the measurements on sources [13,14]. The three-
phased voltage system that supplies the power sources is
symmetric (fig.3). The voltages represented in fig.3 are
phase voltages.

Fig. 6. Phase voltage and current – L3.

The permanent modification of currents on the three

phases can be observed in fig.7. During a discharge in the
ESP, the current on a phase can reach 1000 A for short
time (few semi-periods, depending on the algorithm from
Fig. 3. Three-phased supply voltage symmetric system of power
sources. AVC).
The voltage’s wave forms are not deformed, even if the
The currents absorbed from sources have different maximum power of a source could be over 160 kVA.
sinusoid shapes. This is due to the non-linear character of However, there are few odd harmonics that have small
the power sources and sections, as well as of the TCR- harmonics (harmonics of order 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19)
type sources’ control. Also, the currents on the three (fig.8).
phases – in major cases –are different, due to the fact that
the three supply sources operate independently, and the
conditions from each section are different (i.e. the
distribution of dust particles, the dust concentration at
input) (fig.4,5,6).

Fig. 4. Phase voltage and current – L1.

Fig.7. Currents on the three phases L1, L2, and L3.

Copyright © 2007 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Electrical Engineering, Vol.
xx, n. x
 G. N. Popa, S. I. Deaconu, C. M. Diniş, A. Iagăr

III. Power Active Filters. Principles

The three-phase power active filters can be divided
into pure active filters and hybrid active filters depending
on circuit configuration. The pure active filters have
either voltage source pulse width modulated (PWM)
converter with D.C. capacitor or current source PWM
with D.C. inductor. Most pure active filters have voltage
source converter because of cost, size, and efficiency.
Hybrid active filters have pure active filters and passive
filters with capacitor, inductor and/or resistor. From
economical points of view the hybrid filters are practical
solutions in harmonic filtering. The configurations of
Fig. 8. Spectrum of voltage harmonics on each phase in part L1, L2,
and L3. pure active filters can be classified into parallel or series
structures. In fig.11 is a pure three-phase parallel active
filter that is the most known system configurations. The
filters may be with or without transformers. The control
unit of pure active filters detects the instantaneous load
current; then compute the harmonic current and the active
filters superimposed the current to cancel out the
harmonic current [9,15,16].

Fig. 9. Spectrum of current harmonics on each phase L1, L2, and L3.

Not the same is found at the current’s spectrum (fig.9).

There are also even harmonics (from order 2 to 12), but
mostly odd harmonics (with higher amplitudes, the
highest being of order 3 up to 15). The harmonics spectre
is permanently modifying due to the functional changes
from ESP. In fig.9 are the currents’ harmonics spectra at Fig. 11. Three-phase shunt (pure parallel) active filter.
a given moment.
In order to diminish the level of current harmonics, the The structure of power circuits for shunt three-phase
utilization of filters is imposed. Because the current’s active filters is: the voltage source PWM converter with
wave forms are permanently modifying, the solution of D.C. capacitor and the current source PWM converter
using passive filters is not advantageous. Can be used with D.C. inductor (fig.12). Because has a higher
active filters that can adapt dynamically to the power efficiency in practice it is used voltage source PWM
sources’ operation conditions [8]. The currents and converter.
voltages after the voltage step-up transformer are more
difficult to measure due to the safety measures.

Fig. 10. The primary voltage on the power transformer. Fig. 12. Power structure for three-phase shunt active filters: a: voltage
source PWM converter; b. current source PWM converter.

Copyright © 2007 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Electrical Engineering, Vol.
xx, n. x
 G. N. Popa, S. I. Deaconu, C. M. Diniş, A. Iagăr

The connection of non-linear loads contributes to the IV.2. Simulations Results

generation voltage and current harmonics. The active
For achieving the simulations, there were used the data
power filters can be connected to low and medium
from ESPs, with three sections, from an electric thermo
voltage distribution system [17].
electric power station (see appendix).
The most popular ESPs in industry are the 3-section
IV. Simulations of Electrical Parameters ones. For a large flow gases, the number of sections
for ESP Power Supplies increase (up to six sections, sometimes ten).
Supplying of ESPs’ sections is achieved by sources of
type as the one from fig.1 (TCR type) supplied from two
phases (400V, 50 Hz). If there are three sections, then it
IV.1. PSCAD/EMTDC Software
will be three supply sources that will determine a
A professional’s simulation tool for analyzing power symmetric charging of the electric grid. The ESP’s
systems is PSCAD/EMTDC (Electromagnetic Transient sections were electrically modelled by using a capacitor
including DC/Power Systems Computer Aided Design). that is in parallel with a resistance and a varistor. The
PSCAD/EMTDC is most suitable for time domain chosen capacity of 300 nF takes into account the
electromagnetic transients of electrical systems. It has a clearance and geometrical dimensions of the sections.
graphical interface that greatly enhances the power of The capacity is identical for each section in part. The
simulations. The user can design the circuit, run a resistance depends on the dust from the respective
simulation, analyze the results, and manage the data. It section. Once the dust passes through the ESP’s sections
includes a lot of physical components in function (from input to output), the dust has a higher and higher
modules. That software provides the user with very equivalent resistance (gas becoming cleaner and cleaner).
flexible power systems simulation tools [12]. For the first section was considered a resistance of 20
MΩ, for the second 40 MΩ, and for the last 60 MΩ.
The voltage into a section may not be increased too
much. Due to the distance between the discharge wires
and the collecting plates, as well as the physical-chemical
characteristics of the dust from the respective sections,
the discharge voltages shall be different from one section
to another. Modelling of the discharge voltage was
achieved by a varistor. For the input section was
considered that the varistor’s discharge voltage is 55 kV,
for the intermediary section the discharge voltage is 50
kV, and for the output section the discharge voltage is 47
kV. All these values (capacity, resistances, and discharge
voltages for varistors) were taken from the three-section
Fig. 13. Connection between the PSCAD graphic user interfaces with ESPs in operation [7,18,19,20].
EMTDC program.
For improving the wave forms of the currents absorbed
from the three-phased electric grid, it was used a shunt
The file manager allows the user organize many active filter with adapting transformer (fig.14).
projects and cases which the last will be created into the Further, the phases of the sources’ supply grid are
database. noted by L1, L2 and L3, and the ESP’s sections by “a”
Draft allows the user to design power system circuit to (input section), “b” (intermediary section) and “c”
be simulated. (output section).
There are two special modules to handle complex
computation which is required to generate data in the
case of overhead transmission line and power cables.
The Run time module allows the user to monitor and
control the power system simulation through EMTDC
simulation (until the simulation finish time is reached) or
through real time digital simulator RTDS (when the
operator decides to stop it). The data input file and the
subroutines (DSDYN and DSOUT) have been assembled
by Draft or by the DSOUT to EMTDC, run, display
output, allow for SNAPSHOT files to be written and
enable the restarts from SNAPSHOT files.
The module MultiPlot can be used to plot and analyze
the data generated by the EMTDC simulation and can be
display multiple graphs on the same pages.

Copyright © 2007 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Electrical Engineering, Vol.
xx, n. x
 G. N. Popa, S. I. Deaconu, C. M. Diniş, A. Iagăr

The voltages va, vb, vc and currents isa, isb, isc are
transformed from three-phase in two phases:
 1 1 
 vα  1 − 2 − 2   v a  (1)
  vb 
6
 = 
 vβ  3 0 3 3 
 −  v c 
2 2 
 1 1 
− −  isa 
 i sα  6 1 2 2   (2)
 =   isb
 i sβ  3 0 3 3 
− isc 

 2 2   
The instantaneous real power p and instantaneous
imaginary power q are given by:
 p   vα vβ  isα 
q  =  − v v   i  (3)
   β α   sβ 
Using a high pass filter, the harmonic components ph
Fig. 14. Electrical installation for an ESP with three sections using in
and qh are extracted from p and q. The harmonic current
simulations. of the three-phase source are compute with:
 
 1 0 
The control of the commutation elements (thyristors) is isha    −1
achieved by the modules from fig.15. The control angles i  = 6  − 1 3   vα vβ  ph  (4)
   
  3  2 2   − vβ
shb
can be modified independently from each group of vα  q h 
 ishc   
thyristors (from each source) for being able to study the − 1 3
 2 −
behavior in non-symmetric operation regime (different 2 
ignition angles from one source to another). The harmonic current is amplified with the gain K and
Also, in this figure are the measuring modules for the the output voltage of the active filter is given by:
total harmonic distortion (THD) for currents on each v* = K⋅i (5)
phase, and modules for measuring the currents and
voltages (on low-voltage and high-voltage parts).

Fig. 16. PWM inverter used in shunt active filter.

Fig. 15. Control of electrical TCR power supplies and the electrical
computation and measurement of the voltages and currents.

The shunt active filter (fig.14) is a three-phase voltage

source PWM inverter (fig.15) using six IGBTs. The
PWM inverter has a voltage source (400 V D.C.) and is
connected to adapt transformer through a LC filter
(L=1mH, C=10nF) to diminish the switching ripples.
Three-phase voltage transformer (y/y connection) of
turned ratio 1:1, 0.4kV/0.4kV, is connected in parallel
with the loads. The loads (three sections sources,
identical with sources from fig.1) are connected to the
source through adapt transformer (y/∆ connection) of
turned ratio 1:1, 0.4kV/0.4kV [6,21].
The source currents isa, isb, isc are measured and the
Fig. 17. Shunt active filter control.
harmonic currents are calculated with p-q theory [9,17].

Copyright © 2007 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Electrical Engineering, Vol.
xx, n. x
 G. N. Popa, S. I. Deaconu, C. M. Diniş, A. Iagăr

The PWM controller compares v* with a triangle-wave

carrier and then the control signals are applied to IGBT
transistors. The active filter control is simulated in fig.16
[10,17].
The power supplies of an ESP with three sections were
simulated using three-phase voltage source, with TCR
structure. The firing angle α can be modify between
15...1200. Were simulated the source current (IS), when
αa=αb=αc, the voltage (Vloada) and current (Iloada) on the
primary high voltage transformer, ESP voltage (Vespa) and
current (Iespa) for angle α=600 (only for section a, the
results for section b, and c are the same). With FFT block
is compute the harmonic current (up to 15th harmonic)
and with THD block is compute the THD current.

Fig. 20. Section voltage (Vespa) and current through section (Iespa),
for α=600.

In fig.22 for α=15-1200 were determined THD for the

source’s current when is not used active filter and when is
used active filter.
When is used active filter, the THD curve is
Fig. 18. Source currents (Is), for α=600 using active filter. completely under the other (when is not used active
filter), and for α=600 it has values smaller than 5%. For
The active and reactive powers, when using and not
higher α angles, THD increases rapidly.
using an active filter, are presented in fig.21 a and b, for
Because each supply source of the ESP sections has its
the case when αa=αb=αc. For both situations (with and own adjusting system, in the most operation situations,
without active filter) the reactive power Q is higher on
the three opening angles are different (αa≠αb≠αc), and
the entire domain of α than the active power P. have relatively closed values (the voltages that should be
obtained in ESP sections must have values as closer to
the discharging voltages from the sections).

Fig. 19. Voltage (Vloada) and current (Iloada) on the primary high voltage
transformer, for α=600 .

When is used an active filter, is found a slight increase

of the active power (for the same α angle) against the
other situation, but the reactive powers have
approximately the same evolution. By increasing of α
angle, both powers decrease for the two situations (with
and without active filter).
Fig. 21. Active and reactive powers, when using (a) and not using (b)
an active filter (αa=αb=αc).

Copyright © 2007 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Electrical Engineering, Vol.
xx, n. x
 G. N. Popa, S. I. Deaconu, C. M. Diniş, A. Iagăr

NON-SYMMETRICAL CONTROL OF TCRS – TOTAL HARMONIC

DISTORTION

Case THD [%]

Without active filter With active filter
L1 L2 L3 Avg L1 L2 L3 Avg
α(deg) 15 60 120 15 60 120
1
THD(%) 3.4 17.12 28.03 16.18 4.6 24.56 11.38 13.5
α(deg) 15 60 60 15 60 60
2
THD(%) 7.6 5.11 7.67 6.79 7.05 9.18 3.58 6.60
α(deg) 15 30 60 15 30 60
3
THD(%) 6.8 5.5 8.41 6.9 5.2 6.3 5.68 5.72
α(deg) 15 30 30 15 30 30
4
THD%) 5. 5.71 5.5 5.41 3.19 5.43 3.43 4.01
Fig. 22. Total harmonic distortion (THD) for current depends on firing α(deg) 15 15 30 15 15 30
5
angle α, without and with active filter when αa=αb=αc. THD%) 4.1 4.18 5.76 4.69 3.92 3.13 4.79 3.94

If are smaller differences between the values of αa, αb

and αc, the differences between P and Q are smaller also,
in case of using and non-using the active filter. Great
differences between P and Q (especially for the reactive
power) appear when are great differences between αa, αb
and αc.
In table II, Avg is the average THD for the phase L1,
L2, and L3. When using the active filter, is obtained a
THD for current smaller than in situation when not using
Fig. 23. Source currents (Is) for αa=150, αb=600, αc=1200, using
shunt active filter. active filter, but the differences is smaller.
THD of high values is obtained for higher α angles.
The opening angles are different because there take
place multiple electric discharges in ESP sections at
different moments (the properties of gas with dust modify
V. Conclusions
from one section to another and from one moment to Ideally the current and voltage waveforms are
another). sinusoidal. In reality, the current for the industrial loads
It were simulated at αa=150, αb=600, αc=1200, the are not linear. An electrostatic section is not an exception
source current, when αa≠αb≠αc, the current sources (IS), and has a non-linear load and will produce a lot of
the voltage (Vload) and current (Iload) on the primary high currents harmonic, can be measure with modern devices
voltage transformer, ESP voltage (Vesa) and current (Iesp). (power quality analyzer) and can be done rapid diagnosis
In table I, for five situations (with αa≠αb≠αc) were and harmonic evaluation.
simulated the active power P and reactive power Q. The electrostatic sections have a dynamic operation
and from this reason the current it is not constant. The
TABLE I THD of current modifies along of section operation. An
NON-SYMMETRICAL CONTROL OF TCRS – FIRING ANGLE, ACTIVE important tool for assessing the ESPs’ power sources’
POWER, REACTIVE POWER
operation is PSCAD/EMTDC software. By its means, can
Without active filter With active filter be made the filters’ operation analysis (such as the active
Case
L1 L2 L3 L1 L2 L3 filters’ one) with minimum financial resources.
α (deg) 15 60 120 15 60 120
1 P (kW) 205.636 256.343
For TCR-type sources, the sources’ current is more
Q (kVAR) 336.21 586.242 and more deformed by increasing the thyristors ignition
α (deg) 15 60 60 15 60 60 angle. At high values of the ignition angle, neither the
2 P (kW) 255.671 385.695 active filters will improve suitably the currents’ wave
Q (kVAR) 447.059 572.21 forms. By using three-section ESPs, can be insured the
α (deg) 15 30 60 15 30 60 symmetric discharge of the three-phased grid’s phases,
3 P (kW) 301.703 420.701
Q (kVAR) 499.82 635.847
compared with the solution of using four-section ESPs.
α (deg) 15 30 30 15 30 30 This solution is valid in case of using TCR-type sources.
4 P (kW) 343.91 435.886 If modern sources are used, with frequency static
Q (kVAR) 551.125 580.758 converters, then the number of supply sources shall not
α (deg) 15 15 30 15 15 30 influence anymore the symmetric charging of the three-
5 P (kW) 362.772 441.781 phased grid, but instead the current’s wave forms shall be
Q (kVAR) 566.758 595.615
more deformed.

TABLE II

Copyright © 2007 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Electrical Engineering, Vol.
xx, n. x
 G. N. Popa, S. I. Deaconu, C. M. Diniş, A. Iagăr

Appendix [12] http://hvdc.ca, Manitoba HVDC Research Centre, Professional

Power Systems Design and Simulation, Winnipeg, Manitoba,
The main data using to simulations (fig.14) Canada, 2010.
[13] ***, Three Phase Power Quality Analyzer CA 8334B. User’s
ESP with 3 sections; The high voltage transformer: Guide, Chauvin-Arnoux, France, 2007.
166 kVA, 0.4kV/65kV; Usource=400 V, 50 Hz; L1=0.7 [14] W.Gu, F. Wang, Z.Wu, X.D.Yuan, Power Quality Management
mH; R2+Ra=80Ω; L2=60mH; The high rectification Platform for Smart Grid, International Review of Modelling and
voltage without load: 92 kV; The high rectification Simulations (IREMOS), June, Vol.6, Issue 3, Part B (2011),
1409-1416.
voltage with load: 47 kV; Gas flow; 650,000 m3/h; Inlet [15] K. I. Hwu, W. C. Tu, and C. F. Chuang, Two Types of Voltage-
dust concentration: 32 g/m3N; Outlet dust concentration: Boosting Converters Based on PWM Control Strategy,
0.05 g/m3N; The gas nominal temperature: 1500C. International Review of Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS),
October, Vol.6, Issue 5, Part A (2011), 2178-2187.
[16] F.Z. Peng, H. Akagi, and A. Nanae, A New Approach to
Harmonic Compensation in Power Systems – A Combined
Acknowledgements System of Shunt Passive and Series Active Filters, IEEE Trans.
This paper was supported by the project on Ind. Appl., vol. 26, no. 6, Nov./Dec. (1990), 983-990.
[17] M.Sarra, J.P.Gaubert, A. Chaoui, F.Krim, Experimental
"Development and support for multidisciplinary Validation of two Control Techniques Applied to a Three Phase
postdoctoral programs in primordial technical areas of Shunt Active Power Filter for Power Quality Improvement,
the national strategy for research - development - International Review of Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS),
innovation" 4D-POSTDOC, contract no. November (Special Issue), Vol.6, Issue 6, Part A (2011), 2825-
2836.
POSDRU/89/1.5/S/52603, project co-funded from the [18] G.N. Popa, V. Vaida, C. Abrudean, S.I. Deaconu, and I. Popa, A
European Social Fund through the Sector Operational Case Study of ESP Electrical Characteristics from a Thermal
Program Human Resources 2007-2013. Power Station, IEEE 44th IAS Annual Meeting, Houston, Texas,
U.S.A., Oct. 4-8 (2009), 6 pages.
[19] G.N. Popa, V. Vaida, S.I. Deaconu, and I. Şora, An Analysis on
References the Optimal Sections Number of the Plate-Type Electrostatic
Precipitators Used in a Thermoelectric Power Plant, 12th Int.
[1] K.R. Parker, Applied Electrostatic Precipitation, Chapman and Conf. on Optim. of Electrical and Electronic Equip. OPTIM
Hall, London, U.K., 1997. 2010, May 22-24 (2010), Braşov, Romania, 232-239.
[2] N.V.P.R. Prasad, Automatic Control and Management of [20] H. Fujita, H. Akagi, A Practical Approach to Harmonic
Electrostatic Precipitator, IEEE Trans. on Ind. Appl., vol. 35, no. Compensation in Power Systems – Series Connection of Passive
3, May/June (1999), 561-567. and Active Filters, IEEE Transanctions on Ind. Appl., vol.27, no.
[3] M. Grass, Optimising IGBT Inverter for Electrostatic 6, Nov./Dec. (1991), 1020-1025.
Precipitators, the 34th Annual Meeting, IEEE Ind. Appl. Conf., [21] A. H. Khazali, A. Parizad, and M. Kalantar, Optimal
Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A. (1999), 2457-2462. Voltage/Reactive Control by an Improve Harmony Search
[4] N. Grass, W. Hartmann, and M. Klöckner, Application of Algorithm, International Review of Modelling and Simulations
Different Types of High-Voltage Supplies on Industrial (IREMOS), January-February, Vol.5, Issue 1, Part B (2010),
Electrostatic Precipitators, IEEE Trans. on Ind. Appl., vol.40, 217-224.
no.6, Nov./Dec. (2004), 1513-1520.
1
[5] M. Mirzaie, M. Yazdani-Asrami, S. B. Sadati, and A. S. Akmal, Department of Electrical Engineering and Industrial Informatics,
Impacts of Non-Sinusoidal Load Currents on Distribution Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara, “Politehnica” University of
Transformer Losses-Part II: Standard Aspects and Experimental Timişoara, Revolutiei str., no. 5, 331128, Hunedoara, Romania, phone:
Measurement, International Review of Modelling and +40254207541, e-mail: [email protected]
Simulations (IREMOS), October, Vol.6, Issue 5, Part A (2011), [email protected]
2215-2220. [email protected]
[6] E. Acha, V.G. Agelidis, O. Anaya-Lara, and T.J.E. Miller, Power [email protected]
Electronic Control in Electrical Systems, Newnes Power
Engineering Series, Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford, England, Gabriel N. Popa (Member, IEEE) was born
2002. in Hunedoara, Romania, 1973. He received
[7] G.N.Popa, I. Popa, Simulations of the Plate-Type Electrostatic the B.Sc. in electromechanical engineering
Precipitators Power Supplies Using PSCAD/EMTDC 3.0.8 from the Politechnica University Timisoara,
Software, 6th Int. Conf. on Accomp. of Electrical and Romania in 1996, M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees
Mechanical Industries, DEMI 2004, Banjaluka, Bosnia and from the Politehnica University Timisoara in
Herzegovina (2004), 655-660. 1997 and 2004, respectively, both in electrical
[8] J.S. Subjak Jr., J.S. McQuilkin, Harmonics – Causes, Effects, engineering.
Measurements, and Analysis: An Update, IEEE Trans. on Ind. He is currently lecturer of electrical
Appl., vol. 26, no. 6, Nov./Dec. (1990), 1034-1042. engineering at Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara, Politehnica
[9] H. Akagi, Modern Active Filters and Traditional Passive Filters, University Timisoara, Romania. His current research interests are
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Technical Sciences, electrical equipments used in electro technology, power compensations
Vol. 54, No. 3 (2006), 255-269. systems, and power electronics for motor drives.
[10] N.R. Watson, Power Quality in Smart Grids, International
Review of Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS), November Sorin I. Deaconu (Member, IEEE) was born
(Special Issue), Vol.6, Issue 6, Part A (2011), 2684-2688. in Orastie, Romania, in 1965. He received
[11] S. B. Sadati, M. Yazdani-Asrami, and M. Taghipour, Effects of the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering in
Harmonic Current Content and Ambient Temperature on Load 1989 and Ph.D. degree in electrical machines
Ability and Life Time of Distribution Transformers, International in 1998 from Politehnica University of
Review of Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS), July-August Timisoara, Romania. He is currently
Vol.5, Issue 4, Part A (2010), 1444-1451. associate professor of electrical engineering
at the Department of Electrical Engineering

Copyright © 2007 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Electrical Engineering, Vol.
xx, n. x
 G. N. Popa, S. I. Deaconu, C. M. Diniş, A. Iagăr

and Industrial Informatics, Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara,

Politehnica University of Timisoara. His current research interests are
industrial automation, machines and drives.

Corina M. Diniş was born in Hunedoara,

Romania, in 1972. She received the B.Sc. in
electromechanical engineering from the
Politechnica University Timisoara, Romania
in 1995 and Ph.D. degrees in automatic
control from the University of Petrosani in
2004. She is currently lecturer of electrical
engineering at Faculty of Engineering
Hunedoara, Politechnica University
Timisoara, Romania. Her current research interests are fuzzy systems,
software Matlab/Simulink, modelling and control of industrial
processes, modeling and control of sintering processes using fuzzy
logic.
Angela Iagăr was born in Tinca, Romania,
1970. She received the B.Sc. in electrical
engineering from the Politechnica University
Timisoara Romania in 1994, M.Sc. and
Ph.D. degrees from the Politechnica
University Timisoara in 1995 and 2005,
respectively, both in electrical engineering.
She is currently lecturer of electrical
engineering at Faculty of Engineering
Hunedoara, Politechnica University Timisoara, Romania. Her current
research interests are electro-thermal equipments, especially modeling
and control of induction heating process, and electromagnetic
compatibility.

Copyright © 2007 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Electrical Engineering, Vol.
xx, n. x
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